Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 26 views

    Lecture 01 - Review of Fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Caden Lee
    This document provides an overview of fundamental system dynamics concepts: (1) It defines functions and their relationship between independent and dependent variables. (2) It reviews properties of exponential functions including how exponents combine. (3) It discusses derivatives, differentials, integration, and differentiation techniques like substitution and integration by parts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture 01 - Review of Fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Caden Lee
    26 views6 pages
    This document provides an overview of fundamental system dynamics concepts: (1) It defines functions and their relationship between independent and dependent variables. (2) It reviews properties of exponential functions including how exponents combine. (3) It discusses derivatives, differentials, integration, and differentiation techniques like substitution and integration by parts.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    Lecture 01_Review of Fundamentals

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of fundamental system dynamics concepts: (1) It defines functions and their relationship between independent and dependent variables. (2) It reviews properties of exponential functions including how exponents combine. (3) It discusses derivatives, differentials, integration, and differentiation techniques like substitution and integration by parts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views6 pages

    Lecture 01 - Review of Fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Caden Lee
    This document provides an overview of fundamental system dynamics concepts: (1) It defines functions and their relationship between independent and dependent variables. (2) It reviews properties of exponential functions including how exponents combine. (3) It discusses derivatives, differentials, integration, and differentiation techniques like substitution and integration by parts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    APSC246 – System Dynamics 2022W

    Lecture 01 – Review of Fundamentals

    (1). Concept of Function


    𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
    𝑥: independent variable, or input value of 𝑓;
    𝑦: dependent variable, or output value of 𝑓 at 𝑥.

    𝑥 𝑦
    𝑓(⋅)
    Input Output

    You can think of "𝑓(⋅)" as an operator which operates on 𝑥 and gives 𝑦.


    You can also think of "𝑓(⋅)" as a kind of mapping.

    (A function from a set 𝐷 to a set 𝑌 assigns a unique element of 𝑌 to each element in 𝐷.)

    Suppose that 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑓(𝑥), where 𝐴 is a constant. Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 with 𝑎 and 𝑏 constants.


    Then 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏). Note that a wrong usage is
    𝐴𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) ≠ 𝑓𝐴(𝑎 + 𝑏) ≠ 𝑓(𝐴𝑎 + 𝐴𝑏)
    𝑓 is an operator, NOT a variable.
    (2). Exponential
    𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦
    𝑒 𝑥𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑦
    Note: 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 ≠ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦

    @Dr. Yang Cao Page 1


    APSC246 – System Dynamics 2022W

    (3). Can you draw 𝑒 −2𝑡 or 𝑒 −2(𝑡−1) ?


    Try Maple command:
    f1:= exp(-2*t);
    plot(f1, t = -1..4);

    You can also try to substitute a few special values for 𝑡. For example, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑒 −2𝑡 =?
    Or at 𝑡 = 1, 𝑒 −2(𝑡−1) =?, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑒 −2(𝑡−1) =?. This way, you’ll get a feeling of the curve.

    (4). Differential and Derivative


    Given 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥),
    − Derivative:
    o Leibniz’s notation
    𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦
    ,
    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
    o Lagrange notation
    𝑓 ′ , 𝑓′′
    o Newton’s notation
    𝑦̇ , 𝑦̈
    − Differential 𝒅𝒚 and 𝒅𝒙
    𝒅𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙
    Example: 𝑑(sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢. Please don’t forget the “𝑑𝑢” here

    @Dr. Yang Cao Page 2


    APSC246 – System Dynamics 2022W

    (5). Integration and Differentiation

    • Variable of integration is a dummy variable;


    𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
    ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
    𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
    𝑏 𝑎
    • ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
    • The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

    𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥);


    𝑏
    ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
    𝑎

    • Product rule: (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣′

    • Quotient rule:
    𝑢 ′ 𝑢′ 𝑣 − 𝑣 ′ 𝑢
    ( ) =
    𝑣 𝑣2

    @Dr. Yang Cao Page 3


    APSC246 – System Dynamics 2022W

    • Can you integrate the following?


    1
    (1) ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 =? (Ans: ln 𝑢 + 𝐶)
    1 1
    (2) ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 =? (Ans: − 𝑢 + 𝐶)
    1
    (3) ∫ cos(2𝜃 + 3) 𝑑𝜃 =? (Ans: 2 sin(2𝜃 + 3) + 𝐶)
    1
    (4) ∫ tan t 𝑑𝑡 =? (Ans: ln|sin 𝑡| + 𝐶)

    Solution for (3):


    Method 1:
    1
    Let 𝑢 = 2𝜃 + 3. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝜃 or 𝑑𝜃 = 2 𝑑𝑢
    1 1 1
    ∫ cos(2𝜃 + 3) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 = sin(2𝜃 + 3) + 𝐶
    2 2 2
    Method 2:
    1 1
    ∫ cos(2𝜃 + 3) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ cos(2𝜃 + 3) 𝑑(2𝜃 + 3) = sin(2𝜃 + 3) + 𝐶
    2 2
    Note that if it is definite integral, when using the method 1, the integral limits needs to be
    changed accordingly, while it is not necessary when using method 2.

    Solution for (4):


    Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑡, 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
    1 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑢
    ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ = ln |𝑢| + 𝐶 = ln|sin 𝑡| + 𝐶
    tan 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑢

    Maple command:
    int(1/tan(t), t);

    • Integration techniques: Substitution and Integration by part


    − For substitution technique, see above solution for ∫ cos(2𝜃 + 3) 𝑑𝜃.
    − Integration by part: ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

    @Dr. Yang Cao Page 4


    APSC246 – System Dynamics 2022W

    (6). Graphically adding, subtracting and multiplying two functions


    Given two functions 𝑓1 (𝑡) and 𝑓2 (𝑡). How to graphically show
    − 𝑓1 (𝑡) ± 𝑓2 (𝑡)
    − 𝑓1 (𝑡) ⋅ 𝑓2 (𝑡)

    Example:
    f1(t) and f2(t)

    -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
    t
    f1(t) + f2(t)

    -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
    t

    @Dr. Yang Cao Page 5


    APSC246 – System Dynamics 2022W

    f1(t) and f2(t)


    2.5
    2
    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -0.5
    -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
    t
    y(t)=f1(t)*f2(t)
    2.5
    2
    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -0.5
    -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
    t

    @Dr. Yang Cao Page 6

    You might also like