LV Systems
LV Systems
LV Systems
Element Parameters
Type Element Parameters
U1 Power Grid kV: 0.4 kV
3 phase kVAsc: 788
Pos %R: 8968
Pos %X: 8968
Zero %R: 28666
Zero %X: 28666
Rn: 0.1
Xn: 0.1
Re: 0.1
Xe: 0.1
Rg: 0.35
TNS earthing
Fuse1 Fuse ABB, NH2, 0.5 kV, 315A
Cable1 Cable BS5467, Mag, CU, 1.0 kV, XLPE, 100%,
4/C, 50 mm2, 8m
Configuration Page:
Check the Main Neutral checkbox
UPS1 Uninterruptible Power Supply Rating page:
o 48 kW
o 0.4 kV input
o 0.4 kV output
o 94% eff
o 80% pf
o DC Rating: 400V
Loading Page: Ups Loading Based
on Connected Load
SC Imp page:
o Kac: 150%
o Kdc: 150%
o AC Secondary Grounding:
Grounded
o Earthing Type: TN-S
o DC Grounding: Ungrounded
o Earthing Type: IT-Individual
2. Build the following diagram (Signal Supply) in ETAP and enter the associated data
3. Build the following diagram (Signal Load) in ETAP and enter the associated data
10. Create a single phase equivalent of the Signal Supply and Signal Load and connect them in
parallel with the existing 3 phase Signal Supply and Load using a phase adapter with an AB
connection.
Element Parameters
Fuse ABB, OFAA 00, 0.69 kV, 6A
Transformer (T11) 20 kVA, 0.4kV/0.4kV
Dry Type, Sealed, AN, 60
Typical Z&X/R
IT-Individual EarthingRg:10 ohms
No Distributed Neutral
Current Transformer Primary: Secondary 100:1
Relay Areva P122
Input Page: Select CT5
Use default relay settings
Cable BS5467, Mag, CU, 1.0 kV, XLPE, 100%,
4/C, 95 mm2, 8m
Check both the Main and Aux Protective
Checkbox
For Aux PE, choose any Rubber insulated
cable
Transformer (T12) 0.5 kVA, 0.4kV/0.11kV
Dry Type, Sealed, Other, 150
Typical Z&X/R
11. Create a DC equivalent of the Signal Supply and Signal Load and connect them in parallel with
the existing 3 phase Signal Supply and Load using a charger (Rectifier and no relay).
Element Parameters
Transformer 20 kVA, 0.4kV/0.4kV
Dry Type, Sealed, AN, 60
Typical Z&X/R
IT-Individual EarthingRg:10 ohms
Charger AC Rating: 20 kVA, 90% eff, 85% pf, 0.4 kV
DC Rating: 15.3 kW, 400 V
Earthing: TT
Rg: 12 ohms
Fuse GEC, CIA, 460V, 15A
Circuit Breaker Nikko, SK202, 250V, 2 P, 125A
DC/DC Converter 20 kW, 400/50V, 90% eff
Cable Heesung, XLPE, Non-Mag, 100%, 1.0 kV,
3/C, 50 mm2, 200 m
Check both Main and Aux PE cable
For Aux PE, choose any Rubber insulated
cable
Local earthing in PE sizing page: 7 ohms
DC Motor 0.5 kW, 50V, 90% eff
However, under normal system conditions, the rated continuous (load flow) current needs to be above the
calculated load flow current.
1. Run Load Flow and size protective devices based on the results
2. Run Short Circuit and size protective devices based on the results
Under short circuit conditions, a CT will saturate due to the high amount of flux.
Under normal system conditions, the CT will have a rating factor (e.g. 2.0, so twice the ratio) that will be
the ultimate steady state rating.
1. Run LF and utilize a 100:1 CT. Based on the results, determine if the CT is adequate to handle
the load flow conditions.
Transformer Sizing
Transformer Sizing must be based on both power handling and purchase cost. The electrical standard
used (IEC, ANSI) will specify transformer standard sizes. As a rule of thumb, a transformer should
not be loaded above 60% of its rating.
1. Run LF and size the transformers in the system in the Transformer Sizing page
2. Size the transformer based on:
a. Operating Load
b. Growth factor of 130%
c. Load Factor of 80%
Transformer Inrush
A transformer is an electro-magnetic device and, when energized, will draw a multiple of its rated full
load amp current. Protective devices located at the source side of transformers must be sized so that it
will not accidently operate due to inrush current.
A major issue arises is when multiple transformers are simultaneously energized. This requires
attention when performing system protection and coordination analysis.
The cable manufacturer provides a base maximum capacity value based on ideal system conditions
such as when it is located in an above ground installation in an open space, with spring temperature,
and with no other cables around. However, if your system is located above ground in an air tight well
heated room surrounded by other heat emitting cables, the manufacturer’s rating is not useful
anymore and derating factors, such as given by the BS7671 or the IEC 60364 will have to be utilized.
1. Set the 3 phase system to be a U/G Buried installation type with “In Conduit” (Method D) sub-
Type installation and derate based on the following condition.
a. Set temperature to 40C
b. Set soil resistivity to 100 C-CM/Watt
c. Set No. of Circuits to 3
d. Set Circuit Clearance to 0.3 m
e. Set Thermal insulation Length to 20 mm
f. In protection page, check the “Fuse to BS 3036” after choosing a fuse as an overload
device
2. Repeat the above for the single phase system with above ground Trays (Unperforated) as
applicable
3. Repeat the above for DC cables as applicable with <= 0.3*Cable OD option selected.
4. Now that the installation conditions have been laid, phase conductor sizing must be done and
afterwards, the final derated ampacity will be utilized. The cable’s final derated ampacity is the
comparison value that Load Flow analysis uses to alert user if maximum capacity has been
exceeded.
An issue arises when multiple protective devices are in the system and they are not coordinated. The
system must be coordinated so that the least critical elements (loads) will be disconnected first and
the most critical elements (sources) will be disconnected last.
1. Run STAR Short Circuit for both 3 phase and 1 phase systems see the fault current throughout
the system.
2. Run DC short Circuit.
a. Verify that all the protective devices are protecting their assigned devices
b. Verify that all protective devices are coordinated
c. Verify that the multiple transformer inrush calculated in the Bus Protection page is in the
plot and taken into account during the protection and coordination analysis
The PE conductor must be sized properly according to the BS7671 and IEC 60364 standards.