PURE MATHEMATICS

Mensuration
Volume of sphere = 4
3
πr 3

Surface area of sphere = 4πr 2

Volume of cone or pyramid = 13 × base area × height

Area of curved surface of cone = πr × slant height

Arc length of circle = rθ ( θ in radians)
Area of sector of circle = 12 r 2θ ( θ in radians)

Algebra
For the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 :

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
For an arithmetic series:
un = a + (n − 1)d , S n = 12 n( a + l ) = 12 n{2a + (n − 1) d }

For a geometric series:

a(1 − r n ) a
un = ar n −1 , Sn =
1− r
(r ≠ 1) , S∞ =
1− r
( r <1 )

Binomial series:
n  n  n
(a + b) n = a n +   a n −1b +   a n − 2b 2 +   a n −3b3 + K + b n , where n is a positive integer
1  2  3
n n!
and   =
 r  r!(n − r )!
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + x + K , where n is rational and x < 1
2! 3!

2
Trigonometry
sin θ
tan θ ≡
cos θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ≡ 1 , 1 + tan 2 θ ≡ sec 2 θ , cot 2 θ + 1 ≡ cosec 2 θ
sin( A ± B) ≡ sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos( A ± B) ≡ cos A cos B m sin A sin B

tan A ± tan B
tan( A ± B ) ≡
1 m tan A tan B
sin 2 A ≡ 2sin A cos A
cos 2 A ≡ cos 2 A − sin 2 A ≡ 2cos 2 A − 1 ≡ 1 − 2sin 2 A
2 tan A
tan 2 A ≡
1 − tan 2 A
Principal values:
− 12 π ⩽ sin −1 x ⩽ 12 π , 0 ⩽ cos −1 x ⩽ π , − 12 π < tan −1 x < 12 π

Differentiation
f( x ) f ′( x )

xn nx n −1
1
ln x
x
ex ex
sin x cos x
cos x − sin x
tan x sec 2 x
sec x sec x tan x
cosec x − cosec x cot x
cot x − cosec 2 x
1
tan −1 x
1 + x2
du dv
uv v +u
dx dx
du dv
v −u
u dx dx
v v2
dy dy dx
If x = f(t ) and y = g(t ) then = ÷
dx dt dt

3
Integration
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x ) ∫ f( x ) dx
x n +1
xn (n ≠ −1)
n +1
1
ln x
x
ex ex
sin x − cos x
cos x sin x
sec 2 x tan x
1 1 x
tan −1  
x + a2
2
a a
1 1 x−a
ln ( x > a)
x − a2
2
2a x + a

1 1 a+x
a − x2
2
ln
2a a − x
( x < a)

dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv −∫ v dx dx
f ′( x)
∫ f ( x) dx = ln f ( x)

Vectors
If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3k then

a.b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 = a b cos θ

4
 FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS

Algebra
Summations:
n n n

∑
r =1
r = 12 n(n + 1) , ∑
r =1
r 2 = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) , ∑r
r =1
3
= 14 n 2 (n + 1) 2

Maclaurin’s series:
x2 xr
f( x) = f(0) + x f ′(0) + f ′′(0) + K + f ( r ) (0) + K
2! r!
x2 xr
e x = exp( x) = 1 + x + +K + +K (all x)
2! r!
x 2 x3 xr
ln(1 + x) = x − + − K + (−1) r +1 + K (–1 < x ⩽ 1)
2 3 r
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sin x = x − + − K + (−1) r +K (all x)
3! 5! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cos x = 1 − + − K + (−1) r +K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x 2 r +1
tan −1 x = x − + − K + (−1) r +K (–1 ⩽ x ⩽ 1)
3 5 2r + 1
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sinh x = x + + +K + +K (all x)
3! 5! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cosh x = 1 + + +K+ +K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x 2 r +1
tanh −1 x = x + + +K + +K (–1 < x < 1)
3 5 2r + 1

Trigonometry
If t = tan 12 x then:

2t 1− t2
sin x = and cos x =
1+ t2 1+ t2

Hyperbolic functions
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x ≡ 1 , sinh 2 x ≡ 2sinh x cosh x , cosh 2 x ≡ cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

sinh −1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1)

cosh −1 x = ln( x + x 2 − 1) (x ⩾ 1)

1+ x 
tanh −1 x = 12 ln   (| x | < 1)
1− x 

5
Differentiation
f( x ) f ′( x )
1
sin −1 x
1 − x2
1
cos −1 x −
1 − x2
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech 2 x
1
sinh −1 x
1 + x2
1
cosh −1 x
x2 − 1
1
tanh −1 x
1 − x2

Integration
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x ) ∫ f( x ) dx
sec x ln| sec x + tan x | = ln| tan( 12 x + 14 π) | ( x < 12 π )

cosec x − ln| cosec x + cot x | = ln| tan( 12 x) | (0 < x < π)

sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
sech 2 x tanh x
1 x
sin −1   ( x < a)
2
a −x 2 a

1  x
cosh −1   ( x > a)
2
x −a 2 a

1  x
sinh −1  
2
a +x 2 a

6
 MECHANICS

Uniformly accelerated motion

v = u + at , s = 12 (u + v)t , s = ut + 12 at 2 , v 2 = u 2 + 2as

FURTHER MECHANICS
Motion of a projectile
Equation of trajectory is:
gx 2
y = x tan θ −
2V 2 cos 2 θ

Elastic strings and springs

λx λ x2
T= , E=
l 2l

Motion in a circle
For uniform circular motion, the acceleration is directed towards the centre and has magnitude
v2
ω 2r or
r

Centres of mass of uniform bodies

Triangular lamina: 23 along median from vertex

Solid hemisphere of radius r: 83 r from centre

1
Hemispherical shell of radius r: 2
r from centre

r sin α
Circular arc of radius r and angle 2α: from centre
α
2r sin α
Circular sector of radius r and angle 2α: from centre
3α
3
Solid cone or pyramid of height h: 4
h from vertex

7
 PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Summary statistics
For ungrouped data:

Σx Σ( x − x ) 2 Σx 2
x= , standard deviation = = − x2
n n n
For grouped data:

Σxf Σ( x − x ) 2 f Σx 2 f
x= , standard deviation = = − x2
Σf Σf Σf

Discrete random variables

E( X ) = Σxp , Var( X ) = Σx 2 p − {E( X )}2
For the binomial distribution B(n, p) :

n
pr =   p r (1 − p) n − r , µ = np , σ 2 = np(1 − p )
r
For the geometric distribution Geo(p):
1
pr = p(1 − p) r −1 , µ=
p
For the Poisson distribution Po(λ )

λr
pr = e − λ , µ =λ , σ2 =λ
r!

Continuous random variables

∫
E( X ) = x f( x) dx , ∫
Var( X ) = x 2 f( x) dx − {E( X )}2

Sampling and testing

Unbiased estimators:

Σx Σ( x − x ) 2 1  2 ( Σx ) 2 
x= , s2 = =  Σx − 
n n −1 n −1 n 

Central Limit Theorem:

 σ2 
X ~ N  µ, 
 n 

Approximate distribution of sample proportion:

 p (1 − p) 
N  p, 
 n 

8
 FURTHER PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Sampling and testing

Two-sample estimate of a common variance:
Σ( x1 − x1 ) 2 + Σ( x2 − x2 ) 2
s2 =
n1 + n 2 − 2

Probability generating functions

G X (t ) = E(t X ) , E( X ) = G ′X (1) , Var( X ) = G ′′X (1) + G ′X (1) − {G ′X (1)}2