ATC PROCEDURES

Esther Martín Martín 55MM

ADVENTIA EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
JAR/FCL: ATC PROCEDURES
Roberto Marino
27 de Octubre de 2022
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Index

Personnel Licensing 1
ICAO Annex 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1. Differences between ICAO Annex 1 and Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 1
Aircrew Regulation — Part-FCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.2. Content and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3. Commercial pilot licence (CPL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4. Airline transport pilot licence (ATPL) and multi-crew pilot licence (MPL) 11
2.5. Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6 Aircrew Regulation Part-MED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
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Personnel Licensing

ICAO Annex 1

1.1. Differences between ICAO Annex 1 and Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011

In order to provide easier fulfillment of the requirements for the licenses it is known
each State issue their own licenses based on national regulations in conformity with Annex
1 specifications, as a referral. These licenses are validated by other Contracting states on
the basis of bilateral or multilateral agreements or the fulfillment of the nationally
legislated requirements. As known Operators must remain informed and are responsible for
being aware of differences in procedures between State regulations and ICAO provisions.
ICAO provides a wordly recognition of flight crew licenses issued by any menber State
provided that:

The licence meets or exceeds the ICAO licensing Standars of Annex 1.

The licence is used on an aircraft which is registered in the State which has issued or
validated the licence.

Aircrew Regulation — Part-FCL

2.1. Definitions

Multi-crew cooperation. Means the functioning of the flight crew as a team of

cooperating members led by the pilot in command. MCC is training course that allows
aircraft pilots to fly multi-crew aircraft. It is a requirement before a pilot may undertake a
multi-crew aircraft type rating. It is also required for the issuance of an airline transport
pilot licence (ATPL) or a multi-crew pilot licence (MPL). In the European Union and the
United Kingdom, MCC courses are regulated under Part-FCL 735. The Multi Crew
Cooperation (MCC) course, sometimes called the Multi-Crew Coordination, is an EASA
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requirement for pilots willing to get a Type Rating on a multi crew airplane. It is also
required by most European airlines to apply for a pilot position, making the MCC training
an essential step to become a pilot in Europe.

Student pilot-in-command (SPIC). Flight time during which the flight

instructor will only observe the student acting as pilot-in-command and shall not influence
or control the flight of the aircraft. Flight time during which the flight instructor will only
observe the student acting as pilot-in-command and shall not influence or control the flight
of the aircraft. SPIC hours can only be accredited for graduates of Integrated Courses for
ATPL (A)/(H) and CPL(A)/IR. SPIC (Student Pilot-in-Command) can be logged by
student pilots on an integrated CPL/IR course when undertaking an I/F flight with an
instructor. The instructor may not take control of the aircraft, else the flight becomes Dual.

Multi- pilot aircraft. In the case of aeroplanes, means aeroplanes certificated for
operation with a minimum crew of at least two pilots.
Means an aircraft certificated for operation with a minimum crew of at least two
pilots.

Instrument time. Is when flight is conducted solely by reference to instruments.

This can further be broken down into actual and simulated time Instrument ground time
means the time during which a pilot is receiving instruction in simulated instrument flight,
in flight simulation training devices (FSTD). means the time during which a pilot is
practising, on the ground, simulated instrument flight in a flight simulation training device
approved by the Licensing Authority.
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Private Pilot. A pilot who holds a licence which prohibits the piloting of aircraft
in operations for which remuneration is given. is an individual who holds a Private Pilot’s
license (PPL), also known as a Private Pilot’s Certificate. This means the person is able to
fly as the Pilot in Command of an aircraft, but only for pleasure, but not for remuneration,
unlike a holder of a Commercial Pilot’s license (CPL) or Air Transport Pilot’s License
(ATPL). A Private Pilot License (PPL) is the most sought after type of pilot certification.
In the United States, a Private Pilot License is actually called a Private Pilot Certificate
and is similar to what a driver’s license is for automobiles. By earning a private pilot
license, you can legally fly an aircraft. Private pilots are trained to navigate small aircraft
by themselves. Flight training includes aircraft maneuvers, navigation, emergency
procedures and cross-country flight planning. While people may seek the license for hobby
or sport reasons, a private pilot certification is the first major milestone on the road to
becoming an airline pilot.

Solo flight time. Means flight time during which a student pilot is the sole
occupant of an aircraft.

Revalidation. The administrative action taken within the period of validity of a

rating or approval that allows the holder to continue to exercise the privileges of a rating or
approval for a further specified period consequent upon the fulfilment of specified
requirements.
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Renewal. The administrative action taken after a rating or approval has lapsed
that renews the privileges of the rating or approval for a further specified. Rating: An
authorization entered on or associated with a licence and forming part thereof, stating
special conditions, privileges or limitations pertaining to such licence.

Skill Test. Skill tests are demonstrations of skill for licence or rating issue,
including such oral examination as the examiner may require.

Instrument Flight time. Time during which a pilot is piloting an aircraft solely
by reference to instruments and without external reference points. Instrument Ground
Time: Time during which a pilot is practising, on the ground, simulated instrument flight
in a flight simulation training device approved by the Licensing Authority.

Proficiency check. Demonstrations of skill to revalidate or renew ratings, and

including such oral examination as the examiner may require.

Flight time. Means for aeroplanes, touring motor gliders and powered lift, the
total time from the moment an aircraft first moves for the purpose of taking off until the
moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the flight.

Night. Means the period between the end of evening civil twilight and the
beginning of morning civil twilight, or such other period between sunset and sunrise as may
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be prescribed by the appropriate authority, as defined by the Member State.

Instrument time. Instrument flight time or instrument ground time.

Aircraft Category. Classification of aircraft according to specified basic

characteristics, e.g. aeroplane, helicopter, glider, free balloon.

Aircraft Type. All aircraft of the same basic design including all modifications
thereto except those modifications which result in a change in handling or flight.

Dual Instruction Time. Means flight time or instrument ground time during
which a person is receiving flight instruction from a properly authorised instructor.

Cross Country. Means a flight between a point of departure and a point of arrival
following a preplanned route using standard navigation procedures.

2.2. Content and structure

Structure. The Part-FCL – (Flight Crew Licensing) It´s divided in several

subparts, from A to K, and in each subpart it´s also divided in several sections. Mainly the
structure can be well seen in the following table.
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Subpart A General Requirements

Subpart B LAPL
Subpart C PPL, SPL
Subpart D CPL
Subpart E MPL
Subpart F ATPL
Subpart G Instrument Rating
Subpart H Class and Type Ratings
Subpart I Additional Rating
Subpart J Instructors
Subpart K Examiners

Requirements to act as a flight crew member of a civil aircraft registered

in a Member State and know the general principles of the licensing system
(light aircraft pilot licence (LAPL), private pilot licence (PPL), commercial
pilot licence (CPL), multi-crew pilot licence (MPL), airline transport pilot
licence (ATPL)). In order to act as a flight crew member of a civil aircraft registered in
a Member State, a particular licence, associated rating or certificate must be held, together
with a current medical certificate and a specific language proficiency. Those are the general
requirements:

An application for the issue, revalidation or renewal of pilot licences and associated
ratings and certificates shall be submitted to the competent authority in a form and
manner established by that authority.

Aplicants shall take entire set of theoretical knwledge examinations for a specific
licence or rating under the responsibility of the same Member State’s competent
authority.

A skill test for the issue of a licence must be taken after passing the theoretical
knowledge exam.

A current and specific medical certificate, adequate to the type of licence held or the
licence applying to, shall be passed renewed or revalidated.
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An operational level (Level 4) language proficiency must also be attained. The

licensing system requires some principles, such as, a mínimum age, privileges,
conditions, crediting, training courses, theoretical knowledge examinations and skill
tests. Al lof these general principles must be met when applying for a licence.
However, each type of licence requires different specifications for each principle.

List the two factors that are relevant to the exercise of the privileges of a
licence.

The exercise of the privileges granted by a licence shall be dependent upon the
validity of the ratings contained therein, if applicable, and of the medical certificate.
State the circumstances in which a language proficiency endorsement is
required. Aeroplane, helicopter, powered-lift and airship pilots required to use the radio
telephone shall not exercise the privileges of their licences and ratings unless they have a
language proficiency endorsement on their licence in either English or the language used for
radio communications involved in the flight.
The endorsement shall indicate the language, the proficiency level and the validity
date.
The applicant for a language proficiency endorsement shall demonstrate, in
accordance with Appendix 2 to this Part, at least an operational level of language
proficiency both in the use of phraseologies and plain language. To do so, the applicant
shall demonstrate the ability to:

Communicate effectively in voice-only and in face-to-face situations

Communicate on common and work-related topics with accuracy and clarity

Use appropriate communicative strategies to exchange messages and to recognise and

resolve misunderstandings in a general or work-related context
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handle successfully the linguistic challenges presented by a complication or

unexpected turn of events which occurs within the context of a routine work situation
or communicative task with which they are otherwise familiar

Use a dialect or accent which is intelligible to the aeronautical community

Except for pilots who have demonstrated language proficiency at an expert level, in
accordance with Appendix 2 to this Part, the language proficiency endorsement shall be
re-evaluated every:

4 years, if the level demonstrated is operational level

6 years, if the level demonstrated is extended level

List the restrictions for licence holders with an age of 60 years or more.

Age 60-64: Aeroplanes and helicopters. The holder of a pilot licence who has attained
the age of 60 years shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in commercial air
transport except as a member of a multi-pilot crew.

Age 65: Except in the case of a holder of a balloon or sailplane pilot licence, the
holder of a pilot licence who has attained the age of 65 years shall not act as a pilot
of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport.

Age 70: The holder of a balloon or sailplane pilot licence who has attained the age of
70 years shall not act as a pilot of a balloon or a sailplane engaged in commercial air
transport.

Explain the term ‘competent authority’. The competent authority shall be an

authority designated by the Member State to whom a person applies for the issue of pilot
licences or associated ratings or certificates.
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Describe the obligation to carry and present documents under Part-FCL.

A valid licence and a valid medical certificate shall always be carried by the pilot
when exercising the privileges of the licence.

The pilot shall also carry a personal identification document containing his/her photo.

A pilot or a student pilot shall without undue delay present his/her flight time record
for inspection upon request by an authorised representative of a competent authority.

A student pilot shall carry on all solo cross-country flights evidence of the
authorisation

2.3. Commercial pilot licence (CPL)

State the requirements for the issue of a CPL. An applicant for the issue of a
CPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type rating of the aircraft used in
the skill test.
Minimum age. An applicant for a CPL shall be at least 18 years of age.
CPL integrated course — Aeroplanes, Flying Training. The flying training,
not including type rating training, shall comprise a total of at least 150 hours, to include all
progress tests, of which up to 5 hours for the entire course may be instrument ground time.
Within the total of 150 hours, applicants shall complete at least:

80 hours of dual instruction, of which up to 5 hours may be instrument ground time

70 hours as PIC

20 hours of cross-country flight as PIC, including a VFR cross-country flight of at

least 540 km (300 NM), in the course of which full stop landings at two aerodromes
different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made
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5 hours flight time shall be completed at night, comprising 3 hours of dual

instruction, which shall include at least 1 hour of cross-country navigation and 5 solo
take-offs and 5 solo full stop landings.

10 hours of instrument flight instruction, of which up to 5 hours may be Instrument

ground time in an FNPT I, FTD2, FNPT II or FFS.

5 hours to be carried out in an aeroplane certificated for the carriage of at least four
persons that has a variable pitch propeller and retractable landing gear.

CPL modular course — Aeroplanes, Experience. The applicant for a

CPL(A) shall have completed at least 200 hours flight time, including at least:

100 hours as PIC, of which 20 hours of cross-country flight as PIC, which shall
include a VFR cross-country flight of at least 540 km (300 NM), in the course of
which full stop landings at two aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure
shall be made.

5 hours of flight time shall be completed at night, comprising 3 hours of dual

instruction, which shall include at least 1 hour of cross-country navigation and 5 solo
take-offs and 5 solo full stop landings.

10 hours of instrument flight instruction, of which up to 5 hours may be instrument

ground time in an FNPT I, or FNPT II or FFS.

6 hours of flight time shall be completed in a multi engine aeroplane.

State the privileges of a CPL. The privileges of the holder of a CPL are, within
the appropriate aircraft category, to:

Exercise all the privileges of the holder of an LAPL and a PPL

Act as PIC or co-pilot of any aircraft engaged in operations other than commercial
air transport.
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Act as PIC in commercial air transport of any single-pilot aircraft subject to the
restrictions specified in FCL.060 and in this Subpart.

Act as co-pilot in commercial air transport subject to the restrictions specified in

FCL.060.

2.4. Airline transport pilot licence (ATPL) and multi-crew pilot licence

(MPL)

State the requirements for the issue of an ATPL.. Applicants for the issue of
an ATPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the type rating of the aircraft used in the
skill test.
Minimum age. Applicants for an ATPL shall be at least 21 years of age.
Prerequisites, experience and crediting ((a) and (b)). Applicants for an
ATPL(A) shall hold:

An MPL

A CPL(A) and a multi-engine IR for aeroplanes. In this case, the applicant shall also
have received instruction in MCC.

Experience. Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall have completed a minimum of 1 500

hours of flight time in aeroplanes, including at least:

• 500 hours in multi-pilot operations on aeroplanes

• 500 hours as PIC under supervision or

1. 500 hours as PIC under supervision

2. 250 hours as PIC

3. 250 hours, including at least 70 hours as PIC, and the remaining as PIC
under supervision
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• 200 hours of cross-country flight time of which at least 100 hours shall be as PIC
or as PIC under supervision

• 75 hours of instrument time of which not more than 30 hours may be instrument
ground time

• 100 hours of night flight as PIC or co-pilot

Of the 1 500 hours of flight time, up to 100 hours of flight time may have been
completed in an FFS and FNPT. Of these 100 hours, only a maximum of 25 hours
may be completed in an FNPT.

State the privileges of an ATPL. The privileges of the holder of an ATPL are,
within the appropriate aircraft category, to:

Exercise all the privileges of the holder of an LAPL, a PPL and a CPL.

Act as PIC of aircraft engaged in commercial air transport.

Applicants for the issue of an ATPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the
type rating of the aircraft used in the skill test.
State the requirements for the issue of an MPL. Before exercising the
privileges of a CPL(A), the holder of an MPL shall have completed in aeroplanes:

70 hours of flight time, as PIC or made up of at least 10 hours as PIC and the
additional flight time as PIC under supervision (PICUS). Of these 70 hours, 20 shall
be of VFR cross-country flight time as PIC, or cross-country flight time made up of
at least 10 hours as PIC and 10 hours as PICUS. This shall include a VFR
cross-country flight of at least 540 km (300 NM) in the course of which full-stop
landings at two different aerodromes shall be flown as PIC

the elements of the CPL(A) modular course as specified in paragraphs 10(a) and 11
of Appendix 3, E to this Part;

The CPL(A) skill test, in accordance with FCL.320.

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Minimum age. An applicant for an MPL shall be at least 18 years of age.

Aircrew Regulation. As the licence is designed for co-pilots of multi-crew
aeroplanes, the holder of an MPL will not be able to exercise the privileges of the licence
on single-pilot operation aeroplanes.
MPL — Training course and theoretical knowledge examinations. About
the course an applicant for an MPL shall have completed a training course of theoretical
knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO in accordance with Appendix 5 to this Part.
Theoretical knowledge and flight instruction for the issue of an MPL shall include upset
prevention and recovery training.
About the examination part an applicant for an MPL shall have demonstrated a
level of knowledge appropriate to the holder of an ATPL(A), in accordance with FCL.515,
and of a multi-pilot type rating.
State the privileges of an MPL. The privileges of the holder of an MPL are to
act as co-pilot in an aeroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot. The holder of an
MPL may obtain the extra privileges of:

the holder of a PPL(A), provided that the requirements for the PPL(A) specified in
Subpart C are met.

a CPL(A), provided that the requirements specified in FCL.325.A are met.

The holder of an MPL shall have the privileges of his/her IR(A) limited to aeroplanes
required to be operated with a co-pilot. The privileges of the IR(A) may be extended to
single-pilot operations in aeroplanes, provided that the licence holder has completed the
training necessary to act as PIC in single-pilot operations exercised solely by reference to
instruments and passed the skill test of the IR(A) as a single-pilot.

2.5. Ratings

State the requirements for class ratings, their validity and privileges..
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The period of validity of class and type ratings shall be 1 year, except for single-pilot
single-engine class ratings, for which the period of validity shall be 2 years, unless
otherwise determined by the operational suitability data, established in accordance
with Part-21.

Renewal. If a class or type rating has expired, the applicant shall:

1. Take refresher training at an ATO, when necessary to reach the level of

proficiency necessary to safely operate the relevant class or type of aircraft

2. Pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part.

Validity and renewal of class and type ratings; Privileges of the holder of
a class or type rating; Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue
of class or type ratings — aeroplanes.

The period of validity of class and type ratings shall be 1 year, except for single-pilot
single-engine class ratings, for which the period of validity shall be 2 years, unless
otherwise determined by the operational suitability data, established in accordance
with Part-21.

Renewal. If a class or type rating has expired, the applicant shall:

1. Take refresher training at an ATO, when necessary to reach the level of

proficiency necessary to safely operate the relevant class or type of aircraft.

2. Pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part.

Privileges of the holder of a class or type rating. The privileges of the holder
of a class or type rating are to act as pilot on the class or type of aircraft specified in the
rating.
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Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of class or type

ratings aeroplanes. Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data
established in accordance with Part-21, an applicant for a class or type rating shall comply
with the following experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of the relevant
rating:

Single-pilot multi-engine aeroplanes. An applicant for a first class or type rating on a

single-pilot multi-engine aeroplane shall have completed at least 70 hours as PIC on
aeroplanes.

Single-pilot high performance non-complex aeroplanes. Before starting flight training,

an applicant for a first class or type rating for a single-pilot aeroplane classified as a
high performance aeroplane shall:

1. Have at least 200 hours of total flying experience, of which 70 hours as PIC on
aeroplanes.

2. Hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of a course for additional theoretical

knowledge undertaken at an ATO

3. have passed the ATPL(A) theoretical knowledge examinations in accordance

with this Part

4. hold, in addition to a licence issued in accordance with this Part, an ATPL(A)

or CPL(A)/IR with theoretical knowledge credit for ATPL(A), issued in
accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention

5. in addition, pilots seeking the privilege to operate the aeroplane in multi-pilot

operations shall meet the requirements of (d)(4).

Single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes. Applicants for the issue of a first
type rating for a complex single-pilot aeroplane classified as a high performance
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aeroplane shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of (b), have fulfilled the
requirements for a multi-engine IR(A), as established in Subpart G

Multi-pilot aeroplanes. An applicant for the first type rating course for a multi-pilot
aeroplane shall be a student pilot currently undergoing training on an MPL training
course or comply with the following requirements:

1. Have at least 70 hours of flight experience as PIC on aeroplanes

2. Hold a multi-engine IR(A)

3. Have passed the ATPL(A) theoretical knowledge examinations in accordance

with this Part.

4. Except when the type rating course is combined with an MCC course:

a) Hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of an MCC course in aeroplanes

b) Hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of MCC in helicopters and have

more than 100 hours of flight experience as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters

c) Have at least 500 hours as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters

d) Have at least 500 hours as a pilot in multi-pilot operations on single-pilot

multi-engine aeroplanes, in commercial air transport in accordance with the
applicable air operations requirements.

Notwithstanding point (d), a Member State may issue a type rating with restricted
privileges for multi-pilot aeroplanes that allows the holder of such rating to act as a
cruise relief co-pilot above Flight Level 200, provided that two other members of the
crew have a type rating in accordance with point (d).

Additional multi-pilot and single-pilot high performance complex aeroplane type

ratings. An applicant for the issue of additional multi-pilot type ratings and
single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes type ratings shall hold a
multi-engine IR(A).
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When so determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance

with Part-21, the exercise of the privileges of a type rating may be initially limited to
flight under the supervision of an instructor. The flight hours under supervision shall
be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent record and signed by the instructor.
The limitation shall be removed when the pilot demonstrates that the hours of flight
under supervision required by the operational suitability data have been completed.

Validity and renewal of class and type ratings.

The period of validity of class and type ratings shall be 1 year, except for single-pilot
single-engine class ratings, for which the period of validity shall be 2 years, unless
otherwise determined by the operational suitability data, established in accordance
with Part-21.

Renewal. If a class or type rating has expired, the applicant shall:

1. Take refresher training at an ATO, when necessary to reach the level of

proficiency necessary to safely operate the relevant class or type of aircraft

2. Pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part.

State the requirements for instrument ratings, their validity and

privileges (instrument rating (IR), competency-based instrument rating
(CB-IR) and enroute instrument rating (EIR)..

FCL.825 En route instrument rating (EIR)

1. The privileges of the holder of an en route instrument rating (EIR) are to

conduct flights by day under IFR in the en route phase of flight, with an
aeroplane for which a class or type rating is held. The privilege may be extended
to conduct flights by night under IFR in the en route phase of flight if the pilot
holds a night rating in accordance with FCL.810.
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2. The holder of the EIR shall only commence or continue a flight on which he/she
intends to exercise the privileges of his/her rating if the latest available
meteorological information indicates that:

a) The weather conditions on departure are such as to enable the segment of

the flight from take-off to a planned VFR-to-IFR transition to be conducted
in compliance with VFR

b) At the estimated time of arrival at the planned destination aerodrome, the

weather conditions will be such as to enable the segment of the flight from
an IFR-to-VFR transition to landing to be conducted in compliance with
VFR.

Instrument Rating (IR)

1. The privileges of a holder of an IR are to fly aircraft under IFR, including PBN
operations, with a minimum decision height of no less than 200 feet (60 m).

2. In the case of a multi-engine IR, these privileges may be extended to decision

heights lower than 200 feet (60 m) when the applicant has undergone specific
training at an ATO and has passed section 6 of the skill test prescribed in
Appendix 9 to this Part in multi-pilot aircraft.

3. Holders of an IR shall exercise their privileges in accordance with the conditions

established in Appendix 8 to this Part.

4. Helicopters only. To exercise privileges as PIC under IFR in multi-pilot

helicopters, the holder of an IR(H) shall have at least 70 hours of instrument
time of which up to 30 hours may be instrument ground time.

5. Validity. An IR shall be valid for 1 year.

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State the requirements for other ratings, their validity and privileges
according to Part-FCL of: Aerobatic rating, Sailplane towing and banner
towing ratings; Night rating; Mountain rating; Flight test rating..

Aerobatic Rating

1. Holders of a pilot licence for aeroplanes, TMG or sailplanes shall only undertake
aerobatic flights when they hold the appropriate rating.

2. Applicants for an aerobatic rating shall have completed:

a) At least 40 hours of flight time or, in the case of sailplanes, 120 launches as
PIC in the appropriate aircraft category, completed after the issue of the
licence

b) a training course at an ATO, including:

1) Theoretical knowledge instruction appropriate for the rating

2) At least 5 hours or 20 flights of aerobatic instruction in the appropriate

aircraft category.

3. The privileges of the aerobatic rating shall be limited to the aircraft category in
which the flight instruction was completed. The privileges will be extended to
another category of aircraft if the pilot holds a licence for that aircraft category
and has successfully completed at least 3 dual training flights covering the full
aerobatic training syllabus in that category of aircraft.

Sailplane towing and banner towing ratings

1. Holders of a pilot licence with privileges to fly aeroplanes or TMGs shall only
tow sailplanes or banners when they hold the appropriate sailplane towing or
banner towing rating.

2. Holders of a pilot licence with privileges to fly aeroplanes or TMGs shall only
tow sailplanes or banners when they hold the appropriate sailplane towing or
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banner towing rating.

a) At least 30 hours of flight time as PIC and 60 take-offs and landings in

aeroplanes, if the activity is to be carried out in aeroplanes, or in TMGs, if
the activity is to be carried out in TMGs, completed after the issue of the
licence.

b) a training course at an ATO including:

1) Theoretical knowledge instruction on towing operations and procedures

2) At least 10 instruction flights towing a sailplane, including at least 5

dual instruction flights.

3) Except for holders of an LAPL(S) or an SPL, 5 familiarisation flights in

a sailplane which is launched by an aircraft.

3. Applicants for a banner towing rating shall have completed:

a) At least 100 hours of flight time and 200 take-offs and landings as PIC on
aeroplanes or TMG, after the issue of the licence. At least 30 of these hours
shall be in aeroplanes, if the activity is to be carried out in aeroplanes, or in
TMG, if the activity is to be carried out in TMGs.

b) A training course at an ATO including:

1) Theoretical knowledge instruction on towing operations and procedures.

2) At least 10 instruction flights towing a banner, including at least 5 dual

flights.

c) The privileges of the sailplane and banner towing ratings shall be limited to
aeroplanes or TMG, depending on which aircraft the flight instruction was
completed. The privileges will be extended if the pilot holds a licence for
aeroplanes or TMG and has successfully completed at least 3 dual training
flights covering the full towing training syllabus in either aircraft, as
relevant.
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d) In order to exercise the privileges of the sailplane or banner towing ratings,

the holder of the rating shall have completed a minimum of 5 tows during
the last 24 months.

e) When the pilot does not comply with the requirement in (e), before
resuming the exercise of his/her privileges, the pilot shall complete the
missing tows with or under the supervision of an instructor.

Night rating

1. If the privileges of an LAPL, an SPL or a PPL for aeroplanes, TMGs or airships

are to be exercised in VFR conditions at night, applicants shall have completed
a training course at an ATO. The course shall comprise:

a) Theoretical knowledge instruction.

b) At least 5 hours of flight time in the appropriate aircraft category at night,

including at least 3 hours of dual instruction, including at least 1 hour of
cross-country navigation with at least one dual cross-country flight of at
least 50 km (27 NM) and 5 solo take-offs and 5 solo full-stop landings.

2. Before completing the training at night, LAPL holders shall have completed the
basic instrument flight training required for the issue of the PPL.

3. When applicants hold both a single-engine piston aeroplane (land) and a TMG
class rating, they may complete the requirements in (1) above in either class or
both classes.

Mountain rating

1. Privileges. The privileges of the holder of a mountain rating are to conduct

flights with aeroplanes or TMG to and from surfaces designated as requiring
such a rating by the appropriate authorities designated by the Member States.
The initial mountain rating may be obtained either on:
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a) Wheels, to grant the privilege to fly to and from such surfaces when they
are not covered by snow.

b) Skis, to grant the privilege to fly to and from such surfaces when they are
covered by snow.

c) The privileges of the initial rating may be extended to either wheel or ski
privileges when the pilot has undertaken an appropriate additional
familiarisation course, including theoretical knowledge instruction and flight
training, with a mountain flight instructor.

2. Validity. A mountain rating shall be valid for a period of 24 months.

3. Training course. Applicants for a mountain rating shall have completed, within a
period of 24 months, a course of theoretical knowledge instruction and flight
training at an ATO. The content of the course shall be appropriate to the
privileges sought.

4. Skill test. After the completion of the training, the applicant shall pass a skill
test with an FE qualified for this purpose. The skill test shall contain:

a) A verbal examination of theoretical knowledge

b) 6 Landings on at least 2 different surfaces designated as requiring a

mountain rating other than the surface of departure.

5. Revalidation. For revalidation of a mountain rating, the applicant shall:

a) Have completed at least 6 mountain landings in the past 24 months.

b) Pass a proficiency check. The proficiency check shall comply with the
requirements in (c).

6. Renewal. If the rating has lapsed, the applicant shall comply with the
requirement in (e)(2).

Flight test rating

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1. Holders of a pilot licence for aeroplanes or helicopters shall only act as PIC in
category 1 or 2 flight tests, as defined in Part-21, when they hold a flight test
rating.

2. The obligation to hold a flight test rating established in (a) shall only apply to
flight tests conducted on:

a) Helicopters certificated or to be certificated in accordance with the

standards of CS-27 or CS-29 or equivalent airworthiness codes.

b) aeroplanes certificated or to be certificated in accordance with:

1) The standards of CS-25 or equivalent airworthiness codes

2) The standards of CS-23 or equivalent airworthiness codes, except for

aeroplanes with an maximum take-off mass of less than 2 000 kg.

3. The privileges of the holder of a flight test rating are to, within the relevant
aircraft category:

a) In the case of a category 1 flight test rating, conduct all categories of flight
tests, as defined in Part-21, either as PIC or co-pilot.

b) In the case of a category 2 flight test rating:

1) conduct category 1 flight tests, as defined in Part-21 as a co-pilot, or as

PIC, in the case of aeroplanes referred to in (b)(2)(ii), except for those
within the commuter category or having a design diving speed above 0,6
mach or a maximum ceiling above 25 000 feet.

2) Conduct all other categories of flight tests, as defined in Part-21, either

as PIC or co-pilot

c) Conduct flights without a type or class rating as defined in Subpart H,

except that the flight test rating shall not be used for commercial air
transport operations.

d) Applicants for the first issue of a flight test rating shall:

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1) Hold at least a CPL and an IR in the appropriate aircraft category.

2) Have completed at least 1 000 hours of flight time in the appropriate

aircraft category, of which at least 400 hours as PIC.

3) Have completed a training course at an ATO appropriate to the

intended aircraft and category of flights. The training shall cover at
least the following subjects:

• Performance

• Stability and control/Handling qualities

• Systems

• Test management

• Risk/Safety management.

e) The privileges of holders of a flight test rating may be extended to another

category of flight test and another category of aircraft when they have
completed an additional course of training at an ATO.

2.6 Aircrew Regulation Part-MED

Aircrew Regulation Part-MED Details. Describe the relevant content of

PartMED — Medical requirements (administrative parts and requirements
related to licensing only). Competent authority; Scope; Validity, revalidation
and renewal of medical certificates.
Competent authority. The competent authority shall be:

for aero-medical centres (AeMC):

1. The authority designated by the Member State where the AeMC has its
principal place of business

2. Where the AeMC is located in a third country, the Agency

For aero-medical examiners (AME):

 25

1. the authority designated by the Member State where the AMEs have their
principal place of practice

2. If the principal place of practice of an AME is located in a third country, the

authority designated by the Member State to which the AME applies for the
issue of the AME certificate.

For general medical practitioners (GMP), the authority designated by the Member
State to which the GMP notifies his/her activity.

For occupational health medical practitioners (OHMP) assessing the medical fitness
of cabin crew, the authority designated by the Member State to which the OHMP
notifies his/her activity.

Validity.

Class 1 medical certificates shall be valid for a period of 12 months.

The period of validity of Class 1 medical certificates shall be reduced to 6 months for
licence holders who:

1. Are engaged in single-pilot commercial air transport operations carrying

passengers and have reached the age of 40

2. Have reached the age of 60.

Class 2 medical certificates shall be valid for a period of:

1. 60 months until the licence holder reaches the age of 40. A medical certificate
issued prior to reaching the age of 40 shall cease to be valid after the licence
holder reaches the age of 42

2. 24 months between the age of 40 and 50. A medical certificate issued prior to
reaching the age of 50 shall cease to be valid after the licence holder reaches the
age of 51
 26

3. 12 months after the age of 50

LAPL medical certificates shall be valid for a period of:

1. 60 months until the licence holder reaches the age of 40. A medical certificate
issued prior to reaching the age of 40 shall cease to be valid after the licence
holder reaches the age of 42

2. 24 months after the age of 40.

The validity period of a medical certificate, including any associated examination or

special investigation, shall be:

1. determined by the age of the applicant at the date when the medical
examination takes place

2. calculated from the date of the medical examination in the case of initial issue
and renewal, and from the expiry date of the previous medical certificate in the
case of revalidation

Revalidation. Examinations and/or assessments for the revalidation of a

medical certificate may be undertaken up to 45 days prior to the expiry date of the medical
certificate.
Renewal.

If the holder of a medical certificate does not comply with Revalidation, a renewal
examination and/or assessment shall be required.

In the case of Class 1 and Class 2 medical certificates:

1. If the medical certificate has expired for more than 2 years, the AeMC or AME
shall only conduct the renewal examination after assessment of the aero-medical
records of the applicant
 27

2. If the medical certificate has expired for more than 5 years, the examination
requirements for initial issue shall apply and the assessment shall be based on
the revalidation requirements.

In the case of LAPL medical certificates, the AeMC, AME or GMP shall assess the
medical history of the applicant and perform the aero-medical examination and/or
assessment in accordance with MED.B.095.

State the requirements for the issue of a medical certificate. Issue,

revalidation, and renewal of medical certificates.

A medical certificate shall only be issued, revalidated or renewed once the required
medical examinations and/or assessments have been completed and a fit assessment
is made.

Initial issue:

1. Class 1 medical certificates shall be issued by an AeMC.

2. Class 2 medical certificates shall be issued by an AeMC or an AME.

3. LAPL medical certificates shall be issued by an AeMC, an AME or, if permitted

under the national law of the Member State where the licence is issued, by a
GMP.

Revalidation and renewal:

1. Class 1 and Class 2 medical certificates shall be revalidated or renewed by an

AeMC or an AME.

2. LAPL medical certificates shall be revalidated or renewed by an AeMC, an

AME or, if permitted under the national law of the Member State where the
licence is issued, by a GMP.

The AeMC, AME or GMP shall only issue, revalidate or renew a medical certificate if:
 28

1. The applicant has provided them with a complete medical history and, if
required by the AeMC, AME or GMP, results of medical examinations and tests
conducted by the applicant’s doctor or any medical specialists

2. The AeMC, AME or GMP have conducted the aero-medical assessment based
on the medical examinations and tests as required for the relevant medical
certificate to verify that the applicant complies with all the relevant
requirements of this Part.

The AME, AeMC or, in the case of referral, the licensing authority may require the
applicant to undergo additional medical examinations and investigations when
clinically indicated before they issue, revalidate or renew a medical certificate.

The licensing authority may issue or re-issue a medical certificate, as applicable, if:

1. A case is referred

2. It has identified that corrections to the information on the certificate are

necessary.

Name the class of medical certificate required when exercising the

privileges of a CPL, MPL or ATPL. Medical certificates.

A student pilot shall not fly solo unless that student pilot holds a medical certificate,
as required for the relevant licence.

Applicants for and holders of a light aircraft pilot licence (LAPL) shall hold at least
an LAPL medical certificate.

Applicants for and holders of a private pilot licence (PPL), a sailplane pilot licence
(SPL), or a balloon pilot licence (BPL) shall hold at least a Class 2 medical
certificate.
 29

Applicants for and holders of an SPL or a BPL involved in commercial sailplane or

balloon flights shall hold at least a Class 2 medical certificate.

If a night rating is added to a PPL or LAPL, the licence holder shall be colour safe.

Applicants for and holders of a commercial pilot licence (CPL), a multi-crew pilot
licence (MPL), or an airline transport pilot licence (ATPL) shall hold a Class 1
medical certificate.

If an instrument rating is added to a PPL, the licence holder shall undertake pure
tone audiometry examinations in accordance with the periodicity and the standard
required for Class 1 medical certificate holders.

A licence holder shall not at any time hold more than one medical certificate issued
in accordance with this Part.

State the actions to be taken in case of a decrease in medical fitness.

Licence holders shall not exercise the privileges of their licence and related ratings or
certificates at any time when they:

1. Are aware of any decrease in their medical fitness which might render them
unable to safely exercise those privileges.

2. Take or use any prescribed or non-prescribed medication which is likely to

interfere with the safe exercise of the privileges of the applicable licence

3. Receive any medical, surgical or other treatment that is likely to interfere with
flight safety.

In addition, licence holders shall, without undue delay, seek aero-medical advice when
they:

1. Have undergone a surgical operation or invasive procedure.

 30

2. Have commenced the regular use of any medication.

3. Have suffered any significant personal injury involving incapacity to function as

a member of the flight crew

4. Have been suffering from any significant illness involving incapacity to function
as a member of the flight crew.

5. Are pregnant.

6. Have been admitted to hospital or medical clinic.

7. First require correcting lenses.

In these cases:

1. Holders of Class 1 and Class 2 medical certificates shall seek the advice of an
AeMC or AME. The AeMC or AME shall assess the medical fitness of the licence
holder and decide whether they are fit to resume the exercise of their privileges.

2. Holders of LAPL medical certificates shall seek the advice of an AeMC or AME,
or the GMP who signed the medical certificate. The AeMC, AME or GMP shall
assess the medical fitness of the licence holders and decide whether they are fit
to resume the exercise of their privileges.

Cabin crew members shall not perform duties on an aircraft and, where applicable,
shall not exercise the privileges of their cabin crew attestation when they are aware of
any decrease in their medical fitness, to the extent that this condition might render
them unable to discharge their safety duties and responsibilities.

In addition, if in the medical conditions specified in (b)(1) to (b)(5), cabin crew

members shall, without undue delay, seek the advice of an AME, AeMC, or OHMP
as applicable. The AME, AeMC or OHMP shall assess the medical fitness of the
cabin crew members and decide whether they are fit to resume their safety duties.
 31

References

1. Part-FCL - Flight Crew Licensing

https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/downloads/84905/en

2. Annex 1. Twelfth Edition, July 2018 to the Convention on International Civil

Aviation, Personnel Licensing
https://www.icao.int/APAC/Meetings/2019

3. Website
https://part-aero.com/