TOSFINAL
TOSFINAL
TOSFINAL
A
Micro Project Report
On
Submitted by,
Guided by
PROF. Ganesh Kawale
Lecturer in Department of Civil Engineering
Academic Year
2021-22
CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that this Micro project report
Submitted by,
Vishakha Pawar(16) Payal Jadhav(13)
Bhavesh Bhandure(18) Atharva Dhanwate(15)
Omkar Bhagat(14) Durgesh Kirange(17)
Introduction
What is a truss?
A truss is one of the major types of engineering structures and is especially used
in the design of bridges and buildings. Trusses are designed to support loads,
such as the weight of people, and are stationary. A truss is exclusively made of
long, straight members connected by joints at the end of each member.
3. Website https://www.instructables.com -
0.1 Outputs of the Micro-Projects
What is a truss?
A truss is one of the major types of engineering structures and is especially used
in the design of bridges and buildings. Trusses are designed to support loads,
such as the weight of people, and are stationary. A truss is exclusively made of
long, straight members connected by joints at the end of each member.
This Instructable will explain how to calculate the effects of a force on a truss. It
will teach you how engineers determine the strength of bridges and determine
their maximum weight capacity on a small scale. This Instructable will use
concepts from classical physics and math.
Step 1: Examples of Trusses
Trusses are used in the construction of nearly every road bridge you will encounter
in your city's highway system. The 3 main types of trusses used in bridge design
are Pratt, Warren and Howe. Truss type differs only by the manner and angle in
which the members are connected at joints.
Bridge trusses can also be unique, and made of multiple types of truss designs.
The Golden Gate Bridge has a unique truss incorporated into its design.
This diagram is an example of a simple truss. A simple truss is one that can be
constructed from a basic triangle by adding to it two new members at a time and
connecting them at a new joint.
Example of joint
In this diagram, points A,B,C,D,E,F and G are all joints. A joint is any point at
which a member is connected to another, typically by welding, pins or rivets.
Forces
The weight that each joint bears can be represented by a force. A force is defined
by physics as an objects' mass multiplied by it's acceleration. In the case of a
stationary truss, the acceleration taken into account is that of gravity. Therefore,
the forces that a truss absorbs are the weight (equal to mass multiplied by gravity)
of its members and additional outside forces, such as a car or person passing over
a bridge. In the diagram of the simple truss, the forces are represented by black
arrows in units of Newtons.
Method of joints
The method of joints analyzes the force in each member of a truss by breaking the
truss down and calculating the forces at each individual joint. Newton's Third Law
indicates that the forces of action and reaction between a member and a pin are
equal and opposite. Therefore, the forces exerted by a member on the two pins it
connects must be directed along that member.This will be more clearly seen in the
next few steps.
The analysis of the truss reduces to computing the forces in the various members,
which are either in tension or compression.
Step 3: Using Trigonometry
To calculate forces on a truss you will need to use trigonometry of a right triangle.
A right triangle is a triangle in which one angle is equal to 90 degrees. If the
angle is 90 degrees, the two sides of the triangle enclosing the angle will form an
"L" shape. A 90 degree angle is typically denoted in diagrams as a square in the
corner of the triangle. A right triangle is the basis for trigonometry.
Using either of the remaining angles, you can name the other sides of the triangle.
We will declare the other angle as the Greek letter theta until we calculate its
value.
With these equations, you can calculate the side length of a triangle if the angle
theta is known.
You can also calculate the angle theta if the side lengths of the triangle are known.
to do this you will use the inverse of the sin, cos or tan function. The inverse trig
functions are denoted by "sin−1 (x), cos−1 (x), tan−1 (x)," and can be found on
A free-body diagram is a diagram that clearly indicates all forces acting on a body,
in this case the body being the truss.
As an example, consider this crate suspended from two cords. The forces exerted
at point A are the force of tension from the cord on the left, the force of tension
from the cord on the right and the force of the weight of the crate due to gravity
pulling down. These forces are represented in the free body diagram as Tab, Tac,
and 736 Newtons, respectively.
As an example of a free body diagram of an entire simple truss, consider this truss
with joints A,B,C,D. This truss will be used as an example for the next few
steps. Force P, represented as the downward arrow, is representing the weight of
the truss and it is located at the truss' center of gravity. Point A is connected to the
ground and cannot move up, down, or left-right.
Using the free-body diagram you have just drawn of the entire truss you will solve
for the reactionary forces.
To do this you will write three equations. These equations come from the fact that
the truss is stationary, or unmoving. In order for the truss to remain stationary, the
forces it experiences in the horizontal direction must cancel each other out, and
the forces in the vertical direction must also cancel out.
The first equation is written for the forces in the vertical direction. We will denote
downward forces to be negative and upward forces to be positive. The vertical
forces are all added together and set equal to zero.
The second equation will be written for the forces on the truss in the horizontal
direction. We will denote forces to the right to be positive and to the left to be
negative. Similarly, the horizontal forces will be added and set equal to zero.
The third equation is the sum of the moments of the forces acting on the truss.
A moment is a measurement of the tendency of a force to make the object rotate
around a fixed point. A moment is equal to the force multiplied by its perpendicular
distance from the fixed point.
For our fixed point, we have chosen A. The point at which the moments are
summed is arbitrary, but the best choice is a point that has multiple forces acting
directly on it. Forces that act directly on the point not considered in it's moment
equation. We chose point A because the vertical and horizontal components of Ra
are therefore not considered in the equation. The sum of the moments about the
fixed point are added together and set equal to zero.
If the force acting on the body will cause the body to rotate counterclockwise, such
as Rb in this case, it is considered positive. if the force causes the body to rotate
clockwise, it is considered negative.
Using these three equations and substitution we can solve for reactionary forces of
the truss.
After solving for the reactionary force, the next step is to locate a joint in the truss
that connects only two members, or that has only 2 unknown forces. Based on
the simple truss used in the last step, this joint would be either A or B. The
choice of this joint is up to you, as long as it only connects two members.
After choosing your joint, you will draw another free-body diagram. This free body
diagram will correspond to the joint alone and not the entire truss.
To calculate the forces on the joint, you will sum the horizontal forces and set them
equal to zero. Seperately, you will sum the vertical forces and set them equal to
zero.
A force directed to the right will be positive and a force directed to the left will be
negative. A force directed upward will be positive and downward will be negative.
Joint B is only acted on by one purely horizontal force, represented by Fbd. Force
Fbc is acting on the joint at and angle, which means it has both horizontal and
vertical components (blue and orange dashed lines in photo denoted as FbcX and
FbcY) . To determine the components separately we will use trigonometry of a
right triangle.
Using your calculator and the sine and cosine functions, you will be able to solve
for FbcY and FbcX. The unknown angle,Z, can also be calculated by using Sines
and Cosines and the length of the members .Now that the forces on the joint have
been broken into horizontal and vertical components the two summation equations
can be written as shown. You can now solve for the forces at joint B.
Step 8: Repeat This Procedure Until the Forces in All the Members of the
Truss Have Been Found
Using the free body diagrams of the other joints, as shown in the diagram, you will
repeat the process on the next joint with only two unknown force components.
You should continue with this procedure until you have calculated the force in
each member.
** note: when drawing free-body diagrams of the joints with unknown force
members, the direction( the force pointing away from the joint or towards the joint)
in which you draw the force is arbitrary. Your calculations will give you a negative
or a positive number designating the real direction of the force.
Step 9: Full Example
By performing the micro project based on simple truss its members and joints,
we learned about This Instructable will explain how to calculate the effects of a force
on a truss. It will teach you how engineers determine the strength of bridges and
determine their maximum weight capacity on a small scale. This Intructable will use
concepts from classical physics and math.
MET’s Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Civil Engineering
Teacher Evaluation Sheet
Title of the Micro-Project: Prepare the simple truss showing members and joints.
2 Literature Survey /
Information Collection
3 Project Proposal
8 Presentation
9 Defense
MET’s Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Civil Engineering
Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet
Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns & individual
evaluation in 4TH columns for each group of students as per rubrics.
Title of the Micro-Project: Prepare the simple truss showing members and joints.
2 Literature Survey /
Information Collection
3 Project Proposal
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
MET’s Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Civil Engineering
Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet
Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns & individual
evaluation in 4TH columns for each group of students as per rubrics.
Title of the Micro-Project: Prepare the simple truss showing members and joints.
2 Literature Survey /
Information Collection
3 Project Proposal
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
MET’s Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Civil Engineering
Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet
Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns & individual
evaluation in 4TH columns for each group of students as per rubrics.
Title of the Micro-Project: Prepare the simple truss showing members and joints.
2 Literature Survey /
Information Collection
3 Project Proposal
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
MET’s Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Civil Engineering
Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet
Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns & individual
evaluation in 4TH columns for each group of students as per rubrics.
Title of the Micro-Project: Prepare the simple truss showing members and joints.
2 Literature Survey /
Information Collection
3 Project Proposal
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
MET’s Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Civil Engineering
Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet
Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns & individual
evaluation in 4TH columns for each group of students as per rubrics.
Title of the Micro-Project: Prepare the simple truss showing members and joints.
2 Literature Survey /
Information Collection
3 Project Proposal
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
MET’s Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Civil Engineering
Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet
Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns & individual
evaluation in 4TH columns for each group of students as per rubrics.