CBSE Class 12 Biomolecule Study Notes
CBSE Class 12 Biomolecule Study Notes
CBSE Class 12 Biomolecule Study Notes
Biochemistry
Example
Monosaccharides
Based on
number of
hydrolysed Oligosaccharides
products
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Examples
3 Ribose
Oligosaccharides
Disaccharides
Examples
Examples
1 Starch
Carbohydrates that
produce a large
number
of molecules of
monosaccharides (>10) 2 Cellulose
on hydrolysis.
3 Glycogen
Polysaccharides
Number of units
Carbohydrate produced on Examples
hydrolysis
Glucose,
Monosaccharides 1 Fructose,
Galactose
Sucrose, Maltose,
Oligosaccharides 2 - 10 units
Lactose
Starch,
Polysaccharides Many units (>10)
Cellulose
The two monosaccharide units obtained on hydrolysis of
disaccharide may be:
a) Same b) Different
Solution
The two monosaccharide units obtained on hydrolysis of disaccharide
may be same or different.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
Monosaccharides
Number of carbon atoms
present in the molecule
Classification of
monosaccharides Number of
Monosaccharides
according to ‘C’ atoms
3 Triose
4 Tetrose
Number of
Functional 5 Pentose
carbon atoms
group present
present in the 6 Hexose
in the molecule
molecule
7 Heptose
Monosaccharides
Functional group present
in the molecule
Aldehyde
1 group Aldose
Monosaccharide
containing
Keto
2 Ketose
group
Monosaccharides
Classification of
monosaccharides
according to
Number of
Functional
carbon atoms
group present in
present in the
the molecule
molecule
Classification of Carbohydrates
4 C aldose is called an
Example aldotetrose, 5 C ketose
is called a ketopentose.
Based on the ability to
reduce Tollens’ &
Fehling’s reagent
Reducing Non-reducing
sugar sugar
An aldotetrose A ketopentose
Reducing & Non-reducing Sugars
Non-reducing Non-reducing
Reducing sugar Reducing sugar
sugar sugar
Should have
Don’t reduce
Reduces at least one
Tollens’ & Should have
Tollens’ & hemiacetal or
Fehling’s acetal linkage.
Fehling’s reagent hemiketal
reagent.
functional group.
Reducing & Non-reducing
Sugars
Example:
All Example:
monosaccharides All
and polysaccharides
oligosaccharides and sucrose
Hemiacetal Acetal except sucrose
(R′ = H or CH2OH) (R′ = H or CH2OH)
Which of the following pairs give positive Tollen's Test?
Solution
a) Aldohexose b) Aldotetrose
c) Aldopentose d) Aldotriose
Solution
b) Ketohexose
c) Ketoheptose
d) Aldohexose
Solution
Since the given structure contain six carbon atom with ketone group. Hence,
option (b) is the correct answer.
Glucose
It is known as dextrose
because it occurs in nature
2 principally as the optically Sources of glucose are ripe
active dextrorotatory 4 grapes, honey, cane sugar,
isomers. starch, & cellulose.
Preparation of Glucose
Preparation of glucose
By acid hydrolysis of
cane sugar (a disaccharide)
From sucrose
From starch
(Cane sugar)
If sucrose is boiled with
dil. HCl or H2SO4 in alcoholic
solution then glucose & fructose
are obtained in equal amount.
Preparation of Glucose
H2O/H+
C12H22O11 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
Preparation of Glucose
From starch
Glucose is obtained by
By enzymatic action hydrolysis of starch by
over starch boiling it with dil. H2SO4
at 393 K under pressure.
Diastase Maltase
Starch Maltose Glucose
(Polysaccharides) (Disaccharides) (Monosaccharides)
(C6H10O5)n (C12H22O11) (C6H12O6)
On hydrolysis sucrose will give:
c) It is a disaccharide
d) It acts as an oxidising agent
Solution
a) Diastase b) Maltase
c) Lactase d) Zymase
Solution
Diastase
Starch Maltose
(Polysaccharides) (Disaccharides)
(C6H10O5)n (C12H22O11)
b) Reducing character
c) Optical activity
d) Hydrolysis (complexity of
Solution structure)
a) Aldopentose b) Aldohexose
c) Ketopentose d) Aldoheptose
Solution
Since the given structure contain six carbon atom with aldehyde group.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
The two functional groups present in a typical
carbohydrate are:
Solution
The two functional groups present in a typical carbohydrate are -OH and -CHO.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
"Carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolysed further to give
simpler unit of polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone." Name the
type of carbohydrates.
a) Monosaccharide b) Oligosaccharide
Solution
1
Molecular formula: C6H12O6
Red P + HI
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
𝚫
n-Hexane
Structure of Glucose
NH2OH HCN
(CH3CO)2O
Glucose
Glucose
Pentaacetate
Structure of Glucose
Oxidation Oxidation
Fischer projection
Wedge-dash formula
formula
Gluconic and Saccharic Acids
(+)-Glyceraldehyde (−)-Glyceraldehyde
D and L Designations
(+)-Glyceraldehyde is designated
D-(+)-glyceraldehyde and
(-)-glyceraldehyde is designated
L-(-)-glyceraldehyde.
1
1
* 2
2 *
* 3
3
*
* 4
4 *
Highest numbered 5
5 chiral centre 6
D-aldopentose L-ketohexose
Note
1
Despite having aldehyde group,
glucose does not give Schiff’s test &
it does not form the hydrogen sulphite
(bisulphite) addition product with NaHSO3.
Note
2
The pentaacetate of glucose does not
react with hydroxylamine indicating
the absence of free –CHO group.
1
2
⇌ 3
⇌
4
5
6
𝛽-D-glucose
is more
stable than
𝛼-D-Glucose.
Haworth Projection
1
2 6
5
3 1
4
4
3 2
5
6
Haworth Projection
⇌ ⇌
Haworth Projection
6 6
5 Anomeric 5
carbon Anomeric
1 1 carbon
4 4
3 2 2
3
𝝰-D-Glucose
𝛃-D-Glucose
𝛂-D-glucopyranose
𝛃-D-glucopyranose
The correct statement about the sugars given above are:
I II III
If -OH in the second last carbon (last stereogenic centre) is on left, then “L”
and if on right then its “D”.
I is “L”
II is “D”
III is “D”
a) b)
D-(+)-glucose reacts with hydroxyl amine and yields an
oxime. The structure of the oxime would be:
c) d)
Solution
D-(‒)-Fructose
Structure of Fructose
𝝰-Form 𝛃-Form
1
It also exists in
two cyclic 2
forms that are
3
obtained by the
addition of
⇌ ⇌
4
–OH at C5 to
the (>C=O) 5
:
group.
6
Furan
Structure of Fructose
6
6
1
Anomeric Anomeric
carbon carbon
5 5
2 2
4 4 3
3
1
𝝰-Fructose 𝛃-Fructose
𝛂-Fructofuranose 𝛃-Fructofuranose
Disaccharides
Sucrose, maltose,
Examples
lactose, cellobiose
Sucrose
3 Sucrose is dextrorotatory.
Sucrose
HCl
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O+
6 C6H12O6
D-(+)-glucose D-(-)-fructose
(+ 52.5o) (- 92.4o)
Invert Sugar
Inversion of cane-sugar
or inversion of sucrose
1
5
In sucrose, condensation 4 1 2 5
reaction takes place between
C-1 of 𝛼-D-glucose and
3 4
C-2 of β-D-fructose. 3 2 6
⍺-D-Glucose β-D-Fructose
Condensation
reaction
Sucrose
1
5
4 1 2 5
3 4 6
3 2
Glycosidic linkage
Sucrose
1
5
4 1 2 5
3 4 6
3 2
These are
not
carbons
Glycosidic Linkage
Solution
a) If both assertion & reason are correct and the reason is a correct
explanation of the assertion.
b) If both assertion & reason are correct but the reason is not a correct
explanation of the assertion.
c) Conformation
d) Configuration
Solution
The two pyranose form of glucose, i.e., α–D-glucose and β–D-glucose differs in
its configuration.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
Number of chiral carbons in β-D-(+) glucose is:
a) Five
b) Six
c) Three
d) Four
Solution
a) It is an aldohexose.
c) It is a reducing sugar.
d) It is an aldopentose.
Solution
a) Conformers b) Epimers
c) Anomers d) Enantiomers
Solution
a) If both assertion & reason are correct and the reason is a correct
explanation of the assertion.
b) If both assertion & reason are correct but the reason is not a correct
explanation of the assertion.
c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
Solution
Penta-acetate of open chain structure of glucose does not react with NH2OH.
All other reactions i.e., heating with HI, oxidation with bromine water and With
acetic anhydride, is possible.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
The incorrect statements about above structure of glucose are:
a) It is a pyranose form
b) It is a furanose form
c) It is a β-anomer
d) It is a D-sugar
Maltose: (Malt Sugar)
H3O+
Maltose (C12H22O11) is produced C12H22O11 2C6H12O6
by the action of malt (which contains (𝛼-D glucose)
the enzyme diastase) on starch.
6 6
5 5
4 1 4 1
In maltose, glycosidic linkage
is between C1 of 𝛼-D-glucose
and C4 of 𝛼-D-glucose.
3 2 3 2
𝝰-D-glucose 𝝰-D-glucose
Unit I Unit II
Condensation
reaction
Maltose: (Malt Sugar)
6 6
5 5
Maltose is a reducing sugar
1
i.e., it reduces Fehling’s or
4 1 4
Tollens' reagent.
3 2 3 2
6 6
5 5
4 1 4 1
3 2 3 2
These are
not
carbons
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
H3O+
Lactose β-D-galactose + β-D-glucose
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
6
6
5
5
In lactose, glycosidic 4 1 4 1
linkage is between C1 of β-
D-galactose and C4 of β-
D-glucose. 2
3 3 2
β-D-Galactose β-D-Glucose
Condensation
reaction
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
6 6
5
5
4 1
4 1
Lactose is a
3
2
2 reducing sugar,
3
Glycosidic i.e., it reduces Fehling’s
bond or Tollens’ reagent.
5
5
4 1
4 1
2
3 3 2
These are
not
carbons
Summary
Disaccharide Sucrose
Structure
Monomeric
C1 𝛼-D-glucose + C2 β-D-fructose
unit linkage
Summary
Disaccharide Maltose
Structure
Monomeric
C1 𝛼-D-glucose + C4 𝛼-D-glucose
unit linkage
Summary
Disaccharide Lactose
Structure
Monomeric
C1 β-D-galactose + C4 β-D glucose
unit linkage
Summary
Maltose O
Sucrose O
O
Lactose
Assertion: Maltose is a reducing sugar which gives two moles of D-
glucose on hydrolysis.
Reason: Maltose has 1,4-β-glycosidic linkage.
a) If both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is a correct
explanation of the assertion.
b) If both assertion and reason are correct but the reason is not a
correct explanation of the assertion.
Assertion, i.e., Maltose is a reducing sugar which gives two moles of D-glucose
on hydrolysis is a true statement, but Maltose do not have β-glycosidic linkage.
So, the reason is wrong.
Examples
Starch Composition
Amylose Amylopectin
(15-20%) (80-85%)
D-glucose
200 - 1000
units
Amylose
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 1 4 1 4 1
3 2 3 2 3 2
n
C1 ‒ C4 glycosidic C1 ‒ C4 glycosidic
linkage linkage
Amylopectin
It is composed of chains of 25 to 30
𝛼-D-glucose units joined by glycosidic
linkages between C1 of one glucose unit and
C6 of the other glucose unit.
C1 - C6 glycosidic
linkage
6
1 4 1 4
C1 - C4 glycosidic
linkage
Cellulose (C6H10O5)n
The food of termites is mainly
cellulose, which is obtained from
wood, grass, leaves, humus,
manure of herbivorous animals,
and materials of vegetative origin
(e.g., paper, cardboard, cotton).
Cellulose (C6H10O5)n
It is a predominant constituent
2
of cell wall of plant cells.
Natural linear polymers
Cellulose (C6H10O5)n
6
5 3 2
6 4 1
5 3 2
4 1
3 2
Glycogen (Animal Starch)
a) β-D-Fructose b) 𝛼-D-Glucose
c) β-D-Glucose d) 𝛼-D-Fructose
Solution
a) Glucose b) Fructose
Solution
Amine
Carboxylic
acid group
Amino Acids
β-amino acids
Amino Acids
Glycine Gly G -H
Three One
Name of the
letter letter Side chain (R)
amino acid
symbol code
Isoleucine Ile I
Name One
Three letter
of the letter Side chain (R)
symbol
amino acid code
Tryptophan Trp W
Threonine Thr T
Amino Acids
Tyrosine Tyr Y
Proline Pro P
(Complete structure)
Amino Acids
Three One
Name of the
letter letter Side chain (R)
amino acid
symbol code
Arginine Arg R
Histidine His H
Glycine is achiral.
Classification of Amino Acids
Based on Functional
Groups Present
Examples
Glycine Alanine
Acidic Amino Acids
Examples
Examples
Lysine
Arginine
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Note
Glycine is achiral
Classification of Amino Acids
Based on Synthesis
Essential Non-essential
amino acids amino acids
Essential Amino Acids
PVT-TIM-HALL
CAAATS-GGGP
- H+
+ H+
Zwitter ion
Solution
One acidic and one basic group is required in a molecule to form a zwitter ion.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
Assertion: Alpha (α)-amino acids exist as internal salt in
solution as they have amino and carboxylic acid groups in
near vicinity.
Reason: H+ ion given by carboxylic group (–COOH) is
captured by amino group (–NH2) having lone pair of
electrons.
Alpha (α)-amino acids exist as internal salt in solution as they have amino and
carboxylic acid groups in near vicinity because H+ ion given by carboxylic group
(–COOH) is captured by amino group (–NH2) having lone pair of electrons.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
The incorrect statement (s) about starch:
Solution
Starch is a mixture of two components - a water soluble component called
Amylose(15-20%) and water insoluble component called Amylopectin (80-85%).
Therefor, it is not a pure compound.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
Which one of the following statements is correct?
All amino acids except glycine are optically active, as glycine does not
contain a chiral carbon.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
Amongst the following, the incorrect statement is:
Solution
𝛼-D-glucose units are joined by glycosidic linkages between C1 of one glucose
unit and C4 of the next glucose unit in amylose. Thus, amylose have 1,4-
glycosidic linkage.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
α-Amino acids are:
d) None is true.
Solution
They can either accept or donate H+, so actually they are amphoteric in nature.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
Peptides
Amino acid
+
The amino acids may be –H2O
same or different.
Dipeptide
Peptide
linkage
Peptides
n
N-terminal C-terminal
residue residue
Peptides
Example:
Starts from –N-terminal residue.
Glycine Glycyl
Alanylglycylphenylalanine
means Ala-Gly-Phe or
A-G-F.
Proteins
Example
Some polypeptides with lesser
number of amino acids are Insulin has 51 amino acids.
also known as proteins.
Proteins
Based on Molecular
Structure
Fibrous Globular
proteins proteins
Fibrous Proteins
Examples
Normal haemoglobin
-Val-His-Leu-Thr-Pro-Glu-Lys-
-Val-His-Leu-Thr-Pro-Val-Lys-
Secondary Structure of Proteins
Secondary Structure
𝛂-helix 𝝱-pleated
structure sheet structure
𝛂-Helix Structure
Example of denaturation:
(a) If both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is a correct
explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are correct but the reason is not a
correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If the assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.
(d) If both the assertion and reason are incorrect.
Solution
Assertion and reason statement is true, but when you add because after assertion
(i.e., disruption of the natural structure of a protein is called denaturation, because
The change in colour and appearance of the egg during cooking is due to
denaturation.) Then reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
The force of attraction between the neighboring peptide chains is:
Solution
Solution
–H2O
+
Alanine
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
Enzymes
Reactions of cellular
metabolism are mediated Enzymes are very specific
by remarkable biological for a particular reaction and
catalysts called enzymes. for a particular substrate.
(a) Decrease the rate of a chemical (b) Increase the rate of a chemical
reaction reaction
Solution
Enzymes takes part in a reaction to decrease or increase the rate of a
chemical reaction.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
The function of enzymes in the living system is to:
Solution
Based on solubility
in water or fat
These are soluble in fat and These are insoluble in fat and
oil but insoluble in water. oil but soluble in water.
Exception:
Biotin (Vitamin H) is neither soluble in fat nor in water.
Some Important Vitamins,
Their Sources and Their
Deficiency Diseases
Some Important Vitamins, Their Sources
Xerophthalmia
Fish liver oil,
(hardening of eye
Vitamin A carrots, butter,
cornea), night
and milk.
blindness.
Yeast, milk, Beri beri
Vitamin B1
green vegetables, (loss of appetite and
(Thiamine)
and cereals. retarded growth).
Some Important Vitamins, Their Sources
Cheilosis (fissuring
at corners of mouth and
Vitamin B2 Milk, eggwhite, lips), digestive
(Riboflavin) liver, and kidney. disorders, and burning
sensation
of the skin.
Yeast, milk, egg
Vitamin B6
yolk, cereals, and Convulsions
(Pyridoxine)
grams.
Some Important Vitamins, Their Sources
Vitamins Sources Deficiency diseases
Rickets
Exposure to sunlight,
(bone deformities in children)
Vitamin D fish,
and osteomalacia (soft bones
and egg yolk.
and joint pain in adults).
Some Important Vitamins, Their Sources
(a) Vitamin A
(b) Vitamin D
(c) Vitamin K
(d) Vitamin E
Solution
(a) Convulsions
(b) Beri-Beri
(c) Cheilosis
(d) Sterility
Solution
Deficiency of vitamin B1 causes Beri-Beri (loss of appetite, retarded growth).
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
Assertion: Vitamin D cannot be stored in our body.
Reason: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and is excreted
from the body in urine.
(a) If both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is a correct
explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are correct but the reason is not a
correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If the assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.
(d) If both the assertion and reason are incorrect.
Solution
Vitamin D can be stored in our body. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and but it is
not excreted from the body in urine. So, the assertion and reason are incorrect.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
In a protein molecule, various amino acids are linked together
by:
Solution
Proteins are the polymers of α-amino acids and they are connected to each
other by peptide bond or peptide linkage.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
The helical structure of protein is stabilised by:
Solution
The helical structure of protein is stabilised by hydrogen bonds.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
Nucleic Acids
Chromosomes carry the
basic genetic material
DNA which is responsible
to provide hereditary
characteristics and genetic
information to the various
cells.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
Types of
nucleic acids
Monomeric units
of nucleic acids.
Deoxyribonucleic Ribonucleic
acid (DNA) acid (RNA) Nucleic acids are long chain
polymers of nucleotides, so
they are also called
polynucleotides.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide
Five-carbon
monosaccharide
+
A heterocyclic (nitrogen
containing) base
+
Phosphate ion
Nucleic Acids
DNA RNA
𝝱-D-2-deoxyribose 𝝱-D-ribose
Nucleic Acids
Bases
Bases
Nucleoside
5′
A unit formed by the attachment
of a base to 1′ position of sugar
is known as nucleoside. 4′ 1′
3′ 2′
Nucleotide
5′
4′ 1′
3′ 2′
Nucleotide
Structure of Nucleic Acids
5′ end of chain
Formation of a dinucleotide
5′
3′ end of chain
Nucleic Acids
Base pairs
Helix of
sugar-phosphate
RNA
Nitrogenous
In secondary structure of RNA, Bases
helices are present which are
only single stranded. Sometimes Sugar-phosphate
they fold back on themselves backbone
to form a double helix structure.
RNA
RNA are of
three types
1 3
Messenger RNA Transfer RNA
(m-RNA) (t-RNA)
2
Ribosomal RNA
(r-RNA)
Note
Hormone is derived from Greek language which means “that which sets in motion”.
Estrogens
Steroids
and androgens
Insulin and
Poly peptides
endorphins
Hormones have several functions in the body. They help to maintain the
balance of biological activities in the body.
Hypothyroidism
Abnormally
low level
Thyroxine
Increased
level
Hyperthyroidism Tyrosine
Functions of Hormones
Steroid hormones
are produced by
It is characterised by
hypoglycemia, weakness, and
increased susceptibility to stress.
Steroid Hormones
Hormone released by
Function
gonads
Responsible for development of secondary
Testosterone
male characteristics (deep voice, facial
(Male)
hair, general physical constitution).
Solution
Insulin is a hormone. Its production and its action in human body are responsible
for the level of diabetes.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
In DNA, the linkages between different nitrogenous bases
are:
(a) Phosphate linkage
(b) H-bonding
(c) Glycosidic linkage
(d) Peptide linkage
Solution
(a) Testosterone
(b) Adrenaline
(c) Thyroxine
(d) Insulin
Solution
Solution
In DNA, the complimentary bases are adenine and thymine; guanine and cytosine.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
RNA and DNA are chiral molecules, their chirality is due to:
Solution
RNA and DNA are chiral molecules, their chirality is due to D-sugar component.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
The couplings between base units of DNA is through:
Solution
(a) Glucose
(b) Deoxyribose
(c) Ribose
(d) Fructose C-16
Solution
Solution
The pentose sugar in DNA and RNA has the furanose structure.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
In both DNA and RNA, heterocyclic base and phosphate ester
linkages are at:
Solution
In both DNA and RNA, heterocyclic base and phosphate ester linkages are at
C1′ and C5′ respectively of the sugar molecule.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
Which of the statements about denaturation given below are
correct?
During denaturation of proteins only the loss of secondary and tertiary structure
takes place, since formation of double strand in DNA is secondary structure it also
gets opened.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
Practice Questions
Amongst the following amino acids, number of essential
amino acids are:
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Cysteine, Leucine, Isoleucine,
Serine, Threonine
Solution
(a) Alanine
(b) Glycine
(c) Arginine
(d) Glutamine
Solution
(a) C10H18O9
(b) C10H20O11
(c) C18H22O11
(d) C12H22O11
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
CHO
CHO
Solution
Structure given in option (c) is D-glyceraldehyde.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
Which reagent is used to convert glucose into saccharic acid?
(a) Br2/H2O
(b) Nitric acid
(c) Alkaline solution of iodine
(d) Ammonium hydroxide
Solution
On oxidation with nitric acid, glucose yield a dicarboxylic acid, saccharic acid.
This indicates the presence of a primary alcoholic (–OH) group in glucose.
HNO3
Oxidation
Br2/ H2O
Solution
Glucose gets oxidised to six carbon carboxylic acid (gluconic acid) on reaction with
a mild oxidising agent like bromine water.
Br2/ H2O
How many C-atoms are there in a pyranose ring?
Solution
3 2
Which of the following statements is false about the given
structure?
I II
D-glucose
Which of the following structures represents the peptide
chain?
(a)
(b)
Which of the following structures represents the peptide
chain?
(c)
(d)
Solution
In peptide it contains amide linkage with one side end with N-terminal and other
side end with C-terminal.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
Denaturation of proteins leads to a loss of its biological
activity by:
Solution
(a) If both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is a correct
explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are correct but the reason is not a
correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If the assertion is correct but reason is incorrect.
(d) If both the assertion and reason are incorrect.
Solution
Solution
For the hydrolysis of decapeptide we need 9 molecules of H2O. After hydrolysis,
a mass of 9H2O will be added to the mass of decapeptide.
Total mass after hydrolysis = Mass of decapeptide + Mass 9 H2O molecules
= 796 + 162 = 958 u
47
Mass of glycine = (Total mass after hydrolysis) ×
100
= 958 x 0.47
= 450.26 u
Mass of glycine
Number of unit of glycine =
Molecular mass of glycine
450.26
Number of unit of glycine =
75
Number of unit of glycine = 6
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
A tetrapeptide has −COOH group on alanine. This produces
glycine (Gly), valine (Val), phenylalanine (Phe) and alanine
(Ala), on complete hydrolysis. For this tetrapeptide, the
number of possible sequences (primary structures) with
−NH2 group attached to a chiral center is:
Solution
Solution
DNA contains four bases viz. Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine
(T). RNA also contains four bases, the first three bases are same as in DNA but the
fourth one is Uracil (U).
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
The term anomers of glucose refers to:
Solution
Anomers of glucose refers to isomers of glucose that differ in configuration at
carbon one (C-1).
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
The secondary structure of protein refers to:
Solution
Solution
C-1 configuration in both are different (position of –OH). Hence they are anomers.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
The presence or absence of hydroxy (–OH) group on which
carbon atom of sugar differentiates RNA and DNA:
(a) 1st
(b) 2nd
(c) 3rd
(d) 4th
Solution
2nd carbon will differentiate between RNA and DNA because of presence and
absence of –OH group.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
Which one of the following bases is not present in DNA?
(a) Quinoline
(b) Adenine
(c) Cytosine
(d) Thymine
Solution
DNA contains four bases viz. Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T).
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
Which of the vitamins given below is water soluble?
(a) Vitamin C
(b) Vitamin D
(c) Vitamin E
(d) Vitamin K
Solution
Vitamin C is soluble in water while vitamins A, D, E, and K are soluble in fat and oils.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
Thiol group is present in:
(a) Cystine
(b) Cysteine
(c) Methionine
(d) Cytosine
Solution
Solution
Solution
(a) Glycogen
(b) Glucose
(c) Pyruvic acid
(d) L-lactic acid
Solution
L-lactic acid is responsible for cramps in muscles as a result of vigorous exercise.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
Among the following, the essential amino acid is:
(a) Valine
(b) Aspartic acid
(c) Serine
(d) Alanine
Solution
Solution
According to the arrangement given there will be 3 Pro in which 2 Pro will be on
the ends. So option (b) satisfies the given arrangement in the question.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
In a protein molecule various amino acids are linked together
by:
(a) Dative bond
(b) 𝛂-glycosidic bond
(c) 𝛃-glycosidic bond
(d) Peptide bond
Solution
Amino acids are linked together by peptide bind to each other in protein
molecules.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
Formation of peptide bond is accompanied by release of one
molecule of:
(a) Oxygen
(b) Hydrogen
(c) Water
(d) None of these
Solution
(a) Glucose
(b) Fructose
(c) Sucrose
(d) Glyceraldehyde
Solution
Solution
(a) 10 (b) 20
(c) 30 (d) 40
Solution
1 DNA molecule if replicated 2 times it gives 4 molecules. So, 10 molecules will
give 40 molecules.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
In animals, the stored carbohydrates is:
(a) Starch
(b) Glycogen
(c) Fructan
(d) Sucrose
Solution
In animals, the stored carbohydrates is glycogen.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
The sugars that are produced on hydrolysis of DNA and RNA
are:
(a) Anomers
(b) Two different sugars
(c) Positional isomers
(d) Diastereomers
Solution
Two different sugars are produced on hydrolysis of DNA and RNA.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.