Module 3 4
Module 3 4
Module 3 4
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This questions asks you to find where in the passage there is information about the
composition of the crater. You should skim through the lines of the passage listed in the
answers to the question looking for the word composition or something that means
composition. In line 4, you should find the expression made of, and you should recognize
that composition is what something is made of. Answer (B) is therefore the best answer to
this question.
The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember when you are
trying to determine where in where in the passage something is found:
ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS
EXERCISE 9.0: Study each of the passages and choose the best answers to the questions
that follow.
PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-4)
Beavers generally live in family clusters consisting of six to ten members. One cluster
would probably consist of two adults, one male and one female, and four to eight young
beavers, or kits. A female beaver gives birth each spring to two to four babies at a time.
These baby beavers live with their parents until they are two years old. In the springtime of
their second year they are forced out of the family group to make room for the new babies.
These two-year-old beavers then proceed to start new family clusters of their own.
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1. Where in the passage does the author 3. Underline below the sentence in the
give the name of a baby beaver? passage that states the age at which
a) Line 1 beavers must go out on their own.
b) Line 2 4. Where in the passage does the author
c) Line 3 indicate why the young beavers must
d) Lines 4-5 leave their parents’ home?
2. Underline below the sentence in the a) Line 1
passage that mentions the time of year b) Line 2
when new baby beavers are born. c) Line 3
d) Lines 4-5
5 The compositions written for this type of performance can easily be classified into three distinct
periods, each with its style of music and instrumentation. In the earliest period (1450-1650), the
viol and other instrumental families developed considerably, and instrumental music took its
first steps toward equal footing with vocal music. In the second period (1650-1750), trio sonatas
dominated. These ensemble compositions were often written for two violins and a cello; the
harpsichord was also featured in various compositions of this period. In the modern period
(after 1750), the preponderance of chamber music was written for the string quartet, an
ensemble composed of two violins, a viola, and a cello.
5. Where in the passage does the author 6. Underline below the sentence in
discuss the modern definition of chamber paragraph 2 that describes the first of the
music? three periods of compositions for chamber
a) Lines 2-3 music.
b) Lines 4-5 7. Underline below the sentence in
c) Lines 8-9 paragraph 2 that discusses which
d) Lines 9-11 instruments were used in ensembles for
three instruments.
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to form iron oxide, or rust, which leads to the corrosion of the iron. If, however, the iron is
coated with zinc, as it is in the galvanization process, then it is the zinc rather than the iron
which interacts with the oxygen to form zinc oxide, and the iron is not subject to corrosion.
EXERCISE 9.1: Study each of the passages and choose the best answers to the questions
that follow.
Levels of Vocabulary
Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same
speakers. In English, at least three have been identified and described.
Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and
accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the
5 level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in
standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that
are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or
writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic
expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions
10 understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal
usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard
dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common
in speech than in writing.
Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into
15 standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by
obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless
retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of
words to describe familiar objects and events.
It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are
20 necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and
acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population
with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the
majority population.
Finally, it is worth nothing that the terms “standard,” “colloquial,” and “slang” exist
25 only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the
speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang
expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situation, select and use all
three types of expressions.
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1. Which of the following is the main 6. Where in the passage does the author
topic of the passage? explain where colloquial language and
slang are most commonly used?
a) Standard speech
a) Lines 4-6
b) Idiomatic phrases
b) Lines 12-13
c) Different types of vocabulary
c) Lines 20-21
d) Dictionary usage
d) Lines 25-26
2. How is slang defined by the author?
7. What does the author mean by the
a) Words and phrases accepted by statement in lines 6-8: “Colloquialisms,
the majority for formal usage on the other hand, are familiar words
b) Words and phrases understood and idioms that are understood by
by the majority but not found in almost all speakers of a language and
standard dictionaries used in informal speech or writing, but
not considered acceptable for more
c) Words and phrases understood by formal situations”?
a restricted group of speakers
a) Familiar words and phrases are
d) Words and phrases understood found in both speech and
by a large number of speakers writing in formal settings.
but not accepted as formal
usage b) Familiar situations that are
experienced by most people are
3. The word “obscurity” in line 16 could called colloquialisms.
best replaced by
c) Informal language contains
a) Disappearance colloquialisms, which are not
found in more formal language.
b) Influence
c) Qualification d) Most of the speakers of a
language can use both formal
d) Tolerance and informal speech in
appropriate situations.
4. The word “appropriate” in line 10 is
closest in meaning to 8. Which of the following is true of
standard usage?
a) Old
a) It can be used in formal or
b) Large informal settings.
c) Correct b) It is limited to written language.
d) Important c) It is only understood by the
5. The word “them” in line 17 refers to upper classes.
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b) A new generation a) Does not approve of either slang
or colloquial speech in any
c) Interaction among diverse situation
groups
b) Approves of colloquial speech in
d) A number of linguists some situations, but not slang.
10. It can be inferred from the passage c) Approves of slang and colloquial
that the author
speech in appropriate situations.
d) Does not approve of colloquial
usage in writing
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c) They did not look like paintings. a) The defect of the Aesthetic
Movement was eliminated by the
d) They were not retouched. mechanical precision of later
3. The word “defect” in line 21 is closest in photographers.
meaning to b) Later photographers used
a) Disturbance mechanical precision in spite of
criticism by earlier photographers
b) Ideal in the Aesthetic Movement.
c) Requirement c) The modern photographers used
d) Imperfection hallmarks, unlike the
photographers of the earlier
4. The word “chiefly” in line 22 is closest in Aesthetic Movement.
meaning to
d) Mechanical precision was a defect
a) Only that later photographers
eliminated from their work.
b) Mostly
8. What is NOT true of Camera Work?
c) Rarely
a) It is considered among the most
d) Likely attractive magazines.
5. The word “they” in line 6 refers to b) It encouraged members of the
a) Paintings Aesthetic Movement.
b) Aesthetic prints c) It was promoted by Alfred Steiglitz.
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