Chap 1 SE 1 Det, Indet., Stability
Chap 1 SE 1 Det, Indet., Stability
Chap 1 SE 1 Det, Indet., Stability
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1. Skeletal structures – Idealized to a series of straight or curved lines – Eg. Roof trusses,
lattice girders, building frames etc
2. Surface structures – Idealized to a plane or curved surface – Eg., slabs, shells etc
3. Solid structures – massive structures having all the three dimensions considerably large –
Eg. Dam, solid retaining walls etc
1. Plane frame – All members and the applied loads are assumed to be in one plane
2. Space frame (three dimensional frame) – All members do not lie in one plane and there by
forces/loads also do not fall in one plane
ΣFx = ΣFy = ΣFz = 0 – Algebraic sums of components of all external forces along x, y and z axes = 0
ΣMx = ΣMy = ΣMz = 0 – Algebraic sums of components of all moments along x, y and z axes = 0
External forces can be divided in to two groups: 1. Applied loads, 2. Reactive forces
For the static equilibrium of plane structures three equations of equilibrium are enough to be
satisfied. They are, ΣFx = 0, ΣFy= 0 and ΣMz = 0.
For the static equilibrium of space structures all the above mentioned six equations of
equilibrium are to be satisfied.
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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Statically indeterminate structures are those structures which cannot be analyzed with the help
of equations of static equilibrium alone. A structure is statically indeterminate when it possesses
more members or is supported by more reactive restraints than are strictly necessary for stability
and equilibrium. In analysis of statically indeterminate structures, the number of unknowns is
greater than the number of independent equations derived from the conditions of static
equilibrium. Additional equations based on the compatibility of deformation must be written in
order to obtain sufficient number of equations for the determination of all the unknowns. The
number of such additional equations required for the determination of all the unknowns is
known as the degree of static indeterminacy or degree of redundancy of the structure.
External indeterminacy is related to how stably the support system exerts reaction components.
It can be calculated as the number of external reaction components in excess of the number of
equilibrium equations required for the static determinacy or minimum number of reaction
components required for stability. A structure is usually externally indeterminate or redundant if
the reactions at the supports cannot be determined by using the available equations of
equilibrium. The external indeterminacy (E) can thus be said as
Total number of reaction components (R) – minimum number of reaction components required
for stability (r)
Ie. E = R – r
The degree of external indeterminacy is E = (R – 6) for space structures and E = (R – 3) for plane
structures
Internal indeterminacy is related to the members that are more in number than that is required
for stability. When there is more number of members in the structure, there could be more
numbers of stress resultants that are unknowns to be found for the complete analysis.
It can be said that the internal indeterminacy is based on the number of additional members
present in the frame than that is required for a determinate structure, in the case of pin jointed
structures and is based on the excess number of internal stress resultants in the case of rigid
jointed structures. In a pin jointed structure the number of internal stress resultants is only one,
ie either tension or compression. Hence instead of saying as number of excess stress resultants it
can be said as number of excess members. For pin jointed plane structures to be internally
determinate, the equation to be satisfied is m = 2j – 3; where m = number of members and j =
number of joints.
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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The basic pin jointed plane internally determinate structure can be a triangular structure with 3
members and 3 joints. See fig. 1.1.
Fig 1.1
Fig 1.2
Further the pin jointed plane internally determinate structure can be created by adding 2
members and 1 joint. See fig 1.2. Hence the equation to be satisfied for the structure to be
determinate can be coined as number of members (m) = 2 times number of joints (j) – first three
joints. (Of course, for the basic triangular structure, No. of members = number of joints)
The basic pin jointed space truss to be determinate should contain at least 6 members and 4
joints. See fig. 1.3. Further expansion of such determinate space truss can be done by adding 3
members and one joint. See fig. 1.4.
Fig 1.4
Fig 1.3
For the basic structure as in fig 1.3, the governing equation can be framed as m = 3j – 6. The
same equation is applicable for further addition of members and joints to form determinate
space structure.
The degree of internal indeterminacy in case of pin jointed structures can then be written as
I = m – (2j – 3) for plane trusses &
I = m – (3j – 6) for space trusses
Generally the degree of internal indeterminacy in case of rigid frames is determined as the
number of unknown internal stress resultants minus the number of equilibrium equations.
1.6 Total degree of Indeterminacy
Total degree of indeterminacy or redundancy is equal to the number by which the unknowns (ie.
Reaction components as well as stress resultants) exceed the condition equations of equilibrium.
The excess restraints are called as redundant.
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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A stable structure should have at least three reactive components, but not always sufficient, for
external stability of a 2D structure, which are non-concurrent and non-parallel.
W
Cantilever beam No. of external reactions = 3
No. of equilibrium equns = 3
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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Propped Cantilever
beam
3 + 2 =5
Fixed beam
W
3 3 =6
+
Simply supported
beam with hinged
supports
2 +
2 =4
Continuous beam
oo
3 + 1 + 2 + 2=8
Determine the external, internal and total degree of indeterminacy and conditions of stability
of the trusses shown in fig 1.12 through 1.15
4 8
y
2 3 5 7 9 11
x
1 6 10
Fig. 1.12
External Indeterminacy:
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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Number of joints = j = 7
--------------------------------
4 6 12 15
10
1 3 5 7 9 14 16 18
11
2 8 13 17
00
Fig. 1.13
External Indeterminacy:
Number of joints = j = 10
--------------------------------
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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2 6 10 13
17
1 3 5 7 16
9 12 14
4 8 11 15
oo
Fig 1.14
External Indeterminacy:
Number of joints = j = 10
Even though the internal degree of indeterminacy becomes zero, the structure is
unstable due to no inclined panel member available in one of the panels.
--------------------------------
2
3
9
4
1
7 8
5 6
Fig 1.15
External Indeterminacy:
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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Number of joints = j = 6
Even though the internal degree of indeterminacy becomes zero, the structure is
unstable due to supports being rollers which are not able to exert a restriction against horizontal
movement.
--------------------------------
W M =0
4 7 10 12 15
6 9 14 16 19
3 5 11 A 13 17
8
1
20
18
2
Fig 1.16
External Indeterminacy:
Number of joints = j = 12
Condition equations
In indeterminate structural analysis, the number of equilibrium equations may be used to construct some limited
number of equations to solve for limited number of unknowns only. Where special internal conditions of
construction exist, it is possible to write additional statical equations for use in the determination of unknowns. Such
equations are called condition equations. Some of such condition equations can be (a) bending moment at an
internal hinge is zero, (b) vertical deflection at firm supports is zero, (c) algebraic sum of bending moments at the
ends of members joining at a joint is zero etc.
Method 1: Consider the two bay two storeyed frame shown in the fig 1.17.
H W
G I
W
E
D F
B C
A
Fig 1.17
Internal indeterminacy:
Consider the upper storey. Let the number of vertical members in the storey be x. Number of
internal reactions corresponding to x vertical members is 3x. Since three statical equations of
equilibrium are available the degree of internal redundancy for this storey is
3x – 3 = 3(x – 1)
If there are n number of storeys and each storey has x vertical members, then the degree of
internal redundancy would be 3(x – 1)(n – 1).
If the number of vertical members is different for different storeys, say x1 for the first storey and
x2 for the second storey etc.,
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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(x2+ x3+…..+ xn) = Total number of columns in the upper storeys excluding the first storey.
= m (say)
Determine the degree of indeterminacy for the following multistoreyed frames given in fig.
1.18 and 1.19
W
G H
W
E
D F
B C
A
Fig 1.18
Number of storeys = n = 2
--------------------------
W
G External indeterminacy: Total number of
F H external reactions = 3 + 3 + 2 = 8
D E Internal indeterminacy:
Fig 1.19
Method 2: In the previous method, it was established that the internal indeterminacy for a
storey can be said as 3(x – 1) where x is the number of vertical members in that storey. But (x –
1) represents the number of bays in the storey.
Therefore, degree of internal indeterminacy = 3 * (total number of bays in the upper storeys
except the bottom storey.
If there are internal hinges, the above equation can be modified as Degree of internal
indeterminacy = 3 * (number of bays in upper storeys) – Number of restraints added in internal
hinges to form a continuous member
Method 3: Consider the frame shown in fig. 1.17. If all the horizontal members are cut at the
span portion, the structure simplifies to three vertical cantilevers, which are externally
determinate. At each cuts, there are three unknown reactions.
If there are hinged or roller supports, then the vertical cantilever cannot be stable. Hence to
make the vertical cantilevers determinate ones, restraints have to be added.
= 3 * number of cut sections – number of restraints added at the roller or/and hinged supports
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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Method 4: The total degree of indeterminacy can also be found by this method. The internal
forces in a skeletal structural member are completely defined throughout the member once the
axial force, shear force and bending moment are determined at any point along the member.
Thus, three member actions must be determined for each member of the structure. Thus, if m is
taken to represent the actual number of member, and R continues to represent the actual
number of independent reaction components, then there are (3m + R) unknown quantities that
must be determined.
To determine these unknown quantities, three equation of equilibrium at each joint of the
structure can be generated. In addition, there may be equilibrium equations that can be written
by virtue of condition of construction. Thus, if there are j joints in the structure and n condition
equation, then there are (3j + n) equation available for the solution. Thus,
(3m + R) = (3j + n) is the relationship that must be satisfied if a plane rigid frame is to be statically
determinate.
Method 5: A rigid jointed frame is statically determinate internally if its members form an open
configuration. An open configuration here means that there are no loops or closed cells. Any
one of the following two checks may be applied to verify that the structural configuration is open.
1. Starting from any point on the structure and proceeding along any route, it is impossible
to return to the same point without retracing the path.
2. It is impossible to make a cut anywhere in the structure without splitting the structure in
to two separate parts.
If a rigid structure does not have an open configuration, the structure is internally indeterminate.
For a rigid jointed plane frame, internal indeterminacy = 3 * Number of cuts to make a
determinate structure.
For rigid jointed space frame, the degree of internal indeterminacy = 6 * Number of cuts to make
a determinate structure.
Determine the external, internal and total degree of static indeterminacy for the frame shown
in fig. 1.21
W
G H
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W
D F
Chapter B
1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy
C and Stability of Structures
A
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H1
H2
M=0 at
hinges
Fig 1.21
Total number of reactions required for stability = 3, number of condition equations externally = 1
Number of restraints added = 1*3(for 2 member hinges and one hinge support) + 2 (for roller
support) = 5
Condition equations = 2
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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Pin jointed frame: Each joint of a pin jointed plane frame has two independent displacement
components (translation in x and y directions). The number of compatibility equations can be
said as equal to the number of constraints imposed by the support conditions (R).
Similarly for pin jointed space frame, the independent displacement components per joint are 3
(translation in x, y and z directions)
Rigid jointed frame: Each joint of a rigid jointed plane frame has three independent
displacement components (translation in x and y directions & rotation in z direction). The
number of compatibility equations (c) can be said as equal to the number of constraints imposed
by the support conditions (R) plus other factors such as the inextensibility of members. If there
are ‘m’ number of members which are inextensible,
Similarly for rigid jointed space frame, the independent displacement components per joint is 6
(translation and as well as rotation in x, y and z directions)
Determine the kinematic indeterminacy of the pin jointed plane frame shown in the fig. 1.22
Determine the kinematic indeterminacy of the pin jointed space frame shown in the fig. 1.23
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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Determine the kinematic indeterminacy of the fixed beam with internal hinges shown in the
fig. 1.24, without considering inextensibility of members (Assume members are extensible)
(The 6 degree of freedom are the two translations in x and y directions and one rotation in z
direction of the two internal hinges)
Determine the kinematic indeterminacy of the plane rigid frame shown in the fig. 1.25,
considering inextensibility of members (Assume members are inextensible)
W
G H
W
E
D F
B C
A Fig.1.25
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Chapter 1: Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures
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