10W/12WP

Abstract Algebra III

Math-5209
TGU

September 14, 2020

Math 1 / 21
N0.18[Pg .147]
If R, S are rings, define the direct sum of R and S, R ⊕ S, by

R ⊕ S = {(r, s)|r ∈ R, s ∈ S}

where(r, s) = (r1 , s1 ) if and only if r = r1 , s = s1 ,and where

(r, s) + (t, u) = (r + t, s + u), (r, s)(t, u) = (rt, su).

Show that R ⊕ S is a ring and that the subrings {(r, 0S )|r ∈ R} and
{(0R , s)|s ∈ S} are ideals of R ⊕ S isomorphic to R and S respectively.

Since R and S are rings, let 0R and 0S be identity elements in R and S

respectively. Since (0R , 0S ) ∈ R ⊕ S, R ⊕ S 6= ∅.
(a) By defintion, closure law under addition is satisfied.
Math 2 / 21
(b) For any (r, s), (t, u) ∈ R ⊕ S,

(r, s) + (t, u) = (r + t, s + u)

= (t + r, u + s)

= (t, u) + (r, s) since R and S are rings.

(c)For every (r, s), (t, u), (v, x) ∈ R ⊕ S,

[(r, s) + (t, u)] + (v, x) = (r + t, s + u) + (v, x)

= ((r + t) + v, (s + u) + x)

= (r + (t + v), s + (u + x))

= (r, s) + ((t + u), (v + x))

= (r, s) + ((t, u) + (v, x)).

Math 3 / 21
(d) (0R , 0S ) is the identity element in R ⊕ S since

(0R , 0S ) + (r, s) = (0R + r, 0S + s) = (r, s)

and
(r, s) + (0R , 0S ) = (r + 0R , s + 0S ) = (r, s)

for every (r, s) ∈ R ⊕ S.

(e) (−r, −s) is an additive inverse of (r, s) in R ⊕ S since

(−r, −s) + (r, s) = (−r + r, −s + s) = (0R , 0S )

and
(−r, −s) + (r, s) = (r + (−r), s + (−s)) = (0R , 0S ).

(f) By definition, closure law under multiplication is satisfied.

Math 4 / 21
(g) For every (r, s), (t, u), (v, x) ∈ R ⊕ S,

[(r, s)(t, u)](v, x) = (rt, su)(v, x)

= ((rt)v, (su)x)
= (r(tv), s(ux))
= (r, s)(tv, ux)
= (r, s)[(t, u)(v, x)].

(h) For every (r, s), (t, u), (v, x) ∈ R ⊕ S,

[(r, s) + (t, u)](v, x) = (r + t, s + u)(v, x)

= ((r + t)v, (s + u)x)
= (rv + tv, sx + ux)
= (rv, sx) + (tv, ux)
= (r, s)(v, x) + (t, u)(v, x).

Math 5 / 21
Similarly, we can show that left distributive law. Thus is R ⊕ S is a ring.#
Let R0 = {(r, 0S )|r ∈ R}. Since R0 is a subring of R ⊕ S, it is an additive
subgroup of R ⊕ S. For any (r, s) ∈ R ⊕ S and (r1 , 0S ) ∈ R0 ,

(r, s)(r1 , 0S ) = (rr1 , 0S ) ∈ R0

and
(r1 , 0S )(r, s) = (r1 r, 0S ) ∈ R0 .

Thus, R0 is an ideal of R ⊕ S.#

Math 6 / 21
To show {(r, 0S )|r ∈ R} isomorphics to R: Recall that
R0 = {(r, 0S )|r ∈ R}. Define φ : R0 → R by

φ(r, 0S ) = r.

Then φ is well-defined. In fact, suppose (r, 0S ) = (r1 , 0S ) where

(r, 0S ), (r1 , 0S ) ∈ R0 . Then r = r1 ,

φ(r, 0S ) = φ(r1 , 0S ).

To show φ is homo: For (r, 0S ), (r1 , 0S ) ∈ R0 , we have

φ((r, 0S ) + (r1 , 0S )) = φ(r + r1 , 0S )

= r + r1 = φ(r, 0S ) + φ(r1 , 0S )

Math 7 / 21
and

φ((r, 0S )(r1 , 0S )) = φ(rr1 , 0S )

= rr1 = φ(r, 0S )φ(r1 , 0S ).

Thus φ is homo. For any r ∈ R there is an element (r, 0S ) ∈ R0 such that

φ(r, 0S ) = r.

Thus φ is onto. Also, we have

Ker φ = {(r, 0S ) ∈ R0 | φ(r, 0S ) = 0R }

= {(r, 0S ) ∈ R0 | r = 0R }

= {(0R , 0S )}.

Thus φ is one-one. Hence R0 ' R.#

The remaining part is exercise for students.
Math 8 / 21
No-19[Pg-147]
( 
 ) ( 
 )
a b  0 b 
If R =   a, b, c real and I =   b real , show that:
0 c 0 0
 

(a) R is a ring.
(b) I is an ideal of R.
(c) R/I ' R ⊕ R, where R is the field of real numbers.
     
0 0 a b d e
(a) Since   ∈ R, R 6= ∅. For any  ,  ∈ R,
0 0 0 c 0 f
     
a b d e a+b b+e
 + = ∈R
0 c 0 f 0 c+f

since addition of any two reals is real.

Math 9 / 21
    
a b d e
(b) For any  ,   ∈ R,
0 c 0 f
     
a b d e a+d b+e
 + = 
0 c 0 f 0 c+f
 
d+a e+b
= 
0 f +c
   
d e a b
= + .
0 f 0 c

Math 10 / 21
      
a b d e g h
(c)For every  ,  ,   ∈ R,
0 c 0 f 0 i
"   #  
a b d e g h
 +  + 
0 c 0 f 0 i
   
a+d b+e g h
= + 
0 c+f 0 i
 
(a + d) + g (b + e) + h
= 
0 (c + f ) + i
 
a + (d + g) b + (e + h)
= 
0 c + (f + i)
   
a b d+g e+h
= + 
0 c 0 f +i
  "   #
a b d e g h
= +  +  .
0 c 0 f 0 i
Math 11 / 21
  
0 0
(d) is an identity element since
0 0
       
0 0 a b 0+a 0+b a b
 + = = 
0 0 0 c 0 0+c 0 c

and      
a b 0 0 a b
 + = 
0 c 0 0 0 c
 
a b
where   ∈ R.
0 c

Math 12 / 21
    
−a −b a b
(e)  is an inverse of   in R since
0 −c 0 c
     
−a −b a b 0 0
 + = 
0 −c 0 c 0 0
and
     
a b −a −b 0 0
 + = .
0 c 0 −c 0 0
   
a b d e
(f)For every  ,   ∈ R,
0 c 0 f
    
a b d e ad ae + bf
  =  ∈ R.
0 c 0 f 0 cf

Math 13 / 21
    
a b d e g h
(g)For every     ∈ R,
0 c 0 f 0 i

"  #    
a b d e g h ad ae + bf g h
     =   
0 c 0 f 0 i 0 cf 0 i
 
(ad)g (ad)h + (ae + bf )i
=  
0 (cf )i
 
a(dg) a(dh + ei) + b(f i)
=  
0 (cf )i
  
a b dg dh + ei
=   
0 c 0 fi
 "  #
a b d e g h
=      .
0 c 0 f 0 i

Math 14 / 21
      
a b g h d e
(h) For every  ,  ,   ∈ R,
0 c 0 i 0 f
"   # 
a b d e g h
 +   
0 c 0 f 0 i
  
a+d b+e g h
=   
0 c+f 0 i
 
ag + dg ah + dh + bi + ei
=  
0 fi
   
ag ah + bi dg dh + ei
=  + 
0 ci 0 fi
     
a b g h d e g h
=   +  .
0 c 0 i 0 f 0 i

Similarly , we can show left distribute law. Thus R is a ring.#

Math 15 / 21
  
0 0
(b) Since   ∈ I, I 6= ∅ and I ⊂ R. For any
0 0
   
0 b 0 c
 ,   ∈ I we have
0 0 0 0
         
0 b 0 c 0 b 0 ±c 0 b±c
 ± = + =  ∈ I,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

thus I is an additive subgroup of R.

Math 16 / 21
    
a b 0 d
For any   ∈ R and   ∈ I, we have
0 c 0 0
    
a b 0 d 0 ad
  = ∈I
0 c 0 0 0 0

and     
0 d a b 0 dc
  =  ∈ I.
0 0 0 c 0 0
Hence I is an ideal of R.#

Math 17 / 21
(c) Define φ : R → R ⊕ R by
 
a b
φ  = (a, c).
0 c
   
a b d e
Then φ is well-defined. In fact, suppose  = . Then
0 c 0 f
a = d, b = e, c = f . So, we have

(a, c) = (d, f )
   
a b d e
φ  = φ .
0 c 0 f
   
a b d e
To show φ is homo: For any  ,   ∈ R, we have
0 c 0 f
Math 18 / 21
    !  
a b d e a+d b+e
φ  +  = φ 
0 c 0 f 0 c+f
= (a + d, c + f )
= (a, c) + (d, f )
   
a b d e
= φ  + φ 
0 c 0 f
and
  !  
a b d e ad ae + bf
φ    = φ 
0 c 0 f 0 cf
= (ad, cf )
= (a, c)(d, f )
   
a b d e
= φ φ .
0 c 0 f
Thus φ is homo.
Math 19 / 21
 a b
For any (a, c) ∈ R ⊕ R there is an element  ∈R
0 c
 
a b
such that φ  = (a, c). Thus φ is onto. Next we have
0 c
( 

  )
a b  a b
Ker φ =   ∈ R  φ  = (0, 0)
0 c 0 c

( 
 )
a b 
=   ∈ R(a, c) = (0, 0)
0 c

( 
 )
a b 
=   ∈ R a = 0, c = 0

0 c

( 
 )
0 b 
=   ∈ R b real = I.

0 0


Hence we have prove that φ is a homo. of R onto R ⊕ R with kernel I. Thus

R/I ' R ⊕ R#.
Math 20 / 21
The End

Math 21 / 21