Fuzzy Systems and

Applications
 CONTENTS
• History Of Fuzzy Theory
• Types of Uncertainty and the Modeling of
Uncertainty
• Probability and Uncertainty
• Fuzzy Set Theory
• Fuzziness versus probability
• Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC)
 History, State of the Art, and
Future Development
1965 Seminal Paper “Fuzzy Logic” by Prof. Lotfi Zadeh,
Faculty in Electrical Engineering, U.C. Berkeley, Sets
the Foundation of the “Fuzzy Set Theory”

1970 First Application of Fuzzy Logic in Control

Engineering (Europe)

1975 Introduction of Fuzzy Logic in Japan

1980 Empirical Verification of Fuzzy Logic in Europe

1985 Broad Application of Fuzzy Logic in Japan

1990 Broad Application of Fuzzy Logic in Europe

1995 Broad Application of Fuzzy Logic in the U.S.

Today, Fuzzy Logic Has
Already Become the 2000 Fuzzy Logic Becomes a Standard Technology and Is
Standard Technique for Also Applied in Data and Sensor Signal Analysis.
Multi-Variable Control ! Application of Fuzzy Logic in Business and Finance.

Sde 3
 Types of Uncertainty and the
Modeling of Uncertainty
Stochastic Uncertainty:
 The Probability of Hitting the Target Is 0.8

Lexical Uncertainty:
 "Tall Men", "Hot Days", or "Stable Currencies"
 We Will Probably Have a Successful Business Year.
 The Experience of Expert A Shows That B Is Likely to
Occur. However, Expert C Is Convinced This Is Not True.

Most Words and Evaluations We Use in Our Daily Reasoning Are

Not Clearly Defined in a Mathematical Manner. This Allows
Humans to Reason on an Abstract Level!

Slide 4
Probability and Uncertainty

“... a person suffering from hepatitis shows in

60% of all cases a strong fever, in 45% of all
cases yellowish colored skin, and in 30% of all
cases suffers from nausea ...”

Stochastics and Fuzzy Logic

Complement Each Other !

Slide 5
 Fuzzy Set Theory

Conventional (Boolean) Set Theory:

38.7°C
38°C
40.1°C 41.4°C

42°C Fuzzy Set Theory:

39.3°C
“Strong Fever” 38.7°C
37.2°C 38°C
40.1°C 41.4°C

42°C
39.3°C
“Strong Fever”
“More-or-Less” Rather Than “Either-Or” ! 37.2°C
Slide 6
 Fuzzy Sets...
Representing
crisp and
fuzzy sets as
subsets of a
domain
(universe) U".
Fuzziness versus probability

Probability
density
function for
throwing a
dice and the
membership
functions of
the concepts
"Small"
number,
"Medium",
"Big".
 Conceptualising in fuzzy
terms...

One
representation
for the fuzzy
number "about
600".
 Conceptualising in fuzzy
terms...

Representing
truthfulness
(certainty) of
events as
fuzzy sets over
the [0,1]
domain.
 Strong Fever Revisited

Conventional (Boolean) Set Theory:

38.7°C
38°C
40.1°C 41.4°C

42°C Fuzzy Set Theory:

39.3°C
“Strong Fever” 38.7°C
37.2°C 38°C
40.1°C 41.4°C

42°C
39.3°C
“Strong Fever”

37.2°C
Slide 11
 Fuzzy Set Definitions

Discrete Definition:
µSF(35°C) = 0 µSF(38°C) = 0.1 µSF(41°C) = 0.9
µSF(36°C) = 0 µSF(39°C) = 0.35 µSF(42°C) = 1
µSF(37°C) = 0 µSF(40°C) = 0.65 µSF(43°C) = 1

Continuous Definition: No More Artificial Thresholds!

µ(x)
1

0
36°C 37°C 38°C 39°C 40°C 41°C 42°C

Slide 12
 Linguistic Variable

...Terms, Degree of Membership, Membership Function, Base Variable...

µ(x)
low temp normal raised temperature strong fever
1 … pretty much raised …

A Linguistic Variable
Defines a Concept of Our
... but just slightly strong … Everyday Language!

0
36°C 37°C 38°C 39°C 40°C 41°C 42°C

Slide 13
Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC)
 Basic Elements of a
Fuzzy Logic System
Fuzzy Logic Defines
Fuzzification, Fuzzy Inference, Defuzzification: the Control Strategy
on a Linguistic Level!

Measured Variables 2. Fuzzy-Inference Command Variables

(Linguistic Values) (Linguistic Values)

Linguistic
Level

1. Fuzzification 3. Defuzzification
Numerical
Level

Measured Variables Plant Command Variables

(Numerical Values) (Numerical Values)

© INFORM 1990-1998 Slide 15

 Basic Elements of a
Fuzzy Logic System
Closing the Loop
Control Loop of the Fuzzy Logic Controlled Container Crane: With Words !

Angle, Distance 2. Fuzzy-Inference Power

(Numerical Values) (Linguistic Variable)

Linguistic
Level

1. Fuzzification 3. Defuzzification
Numerical
Level

Angle, Distance Container Crane Power

(Numerical Values) (Numerical Values)

© INFORM 1990-1998 Slide 16

 Types of Fuzzy Controllers:
- Direct Controller -
The Outputs of the Fuzzy Logic System Are the Command Variables of the Plant:

Command
IF temp=low
AND P=high
Variables
THEN A=med

IF ...
Plant

Fuzzification Inference Defuzzification

Measured Variables

Fuzzy Rules Output

Absolute Values !

© INFORM 1990-1998 Slide 17

 Types of Fuzzy Controllers:
- Supervisory Control -
Fuzzy Logic Controller Outputs Set Values for Underlying PID Controllers:

IF temp=low
Set Values PID
AND P=high
THEN A=med

PID Plant
IF ...

Fuzzification Inference Defuzzification PID

Measured Variables

Human Operator
Type Control !

© INFORM 1990-1998 Slide 18

 Types of Fuzzy Controllers:
- PID Adaptation -
Fuzzy Logic Controller Adapts the P, I, and D Parameter of a Conventional PID Controller:
Set Point Variable

IF temp=low
AND P=high P
THEN A=med
I Command Variable
D
IF ...
PID Plant
Fuzzification Inference Defuzzification

Measured Variable

The Fuzzy Logic System

Analyzes the Performance of the
PID Controller and Optimizes It !
© INFORM 1990-1998 Slide 19
 CONCLUSION
• Non-Modeled Based Controller
• Knowledge Based
Thank You for your attention