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    Class 10 Metals and Non Metals Notes

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    Shreyash Vishwakarma
    Metals and non-metals can be classified based on their properties. Metals are lustrous and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are generally soft, poor conductors and not lustrous. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. They can be drawn into wires and hammered into thin sheets. Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides. Metals exist on a reactivity series based on their tendency to react, and compounds like alloys and ionic salts can be formed from the reaction of metals and non-metals. Metals are extracted from ores through processes like enrichment, extraction and refining

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    Class 10 Metals and Non Metals Notes

    Uploaded by

    Shreyash Vishwakarma
    1K views12 pages
    Metals and non-metals can be classified based on their properties. Metals are lustrous and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are generally soft, poor conductors and not lustrous. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. They can be drawn into wires and hammered into thin sheets. Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides. Metals exist on a reactivity series based on their tendency to react, and compounds like alloys and ionic salts can be formed from the reaction of metals and non-metals. Metals are extracted from ores through processes like enrichment, extraction and refining

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    Class 10 Metals and non metals notes

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    Metals and non-metals can be classified based on their properties. Metals are lustrous and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are generally soft, poor conductors and not lustrous. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. They can be drawn into wires and hammered into thin sheets. Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides. Metals exist on a reactivity series based on their tendency to react, and compounds like alloys and ionic salts can be formed from the reaction of metals and non-metals. Metals are extracted from ores through processes like enrichment, extraction and refining

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1K views12 pages

    Class 10 Metals and Non Metals Notes

    Uploaded by

    Shreyash Vishwakarma
    Metals and non-metals can be classified based on their properties. Metals are lustrous and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are generally soft, poor conductors and not lustrous. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. They can be drawn into wires and hammered into thin sheets. Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides. Metals exist on a reactivity series based on their tendency to react, and compounds like alloys and ionic salts can be formed from the reaction of metals and non-metals. Metals are extracted from ores through processes like enrichment, extraction and refining

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    CHEMISTRY

    METALS AND NIN-METALS

    Elements are classified as metals and non-


    metals based on different properties. The
    properties of metals and non-metals are given
    in the form of the table below-
    Metals Non-metals
    Metals are lustrous, that They are not
    is, they have a property lustrous, that is, they
    to shine. do not have a shining
    surface except,
    graphite and iodine.
    All metals exist as solids They are generally
    except mercury which is soft, except for
    liquid at room diamonds.
    temperature.
    They can be drawn into They are non-ductile.
    wires, this is known
    as Ductility.
    Metals can be converted They are non-
    into sheets, this is malleable
    known as Malleability,
    except mercury
    They are good They are poor
    conductors of electricity
    conductors of
    and heat. Except for electricity and heat.
    Lead and mercury. Exception-graphite is
    a good conductor of
    electricity
    They have high density They have low
    and high melting point. density compared to
    Exception-sodium and metals and low
    potassium have low melting point except
    melting points. for Diamond which
    has a high melting
    point.

    Chemical Properties of Metals


    • Metals react with air or oxygen to form

    metal oxide.
    For Example, Copper reacts with oxygen to
    form copper oxide.
    Metal + O2 → Metal oxide
    2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
    4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
    • Oxides of metals can react with both
    acids and bases to produce salt and
    water. Such oxides are known
    as Amphoteric Oxides.
    Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + H2O

    • Metals also react with water to form


    metal oxide. Metal oxide in turn can
    react with water to form metal
    hydroxide. For Example
    2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + 1H2
    2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2
    • Metals also react with dilute acids to

    form salt and hydrogen. For example,


    magnesium reacts with dilute
    hydrochloric acid to form magnesium
    chloride and hydrogen.
    Metal + Acid → Metal Salt + Hydrogen
    Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
    Chemical Properties of Nonmetals
    • Non-metals react with oxygen to form

    non-metal oxide.
    Non-metal + Oxygen → Non-metal oxide
    C + O2 → CO2
    • Non-metals do not react with water and

    acids to evolve hydrogen gas.


    • Non-metals can react with salt solution;

    the more reactive element will displace


    the less reactive non-metal.
    2 NaBr (aq) + Cl2(aq) → 2NaCl (aq) +
    Br2 (aq)
    • Non-metals can also react with hydrogen

    to form hydrides.
    H2(g) + S(l) → H2S(g)
    Reactivity Series
    The series in which metals are arranged in the
    decreasing order of reactivity is known as the
    Reactivity Series.
    Fig.1. Reactivity Series
    Ionic Compounds
    Compounds formed due to the transfer of
    electrons from a metal to a non-metal are
    known as Ionic Compounds.
    Covalent Bond
    A bond is formed by the sharing of electrons
    between the two atoms. They share their
    valence electrons to gain stability.
    Properties of Ionic Compounds
    • They are generally hard and solid.

    • They have a high melting and boiling

    point.
    • They are soluble in water but insoluble in

    inorganic solvents such as ether etc.


    • They are conductors of electricity in

    molten and solution states.


    Occurrence of Metals
    Elements or compounds which occur naturally
    in earth crust are known as Minerals.
    Minerals from which pure metals can be
    extracted are known as Mineral Ores.
    Extraction of pure metals from its
    ores/steps for extraction of metals from its
    ore
    • The first step is the enrichment of the ore
    • The second step includes extraction of

    metals
    • Third steps involve refining of metal

    Gangue - Ores contain different impurities in


    it such as sand, soil etc. These impurities are
    known as Gangue.
    Extracting Metals which are low in activity
    series
    Metals which are low in the activity series are
    unreactive. The oxides of such metals can be
    reduced to metals by heating alone. For
    Example, Cinnabar (HgS)

    Extracting Metals in the middle of the


    Activity Series
    These metals are moderately reactive. They
    exist as sulphides or carbonates in nature.
    Before reduction, metal sulphides and
    carbonates must be converted into metal
    oxides. Sulphide ores are converted into
    oxides by heating strongly in the presence of
    excess air, this is known as Roasting.
    Carbonate ores are converted into oxides by
    heating in limited air. This is known
    as Calcination.
    Roasting

    Calcination

    Reduction-metal oxides can be reduced to


    metals using a reducing agent such
    as Carbon.
    Extracting metals towards the top of the
    activity series
    The metals are highly reactive. They cannot
    be obtained by heating. For Example,
    Sodium, magnesium and calcium are obtained
    by the electrolysis of their molten chlorides.
    At cathode Na+ + e- → Na
    At anode 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-
    Refining of Metals
    Refining of impure metal is done using
    electrolytic refining. Impure copper is used as
    anode and a strip of pure copper is used
    as Cathode. Acidified copper sulphate is used
    as an electrolyte. When an electric current is
    passed through this, impure metal from the
    anode gets deposited in the electrolyte
    solution, whereas pure metal from the
    electrolyte is deposited at the cathode.
    Deposition of insoluble residue formed from
    the dissolution of the anode during
    commercial electrolysis.

    Fig.2. Electrolytic refining


    Corrosion
    When exposed to moist air for a long period
    of time, metals become corroded. This is
    known as Corrosion. For Example, Silver
    reacts with moist air and becomes black in
    colour due to silver sulphide coating.
    Iron + oxygen → Iron (III) oxide
    Fe + O 2 → Fe2O3
    Prevention of Corrosion
    • Rusting of iron can be prevented by

    oiling, galvanising, painting, greasing


    etc.
    • To protect steel and iron from rusting, a

    thin layer of zinc is coated on them, this


    is known as Galvanization.
    Alloy
    Mixture of two or more metals or metal and
    non-metal is known as Alloy. For Example,
    • Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

    • Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.

    • Solder is an alloy of lead and tin.

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