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VIKAS BHARTI SCHOOL

Shikarpur, Swar, Rampur (UP).

Session - 2022-23

Class - 12 Science

Physics Investigatory File

Topic - To study the factor on which the self inductance

of a coil depends .

Submitted To : Submitted by :
Mr. Ajay Kumar Sir Divyansh Chauhan
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INDEX :

SR.NO Content
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Abstract
4. Objective
5. Theory
6. Materials Required
7. Procedure
8. Observations
9. Results
10. Precautions
11. Source Of Error
12. Inductance Of Coil
13. Self Inductance of coil
14. Reference
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VIKAS BHARTI SCHOOL

Department Of Physics

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Divyansh Chauhan , a student of Class
XII-A has successfully completed a research on the above
mentioned project under guidance of Mr. Ajay Kumar (Subject
Teacher) during the year 2022-23 .

Signature of Examiner : Signature of Subject Teacher :

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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher

Mr. Ajay Kumar Sir, who gave me this opportunity to do this project of
physics on the topic “To study the factors on which self Induction of a coil
depends.” , who has also helped me in completing the project. I came to
know many interesting things while doing this project. Secondly, I am also
thankful to my parents and friends who have helped me greatly in finalizing
this project.

Divyansh Chauhan
XII Science
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Abstract :

In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the

property of an electrical conductor by which a change in
current through it induces an electromotive force in both
the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by
mutual inductance.

These effects are derived from two fundamental

observations of physics: a steady current creates a steady
magnetic field described by Oersted’s law, and a
time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force
(EMF) in nearby conductors, which is described by
Faraday’s law of induction. According to Lenz’s law a
changing electric current through a circuit that contains
inductance induces a proportional voltage, which opposes
the change in current (self-inductance). The varying field
in this circuit may also induce an EMF in neighboring
circuits (mutual inductance).
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Objective :
To study the factor on which the self inductance of a coil depends by
observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor (bulb) in a
circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.

Theory :
Self inductance is the property of a coil which opposes the change in
current through it. The self inductance of a coil (long solenoid) is

2
L =( μ0 μ𝑟𝑁 𝐴)/l

where µr = Relative magnetic permeability of magnetic material, µr =μ/μ0

N =Total number of turns in solenoid
A = Area of cross-section of solenoid
l = Length of solenoid
Hence, the self inductance depends upon no. of turns in solenoid

Geometry of coil, L A , L 1/l

Nature of core material, L µ

When an inductor is connected in series with a resistor (bulb) with a

variable source of frequency , then current flowing in the bulb is
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𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠/ Z

2 2 2
where Z =√𝑅 + ω 𝐿 = Impedance of the a.c. circuit
Here R = Resistance of bulb
L = Self inductance of coil
ω = 2πf = Angular frequency of a.c. source.

The brightness of bulb i.e., Heat generated in bulb is

2
H = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑒 Zt
2
P = H/t = 𝐼 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑒 Z
2 2 2 2
P = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑒 √𝑅 + ω 𝐿

Material Required :
A coil of large turns, a.c. source of adjustable frequency, an electrical bulb,
(6V) a.c. ammeter of suitable range rheostat, a soft iron rod, one way key,
connecting wires etc.
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Procedure :

• Make all connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

• Switch on the A.C. supply and adjust the constant
current in the circuit by using the variable resistor (R1) (let
frequency of source is 60 Hz and voltage is 6V).
• Record the current in A.C. ammeter and see the
brightness of the bulb.
• Now, put the soft iron rod inside the inductor core and
record the current in A.C. ammeter and again check the
brightness of the bulb. The current and brightness both
decrease.
• Now, switch off the supply and decrease the frequency of
A.C. source (say 50 Hz).
• Again switch on the supply and adjust the current in
circuit at same constant voltage 6V by using the rheostat.
Note the current in ammeter and brightness of the bulb.
The current and brightness both will increase.
• Again insert the iron in the core of the coil and note the
current and brightness. The current and brightness both
decrease.
• Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequencies of
A.C. source(say 40 Hz,30 Hz and 20 Hz).
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Observations :
1. Least count of ammeter = .......... A
2. Zero error of ammeter= ............. A
3. Range of ammeter= ....................A

Results:
1. The current in the circuit decreases on inserting the iron rod in the core
of the coil at constant frequency of applied voltage and brightness of the
bulb decreases and vice-versa.
2. The current in the circuit increases on decreasing the frequency of
applied voltage and vice-versa. Therefore, the brightness of the bulb
increases.

Precautions:
1. The coil should have a number of turns.
2. Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the heating effect.
3. There should not be parallax in taking the reading of ammeter.
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Source of Error :
1. The resistance of the circuit may increase slightly due to the heating
effect of current.
2. There may be eddy current in the soft iron coil.

In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of an

electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an
electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby
conductors by mutual inductance.

These effects are derived from two fundamental observations of physics: a

steady current creates a steady magnetic field described by Oersted’s law,
and a time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in
nearby conductors, which is described by Faraday’s law of induction.
According to Lenz’s law a changing electric current through a circuit that
contains inductance induces a proportional voltage, which opposes the
change in current (self-inductance). The varying field in this circuit may also
induce an EMF in neighboring circuits (mutual inductance).

The term inductance was coined by Oliver Heaviside in 1886. It is

customary to use the symbol L for inductance, in honors of the physicist
Heinrich Lenz in the SI system, the measurement unit for inductance is the
Henry, with the unit symbol H, named in honor of Joseph Henry who
discovered inductance independently of, but not before, Faraday.

Lenz's law named after the physicist Heinrich Lenz who formulated it in
1834, says:

The direction of current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic

field due to Faraday’s law of induction will be such that it will create a field
that opposes the change that produced it.
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Lenz's law is shown by the negative sign in Faraday’s law of induction:-

which indicates that the induced voltage and the change in magnetic flux
have opposite signs. It is a qualitative law that specifies the direction of
induced current but says nothing about its magnitude. Lenz's Law explains
the direction of many effects in electromagnetism, such as the direction of
voltage induced in an inductor or wire loop by a changing current, or why
eddy currents exert a drag force on moving objects in a magnetic field.

Lenz's law can be seen as analogous to Newton’s third law in classic

mechanics.

For a rigorous mathematical treatment, see electromagnetic induction and

Maxwell’s equations.

Inductors do this by generating a self-induced emf within itself as a result of

their changing magnetic field. In an electrical circuit, when the emf is
induced in the same circuit in which the current is changing this effect is
called Self-induction, ( L ) but it is sometimes commonly called back-emf as
its polarity is in the opposite direction to the applied voltage.
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When the emf is induced into an adjacent component situated within the
same magnetic field, the emf is said to be induced by -induction, (M) and
mutual induction is the basic operating principle of transformers, motors,
relays etc. Self inductance is a special case of mutual inductance, and
because it is produced within a single isolated circuit we generally call
self-inductance simply, Inductance.

The basic unit of measurement for inductance is called the Henry, (H) after
Joseph Henry, but it also has the units of Webers per Ampere ( 1 H = 1
Wb/A ).

Lenz’s Law tells us that an induced emf generates a current in a direction

which opposes the change in flux which caused the emf in the first place,
the principal of action and reaction. Then we can accurately define
Inductance as being: “a coil will have an inductance value of one Henry
when an emf of one volt is induced in the coil were the current flowing
through the said coil changes at a rate of one ampere/second”.

In other words, a coil has an inductance, ( L ) of one Henry, ( 1H ) when the

current flowing through it changes at a rate of one ampere/second, ( A/s )
inducing a voltage of one volt, ( VL ) in it.

This mathematical representation of the rate of change in current through a

coil per unit time is given as:

di/dt (A/s)

Where: di is the change in the current in Amperes and dt is the time taken
for this current change in seconds. Then the voltage induced in a coil, ( VL
) with an inductance of L Henries as a result of this change in current is
expressed as:

VL = -L di/dt (V)
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Note that the negative sign indicates that voltage induced opposes the
change in current through the coil per unit time (di/dt).

From the above equation, the inductance of a coil can therefore be

presented as:

Inductance of a coil
L = VL/(di/dt) = 1 volt/(1A/s) = 1 Henry
Where: L is the inductance in Henries, VL is the voltage across the coil and
di/dt is the rate of change of current in Amperes per second, A/s.
Inductance, L is actually a measure of an inductor's “resistance” to the
change of the current flowing through the circuit and the larger is its value
in Henries, the lower will be the rate of current change.
We know from the previous tutorial about the inductor, that inductors are
devices that can store their energy in the form of a magnetic field. Inductors
are made from individual loops of wire combined to produce a coil and if
the number of loops within the coil are increased, then for the same amount
of current flowing through the coil, the magnetic flux will also increase.

So by increasing the number of loops or turns within a coil, increases the

coils inductance. Then the relationship between self-inductance, ( L ) and
the number of turns, ( N ) and for a simple single layered coil can be given
as:
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Self Inductance of a coil

L = Nφ/I
Where:
L is in Henries
N is the Number of Turns
Φ is the Magnetic Flux Linkage
Ι is in Amperes

This expression can also be defined as the flux linkage divided by the
current flowing through each turn. This equation only applies to linear
magnetic materials.
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References
1.http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/magnetic-effects-elec
tric-current/force-current-carrying-conductor.php

2.http://gradestack.com/CBSE-Class-10th-Course/Magnetic-Effects-of/Forc
e-on-a-Current-/15035-2998-4742-study-wtw

3. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/forwir2.html