THE DISEASES, INSECTS, AND WEEDS AFFECTING TO THE GROWTH

OF LADY FINGER (Abelmoschus esculentus)

School of Agriculture, Forestry, and Environmental Sciences

J.H. Cerilles State College

Mati, San Miguel, Zamboanga del Sur

Bachelor of Science in Agriculture

(Principles of Crop Protection)

Short Term Research

By:

Jodie Mer C. Dayama

June 2022
 Chapter I

The Problem

Introduction

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), a very known vegetable crop in the whole world

where many people who plant it in a small garden and cook for personal consumption and some

for business. Also known as lady finger because of its finger-liked shape, “quiabo” in

Portuguese, “gumbo” in French, and “bhendi” or “bhinde” in India (AVRCD, 2010). It is almost

the same shape to a cucumber but it is more pointed and thin. Okra characterize as slimy, sticky,

and no matter what color it takes on, always relents in the heat of the cooking pot to a sad,

military green.

Okra is said to be economic importance because many of the business that the primary

product is such crop. Indeed, this crop is always present in some markets with high value of price

and costumers are purchasing this because of its nutritional value that good in health. Leaves of

okra are used for preparation of medicine to reduce inflammation. The immature fruits and

leaves of okra used in soup as a thickener because it is a rich of vitamins and minerals. Since this

crop is very popular and profitable throughout the world and has a potential to improve food

security a lot of researchers who conduct studies on how to develop the production of okra

including the protection against insects that can cause diseases and controlling weeds which

competing in the mentioned crop.

Majority of the parts of okra plant have an importance including the pods that contain in

abundance a mucilage, which can contribute to the regulation of blood sugar, because it controls

absorption of sugars in the small intestine (Del Medico, 2014). This plant is a traditional
vegetable crop with considerable area under cultivation in Africa and Asia with huge socio-

economic potential in West and Central Africa (Sanjeet et al., 2010). Okra potential as an oilseed

crop and its drought tolerance in a world facing global warming underscore its growing

importance (Dhankhan & Singh, 2009). This kind of vegetable cultivated in tropical and

subtropical and warm temperature regions around the world (National Research Council, 2006).

Lady finger, popularly known as “okra” in the Philippines. It is profitable vegetable in the

country and most Filipino farmers have felt difficulty in growing the vegetable as their primary

source of income, planting okra for additional income while doing other farm works because of

the high inputs need in growing okra. Before, okra priced as Php90.00/kg and because because of

the low temperature that mostly experienced in many places in the Philippines and the flowering

process or duration of the plant was being sustained that is why the price increased specially in

urban places and goes up to Php150.00/kg on the months of January and February year 2020.

Okra is widely grown throughout the year because it is resistant to either drought or

waterlogging (Bureau of Agricultural Research, 2014). It is popular and common vegetable in

the markets. The immature fruits can be eaten raw, boiled, or fried. It is also an indispensable

component of a Filipino dish “pinakbet”. Young okra fruit can be mix in some dishes including

salads for meals. Fresh okra is popular ingredient of soup and stews where a highly viscous

consistency is desired. However, traditionally, okra eaten boiled with vinegar that has little

amount of lemon juice added with some seasonings or even in gravies that made of salted small

fish.
Aims of Study

This study aims to fully determine the different diseases, insects, and weeds affecting to

the growth and yield of lady finger (Abelmoschus esculentus).

Statement of the Problem

This study will examine the diseases, insects, and weeds presents in the okra and the area,

it seeks the answers of the following questions:

 What are the diseases affecting to the growth and yield of Lady Finger?

 What are the insects found in okra?

 What are the weeds grown in the area?

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study focused on different diseases, insects, and weeds found in lady finger which

identified crop of the study that the researcher to be conducted. It was conducted at the

Experimental Station, School of Agriculture, Forestry, and Environmental Sciences (SAFES)

Department, J.H. Cerilles State College, Mati, San Miguel, Zamboanga del Sur. It commenced

last March 15, 2022 until May 13, 2022, covering a total period of two months.

Definition of Terms

Diseases. A condition characterized by local or systemic abnormal physiological functioning of

the Lady finger (Abelmoschus esculentus).

One foot quadrant. Refers to the scope where the weeds are being identified.

Weeds. Undesirable plants which may compete to the growth of Lady finger (Abelmoschus

esculentus).
 Chapter II

Review of Related Literatures

Lady Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus) pods are commonly used in Asia as a vegetable,

food ingredient, as well as traditional medicine for many different purposes; for instance, as

diuretic agent, for treatment of dental diseases and to reduce or prevent gastric irritation

(Sengkhampan, N. et al., 2009). Okra is a multipurpose crop due to its various uses of fresh

leaves, buds, flowers, pods, stems, and seeds. Okra immature fruit, which are consumed as

vegetables, can be used in salads, soups, and stews, fried or boiled. It offers mucilaginous

consistency after cooking (Gemede, H.F. et al., 2014). Dried okra seeds can be used to prepare

vegetable cruds, or roasted and ground used as coffee addictive or substitute (Moekchantuk and

Kumar, 2004). It is a nutritious vegetable containing 86.1% water, 2.2% protein, 0.2%

carbohydrates, and 1.0% ash. Though it is grown round the year, its production in mainly

concentrated during summer (Saifullah, M. and Rabbani, M.G., 2009). In addition, seed oil of

okra is rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, which is essential for human nutrition.

Its immature fruit and stems contain crude fiber, which is used in the paper industry (Kock, S.I.,

2001) while the rheological properties of both okra pectin where examined under various

condition in order to understand the unusual slimy behavior of okra pectin (Sengkhamparn, N.,

2010).

The plant forms a deeply penetrating taproot with dense shallow feeder roots reaching out

all in all direction in the upper 45cm of the soil. The stems reach heights from 3cm in dwarf

varieties to 7m to 8m in others (Anonymous, 2010). About 35-60 days after emergence, the plant

begins to flower. The flowers are axillary and solitary, borne on a peduncle 2.0 – 2.5 cm long

within the leaf axil (Valeriana, 2010). Immature fruits of 8-9 cm long are ready for harvest 4-6
days after anthesis (Ghzawi et al. 2003). The flower usually remains open for a day. It is mostly

self-fertilized; however, insects such as honeybees and bumble bees can cross pollinated. Okra is

self-compatible, and passive self-pollination can take place in its hermaphrodite flowers.

Okra, being a temperate crop is adaptable to hot weather, drought, less soil fertility, and

is widely cultivated across the globe according to Hamon and Hamon (2001) and Abdulraheem

et al. (2017). Despite its tolerance to stringent conditions, weeds, insect pest, and poor cultural

practices still pose a severe threat to achieving optimum yields. Besides, the high productivity of

okra is also challenged by a wide variety of pests and pathogens that attack the crop at all stages

of development (Christo and Onuh, 2005).These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes,

of which viruses constitute the major group of pathogens affecting okra production

(Abdulraheem and Moshood, 2019).

Christo and Onuh (2005) stated that okra is infected by roughly nineteen (19) different

plant viruses around the world, with only three of these being reported in Nigeria (Alegbejo,

2015). Okra Mosaic Virus (OkMV), Okra Leaf Curl Virus (OkLCV), Cucumber Mosaic Virus

(CMV), Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV), and Sida Golden Mosaic Virus (SiGMV) are some

of the plant viruses that attack okra plants in the field (Unseld, 2010). However, the okra plant is

frequently affected with many virus diseases, which can result in significant economic losses

(Christo and Onuh, 2005). In the field-grown to okra crops (Alegbejo, 2015; Alegbejo, 2000),

losses owing to viral infections are expected to be 10% and 100%, respectively. The virus has

destructive effect and can easily have an impact on household food security, either directly pr

indirectly. The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated the situation, with consumers more anxious

about consuming virus-free food (Khan et al., 2020; Oyetoro et al., 2020).
 Numerous plant viruses are transmitted by vectors from one host to another, among

which weed and insects are the major pests of okra in all agro ecological zones of Nigeria

constituting the major constrain in large scale production of okra (Christo and Onuh, 2005;

Abdulraheem and Moshood, 2019).

Flea beetles (Podagrica sp.), cotton stainer (Dysdercus superstitus), whitefly (Bemisia

tabaci), and green stink bug (Nezera viridula) are among insect pest found infesting okra,

according to Asare-Bedaiko et al. (2014). The feeding activity of Podagrica sp. causes damage

to the leaves, which includes typical perforations and irregular holes that diminish photosynthetic

surface area, resulting in a significant drop in yield (Echezona and Offordile, 2011).

Most importantly, weeds are plants that compete for nutrients, space, water, and light

with crops while exerting many harmful effects that reduce crop quality and quantity and they

are also reservoir or alternative hosts for insects, diseases, and pathogens (Ronald et al., 2006).

Weeds competition can lower vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, and seed production which

will determine the yield (Schippers, 2009). Weeds and inappropriate cultural practices that

aggravate insects and other pests often coexist and reduce yield in the agricultural system

(Ronald et al., 2006; Abdulraheem and Charles, 2018). Yield losses due to parasitic weed have

been reported to range from 12.7-60%, 82%, 41%-80% (Li et al., 2004) while damage caused by

inappropriate cultural practices on okra can be as high as 80% to 100% (Ossom et al., 2001).

However weed control without adequate cultural practices like the use of mulching materials

(polythene and dry grasses) may lead to more than 60% reduction on growth and yield

component especially in the savannah of the tropics and sub-tropic in Africa and Asia (Ronald et

al., 2006). Meanwhile, insect pest control in cultural practices without weed control results in

about 98% to 100% loss in okra yield (Alegbejo, 2000).

 Chapter III

Materials and Method

The study was laid in three replications and has equal size of plot measured using meter

stick. Each plot was surrounded with canals as passageway for excess water and this serves also

as the pathway for a researcher.

The whole experimental area was cleared of the unwanted weeds by using scythe and

bolo. After clearing, elevated beds or plots was made. Each plot has a dimension of one (1) meter

wide and one (1) meter long and it should have a distance of 50 cm away from each other. The

canal was made between each plot with a 50 cm deep which serves as the passage way of water

in case of heavy rain.

After preparing the area, planting was done. Since Lady Finger is established by planting

seeds, four (4) seeds were separately planted in each plot.

Watering was done every morning during the first three-day after planting only since the

study was conducted during rainy season.

Weeding was only done until one month after planting, the remaining month was enough

to let the weeds grow again to be examined since weeds are also observed in this study including

the names and the populations. A researcher was used one foot quadrant as a scope, weeds within

the scope was the only to be examined.

The gathering of data was done two (2) months after planting.
 Chapter IV

Result and Discussion

Diseases of Lady Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus)

2 Months after Planting

Two months after planting operation, number of diseases was observed and commonly

appeared in leaves and fruits of okra that infects each replication. The observed diseases are the

following:

Black mould (Cercospora abelmoschi).  It causes leaf spots of various shapes. It grows

as a sooty to dark oily (olivaceous) mould on the underside of leaves, but when infection is

severe and conditions are very humid it also appears on upper surface of infected leaves.

Seriously infected foliage rolls, wilts and falls to the ground (Varela, A.M., Seif, A., 2004).

Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV). The infected leaves shows alternate patches of

green and yellow cause by virus. Veins become clear and chlorotic. With the progress of disease

the veins become conspicuous and both vein and vein lets become thick. In advance stage the

stems and leaf stalk become distorted. Fruits are yellowish green in color and small in size

(Aguair, J.L. et al, 2011).

Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora abelmoschi and C. malayensis): C. malayensis

causes brown, irregular spots and C. abelmoschi causes sooty black angular spots. The affected

leaves roll wilt and fall. The disease causes severe defoliation during humid seasons.

http://nhb.gov.in/pdf/vegetable/okra/okr002.pdf

Curled okra pod. The primary culprits for curling pods are sap-sucking insects like the

leaf-footed bug and the stink bug. https://okrainmygarden.com/what-causes-okra-pods-to-curl/

Table 1. Average Number of Infected Plants.
Replication no. Disease No. of infected Total Mean
plants
1 YVMV 2 4 2

Black mould 2
2 YVMV 1 3 1

Curled pod 1

Cercospora leaf 1
spot
3 Black mould 3 3 3

Grand Total 10
Grand Mean 2

The most infected group was found in Replication 1 in which all four (4) plant

representatives infected by diseases: 2 plants infected by Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV);

and 2 plants infected by Black mould, total of 4 and a mean of 2. This was followed by

Replication 2 which the highest number of diseases was observed: 1 plant infected by Yellow

Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV); 1 plant has curled pod; and 1 plant infected by Cercospora leaf

spot, total of 3 infected plants and a mean of 1. The last group is Replication 3 in which three (3)

plants are infected by Black mould and a mean of 3.

Insects found in Lady Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus)
2 Months after planting

After two (2) months from planting, the presence of numerous insects was observed and

found in pods, leaves, and flowers of Lady Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus). The discovered

insects are the following:

Red Cotton bug (Dysdercus cingulatus). These bugs are very common on okra plants at

the fruiting stage. They are conspicuously red with black bands. Both adults and nymphs feed on

developing pods and seeds, piercing them to suck sap, thereby reducing yield. Attacked young

fruits shrivel and then dry. Feeding on mature fruits results in damage to the seeds. Stainers also

attack cotton and they live on baobab and silk cotton (kapok) trees.

https://infonetbiovision.org/PlantHealth/MinorPests/Cotton-stainers

Aphids (Myzus persicae). Okra is a widely consumed vegetable worldwide and is

attacked by the ant-tended cotton aphid. The plants produce pearl bodies, which are

predominantly found on the underside of the leaves and formed from epidermal cells.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.627570/full#:~:text=Okra%20is%20a

%20widely%20consumed,and%20formed%20from%20epidermal%20cells.

Bush Cricket (Tettigonia viridissima) nymph. The great green bush-cricket, is a large

species of bush-cricket belonging to the subfamily Tettigoniinae (Wikipedia).

Transverse Ladybird beetle (Coccinella transversalis), commonly known as

the transverse ladybird or transverse lady beetle is a species of ladybird beetle found from India

across southern and southeastern Asia to Malesia and Australia. It is not to be confused

with Coccinella transversoguttata, a widespread species in Europe and North America also

known as the transverse ladybird. The alternative vernacular of small transverse ladybird may be
used for C. transversalis in instances where these two species are discussed together. Coccinella

transversalis 2 - Coccinellidae - Wikipedia

Vine Weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus).  Is about 3⁄8 inch long and has a short snout. The

thorax and wing covers are bumpy. The body is blackish brown; the antennae are black. The egg

is smooth and shiny. https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/black-vine-weevil#:~:text=The%20black

%20vine%20weevil%2C%20Otiorhynchus,egg%20is%20smooth%20and%20shiny.

Little Black ants (Lasius niger). The black garden ant, also known as the common black

ant, is a formicine ant, the type species of the subgenus Lasius, which is found across Europe and

in some parts of North America, South America, Asia and Australasia (Wikipedia).

Table 2. Average Number of Insects found in Lady Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus).

Replication no. Representative no. Insect Population
1 1 Red cotton bug 3

2 Red cotton bug 1

3 Little black ant 7

4 Aphids 13
Mean 8
2 1 Bush Cricket 1

2 Red cotton bug 2

3 none

4 Red cotton bug 2

Mean 2.5
3 1 Ladybird beetle 1

2 None

3 None

4 Vine Weevil 2
Mean 1.5
Weeds Grown in each Replication
1 Month after Last Weeding
 The weeding operation was done until one month after planting only, the remaining

month is enough for the weeds to grow again to be examined. One foot quadrant was used as a

scope, weeds within the scope are only to be identified. The competing weeds are the following:

Goosegrass (Eleusine indica), the Indian goosegrass, yard-grass, goosegrass, wiregrass,

or crowfootgrass, is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. It is a small annual grass distributed

throughout the warmer areas of the world to about 50 degrees latitude. It is an invasive species in

some areas. (Wikipedia)

Goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides). Is a weed in many annual and perennial crops and

has been reported as host of many crop diseases (Ekeleme et al. 2005). Weeds interfere with

growth and production of crops and therefore exert significant ecological and economic impacts

(Singh et al. 2001, Batish et al. 2009). 

Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) is a creeping annual or perennial flowering plant of the

pea/legume family Fabaceae. It is often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold

inward and droop when touched or shaken, defending themselves from harm, and re-open a few

minutes later (Wikipedia).

Asthma Weed (Euphorbia hirta) is a pantropical weed, originating from the tropical

regions of the Americas. It is a hairy herb that grows in open grasslands, roadsides and pathways.

It is widely used in traditional herbal medicine across many cultures, particularly for asthma,

skin ailments, and hypertension. (Wikipedia)

Yellow Nutsegde (Cyperus esculentus) is a crop of the sedge family widespread across

much of the world. It is found in most of the Eastern Hemisphere, including Southern Europe,

Africa and Madagascar, as well as the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. (Wikipedia)
 Careless weeds (Aramanthus palmeri). It is a species of edible flowering plant in the

amaranth genus. It has several common names, including carelessweed, dioecious amaranth,

Palmer's amaranth, Palmer amaranth, and Palmer's pigweed. It is native to most of the southern

half of North America. (Wikipedia)

Carabao grass (Paspalum conjugatum) is a vigorous, creeping perennial grass with long

stolons and dense culms that may grow up to 1 m tall. It has been extensively introduced as a

forage and lawn grass and it can now be found naturalized across tropical and subtropical

regions. P. conjugatum tolerates high levels of disturbance and pollution, grows vigorously

under partial shade, spreads easily by seeds and stolons, and can withstand acidic and low-

nutrient soils (Rojas-Sandoval, J., 2018).

Mani-mani

Table 3. Average Number of Weeds in the Area.

One foot quadrant Weeds Population
Replication no.
1 Carabao grass 5

Makahiya 1

Goosegrass 8

Mani-mani 17
Total 31
Mean 7.25
2 Yellow nutsedge 18

Mani-mani 14

Asthma weeds 3

Carabao grasss 4

Careless weeds 2
Total 41
Mean 8.2

3 Yellow nutsedge 16
 Mani-mani 13

Goat weeds 6
Total 35
Mean 11.67

Several weeds grown in one foot quadrant replication 2: consisting of 18 Yellow

Nutsedge; 14 Mani-mani; 3 Asthma weed; 4 Carabao grass; and 2 Careless weeds at the total

population of 41 and a mean of 8.2. This was followed by one foot quadrant replication 3:

consisting of 16 Yellow Nutsedge, 13 Man-mani, and 6 goat weeds at the total population of 35

and a mean of 11.67. Next was the one foot quadrant replication 1: consisting of 5 Carabao

grass; 1 Makahiya; 8 Goosegrass; and 17 Mani-mani at the total population of 31 and a mean of

7.25.
 Chapter V

Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendation

Findings

After the study was conducted, the following findings were derived:

1. What are the diseases affecting to the growth and yield of Lady Finger?

The diseases affecting to the growth and yield of Lady Finger (Abelmoschus

esculentus) are Black mould, Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV), Cercospora

Leafspot, and Curled okra pod.

2. What are the insects found in okra?

It was found that the insects present in okra are Aphids, Little Black ant, Vine

weevil, Red cotton bug, Transverse Ladybird Beetle, and Bush cricket.

3. What are the weeds grown in the area?

Numerous weeds was discovered in each replication, these are Goosegrass, Goat

weed, Makahiya, Mani-mani, Careless weeds, and Carabao grass which

competing to the growth of Lady Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus).

Conclusions

Base on the findings, researcher simply conclude that the diseases, insects, and weeds are

considered to be the factors affecting to the production of okra. These can cause damage, low

quality and quantity of yield, and the hindrance to the growth and yield of Lady Finger

(Abelmoschus esculentus).
Recommendations

Based on the aforementioned findings, the following are recommended;

 Use control measure such as applying insecticides and pesticides to eliminate vectors

which are the main transmitter of diseases and viruses that can infect the Okra plant.

 Weeding should be done regularly to eliminate re-growth of the unwanted weeds.

This should be done as soon seeds will begin to appear.

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http://nhb.gov.in/pdf/vegetable/okra/okr002.pdf

https://infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/MinorPests/Cotton-stainers

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.627570/full#:~:text=Okra%20is%20a
%20widely%20consumed,and%20formed%20from%20epidermal%20cells.