Experiment 3

Experiment 3
Data visualization
Plotting
• Install ‘matplotlib’- graph plotting library
• For plotting import matplotlib
• 2D and 3D graphs
• pip install matplotlib
• Most of the Matplotlib utilities lies under the pyplot submodule, and
are usually imported under the plt alias
• import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Types of Plots
Common plots in matplotlib
The plot() function
• Used to draw points (markers) in a diagram
• By default, the plot() function draws a line from point to point
• To plot a line from (x1,y1) to (x2,y2), we have to pass two arrays [x1,y1]
and [x2,y2] to the plot function.
• Need numpy
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
xpoints = np.array([0, 6])
ypoints = np.array([0, 250])
plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()
• Draw a line in a diagram from position (1, 3) to (2, 8) then to (6, 1)
and finally to position (8, 10)
The plot() function
• plot(x, y, color=’green’, marker=’o’,linestyle=’dashed’, linewidth=2,
markersize=12): x and y co-ordinates are marked using circular
markers of size 12 and green color line with — style of width 2
• marker - *, +, v, s…….
• color –c, m, b, g,r
• If the points in the x-axis is not specified, they will get the default
values 0, 1, 2, 3, (etc. depending on the length of the y-points.)
ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10, 5, 7])
• Use the xlabel() and ylabel() functions to set a label for the x-
and y-axis, plt.title('title', loc='left')
plot.xlabel(‘X-axis’): names x-axis and plot.ylabel(‘Y-axis’): names y-axis
The stem() function
• Plots vertical lines at each x location from the baseline to y, and
places a marker there.
• Almost similar to plot()
• linefmt='-' , '.', etc
Box plot
• Whisker plot or box and whisker plot
• Display the summary of the set of data values having properties like
minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile and maximum
Box plot
import numpy as np
from numpy import random
M=10
x = np.arange(0, M, 1)
ypoints =random.randint(11, size=(M))
plt.boxplot(ypoints)
plt.show()
Scatter Plots
• The scatter() function plots one dot for each observation.
• It needs two arrays of the same length, one for the values of the x-
axis, and one for values on the y-axis:
• Used to observe relationship between variables.
• Uses dots to represent the relationship between them
Scatter Plots
• import numpy as np
• #Data set 1
• x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
• y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
• plt.scatter(x, y, color = 'red')
• #Data set 2
• x = np.array([2,2,8,1,15,8,12,9,7,3,11,4,7,14,12])
• y = np.array([100,105,84,105,90,99,90,95,94,100,79,112,91,80,85])
• plt.scatter(x, y, color = 'green')
• plt.show()
Bar plots
• Use the bar() function to draw bar graphs
import numpy as np
x = np.array(["Apple", "Banana", "Cucumber", "Tomato"])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.bar(x,y)
plt.show()
Subplots
• With the subplots() function multiple plots in one figure
Subplots
import numpy as np
#plot 1:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x,y)
#plot 2:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.show()
• Try other possibilities
Legends
• A legend can be placed inside or outside the chart and at
various positions
• The legend() is used to add legend to plots
• The attribute loc in legend() is used to specify the location of the
legend.
• Default value of loc is loc=”best” (upper left)
• The strings ‘upper left’, ‘upper right’, ‘lower left’, ‘lower right’ place the
legend at the corresponding corner of the axes/figure
Legends
• import numpy as np
• x=[2,3,4,5]
• y1 = [8, 27, 64, 125]
• y2 = [4,9, 16, 25]
• plt.plot(x,y1)
• plt.plot(x,y2)
• # Function add a legend
• plt.legend(["cube", "Square"], loc ="lower right")
• plt.show()
• Try to change position of legend
Histogram
• A histogram is a graph showing frequency distributions of numerical data or
image data
• It is a graph showing the number of observations within each given interval.
• X- no of people, y- height
• 2 people - height 140-145
• 30 people - 10-165
• Maximum 50 – 175-180
• X-axis represents bin
• Y-axis – frequency
• first step is to create bin of the ranges
• Setting the bin size of a Matplotlib histogram specifies the size of
• the groups into which the data is sorted.
• then count the values which fall
into each of the intervals
Histogram
• Histogram of data about the age of 100 individuals:
x = [1,1,2,3,3,5,7,8,9,10,
10,11,11,13,13,15,16,17,18,18,
18,19,20,21,21,23,24,24,25,25,
25,25,26,26,26,27,27,27,27,27,
29,30,30,31,33,34,34,34,35,36,
36,37,37,38,38,39,40,41,41,42,
43,44,45,45,46,47,48,48,49,50,
51,52,53,54,55,55,56,57,58,60,
61,63,64,65,66,68,70,71,72,74,
75,77,81,83,84,87,89,90,90,91
]
plt.hist(x, bins=10)
plt.show()
Saving plots
• plt.savefig("filename.jpg")
Experiment 3 (to record)
• 3.1 Draw stem plots, line plots and bar plots with random data.
• 3.2 Draw box plots with random data.
• 3.3 Draw scatter plots with random data
• 3.4 Plot the histogram of a random data.
• 3.5 Create legends in plots
• 3.6 Realize a vector t = [-10, +10] with increment 0.01 as an array.
Implement and plot the functions:
f(t) = cost
f(t) = cost cos 5t + cos 5t

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