Philosophies of Education Matrix

(Compare & Contrast)

MA 103 Foundation of Education
Submitted by: CESAR RYAN B. PATAC

Philosophies of Education Why Teach What to teach How to teach

1. Essentialism Essentialism in education asserts Essentialists believe that teachers Essentialist educators focus
that common and essential ideas and should try to embed traditional moral on transmitting a series of
skills belonging to a certain culture values and virtues such as respect for progressively difficult topics and
should be taught to all citizens at the authority, perseverance, fidelity to promotion of students to the next
same level at especially primary duty, consideration for others, and level or grade. Subjects are focused
school level. To do this, the teacher's practicality and intellectual on the historical context of the
authority in the classroom is knowledge that students need to material world and culture and move
emphasized and the subject matter is become model citizens. sequentially to give a solid
the center of the curriculum. understanding of the present day.

2. Naturalism Applied to education, naturalism Naturalism lays stress on self- 'Students should not be given any
considers child as a gift of nature expression and self-preservation. verbal lessons rather they should be
with potentialities for natural growth Education should acquaint a person taught experience alone. Teacher
according to laws of nature. The child with laws of health, enable him to tries to give lots of hand-on training
is an active individual capable of self- earn living and train him to preserve and practical experiences. Naturalist
development. The aim of education and maintain life. gives utmost freedom to the child to
is to develop the child as healthy and do and learn the behavior. There is
active personality in a natural setting. no punishment of any kind.

3. Realism Realism discourages rote learning Educational realism is the belief that A realistic teacher stresses that
and bookish knowledge and prefers we should study logic, critical students learn through their senses.
hands-on experience for the purpose thinking, and the scientific method to This involves teaching methodologies
of learning. It gives importance on teach students to perceive and that have students doing and
field trips which facilitate learners to understand reality. As you might experiencing things rather than just
correlate classroom learning with imagine, there is a heavy emphasis listening. This can include such
reality. on math and science, though the activities as field trips, group work,
humanities can also be influenced by projects etc.
educational realism.

4. Pragmatism Pragmatism is an educational The pragmatist educator aims at the According to pragmatism, all
philosophy that says that education harmonious development of the education is “learning by doing”. So it
should be about life and growth. That education and — physical, must be based on the child's
is, teachers should be teaching intellectual, social and aesthetic. The experiences as well as occupations
 students things that are practical for aim of education, therefore, is to and activities. Besides the school
life and encourage them to grow into direct “the impulses, interests, subjects, free, purposive, and
better people. Many famous desires, and abilities towards 'the socialized activities should be in the
educators, including John Dewey, satisfaction of the felt wants of the curriculum.
were pragmatists. child in his environment.”

5. Progressivism Progressivists believe that Progressive Education is based on the Progressivist teachers try making
individuality, progress, and change principle, espoused by John Dewey school interesting and useful by
are fundamental to one's education. and others, that education must planning lessons that provoke
Believing that people learn best from prepare students for active curiosity. In a progressivist school,
what they consider most relevant to participation in a democratic, global students are actively learning. The
their lives, progressivists center their society. Thus the focus is on raising students interact with one another
curricula on the needs, experiences, critical thinkers and inquirers who are and develop social qualities such as
interests, and abilities of students. active rather than passive learners. cooperation and tolerance for
different points of view.

6. Humanism Humanism stresses the importance Much of a humanist teacher's effort A humanistic approach to helping
of human values and dignity. It would be put into developing a someone build self-esteem would
proposes that people can resolve child's self-esteem. It would be involve encouraging a person to
problems through science and important for children to feel good focus on their strengths rather than
reason. Rather than looking to about themselves (high self-esteem), their faults. By focusing on strengths
religious traditions, humanism and to feel that they can set and and building on them, the person is
focuses on helping people live well, achieve appropriate goals (high self- able to work toward a more satisfied
achieve personal growth, and make efficacy). and complete life.
the world a better place.

7. Existentialism Existentialists believe that every The existentialist teacher is not the Existentialism in the Classroom
individual is unique and education center of the instruction but rather a 1. Educators should help
must cater to the individual facilitator. The goal is to help students find meaning for
differences. Therefore, the objective students better understand who they their lives. ...
of education is to enable every are as individuals. This also means
individual to develop his unique that the student should have a choice 2. We should not force 'right'
qualities, to harness his potentialities in what they learn and that the way to live onto
and cultivate his individualities. curriculum needs to be somewhat students. ...
flexible 3. Teachers should
encourage students to
exercise individual
choice. ...
 4. Students must learn that
their choices have
consequences.

8. Constructivism Constructivism promotes social and In the constructivist model, the Essential components to
communication skills by creating a students are urged to be actively constructivist teaching
classroom environment that involved in their own process of 1. Elicit prior knowledge.
emphasizes collaboration and learning. The teacher functions more New knowledge is created
exchange of ideas. Students must as a facilitator who coaches,
in relation to learner's pre-
learn how to articulate their ideas mediates, prompts, and helps
existing knowledge. ...
clearly as well as to collaborate on students develop and assess their
tasks effectively by sharing in group understanding, and thereby their 2. Create cognitive
projects. learning. dissonance. Assign
problems and activities
that will challenge
students. ...
3. Apply knowledge with
feedback. ...
4. Reflect on learning.

9. Behaviorism Behaviorism is key for educators Teachers use behaviorism to show Behaviorist teaching strategies.
because it impacts how students students how they should react and 1. Drills. ...
react and behave in the classroom, respond to certain stimuli. This needs
2. Question and answer. ...
and suggests that teachers can to be done in a repetitive way, to
directly influence how their students regularly remind students what 3. Guided practice. ...
behave. behavior a teacher is looking for. 4. Regular review. ...
Positive reinforcement is key in the 5. Positive reinforcement.
behavioral learning theory.

10. Perennialism The goal of a perennialist educator A perennialist classroom A perennialist teacher would have a
is to teach students to think is instruction-based, meaning that classroom in which all the students
rationally and develop minds that can teachers deliver information through are treated the same way. Material is
think critically. A perennialist lectures using a disciplined and taught and delivered to the students
classroom aims to be a closely organized format in which all whether they like it or not. This is
organized and well-disciplined students are taught in the same way. because material is taught that is
environment, which develops in good for them rather than what they
students a lifelong quest for the like.
truth.
11. Linguistic Philosophy It should provide information about Linguistics is needed in English Linguistics helps teachers convey the
the different aspects of language language teaching because it helps origins of words and languages, their
needed for communicative teachers explain the English historical applications, and their
competence: phonology, grammar, components and structures to the modern day relevance. Combined,
pragmatics, discourse, writing styles students. Every language has a this approach to teaching language
and conventions, literacy, semantics, system or linguistic rules that can be helps students gain a better, more in-
cultural customs and values, and learned in terms of phonology, depth understanding of their
communicative and learning morphology. syntax, and semantics. assignments and work product
strategies. expectations.