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TASK 1.
(1) Specify the period of the following Latin borrowings and point out the structural and semantic
features of the words from each period:
Wall, cheese, intelligent, candle, major, moderate, priest, school, street, cherry, phenomenon, nun,
plum, pear, pepper, datum, cup, status, wine, philosophy, method.
Old English period:

Wall – weall (lat. Vallum) – “wall, rampart, row or line of stakes.”
School – scol (lat. Schola) – “meeting place for teachers and students, place of instruction.”
Street – stret (lat. Strata) – “paved road.”
Cup – cuppe (lat. Cupa) – “tub, cask, tun, barrel.”
`plant` borrowings:
Cheese - cese (lat. Caseus) – “cheese”
Plum - plume (lat. Prunum) – “plum”
Pear - pere (lat. Pirum) – “pear”
Pepper - pipper (lat. Piper) – “pepper”
Wine - win (lat. Vinum) – “vinum”
`church` borrowings:
Candle - candel (lat. Candela) - "a light, torch, candle made of tallow or wax."
Priest – preost (lat. Prester) – “priest”
Nun – nunne (lat. Nonna) – “nun, tutor”
Middle English period:

Intelligent – from derived form of Old French intelligence (lat. Intelligentia) – “understanding,
knowledge, power of discerning; art, skill, taste."
Major – majour (lat. Maior from magnus) – “large, great”
Moderate – (lat. Moderatus) – “within bounds, observing moderation.”
Cherry - (lat. Ceresia) – “cherry”
Philosophy – filozofie/phelosophie (lat. Philosophia – Greek philosophia) – “love of knowledge,
pursuit of wisdom; systematic investigation” (from philo- "loving" + sophia "knowledge, wisdom,"
from sophis "wise, learned”
Method – (lat. Methodus) - "way of teaching or going" – (Greek methodos) - "scientific inquiry,
method of inquiry, investigation" (from meta "in pursuit or quest of" + hodos "a method, system; a
way or manner" (of doing, saying, etc.)
(2) Arrange the following Latin loan words into groups according to the time of borrowing:
Altar, angel, animal, ass, beet, bishop, butter, camp, candle, cap, chalk, cross, cup, devil, dish, for,
genius, inch, index, item, junior, linen, maximum, mile, mill, monk, mute, oil, palm, pea, peach, pear,
pepper, pine, plant, plum, port, pound, priest, psalter, school, senior, series, stratum, street, tiger,
veto, wine.
Church Borrowing
Altar , candle(Latin), monk
Bishop(meddle English) priest(Middle Eng)
Old English
Palm , street, tiger, wine
Meddle English
Angle (v) ass , beet , bishop,
Butter, cap, chalk, cross, cup,devil, for , inch , item, junior(adj) linen, mile , mill , mute , oil , port,
pound , priest , school
Latin
Dish ,genius, veto index , junior(noun/adj) senior, series, plum , maximum
Middle French
Camp
(3) Provide neutral English equivalents for the following abbreviations of Latin origin:
A.D.(Anno Domini), since the birth of jesus christ

a.m. (ante meridiem before noon ),
e.g. (exempli gratia for example),
etc. (et cetera), and another similar things
i.e. (id est), in other words
lb (libra, librae), balance
NB (nota bene), remember well
PS ( post scriptum), a not append it to a complete letter
op. cit (opere citato), Abbreviation
p.a. (per annum), for each year
p.m. (post meridiem),after noon
v.v.(vice versa). Conversely
Modern English period:

Phenomenon – (lat. Phaenomenon) – “a fact directly observed, a thing that appears or is perceived,
an occurrence.” – (Greek phainomenon) – “that which appears or is seen.”
Data – datum (lat. Datum) – “a fact given or granted;” “(thing) given.”
Status – (lat. Status) – “condition, position, state, manner, attitude.”
6. Identify etymological doublets (triplets) for hospital, sir, cavalry, chief, travel, captain, canal, and
use them in the sentences below:
• The provinces are based upon the ancient tribal homelands whose people were ruled by their own
…………..captain
• Let us be clear about the causes of our present economic …travel.. and where the blame lies.
• Most remarkable was the language used by some ..sir… members of the judiciary.
• He spent the night in a ..hospital …for migrant workers.
• These pipes will …canal… water to the settlement.
• To the knighthood, or …cavalry ..of the Middle Ages war had long given a sense of purpose.
• How many times have I nearly wept at the destruction of delicate little scallops at the hands of
ignorant or insensitive …..chief..?

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TASK 1.

Old English period:

Middle English period:

A.D.(Anno Domini), since the birth of jesus christ

Modern English period:

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