IMPACT AND CAUSES OF PELVIC INFLAMMATORY

DISEASE AMONG WOMEN IN SHARADA WARD, KANO

MUNICPAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KANO STATE

BY
JAMILA NURA MUHAMMAD
ADCOHST/CHD/2019/022

SEPTEMBER, 2022
 IMPACT AND CAUSES OF PELVIC INFLAMMATORY
DISEASE AMONG WOMEN IN SHARADA WARD, KANO
MUNICPAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KANO STATE

BY
JAMILA NURA MUHAMMAD
ADCOHST/CHD/2019/022

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT

OF COMMUNITY HEALTH SCIENCE, AMINU DABO
COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

PROFESSIONAL DIPLOMA IN COMMUNITY HEALTH BY
COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTITIONERS REGISTRATION
BOARD OF NIGERIA (CHPRBN) ABUJA

SEPTEMBER, 2022

ii
 APPROVAL PAGE

This project work has been read by my supervisor and approved as meeting the
requirement of the department of Community Health for the award of Professional
Diploma in Community Health by Community Health Practitioners Registration
Board of Nigeria (CHPRBN) Abuja.

__________________ ________________

Mallam Aisar Sanusi Maigayya Date

(Project Supervisor)

__________________ ________________

Malama Maryam Isah Bashir Date

(H.O.D Community Health)

__________________ ________________

Malama Zainab Date

(Project Coordinator)

__________________ ________________

External Examine Date

iii
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare this project work was carried out by me under the supervision of Mallam
Aisar Sanusi Maigayya, from the department of community health, Aminu Dabo College
of Health Sciences and Technology, Kano state.

___________________________. ________________________

Jamila Nura Muhammad Date

ADCOHST/2019/CHD/022

iv
 DEDICATION
I dedicated this research first and foremost to Almighty God who has been there right
from the beginning to this very point . And as well i would be honor to dedicate this
compilation to my ever supportive parents, the two person that gave me tools and values
necessary to be where i am standing today. ''Mom and dad" I hope that I can make you
proud, the same way that I am proud of having both of you as my parents and as the
compass of my life. I am indeed grateful, may almighty Allah reward you with jannatul
firdausi Ameen.

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Almighty Allah the beneficent, the merciful, and peace be upon the
Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and his companions.
First of foremost, I would like to extent uncountable thanks to my project
supervisor Mallam Aisar Sanusi Maigayya" for giving me the opportunity and providing
invaluable guidance throughout my research.
My warm and heartfelt thanks goes to my beloved parents in person of (Alh. Nura
Muhammad Ringim and Hajiya Hadiza Yakubu Abubakar) for their support, caring,
advice, prayers and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future. I appreciate
everything you've done to me. May God shower his blessings onto you and reward you
with jannah.
Special thanks goes to HOD community health department in person of "Malama
Maryam Isah Bashir", and also i would like to express my sincere gratitude to the former
HOD community health and the current coordinator of the department in person of "sir
Aisar Sanusi Maigayya" who contribute , assist, encourage, motivate and stimulate and
guide me through my academic tenure.
Appreciation and special thanks goes to my intimate, companion of my family
members and for their support and advice academically and morally, may Allah reward
you abundantly.
Also I will like to acknowledge my family for their tremendous support they had
given to me. I appreciate your immense kindness and I'm so thankful.
I am over helmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge my depth to
"Khadija Fulani" who have always been there by my side, thanks for your love,
understanding, prayers and continuity support to complete this research work.
Finally, I would like to thank God for letting me through all the difficulties. I have
experience your guidance day by day, I will keep on trusting you for my future.

vi
 ABSTRACT
This study was designed to access the impact on pelvic inflammatory disease among
women at Sharada KMC local government area, Kano state. Four objectives where set
up which include: to assess the knowledge of women perceived with causes of PID, to
assess the knowledge on women against effect of PID in the study area, to document the
preventive measures being taking by the women against PID in the study area and also to
identify factors affecting the women from taking correct preventive measures against
PID. Descriptive survey research design was employed and the simple random sampling
techniques was adopted to select the 100 respondents were structural questions for
obtaining the information were distributed sampling size severity respondents and 95
questionnaires were retrieved. The data collected was presented in tabular form and was
analyzed by using the mean of standard were used to project the descriptive data
observed the majority of the people there are facing PIDs, it's health implication among
inhibitors of area , and it was discovered that causes and effect, preventive measures of
PIDs. It was conducted that most of women understand the cause and symptoms of pelvic
inflammatory disease. It's therefore recommended that the government should ensure on
more awareness campaigns to sensitize women on the causes and prevention of pelvic
disease, especially more qualified persons to how i.e women reproductive health
problems most especially pelvic inflammatory disease in hospitals.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………………....i

APPROVAL PAGE..........................................................................................................iii

DECLARATION..............................................................................................................iv

DEDICATION...................................................................................................................v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................vi

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................vii

TABLE OF CONTENT..................................................................................................viii

CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the study..............................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the problem.............................................................................................2

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the study.................................................................................3

1.3.1 Aim of the study........................................................................................................3

1.3.2 Objectives of the study..............................................................................................3

1.4 Research Question........................................................................................................4

1.5 Scope of the study........................................................................................................4

1.6 Definition of terms.......................................................................................................4

1.6.1 Abbreviations............................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO...............................................................................................................6

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE.................................................................6

2.0 Introduction..................................................................................................................6

viii
2.1 Theoretical Framework...............................................................................................6

2.2 Concept of woman.......................................................................................................7

2.3 Concept of PID............................................................................................................. 7

2.4 Causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.....................................................................10

2.5 Signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease.................................................12

2.6 Effect of PID..............................................................................................................14

2.7 Prevention and control of pid.....................................................................................16

2.8 Summary....................................................................................................................18

CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................20

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................20

3.0 Introduction................................................................................................................20

3.1 Research design..........................................................................................................20

3.2 Area of the study........................................................................................................21

3.3 Population of the study...............................................................................................21

3.4 sample and sampling technique..................................................................................21

3.5 Instrument for data collection.....................................................................................21

3.6 Validity of the research instrument............................................................................21

3.7 Reliability of the instrument.......................................................................................22

3.8 Procedure for data collection......................................................................................22

3.9 procedure for data analysis.........................................................................................22

CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................23

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION.........................................23

4.0 Introduction................................................................................................................23

4.1 Presenting demographic data......................................................................................23

ix
4.2 Answering Research Questions..................................................................................25

CHAPTER FIVE.............................................................................................................. 29

SUMMMARY, CONCLUSION, DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS AND

RECOMMENDATION...................................................................................................29

5.0 Introduction................................................................................................................29

5.1 Summary of the study................................................................................................29

5.2 Discussion of major findings......................................................................................30

5.3 Conclusion.................................................................................................................30

5.4 Recommendation...................................................................................................31

REFERENCES................................................................................................................32

APPENDIX...................................................................................................................... 34

x
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

It has been estimated that more than 1 million women experience an episode of acute

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) each year, and the rate is higher in teenagers and first

time mothers. More than 100,000 women become infertile each year as a result of PID

and a large proportion of the ectopic pregnancy occurring each year due to the

consequences of PID. Annually, more than 150 women die from PID or complications

(Romoke 2009).

The epidemiology study of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)is hindered by symptoms

that differ substantially from case to case and by a substantial number of “silent” cases

with few or no symptoms. Demographic data indicates that PID is primarily a disease of

the young. Race also appear to be a determinant but whether for biologic or sociologic

reasons is not known. Women who are married face a greater risk for PID than unmarried

women. the majority of PID cases are associated with sexually transmitted disease

(Consistent with this finding is the pattern of risk factors related to sexual behavior of

younger age at first intercourse). Right frequency of intercourse and along number of

sexual partners all increase the risk of PID.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection caused by bacteria when bacteria from

the vagina or cervix travel to your wombs, tube or ovaries it can cause an infection. Most

of the time, PID is caused by bacteria from Chlamydia and gonorrhea. These are sexually

1
transmitted infections (STIs). Having un protected sex with someone who has an STI can

cause PID (Wikipedia, 2011).

According to Rose (2002), chronic PID inflammation could extend to other areas of the

body and coned from filled blisters, on the ovaries and fallopian tubes. The blister if large

enough can cause permanent scaring in the reproductive system and this blocked are

movement from ovaries of the fallopian tubes to the uterus, thus, resulting in the

infertility or tubal pregnancy. (Remoke, 2009).

PID is not notifiable disease in most countries, not accurate statistics are available. This

situation is not in anyway different here in Nigeria and more. So in federal capital

territory whose this research was conducted there has never been a published report so far

on PID (Mitchel 2009).

1.2 Statement of the problem

Government in various countries and Nigeria have carried out a large and extensive

awareness programs to educate and inform child bearing age women in the causes, effect

and prevention of pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) to a large extent, these awareness

programmes have not yield positive result due to increased reported cases of the disease

among women and its devastating effects on reproductive health, these effects include

ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, unsatisfactory sex life and above all infertility.

(National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES 2013-2014) cycles starting

in 2018, NHANES female participants age 18-44 years were asked about a life time

history of PID diagnosis. Based on these data, the estimated prevalence of self reported

lifetime PID was 4.4% in sexually experienced women of reproductive age (18-44years).

2
The prevalence of self reported life time PID was highest in women at increased risk,

such a woman reporting a previous sexually transmitted infection (STIs) diagnosis, non

hispanic black and non hispanic white women reporting a previous STI diagnosis has

nearly reported life time PID (10%) US (10.3%). However, the whole prevalence of PID

among black women was 2.2 times that among white women if no previous STDs was

diagnosed (6.0% vs 2.7%) these findings suggest that PID is prevalent and associated

with previous STI diagnosis, therefore, it is important for clinicians to screen female

patient for Chlamydia and gonorrhea to reduce the incidence of PID.

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the study

1.3.1 Aim of the study

The aim/goal of this study is to determine the impact, causes, effect and prevention of

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among women in Sharada local government area of

Kano State.

1.3.2 Objectives of the study

The specific objectives are:

 To identify the causes of PID among women in the study area.

 To examine the mode of transmission of Pelvic inflammatory disease among

women in the study area.

 Assess the knowledge of the effect of PID among women in the study area.

3
  To suggest the possible ways for the prevention and control of PID in the study

area.

1.4 Research Question

The study will find answer to the following questions:

1. What are the perceived causes of PID among women of child bearing age?

2. Explain the mode of transmission of pelvic inflammatory disease among women

in the study area.

3. What is the level of knowledge of effect of PID among women in the study area?

4. What are the possible ways for the prevention and control of PID in the study

area?

1.5 Scope of the study

The study is to determine the impact, causes, effect and prevention of pelvic

inflammatory disease (PID) among women in Sharada ward, Kano Municipal local

government area of Kano state. Also the study was conducted between the month of

April – August, 2022.

1.6 Definition of terms

Operational definition is employed to define the following terms:

 Impact: having a strong effect on something

 Causes: make something especially something bad happen

 Pelvic: the area of the body below the abdomen that is located between the hip

bones and contains the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

4
  Inflammatory: relating or causing inflammation of a part of the body.

 Disease: any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an

organism, generally associated with a certain sign & symptoms.

1.6.1 Abbreviations

PID – Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases

STDs – Sexually Transmitted Diseases

STIs – Sexually Transmitted Infections

5
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with review of the related literature under the following

subheading which include:

 Theoretical framework

 Concept of women

 Concept Of PID

 Causes of PID

 Mode of transmission of pelvic inflammatory disease

 Effect of PID

 Possible ways of prevention and control of PID

 Summary

2.1 Theoretical Framework

Pelvic inflammatory disease is defined as an inflammation of the upper genital

tract due to an infection in women. The disease affect the uterus, fallopian tubes

and ovaries. It Is typically an ascending infection from spreading from the lower

genital tract. The majority of cases of PID are related to a sexually transmitted

infection. Your diagnosis of PID is primarily clinical and should be suspected in

female patients with lower abdominal or pelvic pain and genital tract tenderness.

6
During the patient evaluation, Other etiologies of pain including ectopic

pregnancy, should be considered and ruled out. PID is treated with antibiotics to

cover the primary pathogens, including neisseria, gonorrhea and chlamydia

trachomatis. Short term complications include ectopic pregnancy, infertility and

chronic pelvic pain. Early diagnosis and treatment can potentially prevent

complication.

2.2 Concept of woman

A woman is an individual of the sex that bears young once or that produces over

or eggs. However things are not so simple today. Woman can be defined by

physical appearance, by chromosome or by gender identification. Woman

chromosome, component the large majority of females have 46 xx Chromosome

Component(46, chromosome include 2x chromosomes). A minority of females

have other chromosome constitution such as 45x (45 chromosome including only

X chromosome) and 47 xx (Chromosomes including three X chromosomes).

2.3 Concept of PID

Pelvic inflammatory disease is defined as an inflammation of the upper genital

tract due to an infection in women. The disease affects the uterus, fallopian tubes

and ovaries it is typically an ascending infection, spreading from the lower genital

tract. The majority of the causes of pelvic inflammatory disease are related to

sexually transmitted infections. The diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease is

7
primarily clinical and should be suspected in female patients with lower abdominal

or pelvic pain and genital tenderness. During the patient evaluation, other elegies

of pain, including ectopic pregnancy should be considered and ruled out. Pelvic

inflammatory disease is treated with antibiotics to cover primary pathogens

including neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Short term complications include ectopic pregnancy, infertility and chronic pelvic

pain. Early diagnosis and treatment can potentially prevent complication.

Pelvic inflammatory disease is a disease that mostly affect women of childbearing

age. The disease is caused by a bacteria that spreads from the vagina and cervix

(center of disease control 2014)

Infection by Neisseria, Chlamydia trachomatis at present in 75 to 90% cases and

often multiple different bacteria are involved (Michelle 2013)

While the Health Organization 2012 stated that without treatment 10% of those

with chlamydia infection and 40% of those with gonorrheal infection will develop

pelvic inflammatory disease.

Risk factors are similar to those of sexually transmitted infection generally and

include high number of sexual partners and drug abuse. Vagina douching May

Also increase the risk. The diagnosis is practically based on the presenting signs

and symptoms. It is recommended that the disease be considered in all women who

have lower abdominal pain. A definite diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease is

8
made by finding pus involving the following tubes during surgery, Ultrasound may

also be useful in diagnosis (Center for Disease Control 2014)

According to British Columbia Center for Disease Control 2016, pelvic

inflammatory disease is an infection of women reproductive organs including the

uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It happens when bacteria travel up from the

vagina into the reproductive organs. Chlamydia and gonorrhea transmitted

bacterial infection that commonly causes pelvic inflammatory disease. According

to the Canadian pelvic inflammatory society 2014 stated that almost 100,000

Canadian women get pelvic inflammatory disease each year. American sexual

health association 2017 stipulated that pelvic inflammatory disease is a serious

infection of the upper genital tract or reproductive organs [uterus, fallopian tubes

and ovaries] of a female. Pelvic inflammatory disease can also be transmitted or

naturally occurred.

it can lead to infertility in women or life threatening complication.

Nicole 2015, define pelvic inflammatory disease as an infection of the

reproductive organ any women. The pelvic in the lower abdomen include the

fallopian tubes commands the ovaries, the Cervix and the uterus. According to the

United States Department of Health and Human service, this condition is common

and affect about 1,000,000 of women each year in the United states. Pelvic

inflammatory disease is a serious infection that develop when contaminated

9
sexually transmitted disease order infection and not treated. It can cause chronic

pain and infertility

2.4 Causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries.

Pelvic inflammatory disease happens when bacteria moves from vagina and cervix

to other parts of the body. It can lead to chronic pain and other serious health

problem like infertility [ Planned Parenthood 2017] be Center for disease as when

bacteria from the vagina passed through the cervix and moved up to do you to rules

and fallopian tubes the most common ways to get pelvic implemented disease are

from:

 Sexually transmitted infection; Usually gonorrhea and chlamydia

 Other non sexually transmitted bacteria

 Medical procedures such as abortion, D&C (Dilation and curettage) and

IUD (Intrauterine device) Insertion that may introduce bacteria into the

fallopian tubes.

Chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhea are usually the major cause of

pelvic inflammatory disease. data suggested that public inflammatory disease is

polymicrobial. isolated anaerobic and facultative Microorganism have been

obtained for the upper genital tract and gonorrhea have been isolated from

fallopian tube, Facultative and anaerobic organisms were recovered from

10
endometrial structure of the internal organs and tissue of the female reproductive

tract provide a pathway for pathogen to ascend from The vagina to the pelvic

cavity through the infindibulum. The disturbance of the naturally occurring vagina

micro biota associated with bacteriavaginosia Increase the risk of PID (Sharma

2014).

Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by an infection developing in the female

reproductive system. In most cases, the condition spreading from vagina or cervix

[entrance to the womb] into the womb, fallopian tube and ovaries.

pelvic inflammatory diseases often caused by more than one type of bacterium and

it can sometimes be difficult for doctors to pinpoint which are responsible.

The main cause of PID is through a sexually transmitted infection [STI]. Such as

chlamydia, gonorrhea or mycoplasma genitalium. These bacteria is usually only

infect the cervix, where they can be easily treated with antibiotics. If you have

chlamydia and it’s left untreated, it’s may develop into pelvic inflammatory

diseases within a year.

In many cases, the causes of PID is unknown sometimes the usually harmless

bacteria found in vagina can get past the cervix and into the reproductive organs.

Although harmless in the vagina this type of bacteria can cause infection in other

parts of the body. This is most likely to happen if:

 You had PID before

11
  There’s been damage to the cervix following childbirth or a miscarriage

 When having a procedure that involves opening of the cervix [such as

Abortion, inspection of the womb or insertion of an intrauterine device].

Bacteria entering the reproductive tract often cause pelvic inflammatory disease

These bacteria are passed From the vagina through the cervix, into the uterus,

fallopian tubes and ovaries and into the pelvis.

Normally, when back Enter the vagina the cervix keeps from spreading deeper to

other reproductive organs but sometimes the cervix becomes infected from an STI

like gonorrhea and chlamydia when that happens, it’s less able to keep bacteria out.

Untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia caused 90% PID cases. Other cases include:

 Abortion

 Child birth

 Pelvic procedure

 insertion of intrauterine device [IUD]

2.5 Signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease

symptoms in PID range from non to severe. If there are symptoms then fever,

cervical Martin tenderness, lower abdominal pain, new or different discharge,

painful intercourse, uterine tenderness or irregular menstruation may be noted

[CDC 2014, Michelle 2013]

12
Nicole stated that women with pelvic inflammatory disease PID don’t have

symptoms. For the women who have symptoms come out these include:

 Pain in the lower abdomen [the most common symptoms]

 Pain in the upper abdomen

 Painful sex

 Fever

 Irregular bleeding

 Increase or foul smelling vagina discharge

 Tiredness

Pelvic inflammatory disease PID can cause mild or moderate pain, however some

women have severe pain and symptoms such as:

 Sharp pain in the abdomen

 Vomiting

 Fainting

 A high fever [greater than 101 degree Fahrenheit]

The most symptoms of PID is pain in the lower abdomen usually on both side.

The pain may be crampy or a dull constant ache and off maybe worse during sex,

boy movement or when you urinate, some women also have fever and chills,

nausea and vomiting, lower back pain, abdominal fluid from vagina [discharge],

13
Used to urinate more often and abdominal vaginal bleeding or spotting between.

[B C Center for Disease Control, 2015]

According to Center for Disease Control, there are no tests for pid. The diagnosis

is usually based on combination of your medical history, physical examination and

other test result. You may not realize you have PID because your symptoms may

be mild or you may not experience any symptoms. However, if you have

symptoms you notice:

 Pain in your lower abdomen

 Fever

 And unusual discharge with a bad order from your vagina

 Pain and bleeding when having sex

 Burning sensation when urinating

 Bleeding between period

2.6 Effect of PID

If PID isn’t treated, it can lead to serious health problems that are life threatening.

The infection may spread to other parts of the body. PID can increase the risk of

ectopic pregnancy, which can be life threatening, people with PID can experience

chronic pain in their lower abdomen which can lead to infertility. The longer you

have PID the more likely that it is that you have dangerous long term health

14
problems and infertility. That is why it is very important to have any symptoms

checked out by a doctor and gets tested regularly for STD's. The sooner the better

PID can be treated, but treatment might not be able to undo damage caused by

long-term PID infection [Planned Parenthood 2017]

CDG [2015], posted that some of the effects and complication of PID are:

 formation of scar tissue both outside and inside fallopian tubes that can lead

to tubal blockage

 Like topic pregnancy [pregnancy outside the womb]

 Infertility [inability to get pregnant]

 Long term pelvic abdominal pain

Medscape, 2014 states that PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive system

which can later cause serious complications, include chronic pelvic pain, infertility,

ectopic pregnancy [the leading cause of pregnancy related death in adult female],

another complication of pregnancy. Occasionally, the infection can spread to in

there perineum causing inflammation and the forming of scar tissue to the external

surface of the liver [fitz-hugh-curtis syndrome].

Untreated pelvic inflammatory disease might cause scar tissue and pockets on

infected fluid [abscesses] to develop in the reproductive tract. These can cause

permanent damage to the reproductive organs. Complications from this damage

include:

15
  Ectopic pregnancy: PID is a major cause of tubal pregnancy [ectopic]. And

ectopic pregnancy can occur when untreated PID has caused scar tissue to

develop in the fallopian tube the scar tissue prevents the fertilized egg from

making its way through the fallopian tube to implant in the uterus. Instead,

the egg implant on the Fallopian tube. Ectopic pregnancies can cause

massive, life threatening bleeding and require emergency medical attention.

 Infertility: damage to reproductive organs may cause infertility. The more

times you have PID the greater your risk of Fertility. Delaying treatment for

PID also dramatically increases your risk of infertility.

 Chronic pelvic pain: PID can cause pain that may last for months or years,

scaring in your fallopian tubes and other pelvic organ can cause pain during

intercourse and ovulation.

 Tubo ovarian Abscess: might cause an Abscess a collection of pus. To form

in your reproductive tract. Most commonly, abscesses affect the fallopian

tubes and ovaries. But they can also develop in the uterus in order pelvic

organs. If it is left untreated it can develop life threatening infection.

2.7 Prevention and control of PID

Pelvic inflammatory disease can be prevented through the following:

 Regular testing for sexual transmitted infection is encouraged for prevention

[Smith,Look, Robert, 2011]

16
  Using barrier methods such as condoms and limitation of Your partners.

 Seeking medical attention if experiencing symptoms of PID [CDC 2015]

 seeking homeowner combined contraceptive pills also help in reducing the

chance of PID by thickening the cervical mucosal plug and have preventing

the ascent of course it if Organism from the lower genital tract [CDC 2015]

 Seeking medical attention after learning that a current or former sexual

partner has or might have a sexually transmitted infection.

 Diligence in avoiding vagina activity particularly intercourse after the end of

pregnancy [delivery, miscarriage or abortion] Or certain gynecological

procedures to ensure that the cervix doses.

 Reducing numbers of partners

 sexual monogamy after restricted sexual activities to two vagina or partners

remaining sexually, exclusive with Each other and having no outside sex

partners [Richard 2013] states that getting tested for STD’s is one of the best

ways to prevent PID, Because PID is usually caused by Chlamydia or

gonorrhea. Most people with gonorrhea or Chlamydia don’t have any

symptoms, so testing is the only way to know for sure if you have one of

these infection.

Chlamydia and gonorrhea can be easily treated and cured with antibiotics and the

sooner you and your partner get tested and treated, they lower your risk is for

17
developing PID. You can also help prevent these and other estd by having safer sex

and using condoms every time you have sex.

Hormonal birth control does not prevent sexually transmitted infections so even if

you are using birth control to prevent sexually transmitted infection STD’s that can

turn to PID, douching is generally not Healthy And can cause Irritation and

infection. Douching may also lead to PID because it pushes bacteria deeper into

the body. PID It’s really common and it is easily to develop PID without knowing

it. That is why it is important to get tested for STD’s and see doctor if you notice

any symptoms of PID

 mass media needs to be used more frequently and effectively by health

professionals for health promotion and prevention of STD including pid

 Appropriate clinical services, high quality clinical care, that is available and

accessible to person with PID should be developed and maintained.

 Health seeking behavior of both men and women influence the risk of lower

and upper genital tract infection. Prompt evaluation, compliance with

management instruction and referral of sex partners are likely to decrease the

risk of PID.

2.8 Summary

pelvic inflammatory diseases An infection and inflammation of the uterus, and

other female reproductive organs. It caused carrying in these organs, this can lead

18
to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain, abscesses and other serious problem.

PID is the most common preventable cause of infertility in the United states. Two

sexually transmitted disease open brackets gonorrhea and chlamydia] and the most

common causes of PID. Other bacteria can also cause it. You are at greater risk

when you:

 A sexually active and younger than 25

 Have more than one sexual partner

 Douche

Some women have no symptoms. Others have been in the lower abdomen, fever,

smelly vaginal discharge, irregular bleeding and pain during intercourse

origination. Doctors diagnose PID with a physical exam, lab tests and imaging test.

Antibiotics can cure pid. Early treatment is important, waiting too long increase the

risk of infertility.

19
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with research methodology under the Followings of subheading

which include:

 Research design

 Area of the study

 Population of the study

 Sample and sampling technique

 Instrument for data collection

 Validity of the instrument

 Reliability of the instrument

 Procedure for data collection

 Procedure for data analysis

3.1 Research design

A cross-sectional descriptive design was used through a qualitative methodology

for a multiethnic approach do you to the sheer inability to dis researcher to reach

every member of the research subject as a result of their large amount spread

across the ward.

20
3.2 Area of the study

Sharada Is one of the ward under KMC local government area. Kano municipal is

one of the 44 local government area in Kano state. Which share its boundaries with

Gwale local government and natural local government. Majority of the people in

Sharada into business others are civil servant. Sharada have to Primary Health care

facilities which include Sharada phase I PHC

3.3 Population of the study

The population of this study will be composed of all women in sharada ward,

KMC local government area of Kano state.

3.4 sample and sampling technique

A sample of 100 respondents were selected. The sampling technique was used for

this study is random sampling technique as it is to give every member of the

population chance to fully participate except the technique proof otherwise.

3.5 Instrument for data collection

The instrument to be used for this research is questionnaire in which question will

be designed in line with the research questions in two sections, section ‘A' for bio

data and section B for research questions.

3.6 Validity of the research instrument

The instrument was validated by the project saw in which collections were made

for appropriateness.

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3.7 Reliability of the instrument

So ensure that the instrument is liable [10] ten copies of questionnaire we had

taken outside the study area in which a correction was noticed.

3.8 Procedure for data collection

The whale structure question yeah will be distributed randomly to responding

from different areas of Sharada ward, Kano municipal local government area,

Kano state. The respondents were allowed to carefully fill and return the

questionnaire which was to be arranged for data analysis.

3.9 procedure for data analysis

He completed return questionnaire we gather Add and data obtained was analyzed

by using table of descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage method to

analyze the data. The formula used for the percentage is N/F × 100.

Where N – number of respondents

F – total number of respondents

The method is chosen because it is easy to understand by the researcher and at a

glance it shows the number of population of the respondent.

There is such a use washer near as a role instrument for data collection in impact

and pelvic inflammatory disease among women.

22
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction

This chapter concerns with presentation Analysis of data that we obtained through

questionnaire. The data collected from the field were presented in a tabular form

which was analyzed using percentage. 100 questionnaires were distributed to the

people in the area in which only 95 questionnaires were retrieved while five

questionnaires were not retrieved.

4.1 Presenting demographic data

The section presented the demographic information of the respondents based on

age, sex, educational level and occupation of the respondent.

Table 1: Age of respondents

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

15-20 15 15.8%
21-35 45 47.3%
36-1bove 35 36.8%
Total 95 100%
Source: Author’s fieldwork 2022

Table above showing that 45 (47.3%) respondent Were within the age of 21 to 35,

35 (36.8%) respondents were within the age of 36 to above, 15 (15.8%) responded

we are within the age of 15 to 20.

23
Table 2: Sex/Gender of respondents

SEX FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Male 40 42.1%
Female 55 57.8%
Total 95 100%
Source: Author’s fieldwork 2022

Table showing that 40 (42.1%) of the respondents are males, 55 (57.8%) are female

respondents.

Table 3: Educational level of respondents

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Secondary 22 23.1%
Tertiary 33 34.7%
Others 40 42.1%
Total 95 100%
Source: Author’s fieldwork 2022

Table shows that 22 (23.1%) are at secondary level, 33 (34.7%) are at tertiary level, 40

(42.1%) are others.

Table 4: Occupation of respondents

OCCUPATION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Housewives 44 46.3%
Students 23 24.2%
Business 28 29.4%
Total 95 100%
Source: Author’s fieldwork 2022

24
Table shows that 44 (46.3%) are housewives, 23 (24.2%) are students and 28 (29.4%) are

business women.

4.2 Answering Research Questions

Research Question One – What are the causes of Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

among women in the study area?

The descriptive statistics of mean were used and standard deviation were used to answer

this question. The mean used for decision making was 2.5 mean score, from 2.5 and

above was accepted while score below 2.5 was rejected, four pint likert scale was used in

rating the responses of the respondents as Strongly Agree (SA) 4 points, Agree (A) 3

points, Disagree (D) 2 points and Strongly disagree (SD) 1 point.

Table 5: Responses of the respondents on the causes of pelvic inflammatory diseases

(PID)

S/N ITEM 4 3 2 1 TOTAL X DECISION

SA A D SD MSD
1. Bacterial cause 29 35 20 10 95 2.80 Agreed
2. Viral causes 10 35 30 20 95 2.3 Disagreed
3. Chlamydia 50 29 11 5 95 3.3 Agreed
4. E. Coli 5 10 50 30 95 1.8 Disagreed
5. Urinary tract infection 20 35 25 15 95 2.6 Agreed
6. Gonorrhea 45 30 15 5 95 3.2 Agreed
7. Peritoinitis 15 25 50 5 95 2.5 Agreed
18.5
Cumulative mean = 2.6
7

Source: Authors Fieldwork (2022)

25
The result presented on table 5 shows that item 1,3,5,6 and 7 are agreed that is bacterial

causes, Chlamydia, urinary tract infection, gonorrhea, peritonitis, while viral causes, E.

coli which are 2 and 4 are disagreed among the causes of pelvic inflammatory disease

(PID) with cumulative mean of 2.6 respectively.

Research question two – What are the mode of transmission of Pelvic inflammatory

disease (PID) among women in the study area?

Table 6: Responses of the respondents on mode of transmission of pelvic inflammatory

diseases (PID)

S/N ITEM 4 3 2 1 TOTAL X DECISION

SA A D SD MSD
1. Through sexual intercourse 65 30 0 0 95 3.6 Agreed
2. Through oral/anal sex 50 40 5 0 95 3.4 Agreed
3. Sharing underwear 5 10 50 30 95 1.8 Disagreed
4. Having sex with multiple partners 35 45 10 5 95 4.6 Agreed
5. Illegal abortion 25 44 15 11 95 2.8 Agreed
6. During vaginal examination with 30 50 10 5 95 3.1 Agreed
infected hands
7. Other medical procedure 30 35 20 15 95 2.9 Agreed
19.3
Cumulative mean = 2.8
7

Source: Authors Fieldwork (2022)

The result presented on table 6 shows that items 1,2,4,5,6 and 7 all agreed that through

sexual intercourse, through anal/oral sex, having multiple sex partners, illegal abortion,

during vaginal examination with infected gloves and other medical procedures while item

3 disagreed that sharing underwear is among the mode of transmission of pelvic

inflammatory disease with cumulative mean of 2.8 respectively.

26
Research question three – What are the knowledge on the effect of pelvic

inflammatory disease (PID) among women in the study area?

Table 7: Responses of the respondents on their knowledge on the effect of pelvic

inflammatory diseases (PID)

S/N ITEM 4 3 2 1 TOTAL X DECISION

SA A D SD MSD
1. It can lead to tubal blockage 59 30 4 2 95 3.5 Agreed
2. Ectopic pregnancy 55 30 5 5 95 3.4 Agreed
3. Severe abdominal pain 44 34 11 6 95 3.3 Agreed
4. Infertility 50 40 5 0 95 3.4 Agreed
5. Chronic pelvic pain 60 30 5 0 95 3.5 Agreed
6. Painful urination 39 36 13 7 95 3.1 Agreed
7. Painful intercourse 39 51 3 2 95 3.3 Agreed
8. Miscarriage 55 37 3 0 95 3.5 Agreed
27
Cumulative mean = 3.4
8

Source: Authors Fieldwork (2022)

The result presented on table 7 shows that item 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8 agreed that Pelvic

inflammatory disease can lead to tubal blockage, ectopic pregnancy, severe abdominal

pain, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, painful urination, painful intercourse and miscarriage

with a cumulative mean of 3.4 respectively.

27
Research question four – What are the possible ways of prevention and control of

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among women in the study area?

Table 8: Responses of the respondents on prevention and control of pelvic inflammatory

diseases (PID)

S/N ITEM 4 3 2 1 TOTAL X DECISION

SA A D SD MSD
1. Through health education 34 39 12 10 95 3.0 Agreed
2. Maintenance of personal hygiene 41 29 19 6 95 2.9 Agreed
3. Avoid using rubber underwear 28 27 20 20 95 2.6 Agreed
4. Regular changing of underwear 31 20 39 5 95 2.8 Agreed
5. Maintenance of environmental 20 22 13 20 95 2.0 Disagreed
hygiene
6. Avoid having sex with multiple 46 29 11 9 95 3.1 Agreed
partners
7. Through mass media campaign 29 18 18 30 95 2.4 Disagreed
awareness
8. Organizing outreach services 19 30 26 20 95 2.5 Agreed
9. Early detection and treatment 50 40 5 0 95 3.4 Agreed
10. Prompt referral 40 34 13 8 95 3.1 Agreed
27.8
Cumulative mean = 2.78
10

Source: Authors Fieldwork (2022)

The result presented in table 8 shows that item 1,2,3,4,6,8,9 and 10 all agreed that pelvic

inflammatory disease can be prevented through health education, maintenance of

personal hygiene, avoid using rubber underwear, regular changing of under wear, avoid

having sex with multiple partners, organizing outreach services, early detection and

treatment and prompt referral while item 5 and 7 which are maintenance of

environmental hygiene and through mass media campaign awareness were disagreed by

the respondents with a cumulative mean score of 2.78 respectively.

28
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMMARY, CONCLUSION, DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with summary of the study, conclusion, discussion of findings and

recommendations.

5.1 Summary of the study

The purpose of the study has been impact and causes of pelvic inflammatory disease

(PID) in women at Sharada ward, Kano Municipal, Kano state. Four objectives were

setup in chapter one including research questions, significance of the study, scope of the

study, definition of terms.

Where chapter two focused on literature review under the following subheadings which

were discussed Theoretical framework, concept of women, Concept Of PID, Causes

of PID, Mode of transmission of pelvic inflammatory disease, effect of PID and

possible ways of prevention and control of PID.

While chapter three deals with research methodology, which include research

design, area of the study. population of the study, sample and sampling techniques,

instrument for data collection, validity of research instrument, reliability of the

instrument, procedure for data collection and procedure for data analysis.

29
5.2 Discussion of major findings

The data collected was presented in tabular form and was analyzed by using percentage.

It has been observed the majority of the respondents agreed with the causes and effect of

pelvic inflammatory disease, with cumulative mean of 2.6. the result presented on table 6

of research question two both male and female agreed with mode of transmission of

pelvic inflammatory disease with cumulative mean of 2.8 respectively. In the result

presented in table 7 of research question three that is knowledge on effect of pelvic

inflammatory disease shows that both male and female agreed with cumulative mean of

3.4 respectively. In the result presented in table 8 of research question four which is

prevention and control of pelvic inflammatory disease shows that both male and female

respondents agreed with cumulative mean of 2.78 respectively.

5.3 Conclusion

On the basis of this result and in view of the limitation of the study, The following

conclusions are drawn:

 It has become clear from the research work that significant numbers of women in the

study area are aware of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (P.I.D). This knowledge comes

from the availability of communication such as radio, television within the area.

 The awareness on the disease has made it simple for the women in the studied area to

come into understanding of the causes, sign and symptoms, and effect of the disease,

 Finally, pelvic inflammatory disease P.I.D though considered being a chronic disease

because of its effect and complication, but it is still curable.

30
5.4 Recommendation
Based on finding of the study, the following recommendation hereby made

 Government at all level should strive hard to construct hospitals/ clinics to take

care of the health needs of the people particularly the women

 Government should collaborate with private sectors to build a special hospitals for

woman in order to holistically take care of their reproductive health problem

 Health education and awareness campaign should be sponsored by the government

of all level and covered citizens in order to promote more awareness on pelvic

inflammatory disease (P.I.D)

 More qualified health personnel should be employed in our hospitals and clinics

for proper handling of woman reproduction health problems especially pelvic

inflammatory disease (P.I.D.)

 Individuals, organization and cooperate bodies should be encourage by

government to promote health care for women.

31
 REFERENCES
American sexual Health Association, (ASHA, 2019). Pelvic inflammatory Disease

Retrieved from ashasexual health.org/std.07/3/2019

British Columbia centre for disease control (Becdc, 2016). Retrieved from

www.becdcica/04/4/2019

Campion Edward, W. Brunchim, (2015). Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. New England

journal of Medicine Centre for Disease central,(CDC, 2014). Pelvic Inflammatory

Disease fact sheet. Retrieved from www.ede.gov/std/stdfact. pid/ 12 /4/2019

Emeka. A. (2011) pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) an ovarian infection, Retrieved

from www.medieinet. Com/script/main/mo. 12/ 4/ 2019

Ljubin-Sternak, Mestrovic, Tomislav, (2014) Retrieved of chlamydial trachomatis and

Genital mycoplasmias. Pathogen with an impact on reproductive health journal of

pathogens.

Nude P. (2015) Pelvic inflammatory disease Retrieved from WWW. Capare.com

7/04/2019

Planned-parenthood, (2017) pelvic inflammatory Disease, Retrieved from

www.plannedparenthood.org 20/5/2019

Salton, m.4, Stemberg. M: Zaidi, (2015) Trends in pelvic inflammatory Disease, hospital,

discharge and ambulatory visits, United State, Retrieved from

www.healthline.com/pid30/4/219

32
Sharma. H, Tali R, Clark. NA(2014)’’ Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease

seminar on reproductive health, Retrieved from

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pid19/3/2019

33
 APPENDIX
Department of Community Health,

Aminu Dabo College of Health Science

and Technology,

No. 9c Civic Center, Kano State

Date: ………………………………….

Dear Respondent,

ACADEMIC RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

The researcher is a final year student of Diploma in Community Health (CHEW)

from the above mentioned institution conducting a research on topic “IMPACT AND

CAUSES OF PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID) IN WOMEN IN

SHARADA WARD KANO MUNICIPAL, KANO STATE”.

I am requesting you to have your response base on impact and causes of pelvic

inflammatory disease, effects of PID, risk factors of PID and prevention of PID. The

information provided will be treated confidentially.

Thank you.

Yours Faithfully,

Jamila Nura Muhammad

ADCOHST/2019/CHD/022

34
 SECTION A: BIO DATA

Instruction: Please answer the following questions as appropriate

1. Age: (a) 15-20 [ ] (b) 21-35 [ ] (c) 36-above [ ]

2. Sex/Gender: (a) Male [ ] (b) Female [ ]

3. Educational level: (a) Primary [ ] (b) Secondary [ ] (c) Tertiary [ ]

(d) Others [ ]

4. Occupation: ………………………………………….

SECTION B: RESEARCH QUESTION ONE

What are the causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) among women in the
study area?
S/ ITEMS SA A SD D
N
1. Bacterial Causes
2. Viral causes
3. Chlamydia
4. E. Coli
5. Urinary Tract Infection
6. Gonorrhea
7. Peritonitis

SECTION C: RESEARCH QUESTION TWO

What are the modes of transmission of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among
women in the study area?
S/ ITEMS SA A SD D
N
1. Through sexual intercourse
2. Through oral/anal sex
3. Sharing underwear
4. Having sex with multiple partners

35
5. Illegal abortion
6. During vaginal examination with infected hands
7. Other medical procedures
SECTION D: RESEARCH QUESTION THREE
What are the knowledge on the effect of Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among
women in the study area?
S/ ITEMS SA A SD D
N
1. It can lead to tubal blockage
2. Ectopic pregnancy
3. Severe abdominal cramp/pain
4. Infertility
5. Chronic pelvic pain
6. Painful urination
7. Painful sexual intercourse
8. Miscarriage

SECTION E: RESEARCH QUESTION FOUR

What are the possible ways for the prevention and control of pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID) among women in the study area?
S/ ITEMS SA A SD D
N
1. Through health education
2. Maintenance of personal hygiene
3. Avoid using rubber underwear
4. Regular changing of underwear
5. Maintenance of environmental hygiene
6. Avoid having sex with multiple partners
7. Through mass media campaign awareness
8. Organizing an outreach service
9. Early detection and treatment
10. Prompt referral

36
37