Chapter 4e
Chapter 4e
Chapter 4e
Solution: a) ( )= ( ∩ )= ( ) ( )= = = .
b) ( ℎ )= ( ∩ ℎ )= ( ) ( ℎ ) = = = .
c) ( )= ( ∩ )= ( ) ( ) = = = .
Example 3: A card is drawn from an ordinary deck and its number noted. Then it is not
replaced. A second card is drawn and its number noted, then find the probability of:
a) Getting two Jacks (J). b) Getting an ace ( A) and a king (K) in order.
c) Getting a flower and a spade. d) Getting a red and a black in order.
4 3 12
Solution: a) ( )= ( ∩ )= ( ) ( / )= = .
52 51 2802
4 4 16
b) ( )= ( ∩ )= ( ) ( / )= = .
52 51 2802
c) ( )= ( ∩ )= ( ) ( / )= = .
26 26 676
d) ( )= ( ∩ )= ( ) ( / )= = .
52 51 2802
Exercise : If the probabilities are 0.75, 0.7 and 0.525 that a student A, B, or both can solve the
problems in a text book respectively. What is the probability that:
a) Student A can only solve the problem selected at random from the book?
b) Student B can only solve the problem selected at random from the book?
Solution:
A B A B
a) ∩ b) ′∩B
a) ( ∩ ) = ( )− ( ∩ ) = . − . = . . ; ) ( ′ ∩ ) = ( ) − ( ∩ ) = . − . = . .
b1 A vBd
∩ ∩
∩ ∩
B3
∩
∩ ∩ S=B
S
Example 1: Box 1 contains 2 red balls and one blue ball. Box 2 contains 3 blue balls and one red
ball. A coin is tossed. If it falls heads up, Box 1 is selected and a ball is drawn. If it falls tails up,
Box 2 is selected and a ball is drawn. Then find the probability of selecting a red ball.
Solution: Let; − be the event that box 1 is selected.
− be the event that box 2 is selected.
− be the event that a red ball is selected.
− be the event that a blue ball is selected
( / ) = 2/3 R
( ) = 1/2
( / ) = 1/3 B
R
( ) = 1/2 ( / ) = 1/4
( / ) = 3/4 B
R is selected, if and only if, is selected and R is selected or is selected and R is selected.
→≫ = ( ) ( )=( ∩ )∪( ∩ ).
( ) = {( ∩ )∪( ∩ )} = ( ∩ ) + ( ∩ )= ( ) ( / )+ ( ) ( / )
1 2 1 1 1 1 11
= + = + = .
2 3 2 4 3 8 24
Example 2: A shipment of two boxes, each containing 6 telephones, is received by a store. Box1
contains one defective phone and box 2 contains 2 defective phones. After the boxes are unpacked, a
phone is selected and found to be defective. Then find the probability that it came from box 2.
Solution: Let − be the event that box 1 is selected.
− be the event that box 2 is selected.
− be the event that defective phone is selected.
− be the event that non defective phone is selected.
( / ) = 1/6 D
( ) = 1/2 ( / ) = 5/6
ND
( / ) = 2/6 D
( ) = 1/2
( / ) = 4/6 ND
( / ) =?
( 2∩ ) ( 2 ) ( / 2 ) ( 2 ) ( / 2 )
( 2/ )= = = .
( ) {( ∩ ) ∪ ( ∩ )} ( ∩ )+ ( ∩ )
Since, is selected, iff, is selected and is selected or is selected and is selected.
→≫ = ( 1 ) ( 2 )=( 1 ∩ )∪( 2 ∩ ).
( ) = {( ∩ )∪( ∩ )} = ( ∩ ) + ( ∩ )= ( ) ( / )+ ( ) ( / ).
= + = + = = . ℎ
( 2∩ ) ( 2 ) ( / 2) 1/2 2/6 1/6 1 4 2
( 2/ )= = = = = = .
( ) ( ) 1/4 1/4 6 1 3