The document shows that the direct sum R ⊕ S of two rings R and S is also a ring. It defines R ⊕ S and shows that it satisfies the properties of closure under addition and multiplication, existence of an identity element, existence of inverses, and the distributive properties. It also shows that the subsets {(r,0)|r∈R} and {(0,s)|s∈S} of R ⊕ S are ideals isomorphic to R and S respectively.
The document shows that the direct sum R ⊕ S of two rings R and S is also a ring. It defines R ⊕ S and shows that it satisfies the properties of closure under addition and multiplication, existence of an identity element, existence of inverses, and the distributive properties. It also shows that the subsets {(r,0)|r∈R} and {(0,s)|s∈S} of R ⊕ S are ideals isomorphic to R and S respectively.
The document shows that the direct sum R ⊕ S of two rings R and S is also a ring. It defines R ⊕ S and shows that it satisfies the properties of closure under addition and multiplication, existence of an identity element, existence of inverses, and the distributive properties. It also shows that the subsets {(r,0)|r∈R} and {(0,s)|s∈S} of R ⊕ S are ideals isomorphic to R and S respectively.
The document shows that the direct sum R ⊕ S of two rings R and S is also a ring. It defines R ⊕ S and shows that it satisfies the properties of closure under addition and multiplication, existence of an identity element, existence of inverses, and the distributive properties. It also shows that the subsets {(r,0)|r∈R} and {(0,s)|s∈S} of R ⊕ S are ideals isomorphic to R and S respectively.
Show that R ⊕ S is a ring and that the subrings {(r, 0S )|r ∈ R} and {(0R , s)|s ∈ S} are ideals of R ⊕ S isomorphic to R and S respectively.
Since R and S are rings, let 0R and 0S be identity elements in R and S
respectively. Since (0R , 0S ) ∈ R ⊕ S, R ⊕ S 6= ∅. (a) By defintion, closure law under addition is satisfied. Math 2 / 21 (b) For any (r, s), (t, u) ∈ R ⊕ S,
Math 5 / 21 Similarly, we can show that left distributive law. Thus is R ⊕ S is a ring.# Let R0 = {(r, 0S )|r ∈ R}. Since R0 is a subring of R ⊕ S, it is an additive subgroup of R ⊕ S. For any (r, s) ∈ R ⊕ S and (r1 , 0S ) ∈ R0 ,
(r, s)(r1 , 0S ) = (rr1 , 0S ) ∈ R0
and (r1 , 0S )(r, s) = (r1 r, 0S ) ∈ R0 .
Thus, R0 is an ideal of R ⊕ S.#
Math 6 / 21 To show {(r, 0S )|r ∈ R} isomorphics to R: Recall that R0 = {(r, 0S )|r ∈ R}. Define φ : R0 → R by
φ(r, 0S ) = r.
Then φ is well-defined. In fact, suppose (r, 0S ) = (r1 , 0S ) where
(r, 0S ), (r1 , 0S ) ∈ R0 . Then r = r1 ,
φ(r, 0S ) = φ(r1 , 0S ).
To show φ is homo: For (r, 0S ), (r1 , 0S ) ∈ R0 , we have
φ((r, 0S ) + (r1 , 0S )) = φ(r + r1 , 0S )
= r + r1 = φ(r, 0S ) + φ(r1 , 0S )
Math 7 / 21 and
φ((r, 0S )(r1 , 0S )) = φ(rr1 , 0S )
= rr1 = φ(r, 0S )φ(r1 , 0S ).
Thus φ is homo. For any r ∈ R there is an element (r, 0S ) ∈ R0 such that
φ(r, 0S ) = r.
Thus φ is onto. Also, we have
Ker φ = {(r, 0S ) ∈ R0 | φ(r, 0S ) = 0R }
= {(r, 0S ) ∈ R0 | r = 0R }
= {(0R , 0S )}.
Thus φ is one-one. Hence R0 ' R.#
The remaining part is exercise for students. Math 8 / 21 No-19[Pg-147] ( ) ( ) a b 0 b If R = a, b, c real and I = b real , show that: 0 c 0 0
(a) R is a ring. (b) I is an ideal of R. (c) R/I ' R ⊕ R, where R is the field of real numbers. 0 0 a b d e (a) Since ∈ R, R 6= ∅. For any , ∈ R, 0 0 0 c 0 f a b d e a+b b+e + = ∈R 0 c 0 f 0 c+f
since addition of any two reals is real.
Math 9 / 21 a b d e (b) For any , ∈ R, 0 c 0 f a b d e a+d b+e + = 0 c 0 f 0 c+f d+a e+b = 0 f +c d e a b = + . 0 f 0 c
Math 10 / 21 a b d e g h (c)For every , , ∈ R, 0 c 0 f 0 i " # a b d e g h + + 0 c 0 f 0 i a+d b+e g h = + 0 c+f 0 i (a + d) + g (b + e) + h = 0 (c + f ) + i a + (d + g) b + (e + h) = 0 c + (f + i) a b d+g e+h = + 0 c 0 f +i " # a b d e g h = + + . 0 c 0 f 0 i Math 11 / 21 0 0 (d) is an identity element since 0 0 0 0 a b 0+a 0+b a b + = = 0 0 0 c 0 0+c 0 c
and a b 0 0 a b + = 0 c 0 0 0 c a b where ∈ R. 0 c
Math 12 / 21 −a −b a b (e) is an inverse of in R since 0 −c 0 c −a −b a b 0 0 + = 0 −c 0 c 0 0 and a b −a −b 0 0 + = . 0 c 0 −c 0 0 a b d e (f)For every , ∈ R, 0 c 0 f a b d e ad ae + bf = ∈ R. 0 c 0 f 0 cf
Math 13 / 21 a b d e g h (g)For every ∈ R, 0 c 0 f 0 i
" # a b d e g h ad ae + bf g h = 0 c 0 f 0 i 0 cf 0 i (ad)g (ad)h + (ae + bf )i = 0 (cf )i a(dg) a(dh + ei) + b(f i) = 0 (cf )i a b dg dh + ei = 0 c 0 fi " # a b d e g h = . 0 c 0 f 0 i
Math 14 / 21 a b g h d e (h) For every , , ∈ R, 0 c 0 i 0 f " # a b d e g h + 0 c 0 f 0 i a+d b+e g h = 0 c+f 0 i ag + dg ah + dh + bi + ei = 0 fi ag ah + bi dg dh + ei = + 0 ci 0 fi a b g h d e g h = + . 0 c 0 i 0 f 0 i
Similarly , we can show left distribute law. Thus R is a ring.#
Math 15 / 21 0 0 (b) Since ∈ I, I 6= ∅ and I ⊂ R. For any 0 0 0 b 0 c , ∈ I we have 0 0 0 0 0 b 0 c 0 b 0 ±c 0 b±c ± = + = ∈ I, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
thus I is an additive subgroup of R.
Math 16 / 21 a b 0 d For any ∈ R and ∈ I, we have 0 c 0 0 a b 0 d 0 ad = ∈I 0 c 0 0 0 0
and 0 d a b 0 dc = ∈ I. 0 0 0 c 0 0 Hence I is an ideal of R.#
Math 17 / 21 (c) Define φ : R → R ⊕ R by a b φ = (a, c). 0 c a b d e Then φ is well-defined. In fact, suppose = . Then 0 c 0 f a = d, b = e, c = f . So, we have
(a, c) = (d, f ) a b d e φ = φ . 0 c 0 f a b d e To show φ is homo: For any , ∈ R, we have 0 c 0 f Math 18 / 21 ! a b d e a+d b+e φ + = φ 0 c 0 f 0 c+f = (a + d, c + f ) = (a, c) + (d, f ) a b d e = φ + φ 0 c 0 f and ! a b d e ad ae + bf φ = φ 0 c 0 f 0 cf = (ad, cf ) = (a, c)(d, f ) a b d e = φ φ . 0 c 0 f Thus φ is homo. Math 19 / 21 a b For any (a, c) ∈ R ⊕ R there is an element ∈R 0 c a b such that φ = (a, c). Thus φ is onto. Next we have 0 c (
) a b a b Ker φ = ∈ R φ = (0, 0) 0 c 0 c
( ) a b = ∈ R (a, c) = (0, 0) 0 c
( ) a b = ∈ R a = 0, c = 0
0 c
( ) 0 b = ∈ R b real = I.
0 0
Hence we have prove that φ is a homo. of R onto R ⊕ R with kernel I. Thus
