UPDA Notes
UPDA Notes
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
DOHA a MINISTRY of Municipality and Urban Planning commission tasked to test the
worthiness/credentials of engineers and engineering consultancy firms.
The Exam Contain 25 MCQ to pass the exam you need to choose the correct answer for at least 13
question.
Some issues to be noted when you attend the exam:‐
Start with question you know first.
Don’t waste your time with the question which you don’t know.
Then answer the questions which you are not 100 % sure from the choices.
Then stat with the question you don’t have any idea about it, by apply the guess techniques.
Don’t let any question without answer.
The main topics which usually tested in the exam are the following:‐
Management from (6 to 8 questions).
Fire alarm NFPA 72 tables for visual inspection and testing (4 to 5 questions).
Heat transfer (1 to 3 questions).
Material and stress analysis (1 to 3 questions).
Fluid (1 to 3 questions).
Some mathematical exercises in fluid (pressure, hydraulic losses), stress, and engine power (3 to
5 questions).
Below is some information about the main topics which come in the mechanical UPDA Exam. The below
notes need to be read in conjunction with the available sample exams.
Review SI unit and British unit
Ideal and real gas.
1. The ideal gas law may be written in a form applicable to any gas, according to Avogadro's
law (q.v.), if the constant specifying the quantity of gas is expressed in terms of the number of
molecules of gas. This is done by using as the mass unit the gram‐mole; i.e., the molecular
weight expressed in grams. The equation of state of n gram‐moles of a perfect gas can then be
written as pv/t = nR, in which R is called the universal gas constant. This constant has been
measured for various gases under nearly ideal conditions of high temperatures and low
pressures, and it is found to have the same value for all gases: R = 8.314 joules per gram‐mole‐
kelvin.
2. Boyle’s Law
V1/T1=V2/T2
3. Gay‐Lussac's Law
This relationship between temperature and pressure is known as Gay‐Lussac's law. It states that
if the volume of a container is held constant as the temperature of a gas increases, the pressure
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
inside the container will also increase. As with the other gas laws, this one can be represented in
the form of an equation: P1/T1 = P2/T2
4. Ideal Gas compared to Real Gas
a)
Ideal gas has no definite volume while real gas has definite volume.
b)
Ideal gas has no mass whereas real gas has mass.
c)
Collision of ideal gas particles is elastic while non‐elastic for real gas.
d)
No energy involved during collision of particles in ideal gas. Collision of particles in real
gas has attracting energy.
e) Pressure is high in ideal gas compared to real gas.
f) Ideal gas follows the equation PV=nRT. Real gas follows the equation (P + a/V2) (V – b) =
nRT.
5. A 'real' gas would occupy a higher volume as compared to the same amount of gas would
have when 'idealistically' calculated by the 'ideal' gas law. The 'eigen' volume (its own
molecular dimension) is to be taken in account at high pressure.
6. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure, and it states that the pressure of a gas mixture is the sum
of the partial pressures of the individual components of the gas mixture. Pnitrogen is the partial
pressure of the nitrogen and Poxygen is the partial pressure of oxygen.
7. http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics‐and‐strength‐of‐materials/shearing‐
deformation
Physical Quantities
The final column lists some special properties some of the quantities have such as their scaling behavior
(i.e. whether the quantity is intensive or extensive), their transformation properties (i.e. whether the
quantity is a scalar, vector or tensor) or whether the quantity is conserved
Symbol for
Base quantity Symbol Description SI unit Comments
dimension
The one‐dimensional extent of
Length l metre (m) L
an object.
The amount of matter in an kilogram
Mass m M extensive, scalar
object. (kg)
Average energy per degree of
Temperature T kelvin (K) Θ intensive, scalar
freedom of a system.
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
Number of particles compared
Amount of
n to the number of atoms in mole (mol) N extensive, scalar
substance
0.012 kg of 12C.
Amount of energy emitted by a
Luminous candela
L light source in a particular J scalar
intensity (cd)
direction.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_quantities
The Weber Number
Is a dimensionless value useful for analyzing fluid flows where there is an interface between
two different fluids.
The Weber Number is the ratio between the inertial force and the surface tension force,
and can be expressed as
We = ρ v2 l / σ (1)
Where
We = Weber number (dimensionless)
ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3, lb/ft3)
v = velocity of fluid (m/s, ft/s)
l = characteristic length (m, ft)‐
σ = surface tension (dyne/cm)
Since the Weber Number represents an index of the inertial force to the surface tension
force acting on a fluid element, it can be useful analyzing thin films flows and the
formation of droplets and bubbles.
The Mach Number is a dimensionless value useful for analyzing fluid flow dynamics
problems where compressibility is a significant factor.
The Mach number can be expressed as M = v / c (1)
where M = Mach number
v = fluid flow speed (m/s, ft/s)
c = speed of sound (m/s, ft/s)
Alternatively the Mach number can be expressed with the density and the bulk modulus
for elasticity as
M = v (ρ / E) 1/2 (2)
Where
ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3, lb/ft3)
E = bulk modulus elasticity (N/m2 (Pa), lbf/in2 (psi))
If the Mach number is < 1, the flow speed is lower than the speed of sound ‐ and the
speed is subsonic.
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
If the Mach number is ~ 1, the flow speed is approximately like the speed of sound ‐ and
the speed is transonic.
If the Mach number is > 1, the flow speed is higher than the speed of sound ‐ and the
speed is supersonic.
If the Mach number is >> 1, the flow speed is much higher than the speed of sound ‐ and
the speed is hypersonic.
At standard sea level conditions (corresponding to a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius),
the speed of sound is 340.3 m/s
Water phase change process at atmospheric pressure
a) Put some of water in a free piston‐cylinder device at atmospheric pressure and
assumed temperature of 25 oC as shown in Fig. 2‐2. The water exists in liquid
phase and is called a compressed liquid or sub‐cooled liquid.
b) With heating the water, the temperature will be increases until start boiling.
When water just boils it is called saturated water and the temperature is called
saturating temperature or boiling temperature and is about 100 oC at
atmospheric pressure.
c) Once boiling started, the temperature will stop rising until liquid is completely
vaporized. The water temperature will remain constant during the boiling
process until all liquid disappeared. Since the water start boil until the liquid
disappeared, the water and vapor phases in mixture is called saturated liquid‐
vapor mixture or wet vapor.
d) After liquid completely vaporized, the temperature still constant and the vapor is
called saturated vapor.
e) With adding heat to the vapor and the pressure kept constant, the temperature
of the vapor increases and the vapor is called superheated vapor.
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
Centrifugal Force VS Centripetal Force:‐
Centrifugal Force Centripetal Force
Formula Fc = mv2/r = mac where ac is the centripetal acceleration, m is the mass of the object,
moving at velocity v along a path with radius of curvature r
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
Buoyant Force Archimedes' principle
The law that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force (buoyant force) equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
NFPA 88A Standard for Parking Structures
1. Opening Requirements for Open Parking Structures. 5.5.1 Each parking level shall have wall
openings open to the atmosphere, for an area of not less than 0.4 m2 for each linear meter (1.4 ft2
for each linear foot) of its exterior perimeter.
2. 5.5.2 Such openings shall be distributed over 40 percent of the building perimeter or uniformly over
two opposing sides.
3. 5.5.3 Interior wall lines and column lines shall be at least 20 percent open, with openings distributed
to provide ventilation.
4. 6.3 Ventilation. 6.3.1* All enclosed parking structures shall be ventilated by a mechanical system
capable of providing a minimum of 300 L/min per m2 of floor area (1 ft3/min per ft2 of floor area)
during hours of normal operation.
5. 6.3.2 A mechanical ventilation system shall not be required in an open parking structure.
6. 6.4.2 Automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed in portions of enclosed parking structures,
the ceilings of which are less than 600 mm (24 in.) above grade, regardless of type of construction,
and in enclosed parking structures of Type III or Type IV construction over 15 m (50 ft) in height.
7. 6.4.3 Automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed in enclosed parking structures located at or
above grade, or within or immediately below a building used for another occupancy.
8. 6.4.4 Automatic sprinkler systems shall not be required in open parking structures.
9. Stand pipe Parking structures exceeding a height of 15m (50 ft) or having parking levels below
grade shall be provided with a Class I standpipe system in accordance with NFPA 14.
10. 6.6.3 Fire alarm systems shall not be required in open parking structures.
Project Management
1. Project
What is a project? It's a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or
result.
A project is temporary in that it has a defined beginning and end in time, and therefore defined
scope and resources.
A project is unique in that it is not a routine operation, but a specific set of operations designed
to accomplish a singular goal. So a project team often includes people who don’t usually work
together – sometimes from different organizations and across multiple geographies.
2. Project Management
The body of knowledge concerned with principles, techniques, and tools used in planning,
control, monitoring, and review of projects.
Project management processes fall into five groups:
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
Initiating
Planning
Executing
Monitoring and Controlling
Closing
Project management knowledge draws on ten areas:
Integration
Scope
Time
Cost
Quality
Procurement
Human resources
Communications
Risk management
Stakeholder management
3. Project Scope Management
The knowledge area of Project Scope Management consists of the following processes ‐
Scope Management Processes
2. The Define Scope process involves defining detailed description of the project and major
deliverables. The Input, Tools and Techniques and Output of the Define Scope process are:
Define Scope Process
Organizational process assets Alternative identification
Facilitated workshops
3. Create WBS is the process of dividing the project deliverables into smaller components. The
Inputs, Tools and Techniques and Outputs of Create WBS process are:
Create WBS Process
Requirements documentation WBS dictionary
Organizational process assets Scope baseline
Project document updates
a) Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is an important part of the exam. It is a graphical
representation of the hierarchy of the project. The WBS template can be reused across projects.
WBS forces the project team to think through all the levels of the project. If a task is not in the
WBS, then it is not part of the project.
b) 8/80 rule for WBS ‐ No task should be less than 8 hours or more than 80 hours.
c) WBS dictionary explains all the WBS components. Also WBS is input to most of the planning
processes. Specifically WBS is input to the following processes ‐
o Cost Estimating
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
o Cost Budgeting
o Scope control
o Activity Definition
o Plan Purchases and Acquisitions
4. The table below gives inputs, Tools & Techniques, and Outputs of the Validate Scope process.
Validate Scope Process
Control Scope Process
Crashing: A technique used to shorten the schedule duration for the least incremental cost by
adding resources
Additional resources doesn’t only mean additional number of heads but it can be any of below
Approving overtime Paying extra Adding more resources ‐ See more at:
http://www.izenbridge.com/blog/what‐is‐fast‐tracking‐and‐crashing/#sthash.PfcDptWQ.dpuf
Fast Tracking Crashing
1 Activities or phases are performed in More resources are added to the activities or
parallel to compress the schedule. phases to compress the schedule
2 Increases rework and risk Increases cost and can result in increased
risk/cost too.
3 Works only when activities/phases can be Works only for activities where additional
overlapped to shorten the project resources will shorten the activity’s duration
duration
4 Always tried first Always tried when fast tracking hasn’t given
required compression in schedule
5 Applied on critical Applied on critical path activities. If not it will
only add to float
path activities. If not it will only add to
float
6. Change order is a component of the change management process whereby changes in the
Scope of Work agreed to by the Owner, Contractor and Architect/Engineer are implemented.
A change order is work that is added to or deleted from the original scope of work of a
contract, which alters the original contract amount and/or completion date. A change
order may fork a new project to handle significant changes to the current project.[1]
Change orders are common to most projects, and very common with large projects.
After the original scope (or contract) is formed, complete with the total price to be paid
and the specific work to be completed,
Stress of Materials
1. Stress Terms
Stress is defined as force per unit area. It has the same units as pressure, and in fact pressure is one
special variety of stress. However, stress is a much more complex quantity than pressure because it
varies both with direction and with the surface it acts on.
Compression
Tension
Normal Stress
Shear Hydrostatic Directed Stress
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
In geology we never see stress
2. Strain Terms
Strain is defined as the amount of deformation an object experiences compared to its original size
and shape. For example, if a block 10 cm on a side is deformed so that it becomes 9 cm long, the
strain is (10‐9)/10 or 0.1 (sometimes expressed in percent, in this case 10 percent.) Note that strain
is dimensionless.
Longitudinal or Linear Strain
Strain that changes the length of a line without changing its direction. Can be either compressional
or tensional.
Compression
Longitudinal strain that shortens an object.
Tension
Longitudinal strain that lengthens an object.
Shear
Strain that changes the angles of an object. Shear causes lines to rotate.
Infinitesimal Strain
Strain that is tiny, a few percent or less. Allows a number of useful mathematical simplifications and
approximations.
Finite Strain
Strain larger than a few percent. Requires a more complicated mathematical treatment than
infinitesimal strain.
Homogeneous Strain
Uniform strain. Straight lines in the original object remain straight. Parallel lines remain parallel.
Circles deform to ellipses. Note that this definition rules out folding, since an originally straight layer
has to remain straight.
Inhomogeneous Strain
How real geology behaves. Deformation varies from place to place. Lines may bend and do not
necessarily remain parallel.
A useful tip: In calculations stress expressed in Pa is usually a very large number and strain is usually
a very small number. If it comes out much different then, you've done it wrong!
3. Young Modulus
Instead of drawing a force ‐ extension graph, if you plot stress against strain for an object showing
(linear) elastic behavior, you get a straight line.
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
This is because stress is proportional to strain. The gradient of the straight‐line graph is the Young's
modulus, E
E is constant and does not change for a given material. It in fact represents 'stiffness' property of the
material. Values of the young modulus of different materials are often listed in the form of a table in
reference books so scientists and engineers can look them up.
The modulus of elasticity E, also called Young’s modulus and
Poisson’s ratio ν. The modulus of elasticity connects axial stress σ to axial strain
Poisson’s ratio ν is defined as ratio of lateral strain to axial strain:
Elastic limit – When the stress is less than the elastic limit, removing the stress will return the solid
to the original shape. If the elastic limit is surpassed, the solid remains permanently deformed.
Ultimate strength – If the ultimate strength is surpassed, the solid fractures. The ultimate strength
can be different for tensile and compressive stresses.
4. Strain hardening is generally defined as heating at a relatively low temperature after
cold‐working. During strain hardening the strength of the metal is increased and
ductility decreased.
5. Strain Hardening is when a metal is strained beyond the yield point. An increasing stress
is required to produce additional plastic deformation and the metal apparently becomes
stronger and more difficult to deform. Strain hardening is closely related to fatigue
6. Terms for Behavior of Materials
Elastic
Material deforms under stress but returns to its original size and shape when the stress is
released. There is no permanent deformation. Some elastic strain, like in a rubber band, can
be large, but in rocks it is usually small enough to be considered infinitesimal.
Brittle
Material deforms by fracturing. Glass is brittle. Rocks are typically brittle at low temperatures
and pressures.
Ductile
Material deforms without breaking. Metals are ductile. Many materials show both types of
behavior. They may deform in a ductile manner if deformed slowly, but fracture if deformed
too quickly or too much. Rocks are typically ductile at high temperatures or pressures.
Viscous
Materials that deform steadily under stress. Purely viscous materials like liquids deform under
even the smallest stress. Rocks may behave like viscous materials under high temperature and
pressure.
Plastic
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
Plasticity describes the deformation of a (solid) material undergoing non‐reversible changes of
shape in response to applied forces. The transition from elastic behavior to plastic behavior is
called yield
Viscoelastic
Combines elastic and viscous behavior. Models of glacio‐isostasy frequently assume a
viscoelastic earth: the crust flexes elastically and the underlying mantle flows viscously.
7. A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously under the application of a shear stress
Welding:‐
1. Type of Welding Defect:‐
i. Lack of fusion
ii. Lack of penetration or excess penetration
Excess penetration arises from to high a heat input and / or too slow transverse of the welding torch (gas
or electric). Excess penetration ‐ burning through ‐ is more of a problem with thin sheet as a higher level
of skill is needed to balance heat input and torch traverse when welding thin metal.
ii. Porosity ‐ This occurs when gases are trapped in the solidifying weld metal. These may arise from
damp consumables or metal or, from dirt, particularly oil or grease, on the metal in the vicinity of the
weld. This can be avoided by ensuring all consumables are stored in dry conditions and work is carefully
cleaned and degreased prior to welding.
iv. Inclusions ‐ These can occur when several runs are made along a V join when joining thick plate using
flux cored or flux coated rods and the slag covering a run is not totally removed after every run before
the following run.
v. Cracking ‐ This can occur due just too thermal shrinkage or due to a combination of strain
accompanying phase change and thermal shrinkage.
Where alloy steels or steels with a carbon content greater than about 0.2% are being welded, self‐cooling
may be rapid enough to cause some (brittle) martensite to form. This will easily develop cracks.
To prevent these problems a process of pre‐heating in stages may be needed and after welding a slow
controlled post cooling in stages will be required.
vi Undercutting
In this case the thickness of one (or both) of the sheets is reduced at the toe of the weld. This is due to
incorrect settings / procedure. There is already a stress concentration at the toe of the weld and any
undercut will reduce the strength of the join.
vii Lamellar tearing
This is mainly a problem with low quality steels
2. Detection of Welding Defect
Visual Inspection
Liquid Penetrant Inspection
X ‐ Ray Inspection
Ultrasonic Inspection
Magnetic Particle Inspection
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
The main causes of industrial machinery failure
Accidents
Inadequate maintenance
Corrosion
Misalignment
Bearing failure
Metal fatigue
Turbine specific speed
The specific speed value for a turbine is the speed of a geometrically similar turbine which
would produce one unit of the specific speed of a turbine is given by the manufacturer (along
with other ratings) and will always refer to the point of maximum efficiency. This allows
accurate calculations to be made of the turbine's performance for a range of heads.
Well‐designed efficient machines typically use the following values: Impulse turbines have the
lowest ns values, typically ranging from 1 to 10, a Pelton wheel is typically around 4, Francis
turbines fall in the range of 10 to 100, while Kaplan turbines are at least 100 or more, all in
imperial units.
n_s=n\sqrt{P}/H^{5/4} (dimensioned parameter), n = rpm [7]
The heating value
The amount of heat produced by combustion a unit quantity of a fuel
We differentiate between gross and net heating values:
Gross (or high, upper) Heating Value
The gross or high heating value is the amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a unit
quantity of fuel.
The gross heating value is obtained when
all products of the combustion are cooled down to the temperature before the combustion
the water vapor formed during combustion is condensed
Net (or lower) Heating Value
The net or lower heating value is obtained by
Subtracting the latent heat of vaporization of the water vapor formed by the combustion from the
gross or higher heating value.
Common Units
Common units for heating value:
1 Btu/lb = 2,326.1 J/kg = 0.55556 kcal/kg
1 J/kg = 0.00043 Btu/lb = 2.39x10‐4 kcal/kg
1 kcal/kg = 1.80 Btu/lb = 4,187 J/kg
GENERAL INFORMATION ON UPDA EXAM AHMED M. ALLAM
Morse test is done on a 4 stroke multi cylinder engine. The objective is to find the brake power
(power available at the crank shaft) of the engine. You can also find torque, mech. efficiency etc...
Counter‐flow VS parallel flow single pass heat exchangers.
Figure 1‐2. Temperature profiles in (a) counter‐flow and (b) parallel flow single pass heat exchangers.
Note that in a counter‐flow heat exchanger the outlet temperature of the cold fluid can exceed the
outlet temperature of the hot fluid but this cannot happen in a parallel flow system.