𝑨𝑷𝑳𝑰𝑪𝑨𝑪𝑰𝑶𝑵𝑬𝑺 𝑫𝑬 𝑳𝑨 𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑳 𝑪𝑼𝑹𝑽𝑰𝑳𝑰𝑵𝑬𝑨

𝟏. 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒖𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒆

𝑺𝒊 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒔 𝒖𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒆 𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂 𝒅𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂 𝜶: 𝒂, 𝒃 → 𝑹𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒒𝒖𝒆, 𝒍𝒂

𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝜶: 𝒆𝒔 𝒍𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂 𝑪 ⊂ 𝑹𝟑 𝒚 𝒔𝒊 𝒇: 𝑪 ⊂ 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 𝒆𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕í𝒏𝒖𝒂
𝒔𝒐𝒃𝒓𝒆 𝑪, 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝟏, ∀ 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 ∈ 𝑪, 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒍𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒔:

𝑳 = න 𝒅𝑺
𝑪

𝟐. 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒂 𝒚 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒆

𝑺𝒊 𝝆: 𝑪 ⊂ 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 𝒆𝒔 𝒍𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒆, 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔:

𝑴 = න 𝝆 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑺
𝑪

𝒚 𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐 ഥ ഥ , 𝒛ത ,

𝒙,𝒚 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆:
 𝐌𝐲𝐳 𝐌𝐱𝐳 𝐌𝐱𝐲
𝐱ത = , 𝐲ത = , 𝐳ത =
𝐌 𝐌 𝐌

𝑴𝒚𝒛 = න 𝒙𝝆 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑺 , 𝑴𝒙𝒛 = න 𝒚𝝆 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑺 , 𝑴𝒙𝒚 = න 𝒛𝝆 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑺 ,

𝑪 𝑪 𝑪

𝟑. 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒂

𝑺𝒊 𝒅 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒆𝒔 𝒍𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒑 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒆 𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂

𝒐 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒐, 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒍 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆 𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂 𝑪

𝒆𝒔𝒕á 𝒅𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓: 𝑰 = න 𝒅𝟐 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 . 𝝆 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑺

𝑪

𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆, 𝒍𝒐𝒔 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐 𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒔 𝒆𝒋𝒆𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒂𝒅𝒐𝒔

𝒆𝒔𝒕á 𝒅𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓: 𝑰𝒙 = න (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝝆 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑺

𝑪

𝑰𝒚 = න 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝝆 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑺
𝑪

𝑰𝒛 = න (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝝆 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑺
𝑪
𝟒. 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒋𝒐

𝒂) 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝑭𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂 𝑭: 𝑹𝟐 → 𝑹𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒊Ԧ + 𝑸 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒋Ԧ 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆 𝑪 𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒍

𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂 𝒆𝒏 𝑹𝟐 𝒚 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒐 𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕í𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒔𝒆 𝒎𝒖𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒐 𝒍𝒂
𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂 𝑪, 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒍 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒋𝒐 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂 𝑭 𝒂 𝒍𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝑪 𝒆𝒔𝒕á
𝒅𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓:

𝑾 = න 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑸 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝑪

𝒃) 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝑭𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂 𝑭: 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒊Ԧ + 𝑸 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒋Ԧ + 𝑹 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒌

𝒆𝒍 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒋𝒐 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝑭 𝒆𝒔𝒕á 𝒅𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓:

𝑾 = න 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑸 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝒚 + 𝑹 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝒛
𝑪
𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏. (𝑪𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝑭𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒐)

𝑼𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂 𝑭 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒅𝒐 𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒋𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒐 𝑫, 𝒔𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒆𝒔

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒐 , 𝒔𝒊 𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒋𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒂 𝒍𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒅𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂 𝑪𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒂 𝒆𝒔 𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒐

𝑬𝒋𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒐 𝟏.

𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒋𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒄𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐 𝒖𝒏 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒕𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒐 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒃ó𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒐

𝑪: 𝒓 𝒕 = 𝒕Ԧ𝒊 + 𝒕𝟐 𝒋Ԧ: 𝒕 ∈ 𝟎, 𝟏 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒐 𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚Ԧ𝒊 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒋Ԧ

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊ó𝒏
𝒃 𝟏
𝑾 = න 𝑭 𝒓 𝒕 𝒅𝒓 𝒕 = න 𝑭 𝒓 𝒕 𝒓′ 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = න 𝑭 𝒕, 𝒕𝟐 . 𝟏, 𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑪 𝒂 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟓
𝟕
= න 𝒕 , 𝒕 . 𝟏, 𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = = න 𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟐
𝑬𝒋𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒐 𝟐.
𝑼𝒏𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕í𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒔𝒆 𝒎𝒖𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝒂 𝒍𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂 𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒗𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝑨 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐
−𝒙 −𝒚
𝑩 𝒄, 𝒅 , 𝒅𝒆𝒃𝒊𝒅𝒐 𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂 𝑭= 𝟐 , .
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟐
𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒋𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂 𝒂 𝒍𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝑨𝑩

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊ó𝒏

𝑨𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐 𝒍𝒂 𝒇ó𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒋𝒐 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂 𝒆𝒏 𝑹𝟐 .

−𝒙 −𝒚 −𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝒚𝒅𝒚
𝑾 = න 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 . 𝒅𝒓 = න 𝟐 𝟐
, 𝟐 𝟐
. 𝒅𝒙, 𝒅𝒚 = න 𝟐 𝟐
− 𝟐
𝑪 𝑪 𝒙 +𝒚 𝒙 +𝒚 𝑪 𝒙 +𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐

𝟏 (𝒄,𝒅) 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚 𝟏 (𝒄,𝒅) 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟐
𝑾=− න = − න 𝒅 𝑳𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝑳𝒏 𝟐
𝟐 (𝒂,𝒃) 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐 (𝒂,𝒃) 𝟐 𝒄 + 𝒅𝟐

𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝑾 = 𝑳𝒏 𝟐
𝟐 𝒄 + 𝒅𝟐
𝑬𝒋𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒐 𝟑.

𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒂 𝒅𝒆 𝒖𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂 𝒅𝒆 𝒉é𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂 ,

𝜶 𝒕 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐭 , 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒕 , 𝒕 . 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝝅, 𝒔𝒊 𝒍𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒆𝒔 𝝆 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝒛 . 𝑬𝒏𝒄𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆
𝒕𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒋𝒆 𝒙.

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊ó𝒏

𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒂 ഥ ഥ , 𝒛ത 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒔 𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒓

𝒙,𝒚

𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒂 𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒔 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒂: 𝑴 = න 𝝆 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑺,

𝑪

𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆 𝒅𝑺 = 𝜶′ (𝒕) 𝒅𝒕, 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒐 𝜶′ 𝒕 = −𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 , 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 , 𝟏

𝟐𝝅
𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒔: 𝜶′ (𝒕) = 𝟐 , 𝒅𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆 𝑴 = 𝟐 න 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝟐
𝟎

𝑨𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒂 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒔 𝒆𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒋𝒆 𝑿 ∶

𝟐𝝅
𝑰𝒙 = 𝟐 න 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝟐 𝒕 + 𝒕𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒕
𝟎
𝟐𝝅
𝑰𝒙 = 𝟐 න 𝒕𝒔𝒆𝒏𝟐 𝒕 + 𝒕𝟑 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝟏 + 𝟒𝝅𝟒
𝟎
 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝐴𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒔 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒔: 𝑴𝒚𝒛 = 𝟐 න 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝟎 ; 𝑴𝒙𝒛 = 𝟐 න 𝒕𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒅𝒕 = −𝟐 𝟐𝝅
𝟎 𝟎

𝟐𝝅 𝑴𝒚𝒛 𝑴𝒙𝒛 𝑴𝒙𝒚

𝟐
𝟖 𝟑 𝝅 𝟒𝝅
𝑴𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐 න 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 𝝅 ; 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 ഥ ,𝒚
𝒙 ഥ , 𝒛ത = , , = (𝟎 , − , )
𝟎 𝟑 𝑴 𝑴 𝑴 𝟐 𝟑

𝑬𝒋𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒐 𝟒. 𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒍𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 é𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒄ó𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂: 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒆𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 ;

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 ; 𝒛 = 𝒂𝒆𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝑨 𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎 𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒂 𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝑩 𝒂, 𝟎, 𝒂 .

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊ó𝒏

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒐 𝒍𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂 𝒆𝒔 𝑪: 𝜶 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒆𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕, 𝒂𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕, 𝒂𝒆𝒕 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒐:

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
𝑳 = න 𝒅𝑺 = න ( )𝟐 +( )𝟐 +( )𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝑪 𝑪 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝑳 = න 𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒕 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 − 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕)𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒕 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 + 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕)𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝑪
𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒍𝒂 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒕: 𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒔 𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝑨 𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝟏
𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝜶 𝒕𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎 = 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝟏 , 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝟏 , 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟏 𝒅𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒔:

𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝟏 = 𝟎; 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝟏 = 𝟎 ; 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒐 𝒔𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒔: −𝟏 ≤ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝟏 ≤ 𝟏

−𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟏 ≤ 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝟏 ≤ 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟏 ; 𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒈𝒐, 𝒄𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐 𝒕𝟏 → −∞ , 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝟏 → 𝟎

𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒐: 𝜶 𝒕𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎 ; 𝒄𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐 𝒕𝟏 → −∞

𝑨𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒂 𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒔 𝑩 𝒂, 𝟎, 𝒂 , 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒕𝟐 : 𝜶 𝒕𝟐 = 𝒂, 𝟎, 𝒂 = (𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝟐 , 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝟐 , 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟐 )

𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝟐 = 𝒂 , 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝟐 = 𝟎; 𝒂𝒆𝒕𝟐 = 𝒂; 𝒅𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒔 𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝟐 = 𝟎

𝟎
𝑷𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝑳 = න 𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒕 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 − 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕)𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒕 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 + 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕)𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕
−∞
𝟎
𝑳 = න 𝒂𝒆𝒕 𝟑𝒅𝒕 = 𝒂 𝟑
−∞

𝟎
𝑳𝒖𝒆𝒈𝒐: 𝑳 = න 𝒅𝑺 = 𝒂 𝟑
−∞
Ejemplo.5 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒆
𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒕 − 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 ; 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 ; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅;
Solución

𝑬𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒎𝒐𝒔 𝒍𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒐 𝜶 𝒕 = 𝒂 𝒕 − 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 , 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 ; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅

𝒕
𝒅𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆 𝜶′ 𝒕 = 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕) ; 𝒂(𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝜶′ (𝒕) = 𝒂 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝟐𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒏
𝟐
𝝅
𝒕 𝒕
𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒈𝒐 𝒅𝑺 = 𝟐𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒕 ; 𝒅𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆 𝑴 = 𝟐𝒂 න 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟒𝒂
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝒕 𝟐
𝒕 𝒕 𝟏𝟔 𝟐
𝑴𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂 න 𝒂(𝒕 − 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕)𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐𝒂 න (𝒕𝒔𝒆𝒏 − 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔𝒆𝒏 )𝒅𝒕 = 𝒂
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐
𝒕 𝟐
𝒕 𝒕 𝟏𝟔 𝟐
𝑴𝒙 = 𝟐𝒂 න (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕)𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐𝒂 න (𝒔𝒆𝒏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒔𝒆𝒏 )𝒅𝒕 = 𝒂
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑

𝟒𝒂 𝟒𝒂
𝑷𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒐 ഥ ഥ =
𝒙,𝒚 ,
𝟑 𝟑
EJERCICIOS
𝟏. 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒋𝒐 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒛𝒂𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕í𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂
𝒅𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚Ԧ𝒊 − 𝟓𝒛Ԧ𝒋 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒌 𝒂 𝒍𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂 𝒙 = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏 ; 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒕𝟐; ;
𝒛 = 𝒕𝟑 , 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒅𝒆 𝒕 = 𝟏 𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒂 𝒕 = 𝟐 𝑹𝒑𝒕𝒂. 𝟑𝟎𝟑
𝟐. 𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒋𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕í𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂
𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒊Ԧ + 𝟐𝒙𝒛 − 𝟏 𝒋Ԧ + 𝒛𝒌; 𝒂 𝒍𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂 𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎 𝒚
𝑩 𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟑 𝑹𝒑𝒕𝒂: 𝟏𝟓, 𝟓
𝒙 𝒚
𝟑. 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒋𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒛𝒂 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒊Ԧ + 𝒋Ԧ ;
𝟏+ 𝒙𝟐+ 𝒚𝟐 𝟏+ +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕í𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒂 𝒍𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒂 + =𝟏 𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒓
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒄𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒆 𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒐 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒐 𝐑𝐩𝐭𝐚: 𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐

𝟒. 𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒂 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂 𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒉é𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 ; 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 ; 𝒛 = 𝒃𝒕

𝒄𝒖𝒚𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒅𝒂 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂 𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒆 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐
𝟖
𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒏. 𝑹𝒑𝒕𝒂: (𝟐𝝅𝒂𝟐 + 𝝅𝟑 𝒃𝟐 ) 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝟑