Safety Audit in Bangladesh

ROAD SAFETY AUDITING APPROACH IN ASSESSING SAFETY HAZARDS
OF A SELECTED HIGHWAY SECTION OF BANGLADESH
NASIR UDDIN AHMED
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING
(CIVIL & TRANSPORTATION)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DHAKA, BANGLADESH
OCTOBER 2011
ROAD SAFETY AUDITING APPROACH IN ASSESSING SAFETY
HAZARDS OF A SELECTED HIGHWAY SECTION OF BANGLADESH
NASIR UDDIN AHMED
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING
(CIVIL & TRANSPORTATION)
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DHAKA, BANGLADESH
OCTOBER 2011
i

The thesis titled ‘Road safety auditing approach in assessing safety hazards of a selected
highway section of Bangladesh’, Submitted by Nasir Uddin Ahmed, Roll No: 0409042436
(F), Session : April 2009, has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering (Civil & Transportation) on
17 October 2011.
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
DR. MD. SHAMSUL HOQUE CHAIRMAN

PROFESSOR
(SUPERVISOR)
BUET, DHAKA

DR. TANWEER HASSAN MEMBER
PROFESSOR
BUET, DHAKA

DR. MD. MUJIBUR RAHMAN MEMBER
PROFESSOR AND HEAD (EX-OFFICIO)
BUET, DHAKA

DR. ISHTIAQUE AHMED MEMBER
TRANSPORT SPECIALIST (EXTERNAL)
SOUTH ASIA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
WORLD BANK, DHAKA
ii

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
It is hereby declared that this thesis or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for the
award of any degree of diploma.
Nasir Uddin Ahmed
iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, the author wishes to express his profound gratitude to Almighty Allah for allowing him
to complete this thesis. The author would like to express his sincere gratitude to his supervisor, Dr.
Md. Shamsul Hoque, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology (BUET) for the continuous support for this study and research, for
his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His continuous guidance helped
the author in all the time of research and writing of this thesis.
Besides the supervisor, the author would like to thank the rest of the Board of Examiners: Dr. Md.
Mujibur Rahman, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology (BUET) , Dr. Tanweer Hassan, Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) and Dr. Ishtiaque
Ahmed, Transport Specialist, South Asia Sustainable Development Department, World Bank,
Dhaka, for their encouragement and insightful comments.
The author wishes to express his warm and sincere thanks to all members of Accident Research
Institute (ARI), BUET for allowing using its resourceful library facilities and also for giving the
scope of matching collected accident data. The author gratefully acknowledges the cooperation of
all concerned persons of the Department, Civil Engineering Library and BUET Central library for
their assistance. Special thanks to Traffic Engineering Laboratory for allowing various instruments
to use for field study.
The author’s sincere thanks go to the officials of ‘The Road Design and Safety Circle’ of Roads
and Highways Department (RHD), Bangladesh for helping the author with various literatures, and
suggestions. The author was benefitted from Road Maintenance Management System (RMMS)
database of RHD. The author warmly thanks Mr. Ahad Ullah, Sub-Divisional Engineer (SDE),
Keraniganj Road Sub-Division, Munshiganj Road Division, Dhaka Road Circle for his valuable
advice on existing hazards of the highway. His friendly help by providing various designs and
drawings of the highway have been very helpful for this study. Sincere thanks to the Officers-in-
Charge of Keranigonj Model Thana, South Keranigonj Thana, Sirajdikhan Thana, Louhojong
Thana and Srinagar Thana for their whole hearted support in collection of accident data. The
author is thankful to Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST) for providing necessary
administrative support.
The author’s special gratitude is due to his parents and family members for their loving support.
Especially the author wishes to express his gratitude to his beloved wife and daughter whose
patient love and continuous encouragement enabled him to complete this study.
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ABSTRACT
The main objective of this research was to assess potential safety hazards of Dhaka-Mawa
Highway using road safety auditing approach and to recommend possible options for remedial
treatment. At first existing “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit, 2005” of Roads and Highways
Department (RHD), Bangladesh is reviewed and guidelines of developed countries are analyzed to
find out deficiencies of RHD guidelines. Checklists provided with RHD guidelines are also
analyzed and design standards and guidelines of other countries are studied to develop a more
detailed and complete checklists. Then using the modified checklists, road safety auditing was
conducted for Dhaka-Mawa highway. Accident data was collected to supplement audit findings.
Attempts were made to assess the safety hazard scenario and to suggest likely remedial measures
in view of the construction of proposed Padma Bridge, rapid urbanization and implementation of
4-laning project. In order to achieve the objectives of the research work, various guidelines on road
safety audit, design standards, as built drawings, proposed road alignment plan and related
publications were consulted. A total of 13 field visits were made to observe possible hazards
through conducting highway geometric study, site specific speed studies, vehicular and pedestrian
counts etc. Local traffic conditions were critically observed during the whole study. Besides, a
total of 11 visits were made to collect accident data from 5 police stations.
Review of ‘existing RHD guidelines on road safety’ identified the necessity of incorporating few
important aspects in the manual. Noteworthy aspects are: composition and qualification of audit
team, roles and responsibilities of various parties, steps of audit process, quality assurance
procedure, legal issues and areas of concern, costs and benefits of audit, monitoring and evaluation
(M&E) procedure, explanation of audit stages etc. Considering the local road traffic peculiarities
and basing on road safety guidelines of experienced countries, the study identified some relevant
issues for inclusion in the audit checklists. Striking issues are: scope of the highway, accessibility,
night inspection, hazardous locations, side roads, speed-breakers, road user behavior, enforcement,
trauma management, non-standard vehicles etc.
Following the checklists developed in this research work, potential safety hazards along the
highway were systematically identified. Presence of 11 highway-adjacent educational institutions,
14 filling stations and 15 sites of past crashes shows the high intensity of hazard exist along the
highway. Field measurement revealed inadequate Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) and Passing
Sight Distance (PSD) at three curves (available sight distances at curves prior to Shologhar,
Chonbari Junction and Srinagar Ferryghat are 394 ft, 291 ft and 289 ft respectively against
required SSD i.e. 461.53 ft and required PSD i.e. 1657.02 ft). Measurement taken at curves
discloses that curve widening is not considered for 12 sharp curves of the corridor. Particularly
data analysis for curve prior to Srinagar Ferry Ghat shows that 1.5 feet and 2 feet curve widening
is required for design speed of 60 kmph and 80 kmph respectively. Vehicular flow data,
pedestrian intensity count as well as associated site specific safety hazards revealed the necessity
of overpasses at five locations. As a whole, this corridor is assessed as hazardous mainly due to:
wide range of 85th percentile speed (57 to 62 kmph) , heterogeneous vehicle composition (non-
standard motorized vehicle comprises 58% and 30.92% of vehicle composition observed at two
places) causing speed differential of 15 kmph and modal speeds between 44 to 46 kmph,
significant variance of speed between locations and also within the same type of vehicles (average
speed of bus, truck, small standard motorized vehicles and non-standard vehicles was found to
vary between 49-57 kmph, 35-51 kmph, 59-66 kmph and 28-46 kmph respectively), observance of
motorized vehicles’ speed between 16 kmph to 23 kmph due to various hazards at bazaar/built-up
area/bus-stands etc. In addition, along 31 km route length, change of alignment at every 1.68 km
length due to presence of 19 curves, high (15 to 25 feet) and steep embankments having non-
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traversable batter slopes (1:2), presence of one hazardous location per 1.82 km length of the
highway, existence of bottlenecks i.e. narrow bridges at each 1.72 km length , existence of one
untreated junction per 1.29 km length of the highway, installation of 0.94 non-standard risky
speed reducing devices per kilometer of the highway etc. have increased the level of roadway
hazards significantly. Moreover, field observation reveals that along this corridor drivers of heavy
vehicles particularly of buses (which is 36.08% of total traffic), are always in fierce competition
and also have the tendency of making risky overtaking maneuver which is often induced by
presence of slow moving vehicles resulting unsafe and hazardous traffic operating condition.
To supplement safety audit findings accident data of 9 years was collected. Accident statistics
shows predominance of pedestrian related accidents (38.30%) followed by head-on collision
accidents (13.36%), rear end collision accidents (7.13%), loss of control accidents (10.02%) and
other types of accidents out of total 449 reported accidents. Analysis also shows that there exist 25
hazardous locations where a total of 301 accidents had occurred (i.e. 67% of total accidents). Bus
is found to be the most dominating vehicle involved in 53.45% (240 numbers) of total reported
accidents and 58.72% (101 numbers) of pedestrian related accidents. According to user groups,
pedestrians are observed to be the victims of accidents (172 accidents or 38.30%) followed by
passengers of various vehicles (153 accidents or 34.07%). Various contributory factors to
accidents are identified during road safety auditing.
It is anticipated that proposed construction of Padma Bridge and 4-laning project is likely to
aggravate already deteriorated safety situation substantially due to increased AADT which is
forecasted to be 9317 in 2014 and 17185 in 2020 and also due to rapid change of land use pattern
along the corridor. Consequential major impacts on road safety are likely to be due to increase of
side road connections, high level of conflict among various types of vehicles particularly through
and local traffic, increased number of hazardous locations, increased roadside non-motor activities,
untreated divider opening etc.
Basing on audit findings, short/mid/long term and low/high cost remedial measures were
suggested in details in the audit report. Noteworthy remedial measures are: provision of service
roads for non-standard motorized vehicles and non-motorized vehicles, construction of vertical
bypasses (approximately of total 4 km length) and conversion of cross-junctions to staggered T
Junctions at identified hazardous locations, straightening/realignment of the highway at 12 sharp
curves, provisioning of W-beam type safety barriers at embankment having steep batter slopes ,
treatment of 24 non-engineered junctions , construction of pedestrian overpasses at 5 locations,
introduction of company-based organized bus service, establishment of segment-specific speed
limits etc.
In addition to the recommendations made in the audit report, the study also proposed few
suggestions to mitigate probable safety hazards to be aroused due to proposed Padma Bridge, 4-
laning project and expected rapid urbanization. Worth mentioning suggestions are: strict access
control to national highway, development of highway-adjacent land use policy, building up of
local road network, upgrading three at-grade junctions (Hasnabad BRTA T Junction, Kodomtoli T-
junction and Mawa Roundabout) by constructing grade separated interchange facility etc. In
regards to 4-laning project, the study suggested treated opening instead of normal opening without
provision of turning refuge and New Jersey type barrier instead of low height divider. Particularly
in case of 4-laning project, it is recommended that instead of providing 4 lanes for all users, central
two lanes should be allocated for through traffic and other two lanes should be developed as
service roads to accommodate local traffics. The study ended with few topics for future studies.
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CONTENTS
Page
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Contents vii
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xiii
List of Photographs xiv
List of Abbreviation xvi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Justification for the Study 1
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Scope of the Study 3
1.5 Organization of the Thesis 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Some Basic Fundamentals about Road Safety Auditing 4
2.2.1 Background of Road Safety Audit 4
2.2.2 Definition of Road Safety Audit 4
2.2.3 Benefits of a Road Safety Audit Program 5
2.2.4 Related Issues of Safety Audit 5
2.2.5 Road Safety Audit is a Part of a Road Safety Strategy 6
2.2.6 Road Safety Audit is more than Checking Standards 6
2.2.7 Essential Elements of a Road Safety Audit 6
2.2.8 Selection of Projects for Audit 7
2.2.9 Road Safety Audit (RSA) of Existing Roads 7
2.2.10 Observing Road User Behavior 7
2.2.11 Examining Physical Evidence of Past Crashes and Off-Road Excursions 7
2.3 Review of Various Guidelines 8
2. 3.1 Salient Aspects of Existing “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of RHD 8
2. 3.2 Road Safety Audit, AUSTROADS, Australia 9
2. 3.3 FHWA Road Safety Audit Guidelines, USA 11
2. 3.4 Guidelines for Road Safety Audit, Institution of Highways &
Transportation (IHT), United Kingdom 14
2. 3.5 Road Safety Audit Guidelines, National Roads Authority (NRA), Ireland 15
2.4 Legal Issues 15
2.4.1 AUSTROADS’ View 16
2.4.2 FHWA View 16
2.4.3 IHT View 16
2.5 Interrelationship between Functional Classifications, Access Control
and Different Transport Mode 17
2.5.1 Functional Classification 17
2.5.2 Access Control 17
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2.5.3 Different Transport Mode 17
2.6 Miscellaneous Aspects 18
2.6.1 Trauma Management 18
2.6.2 School Safety Practices 18
2.6.3 Enforcement 19
2.7 Accident Statistics 19
2.8 Impact of ‘Padma Bridge’, Rapid Urbanization and Four-Lane Highway 19
2.9 Impact of ‘Padma Multipurpose Bridge’ 19
2.9.1 Impact on Traffic Movement Pattern 19
2.9.2 Traffic Study on Padma Bridge 20
2.10 Conversion of Existing Highway to 4-Lane Highway 22
2.11 Land Use Pattern and Future Impacts 22
2.11.1 Historical Changes in the Land Use Pattern 22
2.11.2 Present Land Use Pattern- Indication of Rapid Urbanization 23
2.12 Overview 23
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 Research Methodology 24
3.3 Methodological Consideration in the Research 24
3.3.1 Review of “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of RHD, Bangladesh 24
3.3.2 Modification of Checklists 25
3.3.3 Road Safety Auditing 25
3.3.4 Accident Data Analysis and Matching with Audit Findings 26
3.3.5. Impact of Padma Bridge, Urbanization and Possible Conversion of 4-lane
Divided Highway 26
3.4 Methodology used in the Investigation 26
3.5 Data Collection Approach 27
3.5.1 Primary Data 27
3.5.2 Secondary Data 27
3.5.3 Study and Analysis for ‘Review of RHD Guidelines on Road Safety
Audit’ and Development / Modification of Checklists 27
3.5.4 Data Collection for Road Safety Audit 28
3.5.5 Collection of Accident Data 30
3.5.6 Data on the Impact of Padma Bridge, Urbanization and 4-lane Divided
Highway 31
3.6 Problems Encountered 31
3.7 Summary 32
CHAPTER 4: REVIEW OF EXISTING RHD GUIDELINES FOR ROAD SAFETY AUDIT

AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHECKLISTS
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 Review of Existing RHD Guidelines 33
4.2.1 Basic Concepts are not explained 33
4.2.2 Composition of Audit Team 33
4.2.3 Roles and Responsibilities 34
4.2.4 The Audit Process, Step by Step 34
4.2.5 Road Safety Audit and Quality Assurance 34
4.2.6 Legal Issues and Areas of Concern 34
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4.2.7 Costs and Benefits 35
4.2.8 Training for Road safety Auditing 35
4.2.9 Follow-Up of Road Safety Audit 36
4.2.10 Stages of Audit 36
4.2.11 Road Safety Audit of Existing Road 37
4.2.12 Case Studies 37
4.2.13 Checklists/Prompt Lists 38
4.3 Modification of Checklists 38
4.3.1 Salient Aspects of Existing Checklist of “Guidelines for Road Safety
Audit” of RHD 38
4.3.2 Analysis of the Aspects to be included in the Checklists 39
4.3.3 Items to be included in the Existing Checklists of Roads and
Highways Department (RHD) Guidelines 41
4.3.4 Checklists and Forms 41
4.3.5 Checklists 42
4.3.6 Safety Inventory and Survey Forms 43
4.4 Overview 44
CHAPTER 5: UNDERTAKING SAFETY AUDIT AND FUTURE IMPACTS
5.1 Introduction 45
5.2 Road Safety Audit Report 45
5.2.1 Background 45
5.2.2 General 45
5.2.3 Road Alignment and Cross Section 46
5.2.4 Approach Widening 62
5.2.5 Intersections / Built-up areas and/ or bazaars having intersection, side
roads, bus-stand and other hazardous area 62
5.2.6 Lightings 75
5.2.7 Signs 75
5.2.8 Markings and Delineations 78
5.2.9 Crash Barriers, Guide Posts and Clear Zones 79
5.2.10 Pedestrians, Non-Motorized Vehicles and Motorized Vehicles 81
5.2.11 Bus Bays 86
5.2.12 Bridges and Culverts 87
5.2.13 Pavement 89
5.2.14 Side Roads 90
5.2.15 Parking 91
5.2.16 Provision for Heavy Vehicles 92
5.2.17 Roadside Plantation 93
5.2.18 Headlight Glare 94
5.2.19 Roadside Activities 94
5.2.20 CNG/ Filling Stations 95
5.2.21 Past Crashes and Off-Road Excursions 96
5.2.22 Speed-Breaker 97
5.2.23 Observations-Night Inspection 98
5.2.24 Various Types of Non- Standard Vehicles 98
5.2.25 School Zone Safety 99
5.2.26 Law Enforcement Agency 100
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5.2.27 Trauma Management 101
5.3 Review of Accident Data to Supplement Audit Findings 101
5.3.1 Introduction 101
5.3.2 Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations 101
5.3.3 Accident by Vehicle Type 110
5.3.4 Accidents Involving User Group 113
5.3.5 Problems Encountered 117
5.4 Future Impact of Padma Bridge, Urbanization and Four Lane Conversion 117
5.4.1 Introduction 117
5.4.2 Impact of Padma Bridge on Road Safety 118
5.4.3 Conversion of Existing Highway to Four-Lane Highway 118
5.4.4 Land Use Pattern and Future Impacts 120
5.5 Overview 123
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Introduction 124

6.2 Summary of the Findings /Conclusion 124
6.2.1 Review of Existing RHD Guidelines on Road Safety Audit 124
6.2.3 Road Safety Audit Report 127
6.2.4 Review of Accident Data to Supplement Audit Findings 134
6.2.5 Future Impact of Padma Bridge, Urbanization and Four Lane Conversion 137
6.3 Study Recommendations 139
6.3.1 Review of Existing Roads and Highways Department (RHD) Guidelines 139
6.3.2 Road Safety Auditing 141
6.3.4 Analysis of Accident Data to Supplement Audit Findings 148
6.3.5 Padma Bridge, Four Lane Highway and Urbanization 149
6.4 Recommendations for Future Research 149
REFERENCES 150
APPENDIX-A CHECKLISTS- ROAD SAFETY AUDIT OF EXISTING ROAD 152
APPENDIX-B FIELD INVESTIGATION/INSPECTION FORM 175
APPENDIX-C FILLED-UP FORMS/TABLES-ROAD SAFETY AUDIT 184
APPENDIX-D CALCULATIONS 258
APPENDIX-E PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING SAFETY HAZARDS 260
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Multi-functionality and Accident 18
Table 2.2 Average Annual Daily Traffic at Ferry Crossings-Vehicles 20
Table 2.3 Vehicle Classification at Ferry Crossing 20
Table 2.4 Average Annual Daily Traffic on N8 Either Side of Ferry Crossing 21
Table 2.5 Proportions of Trips by Arrival Mode River Crossing 21
Table 2.6 Traffic Forecasts (AADT) -‘Most Likely Case’ Scenario 21
Table 2.7 Population and Area Size of Dhaka City (1700-2001) 22
Table 3.1 Accident Statistics by Year 31
Table 4.1 Audits at Various Stages Followed by Recognized Organizations 36
Table 4.2 Comparison between RHD and Modified Checklists 42
Table 4.3 Comparison between RHD and Modified Forms 43
Table 5.1 Traffic Volume Survey for Vehicle Composition at Straight Section 48
Table 5.2 Spot Speed Calculation at Straight Section 49
Table 5.3 Spot Speed Calculation at Curve Prior to Srinagar Ferryghat 50
Table 5.4 Traffic Volume Count for Vehicle Composition at Curve 52
Table 5.5 Spot Speed Calculation at Curve Prior to Chonbari Junction 52
Table 5.6 Average Speed of Different Vehicles from Speed Study 54
Table 5.7 Average Speed of Vehicles at Various Built-up Areas/Bazaars 55
Table 5.8 Investigation of SSD and PSD at Curves 57
Table 5.9 Pedestrian Intensity 82
Table 5.10 Skid Resistance 89
Table 5.11 Percentage of Non-Standard Vehicles 99
Table 5.12 Thana-wise Statistics of ‘Type of Accidents’ 102
Table 5.13 ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Keranigonj Thana 103
Table 5.14 ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Sirajdikhan Thana 105
Table 5.15 ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Srinagar Thana 107
Table 5.16 ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Louhojong Thana 109
Table 5.17 Accident by Vehicle Type 110
Table 5.18 Accidents Caused by Bus 111
Table 5.19 Accidents Caused by Truck 112
Table 5.20 Accidents Involving User Group 113
Table 5.21 Accidents Involving Pedestrians 114
Table 5.22 Accident Involving Non-Motorized Vehicles 115
Table 5.23 Accident Involving Motor Cyclists 116
Table 5.24 Accident Involving Passengers of Various Vehicles 116
Table C1 Spot Speed for Straight Section 184
Table C2 Spot Speed for Curve Prior to Srinagar Ferryghat 184
Table C3 Spot Speed for Curve Prior to Chonbari Junction 185
Table C4 Curve Information 185
Table C5 Design Vehicle Dimensions 186
Table C6 Carriageway Width 187
Table C7 Shoulder and Drop Height Statistics 188
Table C8 Shoulder Condition 188
Table C9 Footpath/ Walkway Width 189
Table C10 Footpath / Walkway Condition 189
Table C11 Private Driveways and Property Entrances 190
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Table C12 Drainage Condition 191
Table C13 Signs Investigation Form 192
Table C14 Sign Groups 210
Table C15 Inventory of Existing Traffic Sign 217
Table C16 Road Marking and Delineations Investigation Form 232
Table C17 Marking Group 236
Table C18 Bridge Crash Barrier and Guide Post State 237
Table C19 Crash Barriers and Guideposts Condition 237
Table C20 Bus Bays 239
Table C21 Bridges: Deficiencies and Recommended Measures 241
Table C22 Culvert Details 249
Table C23 Approach Alignment of Bridges 250
Table C24 Side Road without any Engineering Treatment 251
Table C25 Roadside Activities 252
Table C26 Past Crashes and Off-Road Excursions 254
Table C27 Speed-Breaker Statistics 255
Table C28 School Zone Safety 257
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1 Accident Chain 5
Figure 2.2 Steps in a Road Safety Audit 10
Figure 5.1 Frequency Distribution for Spot Speed at Straight Section 49
Figure 5.2 Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Spot Speed at Straight Section 50
Figure 5.3 Frequency Distribution for Spot Speed at Curve- 1 51
Figure 5.4 Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Spot Speed at Curve-1 51
Figure 5.5 Frequency Distribution for Spot Speed at Curve-2 53
Figure 5.6 Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Spot Speed at Curve-2 53
Figure 5.7 Type of Accident- All Thana 102
Figure 5.8 Types of Accidents and Hazardous Locations-Keranogonj Thana 103
Figure 5.9 Accidents at Hazardous Locations-Keranogonj Thana 104
Figure 5.10 Types of Accidents and Hazardous Locations-Sirajdikhan Thana 105
Figure 5.11 Accidents at Hazardous Locations-Sirajdikhan Thana 106
Figure 5.12 Types of Accidents and Hazardous Locations-Srinagar Thana 107
Figure 5.13 Accidents at Hazardous Locations-Srinagar Thana 108
Figure 5.14 Types of Accidents and Hazardous Locations- Louhojong Thana 109
Figure 5.15 Accidents at Hazardous Locations-Louhojong Thana 110
Figure 5.16 Vehicle Involvements in Accidents 111
Figure 5.17 Accident Caused by Bus 112
Figure 5.18 Accident Caused by Truck 113
Figure 5.19 Accident Involving User Group 114
Figure 5.20 Accident Involving Pedestrians 115
Figure 5.21 Accident Involving Non-Motorized Vehicles 115
xiii

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Page
Photo 5.1: Restricted sight distance at curve at Shologhar 47
Photo 5.2: Restricted sight triangle due to corner shops at Roundabout 47
Photo 5.3: Obscured edge-line marking at Kodomtoli T Junction 47
Photo 5.4: Invisible edge-line marking at Rajendrapur 47
Photo 5.5: Inadequate shoulder width 59
Photo 5.6: High drop-offs at shoulder 59
Photo 5.7: Typical view of steep embankment 59
Photo 5.8: W-beam crash barriers 59
Photo 5.9: Footpath is not walk-able or absent due to vegetation 60
Photo 5.10: Footpath is not walk-able due to soil erosion 60
Photo 5.11: Sudden appearance of vehicles from land development project 61
Photo 5.12: Large grade difference between property entrances & highway 61
Photo 5.13: Damaged shoulder due to poor drainage at Keotkhali 62
Photo 5.14: Footpath is not walk-able due to erosion of soil 62
Photo 5.15: Location Characteristics- Abdullahpur Bazaar 64
Photo 5.16: Location Characteristics- Srinagar Ferryghat 66
Photo 5.17: A typical side road with restricted sight to the highway 67
Photo 5.18: Typical non-motor activities beside the highway 67
Photo 5.19: Vehicle paths not delineated at T-Junction 68
Photo 5.20: Bus bays not staggered resulting risky entry and exit 68
Photo 5.21: Hazardous on-street passenger boarding and alighting 68
Photo 5.22: A typical pedestrian crossing site 68
Photo 5.23: Typical illegal parking at the turning of minor roads 69
Photo 5.24: A typical non-engineered speed reducing device 69
Photo 5.25: Kodomtoli More T Junction 70
Photo 5.26: Vertical bypass at Hasnabad- Ekuria area 71
Photo 5.27: Vertical bypass at Rajendrapur 72
Photo 5.28: Vertical bypass at Abdullahpur Bazaar 72
Photo 5.29: Staggered side road at Nimtoli Bazaar 73
Photo 5.30: Vertical bypass at Chonbari Junction 73
Photo 5.31: Staggered side road at Chonbari Junction 74
Photo 5.32: Vertical bypass at Srinagar Ferryghat 74
Photo 5.33: Road sign with too much information 76
Photo 5.34: Non-standard sign at toll plaza prior to Dhaleshwari Bridge 76
Photo 5.35: Sign B 25 (Children) contrasted against billboard 76
Photo 5.36: Sign B 25 (Children) not visible due to vegetation 76
Photo 5.37: Obsolete location sign 77
Photo 5.38: Road sign on the ground 77
Photo 5.39: Splitter nose not marked or delineated 78
Photo 5.40: Pedestrian crossing site and extent of bus bay not marked 78
Photo 5.41: Non-delineated Crash Barrier at Abdullapur Bridge 79
Photo 5.42: Soil at the end of ‘crash barrier’ is eroded due to poor drainage 79
Photo 5.43: Unsafe Pedestrian crossing at Rajendrapur 82
Photo 5.44: Pedestrians using carriageway in absence of footpath 82
Photo 5.45: Uncontrolled NMV movement at T Junction 84
Photo 5.46: NMVs using bridges and restricting MV movement 84
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Photo 5.47: NMVs using bridges and restricting MV movement 85
Photo 5.48: Haphazard movement at Nimtoli 85
Photo 5.49: Hazardous exit and entry from bus bay due to side roads 87
Photo 5.50: Side road at Abdullahpur with restricted sight distance 90
Photo 5.51: Two oblique side roads joining Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 approach 90
Photo 5.52: Hasnabad-Ekuria - parked vehicle (CNG) on the carriageway 92
Photo 53: Abdullahpur- Northern bus bay is occupied by van and micro 92
Photo 54: Trucks waiting to enter Dhaka (after Kodomtoli T Junction) 93
Photo 55: Trucks waiting to cross Maowa (prior to Maowa Roundabout) 93
Photo 56: Inadequate turning radius for large vehicles at Nimtoli 93
Photo 57: Sight distance at curve is restricted due to road side plantation 93
Photo 58: Sight distance at curve is restricted due to road side plantation 93
Photo 59: Unauthorized structure and on-street shops 95
Photo 60: On-street vendors occupying shoulder, bus bay and clear zone 95
Photo 61: Restricted sight distance at Filling Station 96
Photo 62: Unsafe maneuvering from Filling Station 96
Photo 63: Crash location at Umpara Bailey Bridge 97
Photo 64: Damaged guide posts at curve after Abdullahpur Bridge 97
Photo 65: Non-engineered speed-breakers at Keotkhali 97
Photo 66: Jiggle Bars 97
Photo 67: Non-standard vehicle (1) 99
Photo 70: New towns already/being developed at Hasnabad- Ekuria area 121
Photo 71: Hasnabad-Ekuria built-up area 121
Photo 72: Ongoing land development prior to Songjog Sorok T-Junction 121
Photo 73: Developed land for new town near Songjog Sorok T-Junction 122
Photo 74: land already developed (South Model Town) prior to Abdullahpur 122
Photo 75: Unplanned development around Abdullahpur Bazaar 122
Photo 76: A potential site for land development near Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 122
Photo E1-E2: Private driveways and property entrances 260
Photo E3-E5: Drainage condition 260
Photo E6-E7: Markings and delineation 260
Photo E8-E9: Crash barriers and guide posts 261
Photo E10-E13: Pedestrian’s behavior 261
Photo E14-E15: Non-Motorized Vehicles’ behavior 262
Photo E16-E19: Side roads without engineering treatment 262
Photo E20-E25: Parking 263
Photo E26-E36: Roadside activities 264
Photo E37-E39: Speed-breakers, raised crossings and rumble strips 265
xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AADT- Annual Average Daily Traffic

AIP- Accident Investigation and Prevention
ARI- Accident Research Institute
BIWTC- Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation
BRTA- Bangladesh Road Transport Authority
BUA- Built-Up Area
BUET- Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
CAM- Chevron Alignment Marker
CNG- Compressed Natural Gas
CW- Carriageway Width
FHWA- Federal Highway Administration
GDP- Gross domestic Product
GDPPC- Gross domestic Product Per Capita
HDM- Highway Development and Management
HBB- Herringbone Bond
IHT-Institution of Highways & Transportation
JICA- Japan International Cooperation Agency
JMBA- Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Authority
LRP - Location Reference Point
MAAP- Microcomputer Accident Analysis Package
MV- Motorized Vehicle
NHI- National Highway Institute
NLTP-National Land Transport Policy
NMT- Non Motorized Transport
NMV- Non Motorized Vehicle
NRA- National Roads Authority
OECD- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
PSD- Passing Sight Distance
RHD- Roads and Highways Department
RMMS- Road Maintenance Management System
RSA- Road Safety Audit
RS- Rumble Strip
SDE- Sub-Divisional Engineer
SB- Speed-Breaker
SH- Speed Hump
SP- Supplementary Plate
SSD- Stopping Sight Distance
TRL -Transport Research Laboratory
xvi

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Road safety is a global socio-economic concern. In developing countries accident rates and
fatalities are alarmingly higher. A research undertaken for road accident cost studies in Bangladesh
during 2001-2002 by Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) of UK concluded that, the overall
national cost estimated for road accidents is Taka 39 billion, which is about 1.5% of annual Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). There exist two types of internationally recognized engineering
approaches to counter road safety problem- the Proactive and the Reactive approach. In many
countries, adoption of reactive approach could not gain significant success due to the absence of
standard requirements needed for such approach (RHD, 2005).
Road safety audit is “a formal examination of a future road or traffic project or an existing road, in
which an independent, qualified team reports on the project’s crash potential and safety
performance”. Road safety audit is relatively new and highly cost-effective tool for accident
prevention. It is applicable both for new projects and exiting roads. A safety audit is carried out at
discrete stages of road development projects (AUSTROADS, 2002). The application of safety
audit principle has considerable potential of rapidly improving the deteriorated safety situation,
and could contribute significantly to improving the long-term safety at marginal cost (Hoque,
2004). Road safety audits are both effective and cost beneficial as a proactive safety improvement
tool. For example, a Surrey County, United Kingdom, study found that after implementation the
average number of fatal and injury crashes at project sites that were audited fell by 1.25 crashes
per year (from 2.08 to 0.83 crashes per year) (FHWA, 2006). Bangladesh Government also
emphasized its commitment to reducing accident rates and speeding up the implementation of
accident prevention measures (MOC, 2004). According to RHD (2005), road safety audit is not a
“one-off” action rather it is an iterative action for continuous safety improvement of road
environment.
The process of road safety audit can play a vital part in achieving safer roads. Failure to adopt the
process runs the risk that avoidable defects on the road will not be discovered and that the defects
will cause accidents (Ogden, 2002). FHWA (2006) states that road safety audits are proactive as
they can identify where crashes will likely occur and what will be their resultant severity. Crash
data, if available, should be used to supplement any findings made as a result of the site visit and
review of project data. AUSTROADS (2002) holds the view that in developing countries, due to
the non-availability of accurate accident records road safety audit of existing roads provide the
opportunity to obtain a more balanced view of where crash problems are and in what order they
should be treated.
AUSTROADS (2002) opines that operational safety of an existing road can change over time, as
volumes, types of users or nearby land uses change. An audit of existing road provides the
opportunity to identify features which are potentially hazardous, although they have not yet
contributed to an accident. According to FHWA (2006), It may also be checked whether the
intended function and classification of the highway is in consistent with the current use and posing
potential risk to road users or not.
1.2 Justification for the Study
Road safety audit is of particular importance in Bangladesh because basic national road networks
we are still being developed/ upgraded. Here, the focus should be on the most important national
strategic roads which are of considerable safety concern. In Bangladesh, many roadway design
features can significantly affect accident experiences and these elements can be modified to reduce
accident rates. In addition to modifying the elements, sensible design alternatives could also be
1

considered to enhance safety. Furthermore, considering peculiarity of local users with large mix of
non-motorized vehicles, agricultural traffic, non-standard vehicles, pedestrians and the many
problems associated with street vendors and encroachment, appropriate changes can be
recommended in the road safety audit process (Hoque, 2005).
In Bangladesh, at national highways, road accidents are occurring very frequently. A study
conducted on Dhaka – Aricha highway reported total 1922 accidents during 1990-2003
observation period of which 60% are fatal (Muniruzzaman, 2004). In 2008, a total of 2723 fatal
accidents were reported in the country where accident rate was 0.177 per 10,000 populations
(BRTA, 2008). Reports from Daily Newspapers indicates occurrence of many fatal accidents in
the hazardous road locations in the national highways of Bangladesh. Particularly, in Dhaka-Mawa
highway, the accident situation is so serious that according to local Roads and Highways
Department (RHD) officials, as a symptom oriented reactive measure all together 40 speed
breakers are installed within 31 km road segment from Keraniganj to Mawa. Installation of these
speed breakers on high speed road is not a prescribed solution. It is perceived that many of these
accidents and casualties could have been prevented by implementing simple, systematic, and cost-
effective safety measures. So far, no scientific approach was followed to identify the safety
deficiencies of Dhaka-Mawa highway.
In this study attempts are made to investigate potential safety hazards using road safety auditing
approach and to recommend possible options for remedial treatment. Again, it is anticipated that
with the expected construction of Padma Bridge in near future safety situation of the highway will
further aggravate unless appropriate measures are taken. A road safety audit of the highway is
expected to enable in detecting its safety deficiencies and to take appropriate remedial measures
before further deterioration of the situation. Experience gathered from this audit, may be of great
importance if, in future, the highway is converted to a 4-lane national highway.
After a preliminary study of “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of Roads and Highways
Department (RHD), Bangladesh, it seemed that there are scopes to update existing guidelines of
RHD. Some checklists are provided with the guidelines to aid road safety auditing, which was
reviewed for developing a more detailed and informative checklists. RHD’s ‘Guidelines for Road
Safety Audit, 2005” was a beginning only and field application, evaluation and detailed research
would undoubtedly enhance its effectiveness.
1.3 Objectives
The main objective of this research was to identify the safety deficiencies and accident potential
and recommend the cost effective appropriate remedial measures for the overall safety
improvement of Dhaka-Mawa highway following Road Safety Auditing process.
The specific aims of the research were as follows:
‐ To review “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of Roads and Highways Department,
Bangladesh.
‐ To develop/ modify checklists as per standard safety audit guidelines of Roads and
Highways Department (RHD) as well as of other developed countries viz. Australia,
USA, Ireland and UK.
‐ To collect data on roadway geometric and operating conditions, accidents, hazardous
locations and other road side features as per modified safety audit checklists.
‐ To investigate potential safety hazards using road safety auditing approach and to
recommend possible options for remedial treatment
‐ To make an attempt to identify possible road safety hazards, due to the changed
scenario with the construction of proposed Padma Bridge, 4-laning project and rapid
urbanization pattern.
2

It is expected that outcome of this research work in Dhaka-Mawa highway would facilitate
identification of potential hazardous and unsafe road segments/locations/aspects and
recommendations of remedial treatments, thereby minimizing the occurrence of accidents or
reducing their severity. Experience of this road safety auditing approach would be of great value
in addressing and mitigating possible safety hazards when the long desired Padma Bridge will be
constructed and the highway will be converted to a 4-lane highway. Moreover, “systematic and
scientific approach” of road safety audit would make positive impacts on all concerned viz. the
management, the policy makers, road users and the community at large. This audit would also
promote a “safety culture” and enhance safety skills and knowledge which may encourage
practicing road safety engineers to improve the safety situation of other national highways.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The study mainly focused on identification of existing and potential safety hazards and
recommendation of the cost effective appropriate remedial measures for the overall safety
improvement of Dhaka-Mawa Highway following Road Safety Auditing process. To make the
study a comprehensive one, few related and important issues such as review of ‘ RHD Road
Safety Audit Guidelines’, modification of checklists, collection of crash data and matching with
audit findings etc. were undertaken. Attempts were also made to assess future impact of proposed
‘Padma Bridge’, rapid urbanization and four-lane project on the safety situation of the highway.
1.5 Organization of the Thesis
Apart from this chapter, the remainder of the thesis is divided into five chapters.
Chapter 2 reviews the literatures relevant to the theme of the thesis. The review helps to
understand the road safety auditing procedure, guidelines of Bangladesh and other developed
countries on ‘Road Safety Audit’, literatures related to the impact of future construction of Padma
Bridge, effect of urbanization, 4-laning project etc.
Chapter 3 presents an overview of the methods and data sources used in this thesis. This chapter
outlines the investigation methodology, data sources related to ‘ Review of Existing RHD
Guidelines’, development of checklists, road safety auditing, accident data, impact of Padma
Bridge, urbanization, 4-lane conversion and data collection procedures for these aspects.
Chapter 4 analyses ‘Existing Guidelines on Road Safety Audit of RHD’ first. Guidelines of
developed countries are then discussed. In view of these guidelines, local conditions and
peculiarities, suggestions are made regarding topics to be included in Roads and Highways
Department (RHD) guidelines. Also basing on field visits, RHD guidelines and guidelines of
various developed countries, checklists including forms are modified which are used later on for
road safety auditing of the highway.
Chapter 5 presents the crux of the thesis i.e. ‘Road Safety Audit Report’ of the highway first. Then
accident data are analyzed to supplement the findings of the audit report. In this chapter safety
impact of proposed Padma Bridge, urbanization and future 4-lane highway is highlighted.
Chapter 6 presents the conclusions and recommendations.
3

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, at first, basing on the literatures/ manuals of various developed countries, some
basic fundamentals about road safety auditing is highlighted. Existing “Guidelines for Road Safety
Audit” of Roads and Highways Department (RHD) was then discussed. Guidelines of various
developed countries such as Australia, USA, UK and Ireland was critically analyzed to identify
important aspects which are missed in RHD guidelines. The above-mentioned discussion/analysis
helped in the review of existing guidelines of RHD. Discussion on some important aspects i.e.
interrelation between functional classification, access control and different transport mode, trauma
management, school safety practices, enforcement etc. was made which helped in the
development/modification of checklists. Relevance of accident statistics with road safety audit was
highlighted. Literatures related to ‘Padma Bridge’, rapid urbanization and four-lane highway were
analyzed to understand future impacts on road safety.
2.2 Some Basic Fundamentals about Road Safety Auditing
2.2.1 Background of Road Safety Audit
Road Safety Audit has its origins in the United Kingdom in the 1980s, following the development
of Accident investigation and Prevention (AIP) techniques and the requirement of successive
legislation for highway authorities to take steps to reduce the possibility of accidents on their
roads. AIP teams, from initially investigating problems on existing roads with great success, turned
their attention to preventing accidents on new road schemes. Formal processes were developed and
in 1990 the Institution of Highways and Transportation (IHT) published its guidelines for the
safety audit of highways. Keen interest in road safety audit in New Zealand and Australia through
the 1990s has now been followed by interest in parts of Europe, North America, Asia and Southern
Africa (AUSTROADS, 2002). In Bangladesh, as a mandatory manual, “Guidelines for Road safety
Audit” was introduced in May, 2005 (RHD, 2005). Well-documented experience in Europe,
Australia, and elsewhere shows that road safety audits are both effective and cost beneficial as a
proactive safety improvement tool. Experience with road safety audits in the United States
indicates that road safety audit teams often identify safety concerns that would not otherwise have
been discovered by a traditional safety review. For example, New York Department of
Transportation reports a 20% to 40% reduction in crashes at more than 300 high-crash locations
treated with low-cost improvements recommended as a result of road safety audits. These safety
improvements resulting from road safety audits can be achieved at a relatively low cost and with
minimal project delay (FHWA, 2006). In subsequent articles, some basic fundamentals are
discussed to gain comprehensive knowledge on road safety auditing.
2.2.2 Definition of Road Safety Audit
AUSTROADS (2002) states road safety audit as “A formal examination of a future road or traffic
project, or an existing road, in which an independent, qualified team reports on the project’s crash
potential and safety performance”. According to FHWA (2006), “A road safety audit is a formal
performance examination of an existing or future road or intersection by an independent audit
team. It qualitatively estimates and reports on potential road safety issues and identifies
opportunities for improvement in safety of all road users.” IHT (1996) opines that, “Road safety
audit is a formal procedure for assessing accident potential and safety performance in the provision
of new road schemes and schemes for the improvement and maintenance of existing roads”. Roads
and Highways Department (RHD), Bangladesh referred to AUSTROADS’ definition. Most
4

important is definitions by all international agencies emphasizes on safety audit by independent
qualified professional team.
2.2.3 Benefits of a Road Safety Audit Program
Road safety audits pro-actively address safety (FHWA, 2006):
a. Road safety audited designs should produce fewer, less severe crashes.
b. Road safety audits identify low-cost/high-value improvements.
c. Road safety audits enhance consistency in how safety is considered and promote a “safety
culture.”
d. Road safety audits provide continuous advancement of safety skills and knowledge.
e. Road safety audits contribute feedback on safety issues for future projects.
f. Road safety audits support optimized savings of money, time, and – most importantly –
lives.
2.2.4 Related Issues of Safety Audit
Some important issues related to road safety audit are discussed in the subsequent articles.
Breaking the Accident Chain
Human, road environment and vehicle factors often combine in a chain of events which result in
accidents. Figure 2.1 shows ‘accident chain’. Addressing the road environment factors through
road safety audit allows breaking such a link in the chain of events in accidents (AUSTROADS,
2002).
Figure 2.1: Accident Chain
Prevention is better than Cure
A road safety audit aims to prevent the occurrence of crashes or to reduce their severity.
Operational safety of an existing road can change over time, as volumes, types of users or nearby
land uses change. An audit of existing road provides the opportunity to identify features which are
potentially hazardous, although they have not yet contributed to an accident (AUSTROADS,
2002). While efforts to reduce accidents on existing roads through systematic accident
investigation procedures must be sustained, safety audit seeks to minimize the risk of accidents
occurring as a result of future changes to the highway (IHT 1996).
Drive, Ride, Walk in Safety
The emphasis on the mode of travel on the roads should highlight the needs of the more vulnerable
road user. In a safety audit the road scene should be visualized through the eyes of all the different
types of road user (IHT 1996).
5

2.2.5 Road Safety Audit is a Part of a Road Safety Strategy
Road safety audit should be viewed as part of an overall strategy to reduce accident risk. A road
authority committed to road safety will include an accident remedial program (the treatment of
crash locations), routine road safety audits of new road and traffic designs, existing roads, and
maintenance programs in its road safety plan (AUSTROADS, 2002). Road Safety Audits represent
an additional tool within the suite of tools that currently make up a multidisciplinary safety
management system aimed at improving safety. As such, Road Safety Audits are not a replacement
for design quality control or standard compliance checks, traffic impact or safety impact studies,
safety conscious planning, road safety inventory programs, traffic safety modeling efforts (FHWA,
2006).
2.2.6 Road Safety Audit is more than Checking Standards
According to AUSTROADS (2002), standards do not guarantee safety as standards are developed
for a range of reasons, e.g. cost or traffic capacity, as well as safety, are often a minimum
requirement, usually cover general or common situations, not all situations, and may not be
applicable to the circumstances in the design. Again, individual road elements, designed to
standard, may be quite safe in isolation but when combined with other standard elements, be
unsafe. The particular standard may be based on old information or a designer may be using an
inappropriate standard or an outdated standard. IHT (1996) opines that safety needs may conflict
with capacity and environmental requirements; necessary relaxation of standards due to the terrain
may give rise to safety problems. As such a structured safety audit can usually identify potential
problems and make practical recommendations for alleviating them.
2.2.7 Essential Elements of a Road Safety Audit
To be considered a road safety audit, according to FHWA (2006), the process should contain
several essential elements. They are:
1) Formal Examination- Road safety audits are a formal examination of the design
components and the associated operational effects of a proposed or existing roadway from
a safety perspective.
2) Team Review- Road safety audits are performed by a team (at least three auditors) who
represent a variety of experience and expertise (design, traffic, maintenance, construction,
safety, local officials, enforcement personnel, first-responders, human factors) specifically
tailored to the project.
3) Independent Road Safety Audit Team- In the case of a road safety audit of an existing
road, the team leader should be independent of the facility owner.
4) Qualified Team-The auditors must have the appropriate qualifications specific to the road
safety audit.
5) Focus on Road Safety Issues- The principal focus of the road safety audit is to identify
potential road safety issues caused by the design, or by some operational aspect of the
design. The road safety audit should not focus on issues such as standards compliance
unless non-compliance is a relevant road safety issue.
6) Includes All Road Users- The road safety audit should consider all appropriate vehicle
types/modes and all other potential road users.
6

7) Proactive Nature- The nature of a road safety audit should be proactive and not reactive.
The team should consider not only safety issues demonstrated by a pattern of crash
occurrence, but also circumstances under which a cause and effect link is not so clear.
8) Qualitative Nature- The primary products of an audit are qualitative in nature, rather than
quantitative (e.g. numerical). These include lists of identified issues, assessments of
relative risk, and suggested corrective measures.
9) Field Reviews- Road safety audits are much more effective when they include day and
night field reviews.
2.2.8 Selection of Projects for Audit
Projects eligible for audit cover a wide range of types and sizes, on different classes of road, in
urban and rural areas. The variety of projects is broadly covered under the headings such as major
highway schemes, minor improvements, traffic management schemes, development schemes, and
maintenance works (IHT 1996). It is not the scale of project that is important, but the scale of any
potential hazard the design may unwittingly hide (AUSTROADS, 2002).
2.2.9 Road Safety Audit (RSA) of Existing Roads
The purposes of RSA on existing roads are:
a. Evaluate all roadway and roadside features, design elements and local conditions (glare,
night visibility, adjacent land uses, etc.) that would increase the likelihood and severity of
a crash.
b. Review firsthand the interaction of the various design elements with each other and the
surrounding road network.
c. Observe how road users are interacting with the road facility.
d. Determine if the needs of all road users have been adequately and safely met.
e. Explore emerging operational trends or safety issues at that location.
RSAs of existing roads rely mainly on the site visit, as-built design drawings (if kept up to date),
and other project data (e.g., previous reports) to determine what safety issues are expected to arise
at the site. This will provide the RSA team with an accurate picture as to the level of safety on the
road. Another feature of RSAs of existing roads is that, at the outset, the RSA team will want to
consider whether the road facility under review has the same function and classification as it did
when it was originally designed and constructed. Changes in traffic volume, vehicle mix, increased
presence of vulnerable road users, or adjoining land use developments may have rendered the
original classification and design of the facility obsolete. Standards, policies and guidelines may be
a starting point for the RSA team in identifying roadway/roadside elements or features that are no
longer consistent with the function and classification of the road, and are potentially posing a risk
to road users (FHWA, 2006).
2.2.10 Observing Road User Behavior
When conducting road safety audits of existing roads, the safety audit team will not only observe
the various road features and how they complement each other but also see how road users are
interacting with the road facility. They may observe incidents of driver behavior that suggest
something inherently wrong, misleading, or absent in the road design. Vulnerable road users may
be observed having particular difficulty negotiating through a site being investigated.
Alternatively, they may observe motorists committing traffic offenses and may suggest an
enforcement or education-based treatment (FHWA, 2006).
2.2.11 Examining Physical Evidence of Past Crashes and Off-Road Excursions
7

One advantage of conducting road safety audits of existing roads is the team's ability to observe
physical evidence of various past crashes and off-road excursions. Such evidence will assist in
diagnosing possible areas of elevated safety risk. Where damage has occurred such that a roadside
feature has been compromised, this should be noted and reported in the audit as a maintenance
concern (FHWA, 2006).
2.3 Review of Various Guidelines
As part of the literature review, guidelines of Roads and Highways Department (RHD) and other
developed countries such as Australia, UK, USA and Ireland etc. are analyzed/ studied in article
2.3.1 to 2.3.5. This study enabled to identify missing aspects of RHD guidelines, to acquire useful
input from other guidelines and ultimately to help in developing/modifying the guidelines in
Bangladesh perspective.
2. 3.1 Salient Aspects of Existing “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of RHD
“Road safety” is recognized by RHD as a major issue of concern. ‘National Land Transport Policy
(NLTP) 2004’ instructed for safety auditing of roads at various stages in planning, design,
construction and maintenance of road network. In absence of any formal guidelines and in the light
of ‘National Land Transport Policy (NLTP) 2004’, RHD considered the necessity of developing a
set of guidelines for road safety audit of detailed engineering designs and specifications of roads
under construction or to be constructed and for safety auditing of existing roads. In the subsequent
articles, salient aspects of existing “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of Roads and Highways
Department (RHD) are briefly narrated.
Bangladesh Scenario
At first road network and vehicles in Bangladesh is discussed. Road accident rate of Bangladesh
was calculated based on recorded accident data of Accident Research Institute (ARI) of
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) and National Road Safety
Council. The rate was then compared with neighboring developing countries. Limitations of
accident reporting and recording system of the country are acknowledged. National costs of road
accidents are highlighted.
International Experience
Experience of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is highlighted to
show the relative involvement of road environment, human factor and vehicle. Success experience
of Malaysia in addressing the problem was narrated. The two approaches i.e. Pro-active approach
and Reactive approach was discussed in details highlighting their areas of activities, limitations,
appropriateness etc. and at the end “road safety audit” as a proactive action for safety improvement
of Bangladesh was preferred.
Use of the Guidelines
The guideline is declared as a MANDATORY manual for safety auditing of planning, design, and
construction and maintenance projects and existing roads under RHD. The users were advised to
consult other safety related documents of RHD and Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA)
for better understanding. The guidelines include a set of questionnaire/audit checklists and few
typical formats for physical inventory. In addition, safety auditors are expected to apply
professional experience, skill and judgment as appropriate depending on extent and scope of work
for safety auditing.
8

Independent Safety Audit-Definition, Objectives, Purposes, Stages
AUSTROADS’ definition of road safety audit is cited. Parameters, distinctions and objectives of
independent audit are discussed. The guidelines opined that audit for all or any number of the
following stages of road planning, design, construction and maintenance may be undertaken:
1) Feasibility study
2) Preliminary design
3) Detailed design
4) Road under construction
5) Pre-opening/Handover stage of construction completed road
6) Existing roads
7) Traffic management scheme during road construction
Aspects and issues to be focused by independent safety audit and outcome of independent safety
audits are also discussed. The guidelines also stated the contents of an audit report.
Appropriate Stage of Audit for Bangladesh
According to the guidelines, considering work/schemes/project types and their phasing for
implementation in Bangladesh, safety audits for projects at four stages are considered to be most
practicable and applicable under two broad heads i.e. pre-construction/under-construction projects
and construction completed roads/existing roads.
Safety Measures
The attention of the users of the guidelines is invited to some very important local safety issues.
The issues discussed and recommended must be attended along with other Roads and Highways
Department (RHD) Manuals.
Checklists/Questionnaire and Various Forms
At the end, the guidelines provided Checklists/Questionnaire on Master Check List, Pre-
Construction Safety Audit, Post-Construction Safety Audit: Traffic Management Scheme during
Road Construction Works, Post-Construction Safety Audit: Pre-Opening/Hand Over Stage Audit
and Existing Roads’ Audit. The guidelines also included few forms for Road Inventory and
Survey, Road Sketch as per Field Condition, Traffic Sign Investigation, Road Marking
Investigation, Road Junction Investigation, Bazaar/Developed Area Investigation, and
Bridge/Culvert Inventory.
2. 3.2 Road Safety Audit, AUSTROADS, Australia
AUSTROADS’ guidelines on “Road safety Audit” were first published in 1994 and second edition
was published in 2002 after incorporating significant changes. The guidelines are divided into four
parts. Issues which are covered in AUSTROADS’ guidelines, but missed out in RHD guidelines
are discussed in short and important issues are highlighted in details in the subsequent paragraphs.
2. 3.2.1 Explanation of Road Safety Audit
In Chapter 2, under the heading “Who should perform a road safety audit”, the skills and
experience required for safety auditors are discussed. The importance of “independence” and
benefits of having multi-number audit team is stated. The chapter also explained “Ways of
organizing a road safety audit”. The heading; “How a road safety audit is conducted” states the
9

responsibilities of the designer or client and the audit team through a three-phase process. Under
the heading “Avoiding misunderstanding”, the need of good, clear communication in any road
safety audit is emphasized and procedures to overcome likely problems are explained. This
explanation develops the mind set-up of auditors towards safety auditing.
2. 3.2.2 Road Safety Audit and Quality Assurance
Chapter 3 explains the relationship between road safety audit and quality assurance. Quality
assurance procedures of an organization can state what is expected in connection with road safety
audits: the frequency of audits, the required skills and experience of auditors, the number of
auditors for different size design projects, selection process of auditors, the audit process to be
followed and the format/content of the audit report. Thus quality assurance gets due importance in
safety auditing.
2. 3.2.3 Legal Issues
Legal issues are covered in Chapter 4. The process of road safety audit has been shown to heighten
an awareness of safety and to promote a safer road environment. The legal issues can no longer be
ignored and the discussions educate safety auditors about the growing concerns about legal issues.
2. 3.2.4 Costs and Benefits
Chapter 5, through various examples and evidences discussed the benefit-cost ratio of audits at
various stages and concluded that benefits from safety auditing will undoubtedly outweigh the
costs. The audit cost may be equivalent to less than 4% of the road design cost. An evaluation of
13 pilot projects in Denmark concluded that there was a 146% first-year rate of return, considering
the savings in accident costs over the direct costs of undertaking the audit.
2. 3.2.5 Audit Process, Step by Step
The step by step audit process is discussed in Chapter 6. A road safety audit is a straightforward
process. The steps in the process are illustrated in the flow chart in Figure 2.2. The details in each
step of the flow chart should be adapted to suit the nature and scale of a particular project.
Figure 2.2: The Steps in a Road Safety Audit
10

2. 3.2.6 An Audit Report’s Contents
An audit report’s content will include project information, background information, findings and
recommendations and formal statement.
2. 3.2.7 Framing of Audit Findings and Recommendations
Findings are a listing of identified safety deficiencies and should be framed in terms of a
‘solution’. Recommendations should be appropriate for the class of road, type of project and stage
of audit and should indicate the direction in which a solution should be sought, rather than
specifying the solution. Solutions may be high-cost/low-cost and short-term/long-term solutions,
and avoid specifying solution in detail, but equally do not be so obscure or general that the client
does not understand the point being made.
2. 3.2.6 Audit of Road Designs
A road safety audit can be undertaken at feasibility stage, preliminary design stage, detailed design
stage and pre-opening stage as a design proceeds from concept to implementation. In Chapter 7,
four design stage audits are defined and explained at first and then the reasons for conducting audit
for each stage is stated. Thus the importance of audit at each design stage is made clear.
2. 3.2.7 Other Types of Road Safety Audits and Safety Reviews
Chapter 8 describes how the step-by-step process can be applied to temporary traffic schemes
during road work, off-road land use developments, specific road user groups and existing roads.
Warrants/reasons/circumstances for conducting these special types of audits are discussed in
details.
2. 3.2.8 Case Studies, Safety Principles and Checklists
Chapter 9 contains nine summarized case studies based on actual road safety audits. They illustrate
audits of different-sized projects, as well as different styles of reporting. Part C describes some
safety principles that designers can apply to projects to improve their safety performance. Part D
covers checklists. Notes on the road safety audit checklists contains issues such as, the purpose of
checklists, when to use the checklists and how to use the checklists. A master checklist for all
stages is provided. Detail checklists are provided inside the back cover for various stages of audits.
2. 3.3 FHWA Road Safety Audit Guidelines, USA
FHWA Road Safety Audit was published in 2006. The guidelines are divided into three parts.
Issues which are covered in FHWA Road Safety Audit guidelines, but missed out in RHD
guidelines were discussed in short and important issues are highlighted in details in the subsequent
articles. Similar issues covered in AUSTROADS’ ‘Road Safety Audit’ were not repeated.
2. 3.3.1 Training
Salient aspects are: development of a road safety audit training course by the FHWA's National
Highway Institute (NHI) , hands-on training involving in-house staff in real-world situations,
cross-training of staff through participation in audits with knowledgeable team leaders, training by
engineering faculties of universities, participation by State safety staff in university outreach
programs, and participation in website forums that provide relevant guidelines, documents, and
links to establish road safety audit programs.
11

2. 3.3.2 Eligibility to Conduct Road Safety Audits
Specific issues are: number of team members (the smallest team that brings all of the necessary
knowledge and experience to the process); team background (Professional experience in the
design, operations, and safety areas that is multidisciplinary experience); independence of the road
safety audit Team; team leadership (a leader who is thoroughly knowledgeable in the road safety
audit process, capable of directing the other team members, and able to communicate effectively
with the design team and the project owner) ; local representatives (Representatives of State or
local law enforcement or leaders of local organizations not necessarily being a team member).
2. 3.3.3 Roles and Responsibilities
There are varying roles and responsibilities for all of the parties involved in the road safety audit.
The project owner must work to make sure that key road safety audit features, such as the
formality of the road safety audit, the use of a qualified, independent multi-disciplinary road safety
audit team, and the inclusion of all road users are part of and remain part of all road safety audits.
The design team leader is the single point of contact for all activities related to the design and road
safety audit process. The road safety audit team is responsible for reporting on all safety concerns
they identify.
2. 3.3.4 Road Safety Audit steps
Typical road safety audit steps include eight steps namely; identify project or existing road to be
audited, select road safety audit team, conduct a pre-audit meeting to review project information,
perform field reviews under various conditions, conduct audit analysis and prepare report of
findings, present audit findings to Project Owner/Design Team, prepare formal response, and
incorporate findings into the project when appropriate. Salient features of these steps are discussed
below:
Backgrounds of Road Safety Audit Team
The audit team to include Road Safety Specialist (having recognized expertise in the
understanding of causal factors that lead to crashes and effective treatments that would address the
occurrence of such crashes), Traffic Operations Engineer (qualified in the field of traffic
operations, principles of traffic flow, capacity and demand, congestion, proper placement and use
of signs, pavement markings, traffic signal operations and the impact of different treatments on
traffic operations) , Road Design Engineer ( having extensive road design experience, familiarity
with various standards in road design, understanding of the contribution of different roadway and
roadside elements to the relative safety of road users), Local Contact Person ( familiar with the
area under review and the traffic safety issues experienced there), and specialists in human factors,
maintenance, enforcement, first response, pedestrian and bicycle treatments, transit operations,
ITS, etc.
Review of Project Data
The review of design drawings and other project information is to be conducted prior to and after
the field review. The road safety audit team should imagine how the road would appear from the
perspective of road users, may refer to the checklists as a means of reminding themselves of
relevant aspects of the road safety audit, should restrict its comments to those issues having a
bearing on the safety of road users and should fully review any project data provided to them prior
to the field review to familiarize themselves with the location. Reviews of the project data and
design drawings are performed individually and in a team setting.
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Field Review
The field review is a key task that the road safety audit team should undertake in all audits. One
approach to field reviews is that each road safety audit team member reviews the entire site
independently, noting anything of importance. The team then reviews the site together, discussing
the various issues each team member has identified independently. Another approach is for the
team to move through the site as a group, with each team member noting issues as they encounter
them. Issues identified in the review of project data should be verified in the field. Photographs
and possibly video footage should be taken of anything that may need to be reviewed or revisited
while writing the road safety audit report or while presenting the road safety audit findings to the
project owner and design team. During the field review, the road safety audit team must consider
all possible movements. The road safety audit team should also conduct nighttime visits, afternoon
observations, review for pedestrians on foot and route reviewing during periods of inclement
weather.
Conduct Audit Analysis and Prepare Report of Findings
The objective of conducting road safety audit analysis and preparing the road safety audit report is
to report the findings of the audit team through identification and prioritization of safety issues.
The report should be concise. Where possible, the report should include pictures and diagrams as
may be considered useful to further illustrate points made. References to other reports, standards,
policies or published research on road safety may also be made within the road safety audit report.
The audit team may wish to group safety issues into broad topics that are further broken down into
subtopics. Each safety issue should be identified in the report with a brief description of why it
poses a risk. The issue identified should be specific. Broad descriptions of safety issues should be
avoided.
Documenting Road Safety Audit Suggestions
Terms such as “unsafe”, “sub-standard”, “unacceptable”, and “deficient” should be avoided.

Suggestions for improvement should be constructive and realistic, and should recognize that the
project owner may have several different options to achieve the desired result. The audit team
leader should not demand specific corrective measures.
Present Audit Findings to Project Owner/Design Team
If safety concerns are identified, comments should be kept as specific as possible. Issues identified
should be described in terms of where they are located and how they represent a safety risk.
Pictures or video footage may be shown to the project owner and design team to further illustrate
the issue.
Prepare Formal Response
Once the project owner and the design team have reviewed the audit report, they should jointly
prepare a written response to its findings. The response should outline what actions the project
owner or design team will take related to each safety concern listed in the audit report. The project
owner and design team may consider more cost-effective alternatives and the possibility of
mobility, environmental, or other non-safety related problems. Based on the outcome, the project
owner and/or design team may either agree with the suggestion described by the audit team and
commit to its implementation, outlining a schedule for the completion of the suggestion or
disagree with the suggestion described by the audit team and commit to an alternative, outlining a
schedule for the completion of the alternative or choose not to implement any improvement at all
due to project constraints. In doing so, the project owner and/or design team must document the
reasoning behind their decision.
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Incorporate Findings into the Project when Appropriate
Once the response report is sent to the road safety audit team, the project owner and design team
will need to ensure that the agreements described in the response report are completed as described
and in the time-frame documented. Having committed to a process of road safety audits, the
project owner and design team should use the road safety audit as a learning opportunity.
Internally, the recipients of the road safety audit report should have gained a better understanding
of road safety and principles of road design, operations, and human factors that either contribute to
or take away from the elements of risk on their road network. This knowledge may then be applied
to future projects and, therefore, through repeated experiences, the project owner and design team
will ultimately be managing and designing a safer road network. The project owner and design
team should also review the road safety audit process to aid in refining future audits.
2. 3.3.5 Road Safety Audit Prompt Lists/Checklists
Purpose of Prompt Lists: The purposes of road safety audit prompt lists are to help the road
safety audit team identify potential safety issues and to ensure that they do not overlook something
important. The prompt lists may also be used by designers to help them identify potential safety
issues proactively as they develop their design. Road safety audit prompt lists, even the most
detailed ones, should be viewed as a prompt only. They are not a substitute for knowledge and
experience; rather, they are an aid in the application of knowledge and experience.
Organization of Prompt Lists: The road safety audit prompt lists are provided for use at various
stages of audit. These are; at Pre-construction Phase, 3 Prompt Lists (Prompt List 1 for Planning
Stage, Prompt List 2 for Preliminary Design Stage, and Prompt List 3 for Detailed Design Stage),
at Construction Phase, 2 Prompt Lists (Prompt List 4 for Work Zone Traffic Control Plan Stage
and Prompt List 5 for Pre-Opening Stage), at Post-construction Phase, 1 Prompt List (Prompt List
6 for Existing Roads Stage) and for Development Projects, 1 Prompt List (Prompt List 7 for Land
Use Development).
When to Use the Prompt Lists: The prompt lists are for use during road safety audits when
reviewing project data, in particular, when project drawings are being examined, conducting site
visits, conducting the road safety audit analysis, and writing the road safety audit report.
General Procedure for Using Prompt Lists: Before starting, the road safety audit team should
decide collectively if they want to use prompt lists, and if so, which prompt lists to use, and how to
use them. The prompt lists appended to this guideline are general prompts only. The prompt lists
are generally designed to help the road safety audit team members to think about broader issues
first (“general topics”) and to get into specific details after the more general issues are considered.
In the road safety audit process, the road safety audit team may note on the prompt lists any issues
that represent a safety concern or require further review and provide their comments. Additional
details can be logged on the plans and drawings. It is helpful to take photographs illustrating the
identified safety concerns and reference them in the prompt lists. These graphics may be used
during road safety audit analyses and may subsequently be appended to the road safety audit
report.
2. 3.4 Guidelines for Road Safety Audit, Institution of Highways & Transportation (IHT),
United Kingdom
In 1990 the Institution of Highways & Transportation published the first “Guidelines for the Safety
Audit of Highways”. In this study, “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit”, IHT, 1996 is analyzed to
derive benefits from the publication. The guidelines have 9 chapters. Aspects of road safety audit
which are more or less similar and already discussed in Road Safety Audit, 2002, AUSTROADS
and FHWA Road Safety Audit Guidelines, 2006, USA; will not be repeated in the subsequent
articles.
14

Monitoring the Individual Schemes
An essential follow-up to completion and opening of all schemes is to monitor performance. The
emphasis should again be drive, ride, and walk concept to check that the perception of safety to
different road users is up to the expectation. In particular, this aspect of monitoring can take
account of any feedback from road users on a completed scheme. Quantitative assessment of the
performance should also be monitored through accident records to identify any problems that may
have been overlooked during audit. However, it will be important to allow for any “settling in”
period for any significant network in change.
Monitoring and Evaluating Procedures and Practice
In the broader context, monitoring is needed to assess the procedures and practice, and update
them to ensure that the effectiveness of safety audit process remains as robust as possible. To
achieve this, it is important that a comprehensive record of the safety audit process is kept. Part of
the monitoring process is to record common deficiencies identified at different stages of audit and
on different types of scheme. This will provide a feedback to design engineers for future schemes,
and alert auditors to look out for similar problems. Accident monitoring will enable the
effectiveness to be measured against national criteria for similar schemed, and add to the
understanding of basic safety principles. Resource costs for each stage of audit of a scheme,
together with additional costs arising out of redesign or remedial action, should be recorded.
Responsibility for setting up a procedure for monitoring should rest with the client (highway
authority) organization. Keeping a register of all schemes audited is an essential aid to monitoring.
2. 3.5 Road Safety Audit Guidelines, National Roads Authority (NRA), Ireland
From Irish guidelines, aspects related only to ‘accident monitoring’ are discussed. Feedback of
accident monitoring and matching that with audit report is expected to pay more dividends (NRA,
2004).
Accident Monitoring
When a scheme has been completed, it is important to monitor its performance in terms of the
number and severity of road accidents and casualties. The NRA Safety Officer is to monitor
schemes one year and five years after completion. The Standard requires that accident locations
and common accident types are identified and that accident rates and severity ratios are compared
with average rates. Although this monitoring is necessary, it is of limited use unless it is related
back to the original Safety Audit Reports. A suggested working method for monitoring is outlined
below:
1) Identify accident locations;

2) Identify accident types;
3) Identify which items highlighted in the Safety Audit Report were amended on site;
4) Look at the Safety Audit Reports and compare the recorded accidents against the
problems highlighted in the report. A comparison of those problems not addressed
by the client with accident occurrence will be of particular interest;
5) Prepare a monitoring report for the client (with a copy to the original Audit
Team);
2.4 Legal Issues
In developed countries, road safety auditing developed safety awareness amongst all. Legal issues
related to safety audits are getting increased attention from all concerned. In Bangladesh also, the
15

issues are likely to come up once safety audits would be undertaken regularly. Experiences of
developed countries are discussed below so that basing on the lessons; the issues can be handled
properly in Bangladesh.
2.4.1 AUSTROADS’ View
1) The common law promotes safety by awarding damage against a driver or a road authority
which has fallen below the required standard of care.
2) The decision whether to adopt road safety audit and in what form is left to the individual
road authority and is not mandated by parliament. The process of road safety audit has not
yet been tested in an Australian court of law.
3) The court of Australia is concerned with the state of the road at the time of the crash. The
court is likely to be unconcerned with the method by which the state of the road is
achieved; they will concentrate on whether that level of safety on the road is reasonable or
not.
4) The area of law which controls the awarding of damages to an injured person is tort. If the
claimant can demonstrate to the court that the four elements i.e. presence of a duty of care,
a breach of the standard of care, the breach caused the damage and damage incurred then
the loss will be shifted to the defendant.
5) The liability will be on the auditor if an audit is conducted far below the standard or the
area under audit is beyond the competence and experience of the auditor.
6) If an accident occurs due to the action or inaction of a person’s course of employment,
concerned authority will be liable for the action of its employee.
2.4.2 FHWA View
1) Some State and local agencies have been hesitant to conduct road safety audits due to a
fear that road safety audit reports will be used against them in tort liability lawsuits, which
are lawsuits in which a plaintiff may sue for compensation for an injury resulting from a
design or engineering flaw. In this case, such a suit would assume that road safety audit
documents could be cited as proof that State or local agencies oversaw implementation of
a road design that was not safe or that somehow contributed to an individual's injury.
2) One view regarding liability is, “When findings cannot be implemented, an exception
report is developed to address liability and mitigating measures. Once safety issues are
identified, and there exists financial limitations on how much and how fast issues can be
corrected, then the audit will help in defense of liability.”
3) In the case of Kansas Department of Transportation, the road safety audit program was
implemented to be proactive in identifying and fixing safety issues. Their road safety audit
results are for internal staff use only and are not available to the public or to lawyers
representing claims against the State.
4) Another approach could be to use road safety audit reports in tort liability suits to show the
courts that the State or local agency is proactively trying to improve safety.
5) Many litigants and their lawyers will hire an expert witness to conduct their own safety
review of the location in question. The road safety audit report can be used to refute or
counter the expert witness's report and to show the public agency's efforts at improving
safety in that location.
2.4.3 IHT View
1) Common/similar issues and concerns of AUSTROADS and FHWA are not repeated.
2) With respect to safety audit, a number of potential issues arise once an accident has
occurred on a new road scheme or scheme improvement. In devising audit procedures,
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organizations should ask themselves the following questions. What are the legal
implications if:
a) A safety audit has not been carried out on a trunk road?
b) A safety audit has not been carried out on a local road?
c) A safety audit has been carried out, but the recommendations have not yet been
acted upon
d) A safety audit has been carried out, but has failed to identify a relevant problem?
e) No effective, consistent, safety audit procedures exist?
2.5 Interrelationship between Functional Classification, Access Control and Different

Transport Mode
2.5.1 Functional Classification
A safe road environment starts with the development of a hierarchy within the network that
provides for the various levels of service, from access to mobility. While there are several other
characteristics of roadways which define their function, such as traffic volume, design speed, types
of vehicles using the roadway and connection within the network, traffic movement and land
access are the prime considerations in classifying the roadway. With the proper integration of land
use and transportation planning, local roadways primarily provide land access, while through
traffic and high operating speeds are discouraged. On the other hand, the roadways at the upper
end of the hierarchy are planned to optimize traffic flow and speed, while severely restricting or
eliminating all direct access to adjacent lands (OECD, 1999).
According to FHWA (2006), one feature of road safety audits of existing roads is that, at the
outset, the road safety audit team will want to consider whether the road facility under review has
the same function and classification as it did when it was originally designed and constructed.
Changes in traffic volume, vehicle mix, increased presence of vulnerable road users, or adjoining
land use developments may have rendered the original classification and design of the facility
obsolete.
2.5.2 Access Control
An important element of safe network planning is the issue of access control. The elimination of
unexpected events and the separation of decision points simplify the driving task. Access control
reduces the variety and changes the spacing of events to which the driver must respond. This
results in improved traffic operation and reduced collision experience. As access is one of the
primary functions within the road classifications, it is clear that the frequency of collisions
increases with the number of access points to the road (OECD, 1999).
2.5.3 Different Transport Mode
Multi-functionality leads to contradictory design requirements and also to higher risks. Table
below indicates the risk levels of different road types in Netherlands. From Table 2.1, it is apparent
that combination of multi-functionality, combined use of different transport modes in the same
physical space and relatively high speeds and speed differences lead to relatively high risks. It is
also clear that the risks on a rural road without any traffic restrictions—i.e. an ‘all purpose’ road—
are twice as high as on a rural road which is closed to slow-moving vehicles and with a certain
level of access control.
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Table 2.1: Multi-Functionality and Accident
Road type Speed Mixed Intersecting/oncoming Injury rates per

limit traffic traffic 10⁶ km
Residential area 30 Yes Yes o.30
Urban street 50 Yes Yes 0.75
Urban artery 50/70 Yes/no Yes 1.33
Rural road 80 Yes/no Yes 0.64
Express road or road 80 No Yes 0.30
closed to slow-
moving vehicles
Motor road 100 No Yes/no 0.11
Motorway 100/120 No No 0.07
Ideally, if each roadway is designed for a specific function with corresponding design
characteristics, the clues provided by the road’s design features can elicit the desired driver
behavior, such as travel speed, and draw attention to other road users such as pedestrians and
bicyclists. At present, the majority of non-motorway rural roads are multi-functional-- i. e. from
inter-urban to local traffic functions – and accommodates various types of motorized and non-
motorized vehicles and pedestrians. This results in a higher accident risk (OECD, 1999).
2.6 Miscellaneous Aspects
2.6.1 Trauma Management
Data from Australia (as cited by Henderson, 1995) shows that, the risk of dying either instantly or
before medical attention can be provided increases in line with the remoteness of the location from
an urban center. This is because of the increased crash severity in rural areas as a consequence of
typically higher speeds and the additional time before treatment is received. Australian data on the
severity of crashes further reinforces the points by showing that in 57% of rural crashes, occupant
death is recorded as occurring instantly while for urban crashes the comparable figure is 44%.
Likewise, on the basis of a full scale survey in Hungary (as cited by Ecsedy and Hollo, 1994) it
was found that in case of fatalities, about half of all the victims are taken to a hospital before they
die. This figure also indicates that about half the fatalities die on the spot or on the way to the
hospital. These examples clearly confirm the greater severity of rural crashes as well as
emphasizing the critical importance of time – and therefore distance -- in regard to emergency help
reaching an accident scene (OECD, 1999).
2.6.2 School Safety Practices
A program ensuring the safety of walking school children consists of two parts: the physical
facilities and the operational plan. Sidewalks and walkways separate school children from the flow
of vehicular traffic. They are a key component in the physical facilities related to the safety of
walking children. The operational plan consists of the traffic control devices and the
supervisory/control elements for school trip safety. The selection of appropriate school zone traffic
control is dependent upon traffic characteristics, school location, and the ages of the pupil. In
general, the most effective method of school zone traffic control includes well-trained, adult,
crossing guards. A committee at the local level should be responsible for the appropriate and
uniform application of school crossing protection measures. Committee members might represent
the school, police, parent/teacher association, engineering department, mayor’s traffic safety
committee (ITE, 1998).
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2.6.3 Enforcement
Enforcement is one of several factors that contribute to the efficiency and safety of the traffic
system. In terms of rural road safety, enforcement can have a significant impact on both the current
level of safety as well as creating positive trends for improved levels of road safety in the future by
influencing road-user behavior. Police activity and success are generally limited only by the
resources that can be applied and by the established priorities. Police enforcement deals with
offences such as speeding, not stopping at traffic signal, crossing a white line and illegal parking.
Enforcement can only be effective if it operates in a supportive environment of laws, regulations
and a sensitive penal system (OECD, 1999).
2.7 Accident Statistics
Road Safety Audits are proactive as they can identify where crashes will likely occur and what
will be their resultant severity. According to FHWA (2006), Crash data, if available, should be
used to supplement any findings made as a result of the site visit and review of project data.
However, the audit team may choose not to examine the crash history until after the project data
review and site visit have been completed so that their evaluation is not biased by the crash data.
Crash data/ analysis which may be of useful for safety audit are: location-wise ‘type of accidents’,
‘vulnerable road user group, ‘vehicle type’, ‘user group’, etc. In Bangladesh, available accident
statistics, though not very authentic and clear, at least gives some insight about safety hazards of
the highway.
2.8 Impact of ‘Padma Bridge’, Rapid Urbanization and Four-Lane Highway
The Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project (PMBP) aims to remove the last major physical barrier in
the road connection between Dhaka and the Southwest and South Central regions of Bangladesh.
The construction of Padma Bridge will replace the unreliable and unsafe ferry connection with a
reliable and safe fixed river crossing. The bridge will shorten the distance from the Southwest to
Dhaka by 100 km and travelling time will be considerably reduced. When completed a reliable
highway connection will be established between Dhaka and the land port of Benapole, the seaport
of Mongla and the district capitals of Khulna and Barisal (PMBP, 2010). To accommodate
increased traffic growth due to Padma Bridge, existing Dhaka-Mawa highway is planned to be
converted to a 4-lane divided highway. Again expansion of Dhaka city across the Burigonga River
is a matter of concern from road safety point of view. The cumulative effect of increased AADT,
conversion to 4-lane highway and rapid urbanization will have a mixed effect on the safety
performance of the highway.
2.9 Impact of ‘Padma Multipurpose Bridge’
2.9.1 Impact on Traffic Movement Pattern
In 2004, a feasibility study conducted by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Jamuna
Multipurpose bridge Authority (JMBA) predicted changes of traffic movement patterns due to the
construction of the bridge (JICA, 2004). At present, river crossing at Mawa is lower than that of
Paturia because a narrow feeder road is now used as an approach road to the Mawa ferry ghat and
there are no sufficient parking areas for trucks at Mawa and river crossing time at Mawa route is
about two hours, significantly longer than Paturia at 35 minutes. Under these conditions, many
vehicles prefer Paturia route at present. In future, direct road links from Dhaka to Khulna, Jessore
and Mongla Port will be provided by Padma Bridge resulting drastic change in traffic movement
pattern. Again, some portions of passenger and freight traffic by inland water transport between
Dhaka and Barishal and Khulna Divisions are expected to shift to Padma Bridge.
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2.9.2 Traffic Study on Padma Bridge
On behalf of Bangladesh Bridge Authority, AECOM New Zealand Limited conducted a traffic
study on traffic demand and growth in the national highway. The salient aspects of the study are
described in the subsequent articles (PMBDP, 2009).
Traffic Patterns
Travel Times: The Mawa route generally takes 1 hour 10 minutes in either direction. This is
found out through travel time survey (four surveys per day for 5 days). It is expected that once
Padma Bridge is constructed, with both the faster travel time to the Padma River and the crossing
itself, the majority of traffic would divert from Paturia route.
Freight Movement: Many of the land movements would be at the Bangladesh-Indian Border at
Benapol. In terms of trucks, this represents between 200 and 300 trucks a day over the past few
years. It is expected that majority of these trucks would use Padma bridge in future. It is
anticipated that in the long run, with planned capacity improvement and dredging projects, that
operations at Mongla Port will steadily increase.
Ferry Crossings: Paturia is the main river crossing point for both vehicles and passengers and has
around 75% market share, although traffic at Mawa has been steadily increasing in market share
with a growth rate around 20% which can be seen from Table 2.2.
Table 2.2: Average Annual Daily Traffic at Ferry Crossings-Vehicles
Year Mawa Paturia Mawa Paturia

2003-2004 494 2230 18% 81%
2004-2005 424 2636 14% 85%
2005-2006 765 2589 23% 77%
2006-2007 910 2743 25% 74%
2007-2008 1034 2892 26% 73%
Growth Rate
Five year 20% 7%
Ten year 10% 9%
(Source: Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation (BIWTC))
Again Table 2.3 shows vehicle classification at both the ferry crossings.
Table 2.3: Vehicle Classification at Ferry Crossing
Bus Truck Light

Mawa 27% 29% 43%
Paturia 31% 45% 24%
Approach Roads: Table 2.4 shows traffic on the N8 approach road either side of the Mawa-Char
Janajat crossing. Although the number of buses on the N8 has remained relatively constant
between 2004 and 2007, buses on ferries have increased by 15% pa during that time. With the
completion of Padma Bridge, we would expect a total redistribution of bus traffic as all buses
would make a full length trip.
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Table2.4: Average Annual Daily Traffic on N8 Either Side of Ferry Crossing
Year Bus Truck Light Total

Intersection with R820
2004 1195 736 452 2383
2007 1183 979 952 3114
Growth Rate 0% 10% 28% 9%
Between Panchar-Tarail
2004 822 424 406 1652
2007 811 759 1677 3247
Growth Rate 0% 21% 60% 25%
Travel Pattern (Origin-destination Survey): The concept of Padma Multipurpose Bridge is

generally well supported by the population. Around 97% of the interviewees responded favorably
to the bridge, suggesting that they would use id either in their own vehicle or with public transport.
River Crossing Surveys: The survey result at Table 2.5 shows the origin-destination patterns for
vehicles crossing at Mawa and Paturia. Approximately 1400 vehicles currently cross the Padma at
Mawa. These are evenly distributed as trips within Dhaka, between Dhaka-Khulna and Dhaka-
Barishal. In contrast 3300 vehicles cross the Padma at Paturia, however over 50% of these trips are
between Dhaka-Khulna, while only 14% are within Dhaka Division. This suggests that currently
the ferry crossing at Paturia caters for the majority of longer distance trips-this is expected to
change with the construction of Padma Multipurpose Bridge. Of the 1500 vehicles per day
crossing at Mawa, the vehicle classes are relatively evenly distributed between trucks, buses and
cars.
Table2.5: Proportions of Trips by Arrival Mode River Crossing
Mawa Paturia
Truck 32% 40%
Bus 31% 38%
Car 29% 21%
Motorbike 8% 1%
(Source: AECOM calculations)
Port Surveys: On a yearly average, over 50,000 people per day travel through Sadarghat and over
55% of people travel between Dhaka-Barishal, with a further 21% between Dhaka-Chittagong and
17% with Dhaka Division.
Traffic Forecasts (AADT) -‘Most Likely Case’ Scenario
Table 2.6 shows most likely case scenario for Traffic Forecasts (AADT) which is presented below:
Table 2.6: Traffic Forecasts (AADT) -‘Most Likely Case’ Scenario
Year Truck Bus Light Total

2014 3,548 (38.1%) 2,764 (29.66%) 3,005 (32.24%) 9,317
2015 3,945 (38.33%) 2,917 (28.34%) 3,431 (33.33%) 10,293
2020 6,710 (39.05%) 3,821 (22.23%) 6,654 (38.72%) 17,185
2025 8,754 (36.19%) 4,172 (17.25%) 11,263 (46.56%) 24,189
2030 11,381 4,567 (12.82%) 19,686 (55.24%) 35,634
(31.94%)
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2.10 Conversion of Existing Highway to 4-Lane Highway
According to a FHWA study, while a conversion is usually based on the need to more efficiently
move increased traffic volumes, it has been assumed that the conversion to the higher order
roadway also produces safety benefits. The best way to assess these safety effects would be to
develop a model that would take a set of pre-existing (“before”) two-lane conditions, no matter
how extreme, and predict the benefit of conversion to a second set of “after” four-lane conditions.
This would require a database of geometric and crash information for a massive number of
conversions in which many different sets of “before” conditions were converted to many different
sets of “after” conditions. Since no such dataset is available anywhere, judgment of the safety
effects of conversion of rural two-lane roads to a greater number of lanes must be based on other
sources of information. An alternative source of such information is predictive cross-sectional
models for different before/after conditions. According to the study, the results of this cross-
sectional analysis are not as strong as would be the results of before/after analyses of a large
sample of locations where two- to four-lane conversions had actually occurred. However, since
such a database is not currently available, these cross-sectional results do provide useful
information for the safety engineer. These analyses indicated that conversion from “most typical”
two-lane sections to “most typical” four-lane divided sections appears to result in a crash per
kilometer reduction of 40 percent to 60 percent (FHWA, 1999). The FHWA study opined to
conduct further study to understand the safety benefits. In absence of any study in this regard in
Bangladesh, attempts can be made to visualize probable safety effects of such conversion.
Accident characteristics of four-lane divided highway can be analyzed and then may be visualized
in terms of safety hazards of existing two-lane highway.
2.11 Land Use Pattern and Future Impacts
Land use pattern plays an important role on nearby highway. The highway, if not separated from
local traffic’s friction may pose considerable safety impacts on the highway.
2.11.1 Historical Changes in the Land Use Pattern
Dhaka, the capital, was developed over the last four centuries. According to a study (Hossain,
2008), the growth in the population and area of Dhaka was more or less steady before the
independence of the country. The trend of population and area increase is shown at Table 2.7.
Dhaka City has faced its highest rate of physical and population growth during 1981-1991, with
the population doubling during that decade and the city expanding from 510 sq. km to 1353 sq.
km. The city now includes the surrounding areas of Gazirpur, Savar, Narayangong, Bandar thanas
and the entire thana of Keraniganj. The construction of two bridges over the Buriganga River has
encouraged the expansion of Dhaka City in a southerly direction to the other side of the river.
Table 2.7: Population and Area Size of Dhaka City (1700-2001)
Year Periods Population Area (sq.km)

1608 Pre-mughal 30,000 2
1700 Mughal period 900,000 40
1800 British period 200,000 4.5
1867 British period 51,636 10
22

1951 Pakistan period 411279 85
1961 Pakistan period 718766 125
1974 Bangladesh period 2068353 336
1981 Bangladesh Period 3440147 510
2.11.2 Present Land Use Pattern- Indication of Rapid Urbanization
According to an ‘environmental and social impact assessment’ made for Padma Multipurpose
Bridge Project (PMBP, 2010), both embankments of the Padma River can be characterized as rural
areas with agriculture being the predominant land use. However, there is more urban and
commercial influence on the northern Mawa side. The distance from Mawa to Dhaka by car takes
only 1- 1.5 hour. The presence of the capital is reflected in the lower share of agricultural land as
compared to the other side of the river. On the northern side of the river only 65 % of the land is
occupied by farms, whereas 86 % of the land is farmland on the south side. Residential
development on the north bank is considerably higher (31 %) than on the south bank (12 %).
According to the final report of an ‘Environmental Action Plan’, the degree of urbanization in the
three project districts is high and many people in the area have migrated to or work in urban
centers, including Munshiganj and Dhaka. At Mawa site most people work in trade, business or
services (70%) with only a minority (5%) working in agriculture (PMBDP, 2010).
2.12 Overview
In this chapter, at first some basic concepts about road safety audit such as definition, benefits,
essential elements etc. are explained. Guidelines of Roads and Highways Department (RHD) and
other developed countries i.e. Australia, UK, USA and Ireland are discussed in details to
understand the significance and mechanism of safety audit. Some important issues such as legal
concerns, relationship between function-accessibility-modes, trauma management, enforcement
etc. are highlighted. These helped in the review of ‘Existing Guidelines on Road Safety Audit’ and
in development/ modification of checklists in Chapter 4. Some highlights on the necessity of crash
data is given so that accident history can supplement audit findings. Construction of ‘Padma
Bridge’, rapid urbanization and conversion of existing highway to four-lane divided highway will
have impacts on the safety situation of the highway. Available and related literatures are consulted
to understand the future scenario. In chapter 5, these issues are addressed in further details.
23

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION
3.1 Introduction
The main objective of this research was to identify the safety deficiencies and accident potential
and recommend the cost effective appropriate remedial measures for the overall safety
improvement of Dhaka-Mawa Highway following Road Safety Auditing process. Though Roads
and Highways Department’s (RHD) guidelines on road safety auditing were introduced in 2005,
but hardly any systematic auditing of a highway is undertaken. Again existing RHD guidelines do
not give comprehensive idea as to the mechanism and procedures of safety auditing. To achieve
the objective, the challenges that the researcher came across are: determination of a clear
methodology for auditing, development/ modification of checklists suiting local peculiarities,
carrying out safety auditing basing on modified checklists, collection of crash data and matching
with audit findings, visualization of the impacts of future construction of ‘Padma Bridge’, rapid
urbanization and possible conversion to four-lane divided highway. It was necessary to develop a
workable methodology to address the abovementioned challenges.
3.2 Research Methodology
Research methodology followed in this research consists of a variety of approach. It was necessary
to develop sufficient knowledge not only in road safety audit but also on road safety engineering,
accident investigation, traffic management, highway design standards, road user behavior,
enforcement, maintenance, local knowledge etc. Initial field visits (02 days), observation of local
specialties, study of RHD and other developed countries’ guidelines, design standards and related
literatures helped in the review of “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of RHD, Bangladesh and
development / modification of checklists. Instead of a team, the audit was conducted by the
researcher under the guidance of the learned supervisor using modified checklists. After collecting
necessary background information, data was reviewed. A good number of site visits/ field reviews
(11 days including night inspection) were carried out. Basing on collected data and field
observation, analysis was carried out to organize audit findings. Road safety audit report was then
written identifying safety hazards and suggesting remedial measures. Crash/ accident data was
collected from concerned police stations (visits were made on 11 days to police stations), BRTA
data base, and Accident Research institute (ARI), BUET, analyzed and matched to supplement
audit findings. Basing on published literatures and field visits and considering existing safety
hazards, local trends and peculiarities, attempts were made to visualize the impacts of future
construction of ‘Padma Bridge’, rapid urbanization and possible conversion to four-lane divided
highway.
3.3 Methodological Consideration in the Research
3.3.1 Review of “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of RHD, Bangladesh
During ‘literature review’, salient aspects of “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of RHD,
Bangladesh is critically discussed/analyzed to reveal whether it covers/addresses in sufficient
details safety concerns in Bangladesh context or not. Attempts were made to include aspects which
might have developed after the publication of the guidelines or not covered previously. Local
specialties were taken into consideration for inclusion in the guidelines. In Chapter 2, Road Safety
Audit Guidelines of various developed and developing countries are analyzed to find out only the
aspects which are relevant but missed out and need to be included in RHD guidelines.
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3.3.2 Modification of Checklists
A thorough study of Roads and Highways Department (RHD) Guidelines’ checklists revealed that
some of the local conditions were not included in the checklists. In this regard, study of road safety
literatures, and guidelines of experienced countries (in chapter 2), were carried out. Initially field
visits were also conducted for 2 days. Basing on the study and field visits, modification and
development of some questionnaire in the checklists and development of a number of
investigation/inventory forms were done. As the highway under research is an “exiting highway”
so checklists were modified accordingly. Besides road environment, arena of road safety audit was
expanded to road user behavior, traffic enforcement, trauma management, urbanization, new
developments, etc.
3.3.3 Road Safety Auditing
Limitation of the Audit Team
The audit team was supposed to be a multi-disciplinary team consisting of experts from various
fields. This is a research audit which is done singlehandedly by the researcher under the guidance
of the supervisor. To compensate for the knowledge of the audit team, the researcher made
attempts to gain and develop sufficient knowledge in road safety audit, road safety engineering,
accident investigation, traffic management, highway design standards, road user behavior,
enforcement, local knowledge etc. under the guidance of the supervisor. The research is an attempt
to conduct safety audit of an existing road using set/ modified checklists and following the
procedures as suggested in various guidelines keeping in view local conditions.
Methodology followed for Road Safety Auditing
Collection of Background Information- At first background information about the highway was
collected. Design standards, previous road safety audit reports, existing policies and guidelines
was collected from Road Design and Safety Circle of RHD and data on Annual Average Daily
Traffic (AADT), Bridge/Culvert Inventory, Location Reference Point (LRP), Statement of Road
Condition, Statement of Link etc was collected from Road Maintenance Management System
(RMMS) database maintained by HDM circle in RHD Headquarter in Sarak Bhaban, Ramna,
Dhaka. As-built Drawing of the highway (Southwest Road Network Development Project,
Contract Number 1, Dhaka-Mawa Highway), and information on probable hazardous locations
was collected from Sub-Divisional Engineer (SDE), Keraniganj Road Sub-Division under,
Munshiganj Road Division of Dhaka Road Circle.
Review of Data- The review of design drawings and other information regarding the highway was
conducted prior to and after the field review. Reviews of the project data and design drawings
were normally performed individually by the researcher. Reference to the checklists was made in
the process which served as a means of reminding the researcher of relevant aspects of the road
safety audit. As a result, during the field review, it was possible to verify identified issues and
identify additional safety issues that might not be evident from the design drawings/available data.
In-built drawing and other data was reviewed to familiarize with the location.
Site Inspection/ Field Review- Inspection of the site was carried out both during day and night to
identify safety deficiencies/ hazards as per the modified checklists. Site inspections included visit
to the adjacent sections of the road, observance of movement patterns of various road user groups,
collection of data on roadway geometry, operating conditions, hazardous locations and other road
side features through field survey/study/count etc. Issues identified in the review of project data
were verified in the field. Photographs and video footage was taken that was reviewed while
writing the road safety audit report at later stage. During the field review, all possible movements
were considered. On highway, both directions of travel were considered. At intersections, right,
through, and left-turning movements on each approach was considered. Pedestrian and bicyclist
facilities were also investigated, particularly at points where they came into conflict with vehicular
25

traffic. The interaction of the road users with road environment was observed. Semi-urban areas/
areas having urban fabric were observed to audit the highway for the peak periods under heavy
traffic conditions. Locations with pedestrian traffic were inspected on foot. Considering under-
reporting and unreliability of accident data, local community was interviewed to understand the
nature and location of past accidents.
Conduct Audit Analysis and Prepare Report of Findings- Road safety audit analysis was
carried out to concisely report the findings of the audit through identification and prioritization of
safety issues. Upon completion of the road safety audit analysis, the road safety audit report was
written. During field visits, a number of safety issues were identified. Where necessary, the report
included pictures and diagrams as may be considered useful to further illustrate points made.
References to other reports, standards, policies or published research on road safety are sometimes
made within the road safety audit report. The main body of the report contains all of the identified
safety issues. Safety issues are sometimes grouped into broad topics that are further broken down
into subtopics. Items are listed in the order in the checklists and also grouped by common issues.
Writing the Road Safety Audit Report - Each safety issue identified in the report has a brief
description of why it poses a risk under the head ‘problem’. The audit findings and
recommendations are written in ‘prose style’ and tabular formats are used to support the facts. The
recommendations usually indicated the nature or direction of a solution, rather than precise details;
responsibility for that was left with concerned authority. When framing recommendations,
considering the severity of the problem and the cost, feasible solutions were provided. Solutions
included short-term, mid-term and long-term options. Issues identified are described in terms of
where they are located and how they represent a safety risk.
3.3.4 Accident Data Analysis and Matching with Audit Findings
For collecting accident data visits were made to concerned police stations. Collected accident data
was analyzed to determine type of accidents, hazardous locations, accident by vehicle type, and
accident by user group. Accident records were reviewed to confirm and complement the road
safety audit findings. The matching was done on completion of audit so that the researcher remains
completely objective during the field review.
3.3.5. Impact of Padma Bridge, Urbanization and Possible Conversion of 4-lane Divided
Highway
Data regarding expected traffic growth, possible land use pattern, changes of road user behavior
etc. due to the future construction of Padma Bridge, urbanization and possible conversion of 4-lane
divided highway was analyzed in chapter 2. Subsequent field visits helped to understand potential
safety hazards.
3.4 Methodology used in the Investigation
Considering limited scope of the research work it was not possible to follow prescribed steps of
formal road safety audit. In order to carry out a comprehensive road safety audit in line with the
objectives set out in article 1.3, the following methodology was followed:
‐ Standard road safety audit guidelines and experiences of developed countries were
reviewed and local specialties were consulted.
‐ Efforts were made to gain and develop sufficient knowledge in road safety audit, road
safety engineering, accident investigation, traffic management, highway design
standards, road user behavior, enforcement, local knowledge etc.
26

‐ Collection of background information i.e. site data (design standards, traffic data, and
previous road safety audit reports), existing policies and guidelines, as-built design
drawings etc. was done.
‐ Inspection of the site was carried out to identify safety deficiencies as per the
checklists which were modified based on the standard guidelines of Roads and
Highways Department (RHD), Bangladesh and various developed countries
(Australia, USA, UK etc.).
‐ Accident related data was collected from concerned Police Stations, Accident
Research Institute (BUET), and Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA) and
accident records were reviewed to supplement any findings made as a result of site
visits. Behavior of various road users and their interaction with the road facility was
also observed in this regard.
‐ To make the study more precise, considering under-reporting and unreliability of
accident data, local community was interviewed to understand the nature and location
of past accidents.
‐ Data regarding expected traffic growth, possible land use pattern, changes of road user
behavior etc. was collected and analyzed to understand potential safety hazards due to
likely construction of Padma Bridge, urbanization, and future conversion of existing
highway into a 4-lane highway.
‐ Audit findings were reported and appropriate recommendations were made addressing
the identified site/subject specific safety deficiencies.
3.5 Data Collection Approach
3.5.1 Primary Data
Initial field visits (02 days) were carried out for the purpose of reviewing existing ‘Guidelines on
Road safety Audit’ of RHD and to develop/ modify the checklists. For road safety auditing, a
number of field visits (11 days including night inspection) were conducted to collect necessary
data and make inventory through traffic volume count, spot speed and skid resistance
measurement, pedestrian intensity count, collection of various geometric data, observance of road
operating condition, interview with local community/road users/ Roads and Highways Department
(RHD) officials/law enforcement agencies, on-ground observation etc. Field visits also assisted in
developing perception about the possible impacts of ‘Padma Bridge’, rapid urbanization and
conversion to four-lane divided highway. For collecting accident data, concerned police stations
were visited (11 days).
3.5.2 Secondary Data
For collecting secondary data, available guidelines, design drawings and standards of RHD,
various literatures of Accident Research Institute (ARI), BUET, internet publications etc. were
consulted.
3.5.3 Study and Analysis for ‘Review of RHD Guidelines on Road Safety Audit’ and
Development / Modification of Checklists
Following guidelines, standards and procedures were studied, analyzed and used for review of
‘Road Safety Audit Guidelines’ of RHD and development / modification of checklists:
a. ‘Geometric Design Standards Manual (Revised), 2005’ of Roads and Highways

Department, Ministry of Communication, Bangladesh.
b. ‘National Land Transport Policy 2004’, Ministry of Communication, Bangladesh.
c. Guidelines on ‘Road Safety Audit, Second Edition, 2002’ of AUSTROADS.
27

d. ‘FHWA Road Safety Audit Guidelines, 2006’ of USA.
e. ‘Safety Strategies for Rural Roads, 1999’ by Road Transport and Information
Research, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
f. ‘Road Safety Audit Guidelines, 2004’, National Roads Authority (NRA), Ireland.
g. ‘Guidelines for Road Safety Audit, 1996’ of Institution of Highways &
Transportation (IHT), UK.
h. ‘Design and Safety of Pedestrian Facilities, March 1998’ of Institute of Transport
Engineers (ITE), UK.
i. Field visits to the site to understand local conditions and peculiarities.
j. ‘Guidelines for Road Safety Audit, May 2005’ of Roads and Highways
Department (RHD), Ministry of Communication, Bangladesh.
3.5.4 Data Collection for Road Safety Audit
Data collection approach for road safety audit is discussed below according to the chronology of
the headings as appeared in the ‘audit report’:
General
The head ‘GENERAL’ covers two aspects of highway i.e. scope of the highway; function and
access to property and development. During field visits, data /information about these aspects was
collected through observation. Presence of road hierarchy and its relation with functional
classification, problem of multi-functionality, plying of different transport modes interrupting
through vehicle movements etc. were observed along the highway. At various locations, access to
property and development was checked by observing private and commercial property entrances,
roadside developments, uncontrolled side roads etc. which poses safety hazards.
Road Alignment and Cross Section
Visibility; Sight Distance: During field visits, data /information was collected through
observation. The sight distance along the road was observed at straight sections (Built-up areas /
bazaars/ bus-stands), and sight triangles at junctions were checked. Vegetation, roadside activities,
corner shops, on-street boarding and alighting, illegal parking, inherent geometric faults were
observed which causes inadequate visibility and sight distance.
Readability by Drivers: Throughout the length of the highway it was observed whether the road
alignment is readable by drivers or not. Discontinuous road markings which confuse drivers about
road alignment were examined.
Overtaking Opportunity: Overtaking opportunity was checked/ observed both at straight and
curve segment of the highway. Safe overtaking opportunity was checked at sharp curves, narrow
bridges, built-up areas, bazaars, and bus-stands. Presence of slow moving vehicles , pedestrians’
use of shoulder, non-availability of walkway, sudden appearance of vehicles from side roads and
private property entrances/driveways, on-street parking, and other roadside activities were
observed which do not allow drivers to make safe overtaking.
Speed Data: At first to determine vehicle composition, ‘traffic volume counts’ were conducted at
a straight section and a curve. Basing on vehicle composition, spot speed data for 50 samples were
collected at three different places for each location. Collected speed data was then analyzed to
determine 98th and 85th percentile speed, modal speed, speed differential etc. Speed so determined
was matched with posted speed limit. Average speed for various situations (at bazaar/ built-up
area/ bus stand, having bridge, junction, curve, side road entry etc) was observed for justifying
appropriate speed limits at these locations. Speed zoning will be based on observed speed in speed
28

studies, local requirements/ condition, safety considerations etc. Observed speed differential due to
heterogeneous vehicle composition was analyzed.
Curve Information: Data regarding curvature radius, various sight distances, road sign, road
marking, guide posts, skid resistance, clear zone, roadside hazards, curve widening, curve
delineation, overtaking restriction etc. were obtained at curves to gain information about possible
safety deficiencies. At three curves, after determining curvature radius, available sight distance
was measured and then compared with standard Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) and Passing Sight
Distance (PSD). Moreover, at one curve adequacy of curve widening was checked with two design
speeds.
Carriageway, Shoulder, Cross-fall, Walkway, and Embankment Investigation
Width of carriageway, shoulder and walkway was measured for adequacy of width at mid block
section, junction, bazaars, curves, bridge approach, culvert etc. Condition of shoulder and walkway
was examined physically for damage due to poor drainage or other roadside activities. Drop height
of shoulder, slope of embankment, condition of cross-fall was considered to assess the safety
condition.
Private Driveways and Property Entrances
Sudden entry of vehicles from private driveways and property entrances were examined. Level of
driveways in comparison to national highways, sight distance, road sign etc. was checked to
understand safety effects.
Junctions/ Built-up area/ Bazaar/Bus-stand (in the Bazaar) Investigation
These places were critically examined considering location characteristics, visibility, sight
distance, controls and delineation, layout and ‘readability’ (perception) by drivers, pedestrian
crossing facilities and other miscellaneous aspects.
Signs and lightings
Inventory of existing traffic signs for sign type, size, mounting position, clear height, color,
visibility, readability, reflectivity, condition at various locations were made. At various locations,
general sign issues, sign legibility, sign supports and appropriate sign for various speed limits were
investigated. This enabled to identify sign related safety issues.
Road Marking and Delineations Investigation
Road marking and delineations were investigated at various locations for general issues,
centerlines, edge lines, lane lines and other markings, guideposts, reflectors and curve delineation.
Crash Barriers and Guideposts Condition
At various locations especially at curves and bridges including approaches, condition and location
of delineator post, guide posts, crash barriers etc were assessed for safety impacts.
Pedestrian Intensity Count
Pedestrian intensity was counted at four hazardous locations especially at busy sites at peak hours
to determine the necessity of adequate and appropriate pedestrian facilities.
29

Bus Bays
Existing bus bays were examined to see whether properly located or not. Besides, side road
friction, safe boarding and alighting of the passengers and other safety hazards were investigated.
Bridge Investigation
Various features related to bridges such as approach alignment, carriageway widths, warning and
other signs, control and delineation, footway, pedestrian and Non-Motorized Vehicle (NMV)
facilities were examined for safety assessment.
Culvert Inventory
Data on, culvert length, carriageway width at culverts, crash barrier length and height, barrier end
condition, drainage condition etc were investigated.
Skid Resistance
Skid resistance of the pavement was measured at curves, approach to junctions/ built-up areas,
bazaars, bridges, pedestrian crossing sites to determine the necessity of resurfacing at these places.
Skid resistance meter was used for this purpose.
Side Road without any Engineering Treatment
Side roads joining the highways were observed to identify potential safety hazards. Sight distance,
level of side roads in comparison to highway, road sign and marking, design standards and
requirements were examined in this regard. Necessity of appropriate engineering treatment was
identified.
Miscellaneous Data
Data was collected to assess parking condition at various locations, provision for heavy vehicles,
roadside activities, past crashes and off-road excursions, speed-breaker/ speed hump/rumble strip
statistics, school zone safety, law enforcement agencies, hospitals with available facilities, various
types of non-standard vehicles etc.
Behavior Observation of Various Road Users
Behavior of various road users’ i.e. motorized vehicles, Non-motorized vehicles and pedestrians
was observed at mid-block locations, intersections, bazaars, built-up areas, bridges, curves etc. to
assess the safety aspects.
3.5.5 Collection of Accident Data
Accident related data for nine years was collected from five police thanas namely South
Keranigonj Thana, Keranigonj Model Thana (Keranigonj Thana was divided into two separate
thana in 2005), Sirajdikhan Thana, Srinagar Thana, and Louhojong Thana. Initially ‘Khatian
Book’ was consulted to get the FIR (First Information Report) numbers. Later on year-wise FIR
Books were consulted to get accident statistics. Data on total 449 reported accidents related to the
highway under study over the period of nine years were collected which are shown in Table 3.1.
30

Table 3.1: Accident Statistics by Year
Year Keranigonj Sirajdikhan Srinagar Louhojong Total

2001 20 3 18 3 44
2002 24 2 10 4 40
2003 17 7 10 8 42
2004 6 4 17 2 29
2005 21 5 20 2 48
2006 18 10 31 3 62
2007 54 3 23 7 87
2008 33 2 23 4 62
2009 18 3 12 2 35
Total 211 39 164 35 449
3.5.6 Data on the Impact of Padma Bridge, Urbanization and 4-lane Divided Highway
Data regarding expected traffic growth, possible land use pattern, changes of road user behavior
etc. due to the future construction of Padma Bridge, urbanization and possible conversion of 4-lane
divided highway was collected from the following references/sources:
a. Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project, Environmental and Social Impact

Assessment Executive Smmmery, Volume I, Bangladesh Bridge Authority ,
Ministry of Communications, Government of the People’s Republic of
Bangladesh, 6 September 2010.
b. The Feasibility Study of Padma Bridge in the People’s Republic of Bangladesh,
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Jamuna Multipurpose bridge
Authority (JMBA), March 2004.
c. Padma Multipurpose Bridge Design Project Traffic Study, Traffic Study, AECOM
New Zealand Limited, Bangladesh Bridge Authority, 27 July 2009.
d. Padma Multipurpose Bridge Design Project, Final Report (Environmental Action
Plan), Vol. 0: Executive Summary (Technical Summary of EAP), Bangladesh
Bridge Authority, June 30, 2010.
e. FHWA, Summary Report on ‘Safety Effects of the Conversion of Rural Two-Lane
Roadways to Four-Lane Roadways’, by Forrest M. Council and J. Richard
Stewart, November 1999.
f. ‘Rapid Urban Growth and Poverty in Dhaka City’, Shahadat Hossain, Bangladesh
e-Journal of Sociology, Volume 5 Number 1, January 2008.
g. Field visits and interview with local people, various road users, Roads and
Highways Department (RHD) officials etc.
3.6 Problems Encountered
Roads and Highways Department (RHD) guidelines on ‘Road Safety Audit’ do not contain the
procedure for safety auditing i.e., data collection approach, field visits, presentation of audit
findings etc. The procedure followed in the research was based on the guidelines of developed
countries and RHD. Again RHD checklists do not address local peculiarities. So prior to safety
auditing, it was necessary to review RHD guidelines, to understand the procedure and to
modify/develop checklists. No appropriate previous audit report was available. Collection of
accident data from Police Stations was troublesome as the record keeping system is not digitalized
yet and existing records do not contain many engineering (accident related) aspects. Very little
research was carried out on probable impacts of Padma Bridge and available literatures do not
sufficiently contain traffic safety related aspects. There exists no literature on the effect of
urbanization on road safety. Study on likely safety hazards, once a two-lane undivided highway is
31

converted to a four-lane divided highway, is not available in our country. So besides available
literatures, field observation, judgment, guidance of supervisor etc. was used to visualize future
safety hazards.
3.7 Summary
This chapter describes the research methodology which was followed in conducting the study.
Review of existing guidelines on ‘Road Safety Audit’ of RHD and development/modification of
checklists is based on the study of various guidelines, design standards, safety policies, related
literatures and field visits. ‘Road Safety Auditing’ was then conducted based on learnt procedures
and modified checklists. Data collection for safety auditing entailed field observation (both day
and night time), on-site measurement, spot counting, interviewing, literature review, collection of
background information etc. Collected data was analyzed to report audit findings and to
recommend remedial measures. Accident/crash data, after collection from concerned authority was
matched to supplement audit findings. Field observation, interview, literature review etc. were
used to visualize possible safety impacts due to the future construction of ‘Padma Bridge’, rapid
urbanization and possible conversion to four-lane divided highway.
32

CHAPTER 4
REVIEW OF EXISTING ROADS AND HIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT (RHD)

GUIDELINES FOR ROAD SAFETY AUDIT AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHECKLISTS
4.1 Introduction
In recent years, a number of proactive initiatives have been undertaken by RHD with a view to
provide safer road environment on all roads under its jurisdiction. In 2001, RHD adopted the
policy of road safety auditing. The NLTP 2004 specifies clear policies for safety auditing of roads
at various stages of planning, design, construction and maintenance. Implementation of safety
auditing policies calls for the adoption of standard guidelines and auditing procedures for
Bangladesh context. To implement the vision and policies of NLTP 2004, RHD prepared
“Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” in 2005 and started adopting the guidelines. This mandatory
manual is an effective tool at the initiation of wider-scale application of road safety auditing
policy. However, safety auditors were expected to exercise their professional judgment based on
skill and knowledge in addition to the principles of the guidelines. In this chapter, as per the
objectives of the thesis and in light of the literature review made in Chapter 2, existing RHD
guidelines are analyzed. An attempt is also made to develop checklists basing on which subsequent
‘road safety audit’ is conducted.
4.2 Review of Existing RHD Guidelines
In Chapter 2, existing RHD guidelines are reviewed and Safety Audit Guidelines of various
developed countries are studied. It is clear that certain aspects if included in RHD guidelines will
make the guidelines an effective tool for road safety auditing. Due consideration to local
conditions and peculiarities are to be given. Again, aspects included in developed countries’
guidelines but missed out in RHD guidelines can be included in RHD guidelines. This
necessitated updating and revision of the existing guidelines. The findings of the review are
presented in the subsequent articles.
4.2.1 Basic Concepts are not explained
“Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of RHD, which became effective from 2005, is a mandatory
manual. This manual superseded relevant issues contained in earlier road safety related guidelines
and notes of RHD. Being the only guidelines for road safety auditing, this manual did not explain
the basic concepts or essential elements of road safety auditing in details. Review of RHD
Guidelines (article 2.3.1) reveals that Information contained in Chapter 1 to 5 of the manual does
not give any significant insight or background information to the decision makers, people without
a technical background or even to the practitioners.
4.2.2 Composition of Audit Team
RHD guidelines stated the parameters of independent audit. As per FHWA Guidelines (article 2.
3.3.2), important aspects such as necessary skills, experience, nature of independence, number of
auditors etc. are not specified. The audit team is expected to be skilled in road safety engineering,
traffic engineering, traffic management, road design and construction techniques and road user
behavior. The experience of audit team and specially that of Senior Road Safety Auditor should
meet some specific requirements. Again different types of road and stages of audit require
different skills and experience (article 2. 3.3.4). Benefits of having multi-member audit team are
immense and the number of auditor may vary basing on the nature of projects. Local
representatives knowledgeable of the project location may be used as a special resource while not
necessarily being a team member. These aspects may be included in the RHD guidelines.
33

4.2.3 Roles and Responsibilities
FHWA Guidelines states (article 2. 3.3.3) varying roles and responsibilities for all of the parties
involved in the road safety audit. The project owner is a representative of the State or local
highway (or road) department. The project owner must work to make sure that key road safety
audit features, are part of and remain part of all road safety audits. The design team leader may
have the most important role in that he or she is the single point of contact for the public agency
for all activities related to the design and road safety audit process. A well-defined role for the
audit team, which is communicated to both the design team and the audit team, will smooth out the
relationship between designers and auditors. RHD Guidelines does not give general guidance on
the roles and responsibilities of each road safety audit team member.
4.2.4 The Audit Process, Step by Step
A road safety audit is a straightforward process. AUSTROADS suggested nine steps (article 2.
3.2.5) while FHWA recommended eight steps (article 2. 3.3.4). The details in each step are to be
adapted to suit the nature and scale of a particular project. The steps apply equally to design stage
audits and other audits. The criteria and skills of the audit team required at various stages of audit,
type of information to be provided to the team, necessity of holding commencement meting,
assessment of document/ review of project data, method of inspecting the site/ field review,
conduct of audit analysis, way of writing the report including findings and recommendations ,
completion meeting, procedures and necessity of responding to audit report , ways of framing
response to recommendations , do's and don'ts in documenting road safety audit suggestions , need
of subsequent audit and finally feeding back the gained knowledge etc. are covered in both the
guidelines. This systematic approach of audit procedures will leave no doubt in the mind of the
auditors. The detailed and step-by-step audit process is not included in Roads and Highways
Department (RHD) guidelines. The manual sets no criteria for selecting audit team for audits at
different stages, does not mention about the background information to be provided to the audit
team and is silent about the importance of commencement and completion meeting. There exist no
guidelines for the auditors as to how to assess the documents, inspect the site, and write road safety
audit report, conduct audit analysis, frame audit findings and recommendations. The procedures to
respond to the audit report, style of framing responses to audit recommendations, holding of
subsequent audit, feeding back of the gained knowledge etc. are not included in the guidelines.
Thus, a clear procedure for managing and organizing safety audit is absent, the practice of
undertaking and reporting safety audit is not specified, and actions are not fully and consistently
documented. Instead, the manual included a set of questionnaire / audit checklist and few typical
formats and expected the safety auditors to apply professional experience, skill and judgment for
safety auditing.
4.2.5 Road Safety Audit and Quality Assurance
‘Getting it right the first time’ is the underlying theme of quality assurance (article 2. 3.2.2). Audits
seek to ensure the road operates ‘right the first time’ once it opens and that the road users make
fewer mistakes. Quality assurance and road safety audits are complementary. Quality assurance
procedures of an organization can state what is expected in connection with road safety audits: the
frequency of audits, the required skills and experience of auditors, the number of auditors for
different size design projects, how auditors are selected, and the audit process to be followed and
the format/content of the audit report. Some insight about the relationship between these two in
RHD guidelines could benefit the road’s customers.
4.2.6 Legal Issues and Areas of Concern
In article 2.4, legal issues and areas of concerns are highlighted. The process of road safety audit
has not yet been tested in an Australian court of law. The court of Australia is concerned with the
34

state of the road at the time of the crash. The liability will be on the auditor if an audit is conducted
far below the standard or the area under audit is beyond the competence and experience of the
auditor. In USA, in one state (Kansas Department of Transportation), the road safety audit
program was implemented to be proactive in identifying and fixing safety issues. They report their
road safety audit results are for internal staff use only and are not available to the public or to
lawyers representing claims against the State. In UK, it is opined that, in devising audit
procedures, organizations should be aware of the legal implications such as: A safety audit has
been carried out, but the recommendations have not yet been acted upon, a safety audit has been
carried out, but has failed to identify a relevant problem, no effective, consistent, safety audit
procedures exist etc. In light of the above, the issues / concerns need to be addressed in RHD
guidelines may be as under:
a) The legal implications of road safety audit are not established. As road safety audit is not
widely practiced, its consequences are not yet tested in a court of law.
b) In future, legislation may include mandatory adoption of certain road safety audit
procedures. Time frame and documentation of responses to audit findings may be
specified.
c) Perhaps in the future the failure to conduct audits during all stages of the road cycle will
constitute evidence of negligence.
d) Road environment which is subjected to safety auditing- if found contributing to the
accident after safety audit, then court of law, in future, is likely to be concerned about the
role of safety auditors .
4.2.7 Costs and Benefits
AUSTROADS’ evaluation (article 2. 3.2.4) highlighted few issues such as comparison of audit
cost and design cost, potentiality of audit to identify deficiencies and associated treatments with a
significantly high return on investment regardless of project cost, significant rate of return
considering the savings in accident costs over the direct costs of undertaking the audit etc. FHWA
findings suggest that the RSA process is cost-effective, although most reference qualitative rather
than quantitative benefits. The major quantifiable benefits of RSAs can be identified in terms of
reduction of throwaway costs and reconstruction costs, lifecycle costs, societal costs of collisions
and liability claims. These guidelines through various examples and evidences discussed the
benefit-cost ratio of audits at various stages and concluded that benefits from safety auditing will
undoubtedly outweigh the costs.
Roads and Highways Department (RHD) guidelines showed only national cost of road accidents.
The qualitative and multifarious quantitative benefits to be derived from road safety audits against
cost were not highlighted. Road safety audit is relatively new in Bangladesh and the benefits of
such initiatives are not very clear to the decision makers, policy makers, designers, highway
authorities and community. Examples, experiences, and analysis of cost and benefits of
experienced countries will encourage all concerned to accept road safety audits.
4.2.8 Training for Road safety Auditing
FHWA Guidelines (article 2. 3.3.1) states how training is conducted at various levels and
capacities. This includes road safety audit training course, hands-on training involving in-house
staffs in real-world situations, training by engineering faculties of universities, participation by
State safety staff in university outreach programs, staff attendance at Road Safety Audit courses,
participation in website forums that provide relevant guidelines, documents, and links to establish
35

road safety audit programs etc. RHD Guidelines does not provide any hints about the conduct of
training.
4.2.9 Follow-Up of Road Safety Audit
IHT Guidelines (article 2. 3.4) emphasizes on follow-up of road safety audit. Monitoring of
individual projects can be carried out on different occasions through ‘drive, ride, and walk’
concept to check that the perception of safety to different road users is up to the expectation. In the
broader context, monitoring is needed to assess the procedures and practice, and update them to
ensure that the effectiveness of safety audit process remains as robust as possible. IHT Guidelines
suggested a number of methods for an effective and efficient system of monitoring. NRA
Guidelines (articles 2. 3.5) emphasizes monitoring of performance in terms of the number and
severity of road accidents and casualties. A suggested working method for accident monitoring is
outlined in NRA Guidelines. Responsibility for setting up a procedure for monitoring rests with
the client (highway authority) organization and Roads and Highways Department (RHD)
Guidelines do not specify the procedure.
4.2.10 Stages of Audit
A road safety audit can be undertaken at one or more stages as a design proceeds from concept to
implementation. Roads and Highways Department (RHD) Guidelines did not discuss various
stages of audits in details. The background, necessity, requirements, significance and
implementation of various stages of audits differ considerably. Absence of thorough discussion on
each stage of audits deprived all concerned especially potential safety auditors in gaining
appropriate knowledge. Stages of audits, being followed are more or less similar amongst various
organizations. At Table 4.1, a tabular representation of audits at various stages followed by
recognized organizations is shown:
Table 4.1: Audits at Various Stages Followed by Recognized Organizations
RHD, Bangladesh (2004) AUSTROADS (2002) FHWA (2006) IHT (1996)

Pre-construction /under- The feasibility stage Planning Stage Audit ( The feasibility stage
construction safety audit audit not discussed but audit
for: prompt list given)
a. Feasibility study
b. Preliminary design
c. Detailed design
d. Under-construction
schemes
- The preliminary The preliminary The preliminary
design stage audit design stage audit design stage audit
- The detailed design The detailed/ final The detailed design
stage audit design stage audit stage audit
Post construction safety The pre-opening stage The pre-opening stage The pre-opening stage
audit: Pre-opening/Hand audit audit audit
over stage audit
Post construction safety Audit of roadwork Work zone traffic -
audit: Traffic management traffic schemes control plan audit
schemes during road
construction
Existing roads audit Existing road: Road Existing road audit -
safety audit
- Audit of land use land use development -
36

development proposals audit
( prompt list not
given)
- Specialist audits for - -
road user groups
( prompt list not
given)
AUSTROADS included other types of audits, some of which are relevant to Bangladesh context.
Due to rapid urbanization and especially development of settlements/towns adjacent to highways,
there is a need for conducting audit for ‘land use development’. Pedestrians are mostly vulnerable
in roads. Specialist audits for ‘road user group’ can improve safety of various road users.
4.2.11 Road Safety Audit of Existing Road
AUSTROADS opines that safety audits of existing roads aim to identify any feature which may
lead to future crashes, so that remedial treatment may be implemented before crashes happen.
Accident records can be an important part of the information to be assessed in a safety review, but
extreme care should be taken to ensure that their consideration does not focus attention away from
other potential hazards. To avoid such problems, some safety reviewers like to wait until after their
initial inspections before reviewing accident records.
View of FHWA is that traditional safety reviews and investigations of crash history rely primarily
on crash data to determine what safety issues are occurring at the site. They are reactive as they
mainly identify safety issues after a crash or pattern of crashes have occurred. In contrast, road
safety audits of existing roads rely mainly on the site visit, as-built design drawings (if kept up to
date), and other project data (e.g., previous reports) to determine what safety issues are expected to
arise at the site. For this reason, road safety audits are proactive as they can identify where crashes
will likely occur and what will be their resultant severity. According to FHWA, crash data, if
available, should be used to supplement any findings made as a result of the site visit and review
of project data. However, the road safety audit team may choose not to examine the crash history
until after the project data review and site visit have been completed so that their evaluation is not
biased by the crash data. Also, crash data is often dated and does not always help in determining
emerging operational trends or safety issues at a location.
In Bangladesh accurate accident records are simply not available and crash location treatment
programs cannot be based on accident records. Road safety audits of existing roads by experienced
road safety engineers provide the opportunity to obtain a more balanced view of where the crash
problems are and in what order they should be treated.
Explanation on the necessity of road safety auditing for existing roads, in context of Bangladesh
country, are not covered in Roads and Highways Department (RHD) Guidelines. It was necessary
to clarify distinctions between ‘accident investigation’ and ‘road safety audit of existing roads’ and
to guide as to how and when to use accident data for audit.
4.2.12 Case Studies
Guidelines of reputed organizations included some case studies based on actual road safety audits.
They illustrate audits of different-sized projects, as well as different styles of reporting. Road
safety auditing being new, RHD Guidelines could include some case studies of developed
countries to enlighten local practitioners.
37

4.2.13 Checklists/Prompt Lists
RHD Guidelines mainly followed the checklists of AUSTROADS. Very little was done to modify
the checklists to suit local conditions. A checklist for “Pre-construction /under-construction safety
audit” is meant to be used for feasibility stage audit, preliminary design stage audit and detailed
design stage audit. Like FHWA Guidelines (article 2. 3.3.5) inclusion of ‘a general procedure for
using checklists’ will benefit the safety auditors in conducting audits.
4.3 Modification of Checklists
In this study attempts were made to develop checklists which were followed in conducting safety
audit afterwards. As the highway under research is an “exiting highway” so checklists were
modified accordingly. Development of checklists for other stages of road safety audit is beyond
the scope of this study. A thorough study of RHD Guidelines’ checklists revealed that some of the
local conditions were not included in the checklists. According to AUSTROADS, “Road safety
audit is part of a road safety strategy” and “is only one part of a road safety engineering program”.
Road safety strategy has many components. Checking whether, other aspects of safety strategies
are being followed in a particular segment of the highway, through safety audit, can reduce
potential hazards and remove contributory causes of accidents. FHWA Guidelines suggest that
enforcement or education-based treatment may be included in the audit report. FHWA emphasizes
on observing road user behavior, examining physical evidence of past crashes and off-road
excursions and checking the consistency of the function and classification of the highway during
the field visit.
Study of various road safety literatures and guidelines of experienced countries, revealed that
inclusion of some questionnaire in the checklists, development of some investigation/inventory
forms, and considerations of local conditions and peculiarities may address more safety issues.
Besides road environment, arena of road safety audit can be expanded to road user behavior, traffic
enforcement, trauma management, urbanization, new developments, etc. This was helpful in
developing effective checklists encompassing all safety issues.
4.3.1 Salient Aspects of Existing Checklist of “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of RHD.
RHD Guidelines’ checklists are based on AUSTROADS Guidelines (FHWA Guidelines’

checklists are also based on AUSTROADS Guidelines). The checklists cover road safety audit of
existing roads under the following major heads:
1) Road alignment and cross section

2) Approach Widening
3) Intersections
4) Lighting
5) Signs
6) Markings and delineations
7) Clear zones, Crash barriers, Fences
8) Traffic signals
9) Pedestrians and Non-Motorized Traffic
10) Bridges, Culverts and Other Drainage Structures
11) Pavements
12) Vehicle Parking
13) Provisions for Heavy Vehicles
14) Floodways and Causeways (In Hill Terrains)
15) Miscellaneous
38

4.3.2 Analysis of the Aspects to be included in the Checklists
With a view to develop/ modify existing checklists, aspects which are suitable for Bangladesh but
missed in RHD guidelines are discussed in the subsequent articles based on literature review in
Chapter 2, field visits and observations.
Functional Classification, Accessibility and Different Transport Modes
As discussed in article 2.5, existence of road hierarchy within the network establishes appropriate
standards for accessibility, level of service, traffic volume, design speed, types of vehicle, land use
etc. Access control eliminates unexpected events, improves traffic operation and reduces collision
experience. From a safety point of view, direct access to national highways must be minimized.
Multi-functionality leads to contradictory design requirements and encourages combined use of
different transport modes. Speed differences amongst standard, non-standard and non-motorized
transports lead to relatively high risks. Road safety audits of existing roads can check the
appropriateness of road function, access situation and impact of different modes of transport in
order to identify existing and potential safety hazards. Therefore, these aspects are included in the
modified checklists.
Trauma Management
The necessity for appropriate mechanisms to transport severely injured victims to distant hospitals
and the requirement for adequate medical equipment and personnel at the hospitals can not be
ignored (article 2.6.1). In Bangladesh, trauma management system following an accident is yet to
be developed. We do have some facilities but poor management of existing resources, lack of
training and coordination, insufficient equipment, ignorance at various levels etc. are possible
hindrances to the development of an efficient trauma management system. An integrated approach
is necessary. Audit of existing system and management can identify the weaknesses and can
reinforce and improve this important safety strategy and therefore are included in the checklists
and also appeared in the audit report as general observations basing on collected field data.
School Safety Practices
Initial field visits to the site revealed presence of few educational institutions adjacent to the
highway and risky behavior of these vulnerable road users. Adequate safety measures are found to
be necessary. In view of article 2.6.2, it was revealed that inclusion of questionnaire related to
school safety would enhance safety situation. Safety strategy of other countries and NLTP also
highlights the issue.
Observing Road User Behavior
Improvement of road user behavior is a major focal point in almost all the safety strategies.
Various literatures and guidelines suggest ways of improving road user behavior. FHWA
guidelines (article 2.2.11) highlight the issue. It is found that inclusion of the topic in checklists
would assist in addressing the issue. Enforcement, education and publicity related suggestions can
be brought out as a result of such observation.
Examining Physical Evidence of Past Crashes and Off-Road Excursions
Road safety audit identifies potential hazards which may contribute to accidents. Sometimes
accident records are used to supplement audit findings. In absence of any reliable data, according
to FHWA Guidelines (article 2.2.12), examinations of physical evidences of past crashes may give
39

clues of hazardous locations. Inclusion of such examination in the checklists is expected to assist
in elevating safety situation.
Built-up Area/ Bazaar/Bus-stand
Development of built-up area/bazaar/bus-stand near highway is very common in Bangladesh.

Here, the roads are historically developed and design standards were applied later on to elevate
safety situations. In Bangladesh most accidents occur in built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands and
their approaching road sections. The accidents almost always involve a motor vehicle which is
speeding through the place. The road coming from rural areas continues often unchanged through
the built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands without any information or warning to the drivers to
change their behavior and adapt to the different traffic pattern, composition and road user
behavior. Concentration of pedestrians, lack of appropriate traffic control devices and various
roadside activities make these areas hazardous. These areas are often generators of major traffics
along the highway. Presence of these areas has a significant impact on the safety situation of the
highway and thus it was necessary to include this item in the checklists of “existing roads’ audit”.
Night Inspection
According to AUSTROADS, a night-time inspection is essential except where, in the experience

of the client, there will be nothing additional to observe. The visual information available to road
users can be markedly different at night time. The features on a road may be obvious in daylight,
but deceptively hidden at night-time. A night time inspection permits a check on readability of the
road and the effectiveness of signs, markings and street lighting. Therefore, it is necessary to
include night inspection in the checklists as a separate item as it can identify various safety
deficiencies of the highway from a different perspective.
Enforcement
Article 2.6.3 emphasizes on the role of enforcement in developing safety situation. In the context
of Bangladesh, this is more necessary as local customs and cultures are yet to be adjusted/ adapted
to the safety requirements of a highway. Enforcement related observations can be brought out from
the observation of road user behavior, road side activities and field visits. Inclusion of
‘enforcement’ as a separate item in the checklists is expected to assist in bringing out enforcement
related observations.
Speed-Breaker Statistics
The highway, though classified as a national highway, but it performs multi-functional role.
Access to the highway is not controlled. This is a historically developed road where design was
imparted at various stages. Due to multi-functionality of the road, very often there are conflicts
between through vehicles and local road users causing fatal accidents. As a reactive approach,
local people constructed a number of speed-breakers to reduce vehicle speed for minimizing
accidents. This is a local peculiarity in this highway. This also reflects absence of appropriate
engineering treatments, attitude of motorized vehicles, vulnerability of local road users and
community approach to the problem. Inclusion of the item in the checklists is certainly help in
analyzing the above-mentioned situations.
Various Types of Vehicle
In Bangladesh of vehicles i.e. standard Motorized Vehicles (MVs), non-standard Motorized

Vehicles, Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) use the same road space having distinct make-up,
construction, size, crashworthiness, speed etc. These cause unsafe and conflicting road movements
resulting to various hazards. Inclusion of this topic in the checklists is anticipated to be able to
identify various geometric and operational deficiencies of the highway.
40

Side Roads
Due to mainly the lack of strict regulation and enforcement, appropriate guidelines, coordination
amongst various government agencies and pressure of local needs, side roads often join the
national highway. These side roads lack many engineering treatments, generate collisions amongst
various types of road users and very often poses safety hazards contributing to accidents. In other
countries minor cross-roads are means of gaining accessibility to a highway. In Bangladesh,
unplanned connectivity of cross-roads with the highway, besides posing safety hazards reflect
many other associated aspects which need to be addressed. This topic could be included under
‘accessibility’, but there are valid reasons to include this in the checklists as a separate item.
Local Condition and Practices
Local conditions and practices significantly influence the road users’ behavior and their interaction
with various elements of the road. Political interference, organizational limitations, social culture,
development patterns, economic condition, education, weather, terrain, enforcement, legislation
etc. varies from country to country. Checklists developed for other countries may not be exactly
appropriate for Bangladesh. Local peculiarities should be taken into consideration while auditing a
road in Bangladesh. Checklists for ‘road safety audit of existing road’ do not address local
conditions and peculiarities. A densely populated country like Bangladesh having medium literacy
rate, emerging economy, different socio-economic background, inherent institutional weaknesses
of various related organizations will have safety hazards in its highways which are different from
other countries. Addressing local practices and conditions and incorporating suitable questionnaire
in the checklists are certainly expected to assist in conducting safety audit more effectively.
4.3.3 Items to be included in the Existing Checklists of Roads and Highways Department
(RHD) Guidelines
A thorough study and analysis of various guidelines and literatures and knowledge gained about
local conditions through initial site visits suggested inclusion of following items in the existing
checklists:
a. Scope of the Highway; Function

b. Access to property and developments
c. Night Inspection
d. Interchange
e. Built-up area/Bazaar/Bus-stand
f. Side roads
g. Speed-breaker Statistics
h. Physical evidence of past crashes and off-road excursions
i. Road User behavior
j. Enforcement
k. Hospitals and trauma management
l. Various Types of Vehicles
m. Interview of Local People
n. School Zone Safety
o. Items based on local conditions may be included under almost all items/heads.
4.3.4 Checklists and Forms
Basing on the analysis mentioned above, checklists are modified for safety audit of existing roads.
RHD Road Safety Audit Guidelines for existing road addresses the audit under 15 major heads.
41

For the purpose of safety inventory and survey, 7 formats are also provided. This study conducted
safety audit under 29 major heads and using 36 forms for the purpose of safety inventory and
survey.
4.3.5 Checklists
The following Table 4.2 shows a comparison between checklists of ‘Road Safety Audit
Guidelines, RHD’ and modified checklists. In the modified checklists, items mentioned in article
4.3.3 are included. Modified checklists are at Appendix A
Table 4.2: Comparison between Roads and Highways Department (RHD) and Modified
Checklists
Checklists of Road Safety Audit Guidelines, Modified Checklists

RHD
1 General topics (Scope of the Highway;
Function, Access to property and
developments)
1 Road alignment and cross section 2 Road alignment and cross section
2 Auxiliary lanes 3 Approach Widening
3 Intersections 4 Intersections
5 Interchanges
6 Built-up area/ Bazaar/Bus-stand
4 Lighting 7 lightings (Roads in General)
5 Signs 8 Signs (Roads in General)
6 Markings and delineations 9 Markings and delineations
7 Clear zones ,Crash barriers , Fences 10 Crash barriers and clear zones
8 Traffic signals 11 Traffic signals
9 Pedestrians and Non-Motorized Vehicle 12 Pedestrians , NMVs, and Public Transport
(NMV)
10 Bridges, Culverts and Other Drainage 13 Bridges and culverts
Structures
11 Pavement 14 Pavement
15 Side road
12 Vehicle Parking 16 Parking
13 Provision for Heavy Vehicles 17 Provision for heavy vehicles
14 Floodways and Causeways ( In Hill ) 18 Floodways and causeways
15 Miscellaneous 19 Miscellaneous
20 Past crashes and off-road excursions

21 Speed-breaker Statistics
22 Night Inspection
23 Law Enforcement
24 Trauma Management and Hospitals
25 Various Types of Vehicles
26 School Zone Safety
27 Road User Behavior
28 Interview of Local People
29 Observations related to enforcement,
education, publicity
42

4.3.6 Safety Inventory and Survey Forms
The following Table 4.3 shows a comparison between Safety Inventory and Survey Forms of
‘Road Safety Audit Guidelines, Roads and Highways Department (RHD)’ and modified checklists.
Formats of modified checklists are at Appendix B.
Table 4.3: Comparison between RHD and Modified Forms
Safety Inventory and Survey Forms of Road Formats of Modified Checklist

Safety Audit Guidelines, RHD
1 Road Inventory and Survey Form 1 Access to Property and Development
2 Traffic Signs Investigation Form 2 Overtaking Provision
3 Road Markings Investigation Form 3 Traffic Volume Count for Vehicle
Composition
4 Road Junction Investigation Form 4 Spot Speed Determination Using Vehicle
Composition Data
5 Bazaar/ Developed Area Investigation Form 5 Average Speed of Vehicles at Various Built-
up Areas/Bazaars
6 Bridge Inventory Form 6 Curve Dimensions and Investigation of SSD
and PSD at Curves
7 Road Sketch as par Field Condition Form 7 Horizontal Curves
8 Carriageway, Shoulder, Cross-fall, Walkway,
and Embankment Investigation Form
9 Shoulder and Walkway Condition
10 Sudden Entry of Vehicles from Driveways
11 Drainage condition
12 Junctions Investigation form
13 Built-up area/ Bazaar/Bus-stand (in the
Bazaar)
14 Signs and lightings Investigation Form
15 Existing Traffic Sign Investigation Form
16 Road Marking and Delineations Investigation
Form
17 Crash Barriers and Guideposts Condition
18 Pedestrian Intensity
19 Bus Bays
20 Bridge
Investigation Form
21 Approach Alignment of Bridges
22 Culvert Details
23 Pavement Condition
24 Skid Resistance
25 Side Road without any Engineering
Treatment
26 Parking Condition
27 Provision for Heavy Vehicles
28 Floodways and causeways
29 Roadside Activities
30 Past Crashes and Off-Road Excursions
31 Speed-Breaker (SB), Speed Hump (SH) and
Rumble Strip (RS) Statistics
32 Data of Law Enforcement Agency
43

33 List of Location-wise Hospitals with
Available Facilities
34 Data of Various Types of Non-standard
Vehicles
36 Behavior Observation of Pedestrians, Non-
Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) and Motorized
Vehicles (MVs) at Intersections and Other
Locations
4.4 Overview
Review of Existing Guidelines of Roads and Highways Department (RHD)
Updating and revision of the existing guidelines will give significant insight or background
information to the decision makers, people without a technical background or to the practitioners.
Explanations of basic concepts and consideration of “Road Safety Audit” as an effective tool will
benefit the auditors. Inclusion of important aspects such as types of projects for audits, audit
team’s qualification, roles and responsibilities of team members, step by step audit process,
necessity of quality assurance, legal issues and areas of concern, significance of costs and benefits,
and training for road safety auditing need to be included in RHD guidelines. Necessity of ‘follow-
up and monitoring’, and responsibility of setting up appropriate procedures are of great
importance. Inclusion of all probable stages of audit, importance on safety audit of existing road,
incorporation of some case studies and detail procedures for using checklists/prompt lists will
enrich RHD guidelines.
Development of Checklists
In this chapter an attempt is made to develop checklists to suit local conditions. At first major
items of checklists of ‘ safety audit of existing roads’ of RHD Guidelines on ‘Road Safety Audit,
2005’ was listed. Discussion of various guidelines and literatures and consideration of local
peculiarities highlights the necessity of including some important items such as road functions,
accessibility, night inspection, past crashes, road user behavior, enforcement, trauma management,
school zone safety, interview of local people, speed-breaker statistics, side roads, and different
types of transport in the existing checklists to make it more effective. To supplement safety audit
with modified checklists, few forms are also developed.
44

CHAPTER 5
UNDERTAKING SAFETY AUDIT AND FUTURE IMPACTS
5.1 Introduction
Road safety auditing is conducted to identify potential hazards along this highway. Checklists
modified in the previous chapter are used to aid the auditing. The finding and recommendations
are written in ‘prose, style. Findings are based on collected data, field observation and analytical
approach. Recommendations prescribe general, short, mid and long term solutions. As the audit is
part of a research work, standard contents of an audit report (suggested by AUSTROADS and
Roads and Highways Department (RHD) guidelines) is not followed. Later on, accident data is
analyzed to supplement audit findings (safety concerns) identified in the audit report. The
observations and suggestions are related to existing two-lane national highway i.e. Dhaka- Mawa
Highway (N8) which is planned to be converted to a four-lane divided highway and would also
have the impacts resulting from likely construction of Padma Bridge and is experiencing the
effects of rapid urbanization at this segment of the highway. In this chapter, attempts are also made
to address these issues.
5.2 Road Safety Audit Report
5.2.1 Background
The audit is part of a research work conducted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering (Transportation) under Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology (BUET). The audit was undertaken by Mr. Nasir Uddin Ahmed, MSc
Student, BUET under close supervision of Dr. Md. Shamsul Hoque, Professor, Civil Engineering
Department, BUET. In-built design drawings of the highway, relevant guidelines of road safety
auditing, design and safety standards of RHD and developed countries, modified checklists,
various literatures were consulted and extensive field visits were conducted for the purpose of
audit. Concerned experts of Road Safety Division, RHD and Sub-Divisional Engineer, Keranigong
Road Sub-Division were consulted for valuable inputs. A number of both daytime and nighttime
inspection/ field visits were carried out. The audit was on an ‘Existing Road’. The road was
inspected by the researcher between 30 September 2010 to 04 November 2010 and 12 July 2011 to
14 July 2011. Close monitoring, guidance and supervision including a site visit by the supervisor
enriched the audit report. The audit report is titled as ‘Road safety audit report of Dhaka-Mawa
Highway’. In the audit report, on various occasions, references are made to various filled-up
formats and Tables which are at Appendix-C. Detail calculations are shown at Appendix-D. The
body of the report includes some important photographs for easy understanding. At Appendix-E,
more photographs are included for better assimilation of hazards.
5.2.2 General
5.2.2.1 Scope of the Highway; Function
PROBLEMS
Location: General to the Highway.
Summary: The highway can not perform its intended function as national highway properly and
existing design is not consistent with the function.
The road though classified as a national highway but the classification has become distorted over
the years and no longer reflects the actual usage being made of the highway. According to Roads
and Highways Department (RHD), to make optimum use of resources the standards to be adopted
45

in road design must be based wholly on traffic volume, regardless of classification. Hence Design
Types are based wholly on traffic volume and have no direct relationship with functional
classification. In absence of a road hierarchy based on functional classification, multi-functionality
arises which leads to contradictory design requirements and also to higher risks. Uninterrupted
plying of through vehicles in this highway is hindered. As a result of multi-functionality, different
transport modes use the same physical space, access can not be controlled, road user behavior
becomes unpredictable, and relatively high speeds and speed differences lead to relatively high
accident risks.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Development of a road hierarchy based on functional classification is recommended so that the

same level of service (LOS) can be maintained throughout the whole length of the highway.
5.2.2.2 Access to Property and Developments
PROBLEMS
Locations: General to the Highway.
Summary: Degree of access control is not consistent with the road’s function.
As the road classification is based on traffic volume only, the issue of access control is not
addressed. The occurrences of unexpected events complicate the driving task. Driver is unable to
respond to the increased variety and changes in the spacing of events. This results in deteriorated
traffic operation and increased collision experience. Presence of numerous private and commercial
property entrances, roadside developments, uncontrolled side roads etc. poses safety hazards.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Direct access to the national highway must be controlled. Formulation of an ‘Access

Management Guidelines’ is recommended.
• Service roads are recommended to accommodate local traffics maintaining the functional
requirements of the national highway.
5.2.3 Road Alignment and Cross Section
5.2.3.1 Visibility; Sight Distance
PROBLEMS
Summary: Sight distance is found to be adequate at various places along the highway.
The sight distance along the road is inadequate or restricted when plantation on the edges of
embankments; especially at the inner edge of horizontal curves (Photo 5.1) obstruct the sightlines
to stationary objects or oncoming vehicles. At the straight sections, visibility and sight distance is
restricted at built-up areas / bazaars/ bus-stands due to parked vehicles and road side developments
and activities. Sight triangles at junctions are restricted due to road-side shops (Photo 5.2).
Inadequate sight distance results in a shorter reaction and response time available to the driver
when the change is sighted which results in a higher crash risk. Besides, due to obstructed
longitudinal sight distance drivers assume continuation of the present conditions, though alignment
46

changes or traffic hazards suddenly appear. Examples of these include; curves hiding bazaars
(Abdullahpur and rajendrapur Bazaar) and bus-stands (Keotkhali, Shologhar, Bejgaon, Srinagar
Ferry Ghat, Shomspur), parked vehicles obstructing visibility of pedestrian crossing sites etc.
Vegetation
at curve Corner
shops
Photo 5.1: Restricted sight distance at Photo 5.2: Restricted sight triangle due to
curve at Shologhar corner shops at Mawa Roundabout
RECOMMENDATIONS
Short Term: Low-cost measures such as plantation of low-height trees at curves, banning of
illegal parking and non-motor roadside activities are recommended to be adopted to address
inadequate sight distance and to mitigate safety hazards. At built-up areas / bazaars/ bus-stands and
junctions, obstructions to sight distance are to be removed.
Long Term: Straightening of sharp curves is recommended
5.2.3.2 Readability by Drivers
PROBLEMS
Summary: The alignment of the roadway is distorted due to inadequacy of marking at some
places.
As a whole, the alignment of the roadway is clearly defined by center and edge line marking. But
at bazaars/built-up areas/bus-stands, (Photo 5.3 and Photo 5.4) these markings are either faded out
due to poor maintenance or invisible due to roadside non-motor activities which creates confusion
for the drivers.

Photo 5.3: Obscured edge-line marking Photo 5.4: Invisible edge-line marking at
at Kodomtoli T Junction Rajendrapur
47

RECOMMENDATIONS
• To make the alignment of the highway more conspicuous at bazaars/built-up areas/bus-

stands, the center and edge line marking should be maintained regularly.
• Moreover, roadside non-motor activities should be banned to make the road markings
visible to the drivers at night.
5.2.3.3 Overtaking Provision
PROBLEMS
Summary: Overtaking provisions are absent along the highway.
It is not possible to provide separate overtaking lane at two lane undivided highway. But safe
overtaking opportunities through road marking were not observed along this highway. This results
in uncontrolled and risky overtaking attempts which increase safety hazards along the highway.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Safe overtaking opportunity through road marking is recommended to discourage uncontrolled and
risky overtaking attempts along the highway.
5.2.3.4 Design speed
PROBLEMS
Summary: Design speed can not be maintained along this highway.
According to ‘Geometric Design Standards Manual (Revised) 2005, this is a Design Type 3,
National Highway with Design Speed 80 kmph. Basing on ‘traffic volume survey and speed study’
carried out to determine the speed characteristics along with vehicle composition, at straight
section (between Kotomtoli T Junction and Rajendrapur), 98th and 85th percentile speed was found
to be 64 and 57 kmph [Table 5.1, 5.2 (below) and Table 1 of Appendix C and Figure 5.2].
Considering the same vehicle composition, at the curve prior to Srinagar Ferryghat, 98th and 85th
percentile speed was found to be 68 and 57 kmph [Table 2 of Appendix C, Table 5.3 (below) and
Figure 5.4]. Another ‘traffic volume survey and speed study’ carried out to determine the speed
characteristics along with the vehicle composition at a curve (prior to Chonbari Junction )
revealed 98th and 85th percentile speed to be 72 and 62 kmph [Table 5.4, 5.5 (below) and Table 3
of Appendix C, and Figure 5.6] .
Table 5.1 Traffic Volume Survey for Vehicle Composition at Straight Section
Vehicle Type Number % of Vehicle #Sample Remark

Bus 164 16 08 # 50 samples were
Truck 52 06 03 taken for spot speed
Microbus / Car/ Motor 222 20 10 study
cycle
Human hauler/ Pick-up 612 58 29 Date: 12July 2011
van/ Auto Rickshaw/
CNG Rickshaw Time: 1225 to 1325
Total 1050 100 50 hours
48

Table 5.2- Spot Speed Calculation at Straight Section (between Kotomtoli T Junction and
Rajendrapur)
Speed No. of Mid- Cumulative

Range vehicle speed, V % %
observed
(kmph) (f) (kmph) Frequencies Frequencies
0-5 0 2.5 0.00 0.00
5 - 10 0 7.5 0.00 0.00
10 - 15 0 12.5 0.00 0.00
15 - 20 0 17.5 0.00 0.00
Vavg = Sum (f *
20 - 25 0 22.5 0.00 0.00 V)/Sum(f)
25 - 30 0 27.5 0.00 0.00 = 49.8 mph
30 - 35 0 32.5 0.00 0.00
35 - 40 0 37.5 0.00 0.00
40 - 45 15 42.5 30.00 30.00
45 - 50 17 47.5 34.00 64.00
50 - 55 7 52.5 14.00 78.00
55 - 60 4 57.5 8.00 86.00
60 - 65 5 62.5 10.00 96.00
65 - 70 2 67.5 4.00 100.00
Total 50
Figure 5.1- Frequency Distribution for Spot Speed at Straight Section (between Kotomtoli T
Junction and Rajendrapur)
49

Figure 5.2- Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Spot Speed at Straight Section (between
Kotomtoli T Junction and Rajendrapur)
Table 5.3- Spot Speed Calculation (at curve prior to Srinagar Ferryghat)

observed
0-5 0 2.5 0.00 0.00
5 - 10 0 7.5 0.00 0.00
10 - 15 0 12.5 0.00 0.00
15 - 20 0 17.5 0.00 0.00
Vavg = Sum (f *
20 - 25 0 22.5 0.00 0.00 V)/Sum(f)
25 - 30 2 27.5 4.00 4.00 = 44.05 mph
30 - 35 6 32.5 12.00 16.00
35 - 40 3 37.5 6.00 22.00
40 - 45 11 42.5 22.00 44.00
45 - 50 8 47.5 16.00 60.00
50 - 55 9 52.5 18.00 78.00
55 - 60 4 57.5 8.00 86.00
60 - 65 2 62.5 4.00 90.00
65-70 2 67.5 4.00 94.00
70-75 1 72.5 2.00 96.00
75-80 0 77.5 0.00 96.00
80-85 2 82.5 4.00 100.00
Total 50
50

Figure 5.3- Frequency Distribution for Spot Speed at Curve 1 (prior to Srinagar Ferryghat)
Figure 5.4- Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Spot Speed at Curve 1 (prior to Srinagar
Ferryghat)
51

Table 5.4 Traffic Volume Count for Vehicle Composition at Curve prior to Chonbari
Junction

Bus 140 36.08 18 # 50 samples were
Truck 16 4.12 2 taken for spot study
Microbus / Car/ Motor 112 28.86 15
cycle Date: 13July 2011 ,
Human hauler/ Pick-up 120 30.92 15
van/ Auto Rickshaw/ Time: 1425 to 1525
CNG Rickshaw hours
Total 388 100 50
Table 5.5- Spot Speed Calculation (at curve prior to Chonbari Junction)

observed
0-5 0 2.5 0.00 0.00
5 - 10 0 7.5 0.00 0.00
10 - 15 0 12.5 0.00 0.00
15 - 20 2 17.5 4.00 4.00
Vavg = Sum (f *
20 - 25 3 22.5 6.00 10.00 V)/Sum(f)
25 - 30 6 27.5 12.00 22.00 = 36.75 mph
30 - 35 2 32.5 4.00 26.00
35 - 40 4 37.5 8.00 34.00
40 - 45 5 42.5 10.00 44.00
45 - 50 7 47.5 14.00 58.00
50 - 55 7 52.5 14.00 72.00
55 - 60 3 57.5 6.00 78.00
60 - 65 3 62.5 6.00 84.00
65-70 3 67.5 6.00 90.00
70-75 3 72.5 6.00 96.00
75-80 1 77.5 2.00 98.00
80-85 1 82.5 2.00 100.00
Total 50
52

Figure 5.5- Frequency Distribution for Spot Speed at Curve 2 (prior to Chonbari Junction)
Figure 5.6- Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Spot Speed at Curve 2 (prior to Chonbari
Junction)
From the speed study, it is found that along this highway, 98th percentile speed varies between 64
to 72 kmph and 85th percentile speed varies between 57 to 62 kmph. This implies that the highway
is not capable of maintaining its intended design speed. At present condition, segment-specific
speed limit/zoning needs to be applied for safety reasons.
53

From ‘traffic volume count’ (Table 5.1 and 5.4), it is seen that non-standard motorized vehicles
comprises 58% and 30.92% of vehicle composition at two different places which cause speed
differential amongst the vehicles. Critical analysis of vehicle speed compiled from Table 1, 2, and
3 of Appendix C reveals that average speed of fast moving vehicles is 56.55 kmph while average
speed of non-standard motorized vehicles is found to be 40.98 kmph indicating speed differential
of approximately 15 kmph between these two categories of vehicles.
Again modal speeds at straight section prior to Rajendrapur (Figure 5.1), at curve prior to Srinagar
Ferryghat (Figure 5.3), and at curve prior to Chonbari Junction (Figure 5.5), were found to be 45
kmph, 46 kmph and 44 kmph respectively.
Table 5.6 shows varying average speed for different types of vehicles (compiled from Table 1, 2,
and 3 of Appendix C). Average speed of bus, truck, small standard motorized vehicles and non-
standard vehicles varies between 49-57 kmph, 35-51 kmph, 59-66 kmph and 28-46 kmph
respectively. It is found that speed of vehicles varies significantly between locations and also
within the same type of vehicles. As a result slow moving non-standard vehicles induce risky
overtaking maneuvers and cause safety hazards.
Table 5.6 Average Speed of Different Vehicles from Speed Study
Vehicle Type Average Speed (kmph)
At Straight Section between At Curve Prior to At Curve Prior to

Kodomtoli More T Junction Srinagar Chonbari Junction
and Rajendrapur Ferryghat
Bus 56.87 52.62 49.16
Truck 50.66 38.33 34.5
Microbus / 58.8 66.6 66.26

Car/ Motor
cycle
Human hauler/ 45.72 43.06 28.66
Pick-up / Auto
Rickshaw/
CNG
The speed studies were carried out at free flow condition. The abovementioned speed and vehicle
composition analysis reveals significant speed differential arising from heterogeneous vehicle
composition. The varying level of service implies that functionally the corridor is not serving as a
high standard road which definitely demands up-gradation of the highway.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Basing on ‘speed study’ it is recommended that after detailed engineering studies,

segment-specific speed limits are to be installed at required places along the highway.
• To eliminate the speed differential amongst various types of vehicles, it is recommended

to segregate non-standard motorized vehicles by providing separate service roads.
54

5.2.3.5 Speed Limit/Speed Zoning
PROBLEMS
Summary: Speed limit is not compatible with the function, road geometry, land use and sight
distance.
Regulatory/advisory speed signs (SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT A26) are found in only four places i.e.
Hasnabad (60 kmph), approach to Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 and Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 (40 kmph) and
Uttar Medinimondal (60 kmph). End of the speed restricted sections are not marked by either with
the ‘NATIONAL SPEED LIMIT APPLY A27’ sign or with another A26 sign indicating a
different speed limit. Warning signs ‘SHARP BEND B10’ are found in only four places i.e.
Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur, Shologhar and Srinagar Ferry Ghat. The signs are not installed on both
approach of the curve. Warning signs and advisory speed signs required in other eligible places are
not installed. During ‘speed study’, average speed of vehicles at four built-up areas/bazaars is
measured which is shown at Table 5.7.
Table 5.7 Average Speed of Vehicles at Various Built-up Areas/Bazaars
location and Type of Average Average Travel Average Observed

length of the vehicle Travel time time at the Speed of Motorized
observed segment (minutes) segment Vehicles at the segment
(minutes) (kmph)
Hasnabad-Ekuria Bus 1.65 1.13 17
Built-up area (0.32 Car 0.78
km)
Truck 0.95
Rajendrapur (0.28 Bus 0.74 0.83 20
km) Car 0.96
Truck 0.78
Abdullahpur (0.39 Bus 0.85 1.00 23
km) Car 0.91
Truck 1.25
Nimtoli (0.14 km) Bus 0.57 0.52 16
Car 0.48
Truck 0.52
From Table 5.7, it is found that, at built-up areas/bazaars, average speed varies between 16 kmph
to 23 kmph which may irritate through drivers as well as local drivers. Due to these bottlenecks,
within a span of only 31 km, the drivers need to adjust speed for a number of times. As a result
drivers may ignore speed limits and may have the tendency to over speed to cover up delayed time
which may lead to accidents. Built-up areas (sometimes before or after curve and having side roads
and private/commercial property entrances), narrow bridges (sometimes immediately before or
after a built-up area/bazaar and curve) and curves demand ‘Special Speed Limits’. Due to
inappropriate road geometry at bazaars/ built-up areas/ bus-stands, multi-functionality due to
uncontrolled access, unplanned land use pattern and restricted sight distance at curves, bazaar,
built-up areas and junctions, national speed limit i.e. 80 kmph is not compatible.
55

RECOMMENDATIONS
Short term: Following measures are recommended:
• Detail engineering studies are suggested to establish appropriate special speed limits/speed
zoning for various Built-up Areas/Bazaars.
• Further misuse of road adjacent land is to be stopped immediately.
• Obstruction to sight distance due to illegal parking, roadside plantation and non-motor
roadside activities is to be removed.
Long term: Following measures are recommended:
• Road should be classified based on functional classification and appropriate design

standards to be developed according to the classification.
• Guidelines on ‘roadside land use’ should be developed and enforced.
• Sight distance at curves should be improved by road realignment to reduce road curvature.
5.2.3.6 Curves
PROBLEMS
Summary: Adequate engineering treatment, traffic control devices etc. are not applied at curves.
Adequate clear zone is not provided at any curves. Roadside hazards/objects exist within 1m of the
carriageway at Rajendrapur Bazaar and Bejgaon Bus-stand which are located within curves.
Except at the curve after Abdullahpur Bridge and curve prior to Srinagar Ferry Ghat, ‘F6
BARRIER LINE’ is not observed at any curves having inadequate sight distance. Overtaking
restriction signs at approaches to curves do not exist. Except at the curve after Abdullahpur Bridge,
curve after Shologhar Bus-stand and curve prior to Srinagar Ferry Ghat, curve warning signs are
not erected at the approaches to any other curves. Advisory speed signs are not installed prior to
any curves having restricted sight distances. Chevron Alignment Markers (CAMs) are not installed
at any curves. Curve information is listed at Table 4 of Appendix C. According to SRNDP, there
exist 19 curves along this highway, out of which 12 curves have relatively low radius of curvature
between 400 to 800 meters. Presence of 19 curves within 31 km implies that, change of alignment
is occurred at every 1.68 km length of the highway. This observation essentially suggests that
drivers of the corridor need extra attention while negotiating these geometric constraints.
Determination of Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) and Passing Sight Distance (PSD)
In order to check adequacy of sight distance, at three curves, Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) and
Passing Sight Distance (PSD) was measured. At first, required SSDs and PSDs was determined
basing on some assumed data which was then compared with available SSDs and PSDs
(determined basing on field measurement). Detail calculations are shown in Appendix-D and data
for design vehicle dimensions are at Table 5 of Appendix C.
56

The field measurements and calculated sight distances at three curves are appended at Table 5.8,
below:
Table 5.8 Investigation of SSD and PSD at Curves
Item Prior to Shologhar Prior to Chonbari Prior to Srinagar

(Paikpara) Junction Ferryghat
D 5 7 8
R (ft) 1146 818 716
Lw (ft) 11.33 11.67 11.17
HSw (ft) 6 5.42 5.33
SSw (ft) 3 3 3
r (ft) 1140 812 710
c (ft) 13.16 12.75 12.41
Available sight 349 ft/ 106 m ( less 291 ft/ 89 m ( less 289 ft/ 88 m ( less than
distance and than required SSD and than required SSD required SSD and speed
comment about speed restriction is and speed restriction is required)
SSD required) restriction is
required)
Comment about As available sight As available sight As available sight distance
PSD distance is less than distance is less than is less than required PSD, so
required PSD, so required PSD, so overtaking restriction is
overtaking restriction overtaking needed. (At this curve ‘ NO
is needed restriction is needed OVERTAKING’ marking is
available but no signs are
placed)
The sight distances were found to be inadequate at these curves.
Checking the Necessity of Widening at Curve
In order to check the necessity of widening at the curve prior to Srinagar Ferryghat, calculation
was made basing on AASHTO formula. Detail calculations are shown in Appendix-D. At this
curve at design speed 60 kmph, amount of required widening is 1.53 ft. At the same place with
design speed 80 kmph, required amount of widening is found to be 2.02 ft. Any advisory speed
limit is not observed and curve widening is not done at this location.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Short Term
• Overtaking restrictions (sign and marking), advance curve warning signs, curve advisory
speed signs, Chevron Alignment Markers are to be erected/ placed at the curves having
inadequate sight distance.
• Roadside hazards/ objects within 1 m of curves at Rajendrapur Bazaar and Bejgaon Bus-
stand should be removed.
• Vegetation restricting visibility splay at curves should be removed and low height
plantation is recommended at the inner edge of curves.
Long Term
As long term measures, straightening and curve widening, where applicable are recommended.
57

5.2.3.7 Carriageway
PROBLEMS
Summary: Traffic lane and carriageway widths are not adequate for the traffic type and mix
This is a Design Type 3 Highway requiring 7.3 m wide carriageway. At Table 6 of Appendix-C,
carriageway widths at various sections of the roadway are appended. From the Table, it is seen that
carriageway width at straight sections and curves varies between 7.0 to 7.1 m which implies that as
a whole the highway has less carriageway widths than the design type and curve widening is not
done at any curves which is a vital safety feature for hazardous locations like sharp curves. At
bridges and culverts, carriageway width varies between 6.4 m to 7.2 m (except Abdullapur
Bridge). Again, particularly at Bazaar/ Built-up area/ Bus-stand, traffic lane and carriageway
widths are not adequate to accommodate existing traffic volume and mix. Separate lane for non-
motorized vehicles does not exist. As a result, non-motorized vehicles use shoulders at straight
sections and curves and use main carriageway on bridges. Moreover, at ‘overtaking prohibited’
sections, motorized vehicles are compelled to follow non-motorized and non-standard (less speed)
motorized vehicles which often allures motorized vehicles to make unsafe overtaking.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Short term: Following measures are suggested:
• Non-Motorized Vehicle (NMV) movements over two major bridges i.e. Dhaleshwari
Bridge 1 and Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 are to be banned immediately.
Long Term: Following measures are suggested:
• Carriageway width should be increased to 7.3m all along the highway (requirement of
Design Type 3 Highway)
• Separate service road should be provided all along the highway (including bridges) for
non-motorized and non-standard (less speed) motorized vehicles.
• Additional lanes should be provided at built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands to
accommodate traffic volume having various compositions.
5.2.3.8 Shoulders
PROBLEMS
Summary: Shoulder width is inconsistent throughout the highway.
This is a Design Type 3 Highway requiring 1.5 m wide shoulders on each side. At Table 7 of
Appendix-C, ‘Shoulder and drop height statistics’ are listed. Shoulder width at straight sections
and curves varies between 1.1 to 1.7 m. The required shoulder width for broken-down or
emergency vehicles (bus and tricks) to stop safely is absent in this highway (Photo 5.5) except
Bazaar areas. At some places, due to roadside vegetation, effective shoulder width is reduced and
as a result, Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) using shoulder comes to the carriageway.
Throughout the length of the highway, transition from road to shoulder is not safe due to high
drop-offs (varies between 4 to 8 cm), thus restricting errant vehicles in regaining control (Photo
58

5.6). At some places, shoulders are not trafficable for vehicles and road users due to the damage
caused by poor drainage and soil erosion as listed in Table 8 of Appendix C.
Inadequate
shoulder width
Photo 5.5: Inadequate shoulder width Photo 5.6: High drop-offs at shoulder
RECOMMENDATIONS
Short term: Following measures are suggested:
• Shoulder width as per standard design should be maintained /constructed.

• Roadside vegetation reducing shoulder width should be removed immediately.
• High drop-offs at shoulders should be removed all along the highway.
• Damaged shoulders should be repaired soon.
5.2.3.9 Embankments
PROBLEMS
Summary: Embankments are not traversable by vehicles that run off the road.
The highway as constructed on high (15 to 25 feet) and steep embankments (Photo 5.7), batter
slopes are quite dangerous for run off vehicles. According to Transport Research Laboratory (as
cited in Handbook of Highway Safety Design and Operating Practices (1978), Federal Highway
Administration, Department of Transportation, USA), standard/ safe batter slope should be
between 1:4- 1:6 which is almost absent all along the highway. According to locals, many
accidents on this highway involve vehicles leaving the road and being in collision with hazardous
obstacles such as trees, bridge supports or simply rolling down the high embankment.
Photo 5.7: Typical view of Steep Photo 5.8: W-beam crash barriers
embankment
59

RECOMMENDATIONS
The highway being constructed on high embankments, provision of safe batter slopes is costly.
The risk of accidents can be significantly reduced by the use of guard rails or barriers. The purpose
of the barrier is to absorb the impact with as little overall severity as possible. At present, W-beam
barriers are in use near bridge and culvert approaches only. As a low cost measure, continuous W-
beam crash barriers (Photo 5.8) are recommended to be used at high embankment to improve the
safety situation of the highway.
5.2.3.10 Walkway
PROBLEMS
Summary: Walkway width is not maintained and at almost the entire length of the highway is not
useable by pedestrians.
This is a Design Type 3 Highway requiring 1.0 m wide walkway on each side. Walkway width and
condition is appended at Table 9 and 10 of Appendix C respectively. Except vary rare occasions,
walkway is either not available or existing walkway is covered with roadside vegetation or
damaged due to soil erosion (Photo 5.9 and 5.10) thus not useable almost throughout the length of
the highway. It is observed that at areas with high pedestrian concentration such as bazaar/built-up
area/bus-stands etc. there exists no raised footpath. Very often, in absence of walkway/footpath,
pedestrians use shoulders compelling Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) to shift to the carriageway.
No walkway
Photo 5.9: Footpath is not walk-able or Photo 5.10: Footpath is not walk-able due
absent due to vegetation to soil erosion
RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to improve pedestrian safety, raised walkway or footpath is recommended at areas with
high pedestrian concentration such as bazaar/built-up area/bus-stands etc. At other road segment
with low level of pedestrian, existing walkway should be maintained by increasing width where
necessary and by trimming road side tree, repair of damaged walkway etc.
5.2.3.11 Private Driveways and Property Entrances
PROBLEMS
60

Summary: Sudden entry of vehicle from private driveways and property entrances causes safety
hazards.
At Table 11 of Appendix C, details of private driveways and property entrances are listed.
Presence of private driveways and property entrances are observed mainly between hasnabad and
Abdullahpur area. Sight distance is restricted at almost all private driveways and property
entrances. Sudden appearance of vehicles and subsequently turning on the highway increase the
risk of accidents (Photo 5.11). It is found that there exist large grade difference between
driveways/ property entrances and highway (Photo 5.12) which makes vehicle maneuvering very
difficult. .More photographs related to private driveways and property entrances are appended at
Appendix E.
Photo 5.11: Sudden appearance of Photo 5.12: Typical view of large grade
vehicles from ‘Land Development difference between property entrances
Project’ prior to Rajendrapur and highway
RECOMMENDATIONS
Short term:
• Adequate sight distance and visibility is to be provided.

• Driveways with large grade difference need to be corrected.
Long term: Service roads should be constructed to serve a number of driveways together and
reduce friction on the highway.
5.2.3.12 Drainage Condition
PROBLEMS
Summary: Due to non-maintenance of slopes, ‘soil erosion’ damaged shoulder, walkway and
verge at various places (Photo 5.13 and 5.14 below and more at Appendix E) and made these
places unusable for road users. Appropriate drainage system does not exist at junction, bazaar and
bus bay at Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur, Nimtoli Intersection and approaches to Dhaleshwari Bridge
1and 2. Effect of poor drainage at various places is appended at Table 12 of Appendix C.
61

Photo 5.13: Damaged shoulder due to Photo 5.14: Footpath is not walk-able due to
poor drainage at keotkhali
RECOMMENDATIONS erosion of soil at Hashara no 2 bus stand
In order to improve drainage condition, cross slope of shoulder is recommended to be maintained

properly by removing heaping of soil and clearing of sod. Drainage system should be improved at
damaged places at bus bays and junction turning.
5.2.4 Approach Widening
PROBLEMS
Summary: Approach widening is not provided at required places.
It is observed that approaches to junctions are not wide enough to accommodate turning vehicles.
Inadequate approach width is also observed at driveways/property entrances and filling stations.
Turning at intersections, driveways, filling stations etc. becomes hazardous due to the absence of
approach widening resulting wide angle merging and tail backing diverging.
RECOMMENDATIONS
As long term measures, for safe merging, diverging and turning, approach widening is to be
provided at intersections, driveways, filling stations etc. with appropriate tapers, shoulders, signs
and markings etc.
5.2.5 Intersections / Built-up areas and/ or bazaars having intersection, side roads, bus-
stand and other hazardous area
Considering locational characteristics, layout, visibility and sight distance, controls and
delineation, pedestrian crossing facilities and miscellaneous factors, few locations are identified as
hazardous from safety point of view. Along this corridor (within the length of 31 km), 17 such
locations are identified as hazardous implying one hazardous location per 1.82 km length of the
highway which definitely suggests that the degree of hazardous locations is significantly high
along this national highway. In the subsequent paragraphs, the above-mentioned factors are
discussed in a site specific manner. Attempts are made to suggest short, mid and long term
remedial measures to overcome the deficiencies of the hazardous locations.
62

PROBLEMS
5.2.5.1 Location Characteristics
The very location characteristics of the areas make them hazardous from safety point of view.
Hasnabad-Ekuria Area and the T-junction: The area including the T-junction is not located
safely with reference to the horizontal and vertical alignment. While approaching from Dhaka, the
T-junction is just after Burigonga Bridge (vertical down alignment). While approaching from
Mawa, the T-junction is after Hasnabad – Ekuria built-up area. The area itself is within a
horizontal reverse (mild) curve and the T-junction is at the beginning of the curve (while
approaching from Dhaka). There are two closely located side roads on the south-eastern direction
of the highway opposite to the T Junction. Parallel to the highway, a service road joins the
intersection from the west (Mawa side). Besides there are numerous private property entries and
few other side roads. While approaching from Mawa, there are two opposite side roads followed
by a service road/ exclusive left turn lane leading towards BRTA office joining the intersection
from the south-west direction. Present development pattern of the area does not allow relocation
of the T junction, side roads or built-up area. The location of the area along with surrounding
characteristics generates a number of conflicting road user movements at the area in general and at
the T- junction in particular.
T Junction at Kodomtoli More: While approaching from Dhaka, the T Junction is located just
after a Filling Station and after the junction a culvert exists. There is a small bridge at minor road
approach of the junction. This is a major T Junction having moderately engineered treatments. The
surrounding area is very lucrative for land developers and land development for some housing
projects is already completed and some are on the way. In future, housing schemes will generate
significant volume of traffic and will make the junction a hazardous one.
Rajendrapur: This is a built-up area with bazaar, bus-stand, side roads and bridge. The area is
located in a curve. A side road from the south joins the southern bus bay at the middle and a side
road from the north joins the northern bus bay at its exit, thus hindering smooth and safe boarding
and alighting. While approaching from Dhaka, there exist some private/commercial property
entrances and a narrow Bailey bridge at the end of the bazaar which is immediately followed by
two earthen side roads on the south and a side road to the north (generator of significant amount of
residential traffic). Present development pattern of the area does not allow relocation of the side
roads, bridge or built-up area.
Approach to Dhaleshwari Bridge 1: There are few non-engineered earthen side roads on both
side of the highway at approach to Dhaleshwari Bridge 1. The Toll Booth is not ideally placed,
sign posted or marked and a small market is developed on the east side of the highway. There is a
mosque on the west side prior to toll booth. While approaching from Dhaka, the area is located at
the end of a high-speed environment. While approaching from Mawa, the environment after the
bridge creates surprise situations for drivers.
Approach to Dhaleshwari Bridge2/ Kuchiamora: There are two non-engineered side roads
immediately after the bridge (while approaching from Dhaka) on the west side. A college and a
school with two driveways exist to the east side of the approach. The Toll Booth is not ideally
placed, sign posted or marked, pedestrian movements take place along and across the road and
small markets are developed on both sides of the highway. While approaching from Mawa, the
area is located at the end of a high-speed environment. While approaching from Dhaka, the
environment after the bridge creates surprise situations for drivers.
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Abdullahpur: This is a built-up area (Photo 5.15) located at the end of a high-speed environment
with bazaar, bus-stand, side roads and bridge. While approaching from Dhaka, the area is located
prior to a bridge and curve. A side road from the south-east direction joins the left bus bay at its
entry and a side road from the north-west joins the right bus bay at its entry, thus hindering smooth
and safe boarding and alighting. These two side roads make a skewed junction where any
engineering treatment is absent. There exist some private/commercial property entrances on both
side of the highway. In this segment of the highway there are some schools and other educational
institutions where appropriate safety measures are not adopted. While approaching from Dhaka, a
narrow Bailey bridge is located at the end of the area which is immediately followed by two side
roads, and then the curve starts. Present development pattern of the area does not allow relocation
of the side roads, bridge or built-up area.
2 3 4
6 5
1
1. CURVE
2. STAGGERED SIDE ROADS
3. NARROW BRIDGE
4. SKEWED CROSS ROADS
5. BUS BAYS
6. BAZAAR, SCHOOL
Photo 5.15: location Characteristics- Abdullahpur Bazaar (Source: Google Image)
Nimtoli Intersection and Bazaar: While approaching from Mawa, the intersection is just after the
bazaar/ built-up area and prior to a narrow bridge. This is a skewed intersection having eastern side
road to SIRAJDIKHAN and western side road to SHIKHAR NAGAR. Within 200 m of the
junction, a filling station (Mohammadia Filling Station) is located on the south-eastern side of
the road at Dhaka side. The bus-bays (oppositely placed) are located after the junction (while
approaching from Dhaka). The entry into the bus bay after Sirajdikhan side road (while
approaching from Dhaka) and the exit from the bus bay prior to Shikar Nagar side road (while
approaching from Mawa) makes the junction and the area very hazardous. The side roads are
narrow and not at the same level of highway. The close proximity of narrow bridge, skewed
intersection and built-up area/ bazaar and terrain constraints make any appropriate engineering
treatment very difficult at present location. The area is at the end of high-speed environments.
Existing intersection is developed historically through unplanned way where appropriate
engineering treatments were not applied later on.
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Hashara Number 2 Bus-Stand: There exist two side roads in this area- one prior to the location
to the east leading to a high school and Ladies’ Madrasha and the 2nd side road to the west leading
to Alampur. There is no designated bus bay in this location. A small market is developed at this
location. The side roads are narrow and not at the same level of highway. In this segment of the
highway there are some schools and other educational institutions where appropriate safety
measures are not adopted. The area is at the end of high-speed environment.
Hashara Number1 Bus-Stand: There exists a HBB side road leading to the local bazaar to the
north-west. Pedestrian movements across and along the road is significant. Within 150 m of the
area, a filling station is located on the eastern side of the road at Mawa side. A side road from the
north-west direction joins the highway at the exit of north-western bus bay. The side road is
narrow and not at the same level of highway which makes vehicle maneuvering risky. The area is
at the end of high-speed environments.
Keotkhali: The area is located at a straight section between two horizontal curves which are
reverse. There exists an earthen side road leading to the village to the west. There is no designated
bus bay in this location. In this segment of the highway there are some schools and other
educational institutions where appropriate safety measures are not adopted. The area is at the end
of high-speed environments.
Shologhar Bus Stand: The area is located at a straight section between two horizontal curves
which are reverse. There exists two non-engineered side roads; side road to the west leads to
Srinagar, and side road to the east leads to Beertara. The side roads are oppositely placed and make
the location a cross-intersection. The side roads join the highway at the exit of bus bays. The side
roads are narrow and not at the same level of highway. The area is at the end of high-speed
environment.
Chonbari Junction and Bazaar: The area including the junction is between a narrow bridge
(while approaching from Mawa) and a Filling Station (while approaching from Dhaka). This is a
skewed junction with north-eastern side road leading to Srinagar and south-western side road
leading to Munshigonj. The area includes bus-bays (staggered) and a small bazaar on the south
western side. The exit from the bus bay prior to Munshiginj side road (while approaching from
Dhaka) and the entry into the bus bay after Srinagar side road (while approaching from Mawa)
makes the junction very hazardous. The side roads are narrow and not at the same level of
highway. The close proximity of narrow bridge, skewed intersection, bazaar and terrain
constraints make any appropriate engineering treatment very difficult at present location. The area
is at the end of high-speed environments. This is an intersection developed historically through
unplanned way where appropriate engineering treatments were not applied later on.
Srinagar Ferry Ghat/ Magurgaon: While approaching from Dhaka the area (Photo 5.16) is
located after a curve, a side road to the north (leading to Food Go-down and120 m prior to the
junction) and a narrow bridge. Then the skewed junction, immediately after the narrow bridge
where north-western side road leads to Srinagar and south-eastern side road leads to Goalimandra.
The area includes bus-bays (oppositely placed) and a small bazaar is developed adjacent to the
highway. The side road from the north-western direction joins the highway at the exit of the bus
bay and the side road from the south-eastern direction joins the highway at the entry of the other
bus bay, thus hindering safe exit and entry. Within 200 m of the junction another side road to the
east leads to Bhaggakul. After this side road again a curve with restricted sight distance starts. The
cross side roads are narrow and not at the same level of highway. The location of the area
65

including consecutive side roads, curve, and narrow bridge along with surrounding characteristics
generates a number of conflicting road user movements. The area is at the end of high-speed
environments.
7 8
3 5 1. CURVE (MAWA SIDE)
6 2. SIDE ROAD
3. OPPOSITE BUS BAYS
4 4. SKEWED JUNCTION
5. SMALL BAZAAR
2 6. NARROW BRIDGE
7. SIDE ROAD
8. CURVE (DHAKA SIDE)
1
Photo 5.16: location Characteristics- Srinagar Ferryghat (Source: Google Image)
Bejgaon Bus-Stand: The area is located in a curve. This is a skewed junction with south-western
side road leading to Srinagar and north-eastern side road leading to Tontor-Nowpara. The area
includes bus-bays (slightly staggered) and a small bazaar is developed adjacent to the highway.
The side road from the north-east direction joins the highway at the exit of left bus bay, thus
hindering safe exit and the side road from the south-west direction joins the highway at the entry
of right bus bay, thus hindering safe entry. The side roads are narrow and not at the same level of
highway. The area is at the end of high-speed environments.
Shomspur Bus-Stand: There exists a side road leading to Kolapara to the west and an earthen
side road leading to village to the east. The bus-bays are slightly staggered. The side roads join the
highway at the exits of bus bays. The side road is narrow and not at the same level of highway. In
this segment of the highway there are schools where appropriate safety measures are not adopted.
The area is at the end of high-speed environments.
Dogachi Bazaar: There exists a side road leading to the nearby market and village to the north-
west. While approaching from Mawa, the location is just after a narrow bridge. There are no bus
bays in this area. The area is at the end of high-speed environments.
Mawa Roundabout: The roundabout is the junction of roads having four different design
standards. At this roundabout, the national highway coming from the north virtually terminates, a
regional road (R 812) to the east to Munshigonj originates, an insignificant road to the south
terminating to the Padma River starts and the national highway continues up to Mawa ferry ghat in
the form of a feeder road. Temporary shops are developed around the roundabout. This is a well
designed roundabout which is losing its effectiveness due to lack of appropriate traffic control and
management devices and reluctant enforcement by the concerned authorities. There is no
66

designated truck waiting area. Narrow feeder road to Mawa Ferry Ghat is unable to contain
waiting vehicles resulting congestion at roundabout.
5.2.5.2 Visibility; Sight Distance of the Hazardous Location
• Presence of hazardous locations i.e. built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands having multiple
hazards (untreated side roads, problematic bus bays, road side schools, curves, pedestrian
concentration and non-motorized vehicles) is not easily recognizable by all road users
(Driver). The approaching environment does not give clear recognition of the places.
• The sight distance at junctions is restricted for all users due to roadside shops, plantation
and buildings at ‘sight triangle’ area (Photo 5.17). Pedestrian and Non-Motorized Vehicle
(NMV) movements, turning maneuvers at junctions ( at Hasnabad, T Junction at
Kodomtoli More and Mawa Rounabout) , vehicular maneuvers at bus-bays and
movements along the road and on the bridge ( mainly at Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur,
Nimtoli, Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 and 2and other locations) are unpredictable and hazardous
due to obstructed sight distance.
• Again various road side non-motor activities (Photo 5.18) and vegetation obscure sight
distance/visibility of road signs (at Nimtoli, Hashara Number 2 Bus-Stand, Hashara
Number1 Bus-Stand, Keotkhali, Shologhar Bus Stand, Chonbari, Bejgaon Bus-stand,
Srinagar Ferry Ghat , Shomspur Bus-Stand and Mawa Roundabout).
Photo 5.17: A typical side road with Photo 5.18: Typical non-motor
restricted sight to the highway activities beside the highway
• At T junctions and roundabouts various posters, banners, advertising boards, bill-boards

etc. placed on the island restrict sight distance.
• The sight distance at Rajendrapur, Bejgaon Bus-stand and Srinagar Ferry Ghat is restricted
as these places are located at curves having roadside plantation.
5.2.5.3 Controls and Delineation
• In general, at hazardous locations, appropriate traffic control devices are not placed to alert
drivers. Pavement markings and control signs are not satisfactory. Delineation at location
and to approaches is not appropriate. There exist no retro-reflective markings on pavement
at approaches to the bridges and junctions located within built-up area/bazaar. Detail
deficiencies related to sign, marking, and delineation are highlighted at subsequent
paragraphs.
• At intersections/ junctions (Hasnabad BRTA T-Junction, Kodomtoli T-Junction, Nimtoli
Intersection, Chonbari Junction and Mawa Roundabout) vehicle paths are not delineated at
all (Photo 5.19).
• At Rajendrapur Bazaar, Bejgaon Bus-stand and Srinagar Ferry Ghat, appropriate traffic
control devices are not placed to alert drivers regarding presence of curves, narrow bridges
and consecutive side roads resulting surprise situations.
67

B A
B
A‐ ENTRY
B‐EXIT
A
Photo 5.19: Vehicle paths not Photo 5.20 Bus bays not staggered
delineated at T-Junction resulting risky entry and exit
5.2.5.4 Layout
• At hazardous locations, conflict points between vehicles (through, local, Non-Motorized

Traffics etc) are not safely managed. Crossing/ turning facilities for Non-Motorized
Vehicles (NMVs) and parking arrangement for different modes of transport do not exist at
any locations.
• Due to defective lay out, entry and exit of vehicles from bus bays (Photo 5.20), side roads,
driveways etc. to the highway are observed to be unsafe at all hazardous locations.
• Due to the non-engineered layout of the T-Junction and side roads, conflicting vehicular
movements are observed at Hasnabad.
• At Kodomtoli More T Junction, unused pavement at minor road approach makes turning
movements hazardous.
• At Rajendrapur and Abdullahpur, there exist no service/frontage road for goods
loading/unloading and for safe access to driveways and abutting properties.
Photo 5.21: Hazardous on-street Photo 5.22: A typical pedestrian

passenger boarding and alighting crossing site
• In absence of designated places, unsafe on-street passenger boarding and alighting (Photo
5.21) was observed.
5.2.5.5 Pedestrian Crossing Facilities
Except Hasnabad-Ekuria area, pedestrian footway is not observed at any hazardous locations.
Pedestrian crossing facilities are not observed at 10 hazardous locations. Again, available
68

pedestrian crossing facilities available at other hazardous locations are non-engineered (Photo
5.22) and wrongly placed. This aspect is discussed in details in subsequent article.
5.2.5.6 Miscellaneous
• It is observed that at hazardous locations, due to the presence of multiple hazards (abutting
property access/private driveways/ bridge/ side roads /toll booth /market /junction/ filling
station etc.) drivers fail to perceive upcoming events.
Photo 5.23: Typical illegal parking at Photo 5.24: A typical non-engineered

the turning of minor roads speed reducing device
• Besides, absence of lighting arrangements, lack of parking facilities for various vehicles
(Photo 5.23), presence of non-engineered speed-breakers (Photo 5.24), inadequate turning
radius for heavy vehicle at junctions, lack of appropriate drainage system, different
roadside non-motor activities were observed at bazaars/built-up areas/bus-stands which
create hazardous situations for traffic movements. These issues are addressed separately at
subsequent articles.
RECOMMENDATIONS
General
In order to minimize conflicts between various road user movements as well as to elevate safety
level, an integrated approach with appropriate treatment is necessary considering the
characteristics of individual hazardous location. For hazardous locations, various countermeasures
are recommended below:
Short Term
• At Kodomtoli T Junction (Photo 5.25), Nimtoli and Chonbari, the nearby filling stations
are recommended to be relocated.
• At approach to Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 and 2, direct access to the highway from side roads
should be stopped. Toll booth with appropriate sign, marking, delineation is to be
constructed with proper design at both the locations.
• On-street and roadside non-motor activities are to be stopped. Also various posters,
banners, advertising boards, bill-boards etc. placed on junction islands should be removed.
69

CLEARANCE OF
SPLITTER ISLANDS
HOUSING
SCHEMES RELOCATION OF
FILLING STATION
REMOVAL OF
CLEARANCE OF SHOPS
SIGHT TRIANGLE
Photo 5.25: Kodomtoli More T Junction (Source: Google Image)
• Necessary regulatory and warning signs with clear visibility and retro-reflective markings
on pavement at approaches to the hazardous places are recommended.
• Appropriate speed calming devices along with retro-reflective markings are to be installed
at the entry to the hazardous locations. Existing non-engineered speed-breakers should be
removed.
• Priority at the T junctions/ side road-highway junctions/ roundabout should be enforced
through appropriate signs and markings. Regulatory “Stop” signs and / or “Give Way”
signs along with “Give Way” retro-reflective markings on pavement, positioning at the
end of the “Right of Way” of highway at the approach from minor road to highway is
required.
• Adequate facilities such as crossing facilities, raised footway with restraint arrangement/
fencing, signs, markings, delineation, speed calming devices should be provided for
pedestrians at the junctions and other hazardous places at suitable locations.
• At all hazardous locations parking facility for different modes of transport is to be
provided and illegal parking should not be allowed.
• On street boarding and alighting is to be stopped at identified hazardous locations.
• Obstructions to sight distance along the highway and restrictions to ‘sight triangle’ at side
roads should be removed.
• High standard innovative treatments are recommended to alert drivers about multiple
hazards.
• Appropriate drainage system should be provided where lacking and should be maintained
where requiring.
• Designated paths for various types of traffic (local, through, Non-Motorized Traffics etc.)
are to be marked at all junctions and locations having side roads.
• Appropriate measures to ensure children’s safety are to be taken at areas having schools
and other educational institution.
• Road signs are to be made visible by eliminating road side activities and vegetation at
identified locations.
70

Mid Term
• At Hasnabad-Ekuria area, channelization and exclusive left turn lane should be provided
to eliminate conflicts considering the peculiar location of the T Junction at BRTA More.
• At Kodomtoli More T Junction, unused pavement of the junction should be channelized
and exclusive left turn lanes should be provided at minor road approach.
• At hazardous locations, appropriate treatment of side roads, construction of pedestrian
overpass, removal of hazards related to bus bays and arrangement of appropriate lighting
system is suggested. Detail recommendations are made at subsequent articles.
Long Term
• Traditional measures of tackling local bottlenecks and hazardous areas (bazaar, built-up
areas, and bus-stands) by constructing bypasses do not provide durable solution due to
recurrence of same problems of occupying right of way, non-motor roadside activities,
side friction etc. In this consideration, grade separated overpasses (in the form of fly over
or vertical bypass) which is inherently access controlled and safer and has the potential to
provide durable solution would be a good proposition.
• Again provision of service roads at built-up area and bazaar besides accommodating local
traffic can also connect consecutive side roads/driveways/private and commercial property
entrances/filling stations etc. thus reducing side frictions. Specially at Hasnabad-Ekuria,
Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur, Nimtoli , Srinagar Ferry Ghat and Chonbari, service roads
would be very effective.
• Besides, side roads making cross-junctions may be converted to Staggered T-Junctions to
reduce vehicular conflicts at hazardous locations.
5.2.5.7 Examples of Long Term Measures at Hazardous Locations
1. Hasnabad-Ekuria Segment- Vertical Bypass (Photo 5.26).
VERTICAL
BYPASS
HASNABAD‐ EKURIA
AREA
Photo 5.26: Vertical bypass at Hasnabad- Ekuria area (Source: Google Image)
71

2. Rajendrapur- Vertical Bypass (Photo 5.27) to the North-East
direction
VERTICAL BYPASS
RAJENDRAPUR
BAZAAR
Photo 5.27: Vertical bypass at Rajendrapur (Source: Google Image)
3. Abdullahpur- Vertical Bypass (Photo 5.28) along present alignment (within the ‘right of way’
of Roads and Highways Department (RHD) to the north side of the highway) thus avoiding
bazaar/built-up areas, bridge, side roads etc.
VERTICAL BYPASS
ABDULLAPUR
BAZAAR
Photo 5.28: Vertical bypass at Abdullahpur Bazaar (Source: Google Image)
72

4. Nimtoli Bazaar- Staggered junction (Photo 5.29) away from the bridge towards Mawa.
BRIDGE
NIMTOLI
BAZAAR
STAGGERED SIDE

ROAD
Photo 5.29: Staggered side road at Nimtoli Bazaar (Source: Google Image)
Or vertical bypass at Nimtoli Bazaar
5. Chonbari Chowrasta- Vertical Bypass (Photo 5.30), thus avoiding skewed junction and bridge.
VERTICAL
BYPASS
BRIDGE
CHONBARI
JUNCTION
Photo 5.30: Vertical bypass at Chonbari Junction (Source: Google Image)
73

Or Staggered Junction (Photo 5.31) at Chonbari Junction
STAGGERED SIDE ROAD
CHONBARI
JUNCTION
Photo 5.31: Staggered side road at Chonbari Junction (Source: Google Image)
6. Srinagar Ferryghat- Only vertical bypass (Photo 5.32) thus avoiding bridge, two side road and
a skewed junction with bazaar.
VERTICAL
BYPASS
SRINAGAR
FERRYGHAT
Photo 5.32: Vertical bypass at Srinagar Ferryghat (Source: Google Image)
74

5.2.6 Lightings
PROBLEMS
At Hasnabad-Ekuria area street lights were found non-functional. Lighting is also not provided at
major junctions and built-up areas. Considering both night time vehicular and pedestrian flows as
well as hazard potentiality, it is revealed that street lighting is warranted at T Junction, (Kodomtoli
More), Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur, Nimtoli Bazaar, Chonbari Chowrasta, and Mawa Roundabout
for improved road safety.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Existing lighting system at Hasnabad-Ekuria area is to be made functional and additional

lighting is to be provided at the side road entries.
• Appropriate lighting arrangement is to be made at T Junction, (Kodomtoli More),
Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur, Nimtoli Bazaar, Chonbari Chowrasta, and Mawa Roundabout.
5.2.7 Signs
In the previous paragraphs, general deficiencies and remedial measures about signs at hazardous
locations are discussed. In this article, details of deficiencies and recommended signs for the
highway including all hazardous locations are discussed. Table 13 of Appendix C is “Signs
Investigation Form” where deficiencies related to general sign issues, sign legibility, sign supports
and speed limit etc. are listed and appropriate remedial measures is suggested. Table 14 of
Appendix C is ‘Sign Groups’ where suggested signs for various locations are listed. Table 15 of
Appendix C is “Inventory of Existing Traffic Sign” where details about type, size, mounting
position, clear height, color, visibility, readability, reflectivity, condition of each existing sign is
listed and comments are made.
PROBLEMS
General Sign Issues
• Necessary regulatory, warning and information signs are not in place. Existing signs are
not quite conspicuous and clear. In some cases, no regulatory, warning or information
signs are placed.
• Correct signs are not used for each situation and existing signs are not at right place. For
examples, Information Sign about junction is placed right at the junction instead of
minor/side road approach; Direction sign is placed just on the location and is unable to
give advance direction; instead of two signs one sign is used for both the approaches;
wrong signs are placed (i.e. instead of SIGN B 1 CROSS ROADS, SIGN B 4
STAGGERED JUNCTION is used), some signs have no implications (sign for ferry ghat
exists though the ferry ghat is shifted to another place).
• Sometimes too much information is placed on a sign and placed at an inappropriate
location (Hasnabad) (Photo 5.33).
• Sometimes non-conventional signs are placed at the center of carriageway without any
engineered treatment (approach to toll booths) (Photo 5.34).
75

Photo 5.33: Road sign with too much Photo 5.34: Non-standard sign at toll
information plaza prior to Dhaleshwari Bridge 1.
• Drivers are not adequately advised for special restrictions (suppose restrictions at any
particular stand for other vehicles or at narrow side road for large vehicles or no stoppage
at a particular place).
• Special speed limit signs are not placed at bazaars, built-up areas, bridges or curves except
Hasnabad-Ekuria area (Dhaka side only), approaches to Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 and 2 and
Uttar Medinimondol (at one approach only).
• It is learnt that, sometimes road signs are stolen due to opportunity cost.
Sign Visibility: Some of the existing signs are not visible due to road side activities, roadside
shops, billboard (Photo 5.35), on street parking, temporary gate installed on the road etc. Some
signs are not at all visible due to vegetation and some are not visible from a distance due to
vegetation (Photo 5.36). Sign visibility is severely restricted at Mawa Roundabout Island due to
posters, banners, advertising boards and billboards. Some signs are not visible during day time due
to the shadow of vegetation.
Photo 5.35: Sign B 25 (Children) Photo 5.36: Sign B 25 (Children) not visible
contrasted against billboard due to vegetation
Sign Color: In some signs wrong color code is used, some are non-standard signs; some signs are
ineffective and non-legible due to faded color in the background, letters, signs and borders.
Sign Readability: In some cases, Supplementary Plate (SP) writing is not readable due to faded
color. Generally signs are not readable due to vegetation, low height, displaced or tilted sign post,
distance from the carriageway, billboard, faded color and lettering, roadside activities.
76

Sign Type and Size: In some instances, non-standard type and size signs are used. Prior to toll
booth of bridge approach, non-standard ‘OVERTAKING PROHIBITED’ SIGN is used.
Sometimes non-standard and obsolete Direction Signs are still in use Photo 5.37.
Sign and Supports: Observations regarding sign supports are; tilted sign post, far away from
carriageway, wrongly placed or displaced (Photo 5.38), low height etc. Supplementary plates
below the sign are found broken, blank, letters missing, damaged etc.

Photo 5.37: Obsolete location sign Photo 5.38: Road sign on the ground
RECOMMENDATIONS
General Sign Issues
• Necessary regulatory, warning and information signs are to be placed according to the
recommendations as listed at Table 10 i.e. “Signs Investigation Form” and Table 11 ‘Sign
Groups’ of Appendix C.
• Correct signs are to be used for each situation and existing signs which are not at right
place are to be relocated at proper place.
• Drivers are to be adequately advised for special restrictions.
• Special speed limit signs should be placed at bazaars, built-up areas, bridges or curves
after carrying out detail engineering studies and in consultation with local communities.
• Non-standard signs placed at the center of carriageway without any engineered treatment
(approach to toll booths) are to be removed and appropriate signs to be placed at proper
location after necessary engineering treatment at the sites.
• Considering theft potential of signs, it is recommended that perforated sign plates and
stands having less opportunity cost may be used. Also, like concrete milestone, concrete
road signs may be used with appropriate safety measures for errant vehicles.
Sign Visibility: Miscellaneous on-road and roadside activities obstructing sign visibility should be
stopped through strict enforcement. Visibility at junctions and roundabout should be improved by
eliminating posters, banners, advertising boards and billboards.
Sign and Support: It is recommended to replace tilted/displaced/ low-height signs. Signs far away
from carriageway or wrongly placed should be placed at standard distances from the carriageway.
Broken, blank, letters missing and damaged Supplementary Plates should be made alright.
Sign Type, Size and color: Signs having non-standard and obsolete type and size should be
replaced by appropriate signs. Signs having faded color in background, letters, symbols and
borders should be repaired.
Sign Readability: Supplementary Plate (SP) writing should be made readable by applying
appropriate color. Strict enforcement is recommended to stop miscellaneous on-road and roadside
77

activities restricting sign readability. Tendency of erecting large billboards which distract drivers’
observation of the sign should be stopped.
5.2.8 Markings and Delineations
In the previous paragraphs, general deficiencies and remedial measures about markings and
delineations at various hazardous locations are discussed. Details of deficiencies and
recommended measures are listed for few hazardous locations i.e. Hasnabad- Ekuria area, curve
near South Keranigonj Thana, T Junction, (Kodomtoli More) and Rajendrapur area at Table 16 of
Appendix C and suggested markings are listed at Table 17 of Appendix C. Specific area-wise
discussions for other locations are avoided as the nature of problem and recommended measures
are similar in nature. Marking and delineation of bridges and curves are discussed in details under
“Bridge and Culverts” and “Curves” and is not included here. Built-up areas or bazaars located
within/prior/after a curve or having bridges within/prior/after the location will be needed an
integrated marking and delineation system. At Appendix E, more photographs are included
describing marking deficiencies.
PROBLEMS
Some common characteristics of built-up areas and bazaars are presence of narrow side roads
making non-engineered junctions with the highway. The situation becomes more complicated
when some of the side roads are immediately after or prior to a narrow bridge which are again after
or before curves, built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands. This makes marking and delineation very
challenging if appropriate engineering treatments are not given to the side roads. Other
observations are:
• Various roadside and on-street activities, illegal parking etc. hide markings of bus-bays,
side road entries and edge-line markings at built-up areas and bazaars.
• Vehicle paths and splitter nose at junctions are not marked or delineated (Photo 5.39) and
pedestrian crossing sites and extent of bus bays are not well marked (Photo 5.40).
• Edge line markings at bazaars, built-up areas, bus-bays are faded out or invisible due to
dust, mud and weather effects.
• Along the highway, retro-reflective thermoplastic painted “Edge line” and “Center line”
markings with STUDS are not observed though this is warranted (AADT is over 1000).
• Markings and delineation are not appropriate considering locational characteristics. For
example, appropriate marking and delineation was not done considering numerous private
property entries, closely spaced T Junctions, cross junction, bus bay, curve and narrow
bridge.
Photo 5.39: Splitter nose not marked or Photo 5.40: Pedestrian crossing site and
delineated extent of bus bay not marked
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RECOMMENDATIONS
• Considering the characteristics of the locations (narrow bridge, bus bays, side roads, filling
station, pedestrian concentration, non-motorized traffics etc.), an integrated approach of
road marking for these areas is necessary after applying appropriate treatment to minimize
conflicts between various road user’s movements.
• Designated paths for various type of traffic are to be marked at junctions.
• Existing road markings are to be made visible by eliminating on-road and road side non-
motor activities.
• Physical devices used to reduce speed should be marked and delineated properly.
• Priority at the junction should be enforced through markings in addition to signs.
Regulatory “Stop” signs and / or “Give Way” signs along with “Give Way” retro-
reflective markings on pavement at the approach of side roads is required.
• Pedestrian crossing facilities should be marked and delineated appropriately and should
have retro-reflective thermoplastic painted markings.
• Marking prohibiting stoppage or parking of vehicles on the carriageway, and at junction
and side road entries should be made.
• In view of theft problem of costly road signs and inability of drivers to notice these due to
various reasons, it is recommended that effort and priority should be given to road
marking. Because road marking is the most effective low cost safety improvement
measure as drivers are certain to observe road markings if markings are conspicuous, clear
and durable.
5.2.9 Crash Barriers, Guide Posts and Clear Zones
PROBLEMS
Clear Zones
As the highway is built on high (15 to 25 feet) embankment having almost 1:2 slopes and hardly
any space after the verge, there exists no clear zone. Due to high slopes, an errant vehicle can not
recover once it leaves the carriageway.
Crash Barriers and Guide Posts
The guideposts are installed at bridge approaches and curves. Crash barriers are sometimes
available prior to bridge and culvert approaches. Crash Barrier and Guide Post state of bridges is
listed at Table 18 of Appendix C and condition of Crash Barrier and Guide Posts are appended at
Table 19 of Appendix C. At Appendix E, some photographs are included describing deficiencies
of crash barriers and guideposts.
Photo 5.41: No Delineator only Crash Photo 5.42: Soil at the end of ‘crash barrier’
Barrier available at Abdullapur Bridge is eroded due to poor drainage
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Other observations are:
• Crash barriers are installed at the approaches to and on all culverts but these crash barriers
are not delineated with retro-reflective materials to aid in night visibility.
• A total of 5 bridges i.e. Bagoir Baily Bridge (Rajendrapur), Abdullapur Bridge, Dhalashari
Bridge-3, Small Bridge after Hasara Bus Stand and Um Para Bridge have crash barriers at
approaches. These bridges do not have any delineation arrangement (Photo 5.41).
• Total 9 bridges i.e. Dhalashari Bridge-1, Dhalashari Bridge-2, Nimtali Dhalashari Bridge-
4, Small Bridge after Patrol pump, Small Bridge over bill , Small Bridge at Hasara , Small
bridge over Canal and two Small Bridges after Umpara Bridge have crash barriers at the
approaches . These bridges also have painted guideposts without any retro-reflective
material or painting.
• Three bridges i.e. Sambaria Bridge, Sambari Bazar Bridge and Serinagar Ferry Ghat
Bridge have no crash barriers or delineation arrangements at all.
• Small Bridge at Dhokasi Bazar has painted guide posts only.
• Some crash barriers and guideposts are damaged due to past crashes, soil erosion etc
(Photo 5.42). Some crash barriers and guideposts are not visible due to the growth of
vegetation and roadside activities.
It is necessary to have crash barriers at high embankment with steep slope as well as at curves and
bridge approaches. The guideposts only help night time motorists and are unable to act as crash
barrier due to their discrete nature.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Clear Zones
Widening of existing embankment and flattening of slide slopes to provide safe recovery area is
costly. Therefore, as low cost measure, W-beam type crash barriers should be erected continuously
where height of the embankment would cross 6 feet.
Crash Barriers and Guide Posts
• All crash barriers at bridge/culvert approaches and on culverts should be delineated by

retro-reflective material or painting.
• Bridges and curves having guideposts only should be delineated by retro-reflective
material or painting. Preferably, at these locations crash barriers with delineator posts
should be installed.
• Bridges not having any crash barriers or guideposts should have crash barriers and
delineators at the approaches.
• In addition to crash barriers, Curve Alignment Markers (CAMs) should be used for
bridges and culverts located at the beginning/ end/within curve.
• Damaged crash barriers and guideposts should be repaired/ replaced immediately.
• Obstructions to the visibility of crash barriers and guide posts should be removed
immediately.
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5.2.10 Pedestrians, Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) and Motorized Vehicles (MVs)
In this regard existing geometric designs and prevailing operating conditions are considered at
various locations and situations. Various road users’ movement was closely observed. It is found
that pedestrians, NMVs and Motorized Vehicles (MVs) have different requirements which
definitely demands separate facilities i.e. footpath/ walkway, service road and motorized way.
Some photographs related to various road users are appended at Appendix E. Following
observations are made:
5.2.10.1 Pedestrians
PROBLEMS
At Midblock Location
Walkways at both sides of the highway were planned to be used as travel paths by the pedestrians.
Almost throughout the length of the highway, the walkways are not useable due to inadequate
width, development of vegetation, roadside activities, parking on the walkway, soil erosion due to
poor drainage etc. In absence of appropriate and continuous walkway, normally the pedestrians use
shoulders. Pedestrians use shoulder in presence of useable walkway also. Pedestrian crossing sites
at midblock locations do not exist, as the highway, being located mainly at rural areas and having
insignificant pedestrian crossing intensity at midblock, do not warrant such facilities.
At Bazaar, Built-Up Area, Bus Stands and Junctions
Except Hasnabad-Ekuria area, raised footpath is not observed at other places. Pedestrians use
walkways and these are not well-protected against vehicles.
Well-engineered pedestrian crossing sites do not exist anywhere. There exist no pedestrian
crossing sites at Hasnabad- Ekuria area and Hasnabad BRTA T-junction, T Junction (Kodomtoli
More), Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur, Shologhar Bus stand, Chonbari Chowrasta, Bejgaon Bus stand,
Srinagar Ferry Ghat, Shomspur Bus Stand, Keotkhali, Mawa Roundabout, feeder road between
Mawa Roundabout and Mawa ferry Ghat. At Approach to Dhalashari Bridge 1, Approach to
Dhalashari Bridge 2, Hashara No 2 Bus stand/ School gate, Nimtoli and Hashara No 1 Bus stand
inappropriate pedestrian crossing sites are available. In absence of properly designed and correctly
placed pedestrian crossing sites, and in some cases, absence of any crossing sites, pedestrians are
compelled/encouraged to cross the highway in an unsafely manner (Photo 5.43). There exists no
signing for pedestrians near schools and hospitals.
At some places, speed-breakers/ speed-bumps/ rumble strips are used as pedestrian crossing sites.
Four raised pedestrian crossing site and two marked pedestrian crossing sites were noticed. These
crossing places are not properly marked and sign posted. At night, it is learnt, that these
unconventional devices, contribute to accidents. The T-junction at Hasnabad, T-junction at
Kodomtoli More and Mawa Roundabout do not have any pedestrian crossing facilities.
Existing walkway is used for various road side activities. Pedestrians are found to use shoulder or
carriageway instead of as well as in absence of walkway (Photo 5.44). Billboards, posters, banners
at roundabout, T-junction Islands restrict pedestrians’ visibility. Unplanned bus terminals pose
safety hazards to pedestrians at Mawa Ferry Ghat.
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Photo 5.43: Unsafe Pedestrian crossing Photo 5.44: Pedestrians using
at Rajendrapur carriageway in absence of footpath
In absence of any bus bays or designated vehicle parking / stoppages at Approach to Dhalashari
Bridge 1, Approach to Dhalashari Bridge 2, Keotkhali, and Hashara No 2 Bus stand, passengers’
boarding, alighting, waiting for vehicles etc. is carried out on the shoulder or carriageway resulting
in decreased carriageway width and restricted visibility along the highway.
‘Pedestrian count survey’ at five locations was carried out which is presented at Table 5.9. The
Table shows high pedestrian intensity at Hasnabad, Ekuria, Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur and
Nimtoli, both across the road and along the walkway. These locations definitely deserve pedestrian
overpasses and raised footway due to high pedestrian concentration at peak periods and also due to
obvious safety hazards.
Table 5.9 -Pedestrian Intensity
Location Time of Pedestrian (No/Hour)

count Across the road Along the walkway (one side only)
(hours)
Hasnabad-Equria (T 0900-1000 934 Raised footway is available
Junction)
Hasnabad-Equria (cross 0900-1000 1260 Raised footway is available
junction)
Rajendrapur 1015-1115 810 438
Abdullahpur 1130-1230 1470 1005
Nimtola 1245-1345 1050 471
At Bridges
All the bridges have raised footway on the bridges. Except Dhaleshwar Bridge 1 and Dhaleshwar
Bridge 2, other bridges do not have low height (150mm) curb/ separators between main traffic lane
and pedestrian traffic lane at approaches to bridges.
In absence of separate footway at bridge approach, pedestrians use shoulder and carriageway to
walk. Pedestrians use bridge carriageway also in presence of raised footway on the bridge.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Walkway is to be made useable by removing vegetation.

• Adequate width of the walkway is to be provided where not available due to soil erosion.
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• Roadside activities and non-motor activities on the walkway should be stopped.
At Bazaar, Built-Up Area, Bus Stands and Junctions
• Raised footpath should be provided at all built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands.
• Well engineered pedestrian crossing sites with appropriate sign, marking and speed
reducing devices should be provided at all built-up areas, bazaars, bus-stands and
junctions. The location and number of crossing sites should be determined in consultation
with local community. At approaches to pedestrian crossing sites safety fences should be
installed to guide pedestrians. Retro-reflective pavement markers should be used at
approaches to pedestrian crossing facilities.
• Billboards, posters, banners at roundabout restricting pedestrians’ visibility are to be
removed.
• Bus terminals at Mawa Ferry Ghat are to be properly designed with separate entry and
exit.
• Pedestrian overpass should be provided at Hasnabad-Ekuria, Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur
and Nimtoli area.
• Signing and marking about pedestrians near schools hospitals should be provided.
At Bridges
• Walkway should continue at the approaches to the bridges.

• Pedestrian should be separated from main traffic at approaches to bridges and on the
bridges physically.
5.2.10.2 Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs)
PROBLEMS
Critical field observations revealed that uncontrolled mix of slow-moving NMVs with high speed
Motorized Vehicles (MVs) cause huge overtaking demand along this undivided two lane highway.
In the subsequent paragraphs, problems arising due to NMVs are discussed.
At Midblock Location: NMVs use sealed shoulder to move along the highway which is not
separated from the main carriageway. At some places, use of shoulder is restricted due to roadside
activities, parking, erosion of shoulder resulting from poor drainage etc. The highway, being
undivided, do not have any median opening or designated crossing places at midblock which is
unsafe but typical to undivided carriageway. Sometimes NMVs use carriageway though hard
shoulder is useable.
At Bazaar, Built-Up Area, Bus Stands: There exists no separate travel path for NMVs at bazaar,
built-up area, bus stands, and junctions. Shoulders which are planned to be used by NMVs are not
continuous at bazaar, built-up areas or bus-bays. NMV intensity (based on observation) at some
locations warrants separate NMV lanes at bazaar, built-up area, and bus stands. At these locations,
the NMVs use either shoulder (where bus bays do not exist) or carriageway (where bus bays do
exist).
At Major Intersections: Due to lack of defined turning path, restricted visibility at corners and to
side roads, absence of appropriate sign and road marking, road side activities, illegal parking at
turning etc. , movement (right turn/left turn/ merging/ weaving) of Non-Motorized Vehicles
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(NMVs) at Hasnabad BRTA T-junction, T Junction (Kodomtoli More) and Mawa Roundabout is
very hazardous (Photo 5.45).
At Bridges: At all the bridges, shoulders do not continue over the bridges. NMVs have to share
‘bridge carriageway’ with Motorized Vehicles (MVs). As a result, MVs have the tendency to
overtake the NMVs and have to occupy the other lane, which is hazardous. All the bridges along
this highway are narrow and ‘F 6 Barrier Line’ is often violated. Movement of NMVs over
Dhaleshwar Bridge 1 and Dhaleshwar Bridge 2 either slows MV speed or compel them to make
risky overtaking in the narrow bridge (Photo 5.46).
Photo 5.45: Uncontrolled NMV Photo 5.46: NMVs using bridges and
movement at T Junction restricting MV movement
Curves: At curve, when NMVs ply over carriageway, instead of shoulder, then Motorized
Vehicles (MVs) shift to opposite lane for overtaking.
Parking Tendency/ Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) Stand: There exist no designated NMV
stands or parking places along this highway. NMVs are found to park or to use shoulders,
walkway, bus bays, side road entries, carriageway in built-up areas, bazaars, bus-stands, junctions
and approaches to bridges.
Entry from Minor Roads to Highway and Vice Versa: Side roads are narrow having restricted
sight triangle and not at the same level of highway. This is why entry from minor roads to highway
and vice versa is hazardous.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Service road separated from the main carriageway should be provided for NMVs.
• Existing shoulder should be made useable, where necessary, by removing vegetation,
roadside activities and illegal parking.
At Bazaar, Built-Up Area, Bus Stands
• Separate service road for NMVs should be provided at built-up areas, bazaars and bus-
stands.
• Separate parking areas for NMVs should be provided at appropriate locations away from
the road.
• Side road entries should be made free of NMV parking and provisions for these NMVs
should be made at the side roads.
84

At Bridges
• NMV movement on Dhaleshwar Bridge 1 and Dhaleshwar Bridge 2 should be stopped.

• Future widening or constructions of bridges should include provisions of NMV lanes.
5.2.10.3 Motorized Vehicles (MVs)
PROBLEMS
Classified traffic volume count (according to Table 5.4), conducted at curve prior to Chonbari
Junction reveals that, bus makes up 36.08% of total vehicle composition of the highway. During
field visit it was observed that buses run by different owners induces risky competition and
overtaking tendency. Other observations related to public transport and motorized vehicles are as
under:
T Junctions, Roundabout and other Junctions: Due to the inherent geometric fault, lack of
defined turning path, restricted visibility at corners and to side roads , absence of appropriate sign
and road marking, road side activities, illegal parking at turning etc. MV movement at the
junctions is very hazardous (Photo 5.47 and 5.48).
Photo 5.47: Illegal parking by MVs at T- Photo 5.48: Haphazard movement at

Junction Nimtoli
Bridge: Along this highway, all the bridges are narrow. The full carriageway width of 7.3 m is
absent in all the bridges. The shoulder is not continued over the bridge. ‘A 20, NO
OVERTAKING’ sign and ‘F 6 BARRIER LINE, is absent at maximum bridges. The Motorized
Vehicles (MVs) often overtake slower Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) and other MVs on
bridge.
Bazaars/ Built-up Areas/Bus-Stands: No speed limits are set for these locations. As a reactive
measure, local community constructed non-engineered speed breakers at hazardous locations. So
MVs have to reduce their speed at these locations. There are bus bays at almost all the hazardous
locations, but buses normally do not stop at these locations. Again bus bays are used as parking
place for other vehicles (microbus, non-standard vehicles, auto rickshaws/CNG, rickshaw van,
rickshaws, various stationary vehicles etc.) and various road side activities. Instead of designated
bus bays, bus and other MVs stop and load/unload passengers on the shoulder, carriageway, side
road entries etc.
Curves: The full carriageway width of 7.3 m is absent in this highway. The shoulders are not
widened at sharp curves. ‘A 20, NO OVERTAKING’ sign is absent in all curves and ‘F 6
85

BARRIER LINE, is present at few curves. The MVs often overtake slower NMVs and other MVs
at curves.
Parking Tendency: ‘Bus bays’ are available at almost all the hazardous locations. But parking /
stoppage provisions for MVs (mainly CNG/ auto rickshaw, non-standard vehicles, delivery vans,
micro-buses) and NMVs (mainly rickshaw van and rickshaws) are absent in this highway. So these
vehicles park and make stoppages at bus bays, shoulder, walkway, entry to side roads, turning
place of minor roads.
Entry from Minor Roads to Highway and Vice Versa: As entrance of side roads and turning
corners of minor roads are occupied by parked vehicles, so turning to side road/ highway from
highway/ side road becomes hazardous. Side roads are not geometrically designed and have
restricted sight clearance. Sometimes passenger boarding and alighting is carried out at turning.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Introduction of company based organized bus service will be a sustainable long term
solution in this corridor. This will reduce risky competition and overtaking tendency of
bus drivers.
• At T junctions, roundabout, and other junctions, defined turning path, clear visibility at
corners and to side roads, appropriate sign and road marking, banning of road side
activities and illegal parking at turning etc. are required.
• At bridges, ‘A 20, NO OVERTAKING’ sign and ‘F 6 BARRIER LINE are to be provided.
• At bazaars/ built-up areas/ bus-Stands, establishment of appropriate speed limits and
‘engineered pedestrian crossing sites’, provision of parking for other vehicles, banning of
road side activities and on street loading/boarding/alighting etc. should be undertaken.
• At curves, shoulder widening, provision of ‘A 20, NO OVERTAKING’ signs, ‘F 6
BARRIER LINE’ etc. are to be made.
• At side road entries, ‘sight triangles’ are to be kept clear and parking/ boarding/ alighting
etc. should be stopped.
5.2.11 Bus Bays
PROBLEMS
• At Table 20 of Appendix C deficiencies of existing bus bays are listed.

• Bus-bays are not staggered at Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur, Nimtoli Intersection, Hashara
Number1 Bus-Stand, Chonbari Junction, Srinagar Ferry Ghat/ Magurgaon which is risky
for the movements of buses and other vehicles.
• There exist no bus-bays at Hasnabad-Ekuria area, approach to Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 and
approach to Dhaleshwari Bridge2/ Kuchiamora.
• Bus bays are not safely located with reference to side roads and junctions. Entry to and
exit from bus bays are hazardous due to side roads (Photo 5.49).
• Transition length from carriageway to bus bays is inadequate and bus bays are not
separated from carriageway physically by divider.
• Bus bays in this highway are neither sign posted nor marked or delineated.
• Bus bays do not have kerb to facilitate pedestrian boarding and alighting.
• There exist no shelters for passengers waiting for vehicles.
86

1
NIMTOLI 2
JUNCTION
3 4

DHAKA
MAOWA
Photo 5.49: Exit from bus bay (3) and entry at bus bay (4) is hazardous due to side road
(1) and (2) respectively. (Source: Google Image)
RECOMMENDATIONS
• At Table 17 of Appendix C, recommendations for the deficiencies of existing bus bays

are listed.
• Bus bays should be relocated away from side roads and junctions and should have safe
entry and exit.
• Adequate Transition length from carriageway to bus bays should be provided.
• Bus bays should be separated from the main carriageway physically by divider.
• Bus bays should be positioned in a well staggered manner.
• Adequate marking, sign posting and delineations prior to and at bus bays to be done.
• At bus bays shelters with seats to be provided.
• Bus bays to include kerbs to facilitate pedestrian boarding and alighting.
5.2.12 Bridges and Culverts
There exist total 18 bridges and 25 culverts along the highway. All the bridges are narrow which
implies that along this corridor at 18 places, the vehicles have to slow down. The density of bridge
is 1.72 which implies that at each 1.72 km there is a bottleneck due to these water structures.
Deficiencies and recommended measures for 4 bridges are appended in details at Table 21 of
Appendix C. Detail statistics of 6 culverts are given at Table 22 of Appendix C. The extent of
deficiencies/hazards and recommended measures of the bridges and culverts are more or less
similar in nature.
PROBLEMS
Design features
• In case of bridges, carriageway widths are not consistent with approach conditions.
Maximum bridges have narrower carriageway widths than the approaching carriageway.
Shoulders are not continued over any of the bridges.
87

• Approach alignment of the bridges is listed at Table 23 of Appendix C. Two bridges are
located in curves. Six bridges have one approach located before or after a horizontal curve
and the other approach after/before a straight section.
• Only prior to Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 and Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 special speed limit signs are
placed. For other bridges, no warning signs are erected in terms of width, speed or curve.
• Except Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 and Dhaleshwari Bridge 2, no bridges have Regulatory Sign,
NO OVERTAKING, A20 at the approaches. Appropriate road marking (F 6 BARRIER
LINE and F 11 NO PARKING) with retro-reflective markings on pavement at approaches
to or on major or narrow bridges is not done which encourage unsafe maneuvers. Besides,
condition of some bridges demand other restrictions i.e. height, width, axle load etc. which
are not imposed.
• Rumble strips on the pavement at the approaches to narrow bridges (all the bridges are
narrow) do not exist.
Guide Posts, Crash barriers
In previous articles, condition of bridge/culvert crash barriers and guideposts are discussed and
will not be repeated here.
Miscellaneous
• In all the bridges, raised footway was observed. As walkway does not continue over the
bridges, sudden appearance of raised footway induces risks for vehicles.
• There exist no facilities for Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) on the bridge and NMVs
have to share the bridge carriageway with motorized vehicles which is not appropriate and
safe.
• ‘Footway activities’ such as standing and gossiping, drying up clothes on bridge railings,
use of footway for household activities etc. are observed on the bridges. There exist no
prohibition signs to prevent these activities.
• Delineation does not continue over the bridges and culverts. Except 2nd part of
Dhaleshwari Bridge 2, bridge railings are not delineated by any retro-reflective material or
reflective paintings. Edge lines on bridge carriageway are not delineated.
RECOMMENDATIONS
High Cost Measures
• For narrow bridges, the bridges including approaches must be upgraded to the same level
of cross-section standards (width of carriageway + paved shoulder + walkway) of existing
road with provisions of adequate and appropriate safety measures on approaches to the
bridge.
• Separated footway from the carriageway and separate lanes for NMVs are recommended
at the approaches and on the bridge when the bridge is upgraded to the same level of
cross-section of existing road.
Low Cost Measures
• Appropriate regulatory (A 14 NO VEHICLE OVER HEIGHT SHOWN, A 15 NO

VEHICLE OVER WIDTH SHOWN, A 16 NO VEHICLE OVER MAXIMUM GROSS
WEIGHT SHOWN, A 17 AXLE WEIGHT LIMIT, A 20, NO OVERTAKING, A 26,
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SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT, A 27, NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30,
RESTRICTION ENDS) and warning signs (B 20 HEIGHT LIMIT AHEAD, B 28, RIVER
BANK, B 31, ROAD HUMP, B 35, NARROW BRIDGE) should be installed where
applicable.
• Appropriate road marking (F6, BARRIER LINE, F7 WARNING LINE, and F11 NO
PARKING) with retro-reflective markings on pavement at approaches to narrow bridges is
to be done to discourage unsafe maneuvers.
• Appropriate speed calming devices such as rumble strips, tactile transverse markings etc.
on the pavement at the approaches to narrow bridges (all the bridges are narrow) are
recommended.
• Movement of Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) over Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 and
Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 is to be banned immediately.
• Appropriate prohibition sign to be placed at bridge approaches prohibiting ‘footway
activities’.
• Appropriate delineation at the approaches to the bridge and continuation of the same over
the bridge is recommended.
• Physical safety measures and provision of signs, markings, delineations etc. should be
integrated with other characteristics i.e. presence of curves, bus-stands, bazaars, built-up
areas, schools, side roads, junctions etc.
5.2.13 Pavement
PROBLEMS
5.2.13.1 Pavement Defects
The condition of the pavement and pavement edge in the feeder road (from Mawa Roundabout to
Ferry Ghat) is not satisfactory. Pavement defects (for example, excessive roughness or rutting,
potholes, loose material etc.) are observed in this segment.
5.2.13.2 Skid Resistance
Skid resistance testing was carried out at bridge approaches, pedestrian crossing location,
approaches to intersections, approaches to bazaars and semi-urban areas, and curves. The result is
appended at Table 5.10. The pavement has adequate skid resistance due to the application of
Double Bituminous Surface Treatment (DBST).
Table 5.10 - Skid Resistance
Ser Location Type of Location Value

1 Abdullahpur Prior to Abdullahpur Built-up area (approaching from Dhaka to 75
Mawa)
2 Abdullahpur Prior to speed-breaker (approaching from Dhaka to Mawa) 60
3 Dhaleshwari Prior to speed-breaker (Mawa side approach) 70

Bridge 2
4 Nimtoli Bazaar Prior to rumble strip (approaching from Mawa to Dhaka) 70
5 Shologhar Prior to the bazaar/ bus-stand (approaching from Dhaka to Mawa) 75

6 Chonbari Prior to the Bridge (approaching from Mawa to Dhaka) 50
7 Bejgaon Prior to Bejgaon Bus stand (approaching from Mawa to Dhaka) 75
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5.2.14 Side Roads
PROBLEMS
Built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands along this highway obviously have side roads. Some of the
side roads are immediately before or after a narrow bridge while some are located at the beginning
or end of a curve or within a curve. Side roads joining the highway make skewed intersection or
cross junctions or T-junctions within built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands. Effect of these side
roads on built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands are discussed previously. These side roads are
developed historically lacking proper design standards. Statistics of ‘Side Roads without any
Engineering Treatment’ are listed at Table 24 of Appendix C. From the table, it is seen that along
this highway, there exist 24 non-engineered junctions (4 cross junctions, 6 oblique cross junctions,
3 Staggered T junctions, 11T Junctions) due to uncontrolled and non-engineered connection of
side roads to the highway. There exists one hazardous junction per 1.29 km of the highway which
certainly makes the corridor hazardous. Photographs of some non-engineered side roads are
appended at Appendix E. Problems related to side roads are:
• All the side roads have restricted sight triangle due to corner shops, vegetation, and on-
road and roadside non-motor activities. As a result the presence of the side roads are not
visible from the highway and maneuvering to/from highway is hazardous (Photo 5.50).
Photo 5.50: Side road at Abdullahpur Photo 5.51: Two oblique side roads joining
with restricted sight distance Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 approach
• Appropriate information signs or advance warning signs are not erected along the highway
for side roads. In some cases, existing signs are wrongly placed; non-standard or outdated;
not visible or readable; thus do not serve intended purpose.
• Side roads are too narrow to deliver or accommodate traffic to/from highway safely.
• Priority at side road-highway junction is not established through any sign, marking or
physical measures.
• Drivers approaching to side road-highway junctions are not warned through physical
devices such as rumble strips thus posing surprise situations.
• There exists no acceleration or deceleration lane or any form of channelization at side
road-highway junctions thus making turning maneuvers hazardous.
• In some cases, side roads join the highway at the entry or exit of bus bays and approach of
major bridges (Photo 5.51).
• Entries of almost all the side roads are also the parking places or stands for rickshaws,
auto-rickshaws or other non-standard vehicles.
90

• Appropriate road marking becomes very difficult on this two lane highway with narrow
side roads.
• Most of the side roads are have steep grade difference with national highway, thus
vehicles waiting to side roads have to maneuver on sloping turning path.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Short Term
• An integrated approach of sign, marking and physical measures for the side roads located
at built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands is required.
• Obstruction (corner shops, vegetation and on-road and roadside non-motor activities) to
sight triangle at side road-highway junction should be removed.
• Appropriate information signs or warning signs are to be erected. The signs should be
placed at correct location having adequate visibility and readability.
• Priority at side road-highway junction should be established through sign, marking or
physical measures.
• Drivers approaching to side road-highway junctions should be warned through physical
devices such as rumble strips to avoid surprise situations.
• Side road entries should be made clear of illegal parking and adequate parking facilities
should be provided within the side road away from the junctions.
• Further annexure of unplanned and non-engineered side roads to the national highway is to
be banned immediately.
Long Term
• Side roads should be adequately widened to deliver or accommodate traffic to/from

highway safely.
• Appropriate acceleration or deceleration lane or channelization at side road-highway
junctions should be introduced for making turning maneuvers safe.
• Side roads making unsafe cross junctions with the highway may be converted to Staggered
T junction to reduce vehicular conflicts.
• Steep grade difference between side roads and highway should be eliminated
5.2.15 Parking
PROBLEMS
Along this highway the provisions for or restrictions on parking is not satisfactory in relation to
traffic safety. There exist no signs or markings allowing or prohibiting parking. Parking maneuver
is not well-suited with the safety of the highway. Parking provisions is not sufficient in bazaar/
built-up areas/ bus-stands (Photo 5.52 and Photo 5.53). The sight distance at intersections and
along the route is affected by parked vehicles. None of the hazardous locations (built-up
areas/bazaars/ bus-stands) have separate parking area for CNG/ auto-rickshaw/rickshaw/ microbus/
delivery van/other sub-standard vehicles plying on the highway. Some photographs related to
parking hazards are at appended at Appendix E. Nature of parking related problems and effects on
safety at various places are discussed below:
91

• Parking/stoppage/ passenger boarding and alighting on the carriageway/ shoulder create
congestion and compels through vehicles to use opposite lane on the highway and also on
the bridge.
• Illegal parking/ stoppage at junctions makes turning movements to/from highway unsafe.
• Illegal parking/ stoppage makes movement of through vehicles unsafe.
• Passengers have to wait for bus on the shoulder and carriageway instead of bus bay.
• Pedestrians are compelled to use shoulder and carriageway for walking and have to wait
for vehicles at shoulder.
• Pedestrian crossing of the road becomes unsafe and pedestrians are unable to use
walkway.
• Pedestrian and vehicular movements at junctions become hazardous.
Photo 5.52: Hasnabad-Ekuria - parked Photo 5.53: Abdullahpur- Northern bus

vehicle (CNG) on the carriageway bay is occupied by van and micro
RECOMMENDATIONS
Short Term
• Parking/ stoppage of vehicle and passenger boarding and alighting on the carriageway,
shoulder, side road entry, junction turning is to be strictly prohibited.
• Bus bay is to be used for intended purpose.
Long Term
• Provision of parking for other types of vehicles is to be provided at built-up areas, bazaars
and bus-stands. Adequate land for separate parking area is available at Hasnabad-Ekuria
area (southern side of the highway), T Junction, (Kodomtoli More) (away from the
junction at minor road approach), Rajendrapur (northern side of the highway),
Abdullahpur (southern side of the highway), approach to Dhalashari Bridge 1(both side of
the highway) , approach to Dhalashari Bridge 2 (eastern side of the highway) and Nimtoli
Bazaar (away from the junction at side road approach) .
5.2.16 Provision for Heavy Vehicles
PROBLEMS
92

• There is no waiting area for trucks waiting to enter the capital near Dhaka (Photo 5.54)
and to cross the river near Mawa side (Photo 5.55). As a result, trucks wait occupying
walkway, shoulder and carriageway.
• Due to inadequate turning radius and restricted sight triangle, turning maneuvers by heavy
vehicles at side road-highway junctions is hazardous (Photo 5.56).
Photo 5.54: Trucks waiting Photo 5.55: Trucks waiting Photo 5.56: Inadequate
to enter Dhaka (after to cross Maowa (prior to turning radius for large
Kodomtoli T Junction) Maowa Roundabout) vehicles at Nimtoli
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Turning radius at side road-highway junctions should be increased.

• Obstructions to sight triangle at side road-highway junctions should be removed.
• Designated waiting areas for Dhaka and Mawa Ferry Ghat bound trucks are to be
provided.
5.2.17 Roadside Plantation
PROBLEMS
Roadside plantation poses safety hazards to errant vehicles that leave the carriageway accidentally.
Due to roadside plantation, sight distances are found to be restricted at curves (Photo 5.57 and
5.58). Field measurement confirms inadequate Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) and Passing Sight
Distance (PSD) at three curves due to roadside plantation.
Photo 5.57: Sight distance at curve is Photo 5.58: Sight distance at curve is
restricted due to road side plantation restricted due to road side plantation
prior to Shologhar prior to Shamsu Filling Station (10.9km)
93

RECOMMENDATIONS
• Low height, soft-stem, bush type trees may be planted at curves to prevent derail vehicle
from rolling and falling from high embankment as well as to ensure a clear visual queue
for night time driving.
• Considering the existing strong stem based plantation near to the active carriageway and
its associated collision related hazard, W-beam type safety barrier should be installed in
front of tree line as safe guard measure.
5.2.18 Headlight Glare
PROBLEMS
As the highway is an undivided carriageway having no wide medians or even narrow dividers,
headlight glaring problem is observed throughout the highway. Rickshaws and other Non
Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) not using lanterns can not be seen due to headlight glaring. Due to
head light glaring center line making at curves and edge line markings at outer curves are not
visible.
RECOMMENDATIONS
As low cost measures, two retro-reflective stickers (indicating the width of the vehicle) can be
used at the back of Non Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) to make these visible at night. These ‘fit and
forget’ type stickers need zero maintenance. Retro-reflective materials or paintings with studs are
to be used at centerline and edge line at curves.
5.2.19 Roadside Activities
PROBLEMS
Due to various roadside activities, movement of vehicles along this highway is found to be very
hazardous. Non-motor roadside activities besides contributing to various accidents, also increases
the fatality index of accidents due to increased level of degree of exposure. Field observation
shows that at approximately 4 km road segments, these roadside activities are creating hazardous
traffic operations. At Table 25 of Appendix C, examples of miscellaneous roadside activities at
various hazardous locations are listed. Some photographs are also appended at Appendix E. In
general following roadside activities are observed along this highway:
• Unauthorized structure at splitter island and on-street shops at entry to minor road at T-
junction restricting visibility and hindering vehicle maneuvers (Photo 5.59).
• Service road occupied for various business activities, vehicle repair, parking etc. hindering
its intended use.
94

Photo 5.59: Unauthorized structure and Photo 5.60: On-street vendors occupying
on-street shops shoulder, bus bay and clear zone
• Walkway, shoulder etc. are occupied by tea-stalls, shops, business materials, ticket
counters, billboards, advertising boards and private construction materials (Photo 5.60).
• ‘Temporary bamboo gates’ installed by political workers on the highway and minor road
approach without considering safety consequences.
• Temporary police check posts on the carriageway at Kotomtoli T-junction posing surprise
situations for drivers.
• Repair of bus and rickshaw at bus bay generate conflicting use.
• Temporary shops and very closely installed guideposts hindering pedestrian movements
on walkway.
• Dredging pipe line along the walkway /shoulder reducing effective roadway.
• Goods loading/unloading at the approaches of bridges causing unsafe traffic movements.
• Street vendors occupying bus bays and turning corners of junctions, thus hindering vehicle
movements.
• Signboards, billboards, banners, posters etc on T-junction and roundabout island
restricting sight distance.
• Trees, electric pole, road side trading etc. adjacent to and on the highway occupying
walkway, shoulder, and clear zone in the feeder road ( between Mawa Roundabout and
Ferry Ghat) and causing unsafe vehicle maneuver.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• All non-motor roadside activities hindering pedestrian and vehicle movements, restricting
sight distance, contributing to and increasing the severity and fatality of accidents should
be removed immediately.
• Continuous strict enforcement by police and Roads and Highway Department (RHD)
should continue to preserve the right-off-way and remove roadside activities.
• Public campaign to motivate local community, businessmen and local representatives is
recommended.
5.2.20 CNG/ Filling Stations
PROBLEMS
• There exist 14 filling stations along the highway. In absence of any advance informatory
sign, the presence of filling stations is not recognizable by the drivers. This creates
95

surprise situations for the driver who recognizes at the later hour causing generally rear-
end collisions.
• The sight distance to the filling stations is restricted due to vegetation making vehicle
maneuvering risky (Photo 5.61).
• Filling stations are located very close to the highway without appropriate entry and exit
(insufficient length for safe maneuvering) (Photo 5.62).
• Some filling stations are located near bazaar and junctions and increase accident
potentiality of the locations.
Photo 5.61: Restricted sight distance at Photo 5.62: Unsafe maneuvering from
Filling Station Filling Station
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Besides information signs, count-down type road signs should be placed sufficiently ahead
of the filling stations.
• Filling stations should be away from the highway with appropriate entry and exit
(sufficient length for safe maneuvering).
• Vegetations restricting sight distance to the filling stations should be removed.
• Filling stations located near bazaar and junctions (Nimtoli Bazaar and Chonbari
Chowrasta) should be relocated.
5.2.21 Past Crashes and Off-Road Excursions
PROBLEMS
Interview with local people helped in identifying a total of 15 sites of past crashes and off-road
excursions at various bridges, culverts and curves. Along this highway, all the bridges are narrow
having no markings, signs, delineations and speed reducing physical measures. Curves are not sign
posted, marked and appropriately delineated. State of crash barriers, guideposts and bridge railings
damaged due to past crashes are listed at Table 26 of Appendix C. Photo 5.63 and 5.64 show
evidences of past crashes and off-road excursions.
96

Photo 5.63: Crash location at Umpara Photo 5.64: Damaged guide posts at
Bailey Bridge curve after Abdullahpur Bridge
RECOMMENDATIONS
Damaged crash barriers, guideposts and bridge railings are to be repaired /replaced immediately.
5.2.22 Speed-Breaker
PROBLEMS
At Table 27 of Appendix C, location, type, number etc. of speed-breakers at various places are
listed. These speed-breakers are placed as a reactive measure to arrest vehicle speed for
minimizing occurrence of accidents. Presence of speed-breakers (Photo 5.65) indicates that these
places are hazardous and lacks appropriate engineering measures. Some of the speed-breakers are
not marked or poorly marked and contributing to accidents of different natures. A total of 33 non-
engineered (made without any safe geometric configuration) speed-breakers and 4 raised
pedestrian crossing sites are observed along 31 km segment of the highway which implies that the
density of these devices are 0.94 per km of the highway.
Photo 5.65: Non-engineered speed- Photo 5.66: Jiggle Bars

breakers at Keotkhali
All the speed-breakers are in the form of speed-bumps. Instead of engineered speed reducing
devices having two parabolic curves (sag and summit curve) connected by straight segment,
common-sense based speed-breakers with the circular curve (without any transition) are installed
to arrest speed and thereby to reduce number of accidents. But these speed-breakers are also
inviting accidents in different forms due to their faulty geometry as well as absence of proper
warning signs and markings. Some more photographs of non-engineered speed-breakers are
appended at Appendix E.
97

RECOMMENDATIONS
• In order to arrest over-speeding tendency of drivers at hazardous locations, the present

trend of installing speed-breakers should be replaced by more safer speed calming devices
like rumble strips, jiggle bar (Photo 5.66), tactile transverse marking etc.
• In the instance of installing forced speed-breakers, present form of speed bumps should be
replaced by more appropriate speed humps.
5.2.23 Observations-Night Inspection
PROBLEMS
• It is difficult to differentiate raised footways and bridge carriageway at night.

• Speed-breakers and raised pedestrian crossings are either not painted or poorly painted
with white color, thus posing surprise situations to drivers at night.
• At bazaars, bus stands, and junctions, edge line markings are not visible.
• Existing street lights at Hasnabad-Ekuria segment is found to be out of order.
• Unlit Parked vehicles were observed which were posing surprise situations for running
vehicles.
• Presence of splitter islands at Songjog Sarak T Junction and Mawa Roundabout is not
visible due to the absence of proper delineation.
• At Kodomtoli T-junction, establishment of temporary police check post on the
carriageway without any delineation may cause surprise collisions.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• To make raised footways over bridges distinct from the pavement, retro-reflective
materials may be used at curb (kerb).
• Retro-reflective materials or paintings to be used at all speed reducing devices.
• Designated parking places for various types of vehicles at bazaars, bus stands, and
junctions are to be provided and edge line to be marked with retro-reflective material or
painting.
• Existing street lights at Hasnabad-Ekuria are to be made functional.
• Parking of vehicles at bus bays, junction turning and on the highway should be banned. In
unavoidable circumstances (vehicle under repair), appropriate lighting should be arranged
to make these vehicles visible.
• As an appropriate nose treatment measure, retro-reflective material or painting to be used
at splitter nose and KEEP LEFT sign to be placed at the nose.
• Appropriate delineation should be made before establishing temporary police check post at
night.
5.2.24 Various Types of Non- Standard Vehicles
PROBLEMS
Various types of non-standard vehicles (Human hauler/ Pick-up van/ Auto Rickshaw/ CNG
Rickshaw etc.) are observed to move along this highway Photographs of various non-standard
vehicles are shown at photographs 5.67 to 5.69. Table 5.11 shows percentage of non-standard
vehicles at two locations.
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Table 5.11-Percentage of Non Standard Vehicles
Place Standard Motorized Non- Standard Vehicles

Vehicles
Between Kodomtoli More T 438 (42%) 612 (58%)

Junction and Rajendrapur
Curve, prior to Chonbari 268 (69%) 120 (31%)

Junction
These non-standard vehicles have minimal crashworthiness and protection for pedestrians,
passengers, drivers etc. Presence of these low speed non-standard vehicles contributes to
heterogeneous vehicle composition and creates surprise situations for other fast moving vehicles at
curves having restricted sight distance and induces risky overtaking maneuvers. As this is an
undivided two-lane highway, also, at straight sections and narrow bridges, fast moving vehicles
frequently attempt to make forced overtaking for these huge percentage of slow moving non-
standard vehicles.
Photo 5.67: Non-standard Photo 5.68: Non- Photo 5.69: Non-standard

vehicle (1) with minimal standard vehicle (2) vehicle (3) with minimal
crashworthiness and with no protection for crashworthiness, no
protection for passengers drivers and having protection for drivers and
and drivers. very low speed having very low speed
RCOMMENDATION
Non-standard vehicles have special and distinct static and dynamic requirements. Again
considering contributions of non-standard vehicles to local needs and economy it is recommended
to provide separate and segregated facility such as service road for such vehicles.
5.2.25 School Zone Safety
PROBLEMS
Along this highway a total of 11 schools/ educational institutions are found at Abdullahpur,
approach to Dhaleshwari Bridge2, Hashara Number 2 Bus-Stand, Keotkhali , Shomspur Bus-Stand
and Medinimondol. These locations are already identified as hazardous locations during safety
audit. Appropriate crossing sites are not found with proper signs, marking, delineations and speed
99

reducing devices. Poorly marked and non-engineered speed-breakers are found at some places. No
side walks are found at these locations. Locations of school zones are appended at Table 28 of
Appendix C.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Appropriate speed reducing devices prior to the locations are to be provided.

• Crosswalks with appropriate marking and delineations should be placed.
• Appropriate signs should be erected to warn through traffics about school zones.
• In school zone area, raised side walks/ separated sidewalks should be provided.
• In consultation with local community, school authority, local governments etc. ‘adult
crossing control guards’ should be arranged.
5.2.26 Law Enforcement Agency
PROBLEMS
The highway under study is under the jurisdiction of four Police Stations, namely, South
Keranigonj Thana, Sirajdikhan Thana, Srinagar Thana, and Louhojong Thana. Sirajdikhan and
Louhojong Thana are approximately 8-15 km away from the highway. From the interview with
police officials, it was learnt that available manpower, equipments and vehicles are not sufficient
to check over-speed, illegal parking, and hazardous roadside activities.
RCOMMENDATION
Law enforcement agencies are to monitor the highway and enforce the law where necessary in
consultation with Roads and Highways Department (RHD), and with the help of road users, local
community, local representatives and concerned government officials. Enforcement strategy
should highlight on following aspects:
• Speed check.
• Parking at bus lay-by, side road entry, junctions, and service road by Micro-bus, human
hauler, rickshaw, CNG, Auto rickshaw, van, truck etc.
• Passenger boarding and alighting at turning of junctions, on carriageway and bridge.
• Lane closure/ double stoppage on carriageway by bus for passenger boarding and
alighting.
• Passenger loading on bus roof.
• Use of shoulder for storage of construction material, trading of hawkers and other roadside
activities.
• Checking driving license and fitness certificate.
• Non-motor road side activities.
• Risky overtaking.
• Liaison with local community, journalists, RHD officials, hospitals, and special sources
for obtaining accident information.
100

5.2.27 Trauma Management
PROBLEMS
There exist a number of hospitals beside the highway between Hasnabad and Abdullahpur.
‘Hospital officials’ informed that, these hospitals are not well equipped to deal with trauma
patients. For the rest of the highway, no trauma management center exists. ‘Road accident victims’
are evacuated to various hospitals in Dhaka. Interview with local people reveals that, delay in
immediate response to accidents and post accident rescue operation, lack of emergency medical
care on the spot/ during evacuation and well equipped ambulances, non-availability of trained
paramedics etc. increases the sufferings of accident victims.
RCOMMENDATION
Trauma management centers are to be developed along the highway at strategic locations.
Personnel of existing private hospitals and Government Health Complexes can be trained and
equipped to deal with initial trauma management. An integrated effort is required between law
enforcement agencies and paramedics in terms of early response, emergency rescue, mobilization
of logistics, live saving medical care on the spot and during evacuation, well equipped
ambulances, hospitals, and trained paramedics. Necessary ‘Standing Operating Procedure’ needs
to be developed and rehearsed. As a result chance of survival is expected to be increased.
5.3 Review of Accident Data to Supplement Audit Findings
5.3.1 Introduction
‘National Road Traffic Accident Reports’, published by Bangladesh Road transport Authority
(BRTA) were consulted. Accident related data for nine years was collected from concerned police
stations. Collected accident data was matched with Accident Research Institute (ARI), BUET
database. Collected data was analyzed. Analysis mainly focused on ‘type of accidents’ at various
locations and thereby determine hazardous locations and vulnerable road user group. Analysis on
‘vehicle type’ was carried out to identify predominant vehicle type contributing to accidents.
Detail analysis of ‘user group’ is conducted so that it becomes possible to suggest appropriate
remedial measures for most vulnerable group at hazardous locations. Available accident statistics,
though not very clear, but at least give some insight about safety hazards of the highway. This
insight is expected to supplement audit findings and will contribute in making appropriate audit
recommendations as mentioned in article 1.1. Analysis basing on available statistics is presented in
the subsequent articles.
5.3.2 Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations
5.3.2.1 Thana-wise Statistics of ‘Type of Accidents’
Thana-wise ‘Type of Accident’ statistics is given at Table 5.12 and Figure 5.7. From the table and
figure, it is found that out of total 449 reported accidents, pedestrian related accidents are 172
(38%), head-on collision accidents are 60 (13%), rear end collision accidents are 32 (7%), loss of
control accidents are 45 (10%), accidents between motorized vehicles are 12(3%, type unknown),
overtaking accidents are 12 (3%) and rest 116(26%) are either unknown or other types of
accidents.
101

Table 5.12: Thana-wise Statistics of ‘Type of Accidents’
Thana Pedestrian Head-on Loss of MVs hit Overtakin Rear end Others
accidents collision control each other g collision and
unknown
Keranigonj 85 33 16 11 9 20 37
Sirajdikhan 12 5 6 0 1 2 14
Srinagar 60 17 18 0 0 8 61
Louhojong 15 6 5 1 2 2 4
Total 172 60 45 12 12 32 116
Figure 5.7: Type of Accident- All Thana
Adequate pedestrian facilities along the highway in general and at bazaars, built-up areas, bus-
stands, junctions, bridges etc. in particular do not exist. With regards to head-on collisions,
absence of divider/median along with high overtaking demand due to presence of Non-Standard
Vehicles (NSVs) and Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) are found to be the main contributory
factors. Whereas rear-end collisions are usually triggered by surprise situation caused due to
sudden appearance of pedestrians, existence of NSVs and NMVs, turning movement without
giving indication, presence of non-conspicuous speed-breaker type physical hazardous objects etc.
On the other hand, the main contributory factors of overtaking related accidents are due to high
speed differential as well as overtaking demand coupled with aggressive driver behavior. It is
found that in case of almost all the ‘loss of control’ type accidents (total 45) and some head-on
collisions (total 3) and overtaking accidents (total 5), the errant vehicles left the high embankment
and fell into roadside ditches causing fatal accidents which indicates absence of effective safety
barrier along the highway. According to accident statistics, along the highway, 25 locations are
identified as hazardous where total 301 accidents (67% of total accidents) occurred.
Provision of pedestrian related safety features along with educational measures will trim down
pedestrian accidents. Head-on collisions will be eliminated if divider/median and service roads are
provided. For reducing rear-end collisions, certain measures such as adequate pedestrian facilities,
separate service roads for NSVs and NMVs, removal of speed-breakers etc. are needed. Certain
enforcement measures along with the provision of service roads can decrease overtaking
accidents. Presence of safety barriers such as W-beam could stop the severity of ‘loss of control’
and other accidents. So countermeasures need to include engineering, enforcement and educational
measures to mitigate safety hazards. Again according to statistics along the highway, 25 locations
are identified as hazardous where total 301 accidents occurred (67% of total accidents).
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5.3.2.2 ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Keranigonj Thana
Table 5.13 shows ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations for Keranigonj Thana. Out of
total 211 reported accidents, pedestrian related accidents are 85 ( 40.28%), head-on collision
accidents are 33 ( 15.64%), rear end collision accidents are 20 ( 9.47%), loss of control accidents
are 16 ( 7.58%), accidents between motorized vehicles are 11( 5.21%,type unknown) , overtaking
accidents are 9 ( 4.28%) and rest 37( 17.54%) are either unknown or other types of accidents.
Total 113 accidents (53.55% of total accidents) occurred in 6 hazardous locations. Figure 5.8
shows type wise accident distribution at these locations and Figure 5.9 shows total number of
accidents at these locations.
Table 5.13: ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Keranigonj Thana
Rajendrapur
Abdullahpur
Sonjog more
Bridge end-
Hasnabad-
Dhaleshari
Burigonga
Tegharia
accident
bridge 1
location
Type of
Ekuria
Other
Total
Ser
1 Pedestrian hit while crossing 5 1 1 3 - 3 10 23

road
Standing pedestrian hit by MV 2 1 2 - 1 - 1 7
Pedestrian hit by MV 4 10 8 7 4 - 22 55
Pedestrian 11 12 11 10 5 3 33 85
2 Head-on collision 2 3 7 3 2 - 16 33
3 Loss of control 1 1 1 2 1 - 10 16
4 MVs hit each other 1 2 - 2 - 2 4 11
5 Overtaking 1 - - 1 1 - 6 9
6 Rear end collision 3 1 3 4 - 1 8 20
7 Others 3 8 - 4 - 1 21 37
Total 22 27 22 26 9 7 98 211
Figure 5.8: Type of Accidents and Hazardous Locations-Keranogonj Thana
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Figure 5.9: Accidents at Hazardous Locations-Keranogonj Thana
Table 5.15 also shows that pedestrian related 62 accidents (72.94% of pedestrian related total
accidents) occurred in 6 locations. In case of 23 accidents (27% of pedestrian related total
accidents) pedestrians were hit while crossing the road. Abdullahpur and Sonjog more T-junction
is found to be most vulnerable locations from pedestrians crossing point of view. In 55 accidents
(64.70% of pedestrian related total accidents) pedestrians were hit by MVs, where nature of
collisions is not known. From Table 5.15 it is seen that pedestrian accidents are predominant at
Abdullahpur , Tegharia , Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 Approach , Hasnabad-Ekuria and Rajendrapur
area.
Head-on collisions are mainly observed at Rajendrapur (31.82% of head-on collisions) which is
located in a curve and also have typical hazards of a bazaar area. Loss of control type accidents are
found not to be clustered rather distributed randomly along this segment Rear-end collisions are
observed at Hasnabad-Ekuria , Abdullahpur , and Rajendrapur .
Analysis shows that Pedestrian related accidents are predominant in all the locations followed by
head-on accidents. Countermeasures are to be planned accordingly to reduce these two types of
accidents in all the locations. Hasnabad-Ekuria , Abdullahpur and Rajendrapur area need remedial
measures to reduce rear end collisions. Treatment of hazardous locations will reduce accidents by
at least 53.55%.
5.3.2.3 ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Sirajdikhan Thana
Table 5.14 shows ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Sirajdikhan Thana. Out of total
39 reported accidents, pedestrian related accidents are 12 ( 30.77 %), head-on collision accidents
are 4 ( 10.26%), loss of control accidents are 6 ( 15.38%), and rest 17( 43.59%) are either
unknown or other types of accidents. Total 26 accidents (66.66 % of total accidents) occurred in 2
hazardous locations. Figure 5.10 shows type wise accident distribution at these locations and
Figure 5.11 shows total number of accidents at these locations.
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Table 5.14: ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Sirajdikhan Thana
Kuchiamara
Dhaleshwari
Chaltipara
accident
location
Type of
Nimtoli
Bridge/
Other
Total
Ser
2nd
1 Pedestrian hit while crossing - 1 4 - 5
road
Standing pedestrian hit by MV - - 1 - 1
Pedestrian hit by MV 4 - - 2 6
Pedestrian 4 1 5 2 12
2 Head-on collision 2 - 2 - 4
3 Loss of control - 2 1 3 6
4 Overtaking 1 - - - 1
5 Rear end collision - 1 - 1 2
6 Others 4 2 7 1 14
Total 11 6 15 7 39
Figure 5.10: Type of Accidents and Hazardous Locations-Sirajdikhan Thana
105

Figure 5.11: Accidents at Hazardous Locations-Sirajdikhan Thana
Out of total 12 pedestrian accidents, 9 accidents (75%) occurred at these 2 locations. In case of 5
accidents (41.66% of pedestrian accidents) pedestrians were hit while crossing the road. Nimtoli is
found to be the most vulnerable location from pedestrians crossing point of view. At these two
locations, adequate pedestrian facilities do not exist. In 6 accidents (50% of pedestrian accidents)
pedestrians were hit by MVs, where nature of collisions is not known
Head-on collisions are observed at 2nd Dhaleshwari Bridge/ Kuchiamara (total 2) and Nimtoli
(total 2) which are located at the end of high speed environments and also have typical hazards of
roadside market/ bazaar area i.e. restricted visibility due to roadside activities, illegal parking etc.
compelling vehicles to shift to opposite lane and causing such accidents. Type of accidents for 11
(28.20%) cases could not be identified due to poor record keeping system by police.
It is clear from the table that in this segment pedestrian related accidents are predominant followed
by loss of control accidents. Countermeasures are to be planned accordingly. 2nd Dhaleshwari
Bridge/ Kuchiamara and Nimtoli need remedial measures to reduce head on collisions and
pedestrian related accidents. Treatment of three hazardous locations will reduce accidents by at
least 82.05% in this segment.
5.3.2.4 ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Srinagar Thana
It is observed from Table 5.15 that out of total 164 reported accidents, pedestrian related accidents
are 60 ( 36.59%), head-on collision accidents are 17 ( 10.36%), rear end collision accidents are 8 (
4.89%), loss of control accidents are 18 ( 10.97%), and rest 61 ( 37.19%) are either unknown or
other types of accidents. Total 132 accidents (80.48% of total accidents) occurred in 10 hazardous
locations. Figure 5.12 shows type wise accident distribution at these locations and Figure 5.13
shows total number of accidents at these locations.
106

Table 5.15: ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Srinagar Thana
Srinagar Ferryghat
Bejgaon Bus Stand
Hashara No 2 Bus
Hashara No 1 Bus
Type of accident
Other location
Keotkhali Bus
Ser
Shologhar
Shomspur
Chonbari
Umpara
Dogachi
Stand
Stand
Stand
Total
1 Pedestrian hit 1 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 26
while crossing
road
Standing 1 1 2 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 8
pedestrian hit
by MV
Pedestrian hit 2 3 2 - - 1 3 1 - 6 8 26
by MV
Pedestrian 4 8 8 5 3 4 5 3 2 7 1 60
1
2 Head-on - 2 4 2 - 1 2 1 2 1 2 17
collision
3 Loss of control 1 - 1 1 2 - - 3 - 4 6 18
4 Rear end - - 1 1 1 2 - - 2 - 1 8
collision
5 Others 3 13 3 5 8 4 3 5 3 2 1 61
/unknown 2
Total 8 23 17 14 14 11 10 12 9 14 3 164
2
Figure 5.12: Type of Accidents and Hazardous Locations-Srinagar Thana
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Figure 5.13: Accidents at Hazardous Locations-Srinagar Thana
Pedestrian related 49 accidents (81.66% of pedestrian related total accidents) occurred in 10

locations. In case of 26 accidents (43.33% of pedestrian related total accidents) pedestrians were
hit while crossing the road. All 10 hazardous locations are vulnerable for pedestrians crossing the
road. In 26 accidents (43.33% of pedestrian related total accidents) pedestrians were hit by
Motorized Vehicles (MVs), where nature of collisions is not known.
Head-on collisions are observed in almost all the locations and especially predominant at
Keotkhali Bus Stand area. Loss of control accidents are not concentrated rather distributed along
this segment though slightly higher at Shomspur Bus stand and Umpara Bottola. Rear-end
collisions are distributed along this segment. Type of accidents for 55 (33.54%) cases could not be
identified due to poor record keeping system by police.
Analysis reveals that pedestrian related accidents are predominant in all the locations followed by
loss of control and head-on accidents. Countermeasures are to be planned accordingly. Keotkhali
Bus Stand needs remedial measures to reduce head on collisions. Shomspur Bus stand and Umpara
Bottola needs special attention for ‘loss of control’ accidents. Treatment of ten hazardous locations
will reduce accidents by at least 80.48% in this segment.
5.3.2.5 ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Louhojong Thana
It is seen from Table 5.16 that out of total 35 reported accidents, pedestrian related accidents are
15 ( 42.86%), head-on collision accidents are 6( 17.14%), loss of control accidents are 5( 14.29%),
and rest 9( 25.71%) are either unknown or other types of accidents. Figure 5.14 shows type wise
accident distribution at these locations and Figure 5.15 shows total number of accidents at these
locations.
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Table 5.16: ‘Type of Accidents’ and Hazardous Locations- Louhojong Thana
Type of accident
Medini mondol,
mondol Minar
Other location
mondol, Girls
Mawa Filling
Uttar Medini
Uttar Medini
Uttar Medini
Roundabout
mondol,
Mosque
Station
School
Mawa
Total
Ser
1 Pedestrian hit - 1 - - - - 1 2
while crossing
road
Pedestrian hit by - - 2 1 2 3 5 13
MV
Pedestrian - 1 2 1 2 3 6 15
2 Head-on - 1 1 1 3 - - 6
collision
3 Loss of control 3 1 - - - - 1 5
4 MVs hit each - - - - - 1 - 1
other
5 Overtaking - - - - - 1 1 2
6 Rear end - - - - 1 - 1 2
collision
7 Others /unknown 1 - - 1 - - 2 4
Total 4 3 3 3 6 5 11 35
Figure 5.14: Type of Accidents and Hazardous Locations- Louhojong Thana
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Figure 5.15: Accidents at Hazardous Locations-Louhojong Thana
From the analysis, it is found that pedestrian related accidents are predominant in all the locations
followed by head-on collisions and rear end accidents. Pedestrian accidents and head on collisions
are spread all over the segment. Loss of control accidents occurred mainly near Mawa
Roundabout and needs appropriate treatment. Over-speeding tendency to catch the ferry as well as
after leaving ferry is observed along this segment.
5.3.3 Accident by Vehicle Type
Table 5.17 shows that bus is involved in 53.45% accidents. Other vehicles (less truck) contribute
to 10.91% accidents. Vehicles of unknown types are involved in 9.80% pedestrian accidents and
accidents caused by unknown vehicles are 18.27%. So in 28.07% accidents vehicle types are
unknown indicating inefficiency in accident reporting or failure to identify due to other reasons.
Table 5.17: Accident by Vehicle Type
Ser Vehicle Type Keranigonj Sirajdikhan Srinagar Louhojong Total

(%)
1 Bus and others 109 22 82 27 240
(53.45)
2 Truck and others 27 3 3 1 34
(7.57)
3 Various vehicles 31 2 10 6 49
(10.91)
4 Unknown vehicle and 28 2 14 - 44
pedestrian (9.80)
5 Unknown 16 10 55 1 82
(18.27)
Grand total 211 39 164 35 449
(100)
110

Figure 5.16: Vehicle Involvements in Accidents
Analysis as shown at Figure 5.16 suggests that ‘Bus and bus drivers’ as a focus group should be
addressed to reduce accidents. Problems related to bus bays i.e. site, location, facilities, sign,
marking, delineation etc. should be solved. Enforcement and educational measures, maintenance,
licensing etc. in terms of bus and bus drivers can significantly improve safety situation.
5.3.3.1 Accidents Caused by Bus
It is marked from Table 5.18 and Figure 5.17 that bus is involved in 101 pedestrian related
accidents which are 42.08% of accidents caused by buses and 22.49% of total reported accidents.
‘Bus only’ and ‘collision between buses’ contributed to 58 accidents which is 24.16% of total bus
related accidents. In 36 accidents (15% of bus related accidents), bus is involved with non-standard
vehicles i.e. Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs), baby taxi, CNG, human hauler, tempo etc. Again
hazardous locations of Keranigonj Thana contributes to total 109 (45.42%) and of Srinagar Thana
contributes to 82 (34.17%) of total bus related accidents.
Table 5.18: Accidents Caused by Bus

1 Bus and pedestrian 41 9 39 12 101
2 Bus only 14 5 15 3 37
3 Between two bus 9 3 7 2 21
4 Bus and pick-up/jeep 6 - 1 2 9
5 Bus and motor cycle 6 - 7 - 13
6 Bus and microbus 3 - 1 1 5
7 Bus and NMV 5 - 2 5 12
8 Bus and baby taxi/CNG 6 1 4 1 12
9 Bus and human 6 1 5 - 12
hauler/tempo
10 Bus and taxicab/car 5 2 - 1 8
11 Bus and truck 4 1 1 - 6
12 Bus- passenger fallen 4 - - - 4
Grand total 109 22 82 27 240
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Figure 5.17: Accident Caused by Bus
Study shows that collision points or locations between bus and pedestrians should be addressed for
appropriate remedial measures i.e. bus bays, passenger waiting areas, road side activities, illegal
parking restricting sight distance of pedestrians and buses, pedestrian crossing sites, raised
footways at hazardous locations to separate pedestrians from buses etc. Involvement of buses with
non-standard vehicles is significant (Total 36) which necessitates provisioning of separate lanes at
hazardous locations. Again as mentioned in article 5.2.10.3, introduction of company based
organized bus service will minimize unhealthy competition and thereby control over-speeding and
dangerous overtaking tendency of bus drivers; which will lessen accidents caused by buses. Bus
movements at Keranigonj and Srinagar Thana need special attention.
5.3.3.2 Accidents Caused by Truck
It is noticeable from Table 5.19 and Figure 5.18 that accidents caused by trucks are 34 (7.57%)
which is significant as individual vehicle after bus. Again Keranigonj Thana alone contributes to
27 (79.41%) truck related accidents which deserves special attention.
Table 5.19: Accidents Caused by Truck

1 Truck and pedestrian 8 - 2 1 11
2 Truck only 3 2 - - 5
3 Truck and microbus 2 - - - 2
4 Truck and baby- 6 - - - 6
taxi/CNG
5 Truck and taxicab/car 4 - - - 4
6 Truck and Non- 1 - 1 - 2
Motorized Vehicles
(NMVs)
7 Truck and motorcycle 3 - - - 3
8 Truck and pick-up - 1 - - 1
Grand total 27 3 3 1 34
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Figure 5.18: Accident Caused by Truck
Public campaign and enforcement measures or fewer amounts of trucks may be the reasons of
truck’s involvement in accidents. Future road use pattern (due to construction of Padma Bridge or
conversion to 4-lane) may increase the number of trucks and especially heavy trucks in this
highway. As a result, precautions are necessary in this regard.
5.3.4 Accidents Involving User Group
It is perceptible from Table 5.20 and Figure 5.19 that according to user group, pedestrians are
mainly victims of accidents (172 accidents or 38.30%) followed by passengers of various vehicles
(153 accidents or 34.07%).
Table 5.20: Accidents Involving User Group

1 Accidents Involving 85 12 60 15 172
Pedestrians (38.30)
2 Accident Involving 11 - 4 6 21
Non-Motorized Traffics (4.68)
3 Accident Involving 14 - 7 - 21
Motor Cyclists (4.68)
4 Accident Involving 85 17 38 13 153

Passengers of Various (34.07)
Vehicles
22 Unknown 16 10 55 1 82
(18.27)
Total accidents 211 39 164 35 449
(100)
113

Figure 5.19: Accident Involving User Group
Remedial measures to reduce pedestrian related accidents should be the priority involving
engineering, enforcement and educational measures etc. Accident severity for passengers of other
vehicles can be reduced, in conjunction with engineering, enforcement and educational measures,
by improving vehicle standards i.e. vehicle crashworthiness, improved cushioning/ protection
inside the vehicles, use of seat belts etc.
5.3.4.1 Accidents Involving Pedestrians
It is noticeable from Table 5.21 and Figure 5.20 that Bus is involved in 101 (58.72%) pedestrian
related accidents. Again hazardous locations of Keranigonj Thana contribute to 49.41% (85) and
of Srinagar Thana contribute to 34.88% (60) of total pedestrian related accidents.
Table 5.21: Accidents Involving Pedestrians

1 Bus and pedestrian 41 9 39 12 101
2 Unknown vehicle and 28 2 14 - 44
pedestrian
3 Truck and pedestrian 8 - 2 1 11
4 Pick-up and pedestrian 1 - 1 - 2
5 Microbus and pedestrian 2 1 1 1 5
6 CNG/Baby-taxi and 3 - - - 3
pedestrian
7 Taxi-cab/car and 1 - 3 1 5
pedestrian
8 Human hauler and 1 - - - 1
pedestrian
Total accidents 85 12 60 15 172
involving pedestrian
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Figure 5.20: Accident Involving Pedestrians
Pedestrians as a focus group should be educated/ made aware of possible hazards caused by bus
through public campaign.
5.3.4.2 Accident Involving Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs)
Table 5.22 and Figure 5.21 reveal that accidents involving NMVs are 21 (4.76%of total accidents)
where bus is involved in 12 accidents. NMV accidents mainly occurred at the identified hazardous
locations.
Table 5.22: Accident Involving Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs)

1 Bus and NMV 5 - 2 5 12
2 Car and NMV 3 - - - 3
3 Microbus/ambulance and 1 - - 1 2
NMV
4 Human hauler/tempo and 1 - 1 - 2
NMV
5 Truck and NMV 1 - 1 - 2
Grand total 11 - 4 6 21
Figure 5.21: Accident Involving NMVs

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Provisioning of separate service lanes for NMVs at hazardous locations, restricting roadside
activities and illegal parking at walkway, shoulder and carriageway can reduce NMV related
accidents. This aspect is highlighted at the audit report also.
5.3.4.3 Accident Involving Motor Cyclists
Table 5.23 reveals that accidents involving Motor cyclists are mainly victims of bus (13 accidents)
followed by truck (3 accidents). This may be due to the predominance of bus and truck in this
highway. Another reason may be unwillingness of motor cyclists to allow overtaking of buses and
trucks, thus compelling buses and trucks to make risky overtaking attempts. Sometimes over-
speeding and then failure to control speed at the event of oncoming accidents may also be a reason.
Accurate accident recording system is absent to identify nature of such accidents.
Table 5.23: Accident Involving Motor Cyclists

1 Bus and motor cycle 6 - 7 - 13
2 Car and motor cycle 1 - - - 1
3 Microbus and motor cycle 1 - - - 1
4 Truck and motorcycle 3 - - - 3
5 Motorcycle only 1 - - - 1
6 Human hauler and 1 - - - 1
motorcycle
7 Covered van and 1 - - - 1
motorcycle
Grand total 14 - 7 - 21
Educational measures for motor cyclists regarding over-speeding, overtaking, wearing of

appropriate crash helmets etc. may reduce accidents and severity of motor cyclists’ accidents.
Accurate accident recording system should be developed and practiced.
5.3.4.4 Accident Involving Passengers of Various Vehicles
It is noticeable from Table 5.24 that passengers of buses are victimized in 40.52% (62) of
accidents involving passengers; that include ‘Bus only’, ‘between two buses’ and ‘Bus- passenger
fallen’ accidents. Passengers victimized by buses accounts for 110 (71.89% of accidents involving
passengers) accidents. Passengers of non-standard vehicles are victimized in 24.18 % (37) of
accidents involving passengers.
Table 5.24: Accident Involving Passengers of Various Vehicles

1 Bus only 14 5 15 3 37
2 Bus and pick-up/jeep 6 - 1 2 9
3 Between two bus 9 3 7 2 21
4 Bus and microbus 3 - 1 1 5
5 Bus and baby taxi/CNG 6 1 4 1 12
6 Bus, human hauler/tempo 6 1 5 - 12
7 Bus and taxicab/car 5 2 - 1 8
8 Bus and truck 4 1 1 - 6
9 Microbus and baby-taxi 1 - - 1 2
10 Truck only 3 2 - - 5
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11 Truck and microbus 2 - - - 2
12 Pick-up only 3 - - - 3
13 Bus- passenger fallen 4 - - - 4
14 Truck and baby- 6 - - - 6
taxi/CNG
15 Tank lorry/oil tanker 2 - - - 2
16 Taxicab only 2 1 - 1 4
17 Truck ,taxicab/car/pick- 4 1 - - 5
up
18 Human hauler/tempo 2 - 2 - 4
only
19 Taxicab and CNG 1 - - - 1
20 Multiple vehicle 2 - 2 1 5
Grand total 85 17 38 13 153
Emphasize should given to the protection of bus passengers to reduce accident severity. Crash
worthiness of buses and other standard and non-standard vehicles should be improved to reduce
accident severity. Again, treatment of high embankments with the provision of safety barriers such
as W-beam will protect passengers of the vehicles that leave the highway and fall into roadside
ditches (total 53 accidents). This aspect was highlighted in audit report.
5.3.5 Problems Encountered
It was learnt from the interview with the local that many accidents are not reported. Accident
record keeping system in police stations is not satisfactory. In some accidents time of occurrence,
type of vehicle, age of victims etc. are recoded as ‘unknown’. Wounded casualties are rarely
monitored for knowing subsequent condition. Appropriate ‘accident reference system’ is absent.
Place of occurrence are mentioned as ‘Shomspur-12 km south-west of Srinagar Thana’ or ‘500
meter north of some bazaar or bus-stand’. Thus actual location of accident spot is not identifiable
in many cases. ‘Nature of collision’ is often termed as ‘hit by certain vehicle’. Collision diagrams
are not available. Accident reports are not regularly forwarded to higher authority for subsequent
recording. Matching of collected accident data with Accident Research Institute (ARI), BUET
database reveals that even recorded accidents are not reported for inclusion in MAAP database.
5.4 Future Impact of Padma Bridge, Urbanization and Four Lane Conversion
5.4.1 Introduction
Road safety auditing report of existing Dhaka-Mawa highway is presented in the previous articles.
Potential safety hazards are identified and remedial measures are suggested. Collected accident
data was consulted to supplement audit findings and recommendations. These are applicable for a
two lane undivided highway with existing traffic volume, local conditions, land use pattern etc. In
future it is likely that ‘ safety scenario’ may be changed due to the increased traffic flow, changing
land use pattern and increased carriageway width with divider resulting from the construction of
Padma Bridge (article 2.9), changing urbanization pattern (article 2.11) and possible conversion to
a four lane divided highway(article 2.10). Detail study about these impacts is beyond the scope of
this research. However, endeavor has been made in the subsequent articles to understand and
highlight potential safety hazards basing on related literature analysis, field visits etc. so that
precautionary and corrective measures can be undertaken to avoid hazards having new dimensions
or magnitude.
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5.4.2 Impact of Padma Bridge on Road Safety
5.4.2.1 Increase of Existing Hazards
It is forecasted that Padma Bridge would increase AADT along the highway (most likely case
scenario: AADT 9317 in 2014 and 17185 in 2020). It is also anticipated that due to increased
mobility and accessibility, urbanization process along the corridor would increase significantly.
These increased AADT as well as land use development activities will induce more local traffics ;
both vehicular and pedestrian, resulting higher conflicting situations between vehicle-vehicle,
vehicle-pedestrian, through vehicle-local vehicle, fast moving motorized vehicle - slow moving
non-motorized vehicle etc.
5.4.2.2 Increased Number of Buses
At present bus accounts for 53.45% of total reported accidents. In 2007, AADT of buses at Mawa
ferry crossing was 1183 which is forecasted to increase to 2,917 in 2015. Thus it is likely that
accidents related to bus will increase.
5.4.2.3 More Number of Heavy Vehicles
At present truck accounts for 7.57% of total reported accidents. In 2007, AADT of trucks at Mawa
ferry crossing was only 979 which are forecasted to increase to 3,945 in 2015. Growth rate of truck
movements is more than bus. Future crash patterns are likely to involve more number of trucks
than buses.
5.4.2.4 Increased Number of Light Vehicles
From Table 2.9 of article 2.10, it is seen that along this corridor proportion of light vehicles would
increase from 32.24% in 2014 to 55.24% in 2030. Forecasted growth rate of light vehicles is
higher in comparison to other two types of vehicle which is likely to deteriorate hazards associated
with light vehicles.
5.4.2.5 Effect on Road Users
Due to possible change in land use pattern, as Padma Bridge would encourage more urbanization,
future crashes are likely to be pedestrian dominated. Increased AADT and especially bus and truck
will pose safety hazards to non-motorizes vehicles and other non-standard slow moving vehicles.
5.4.3 Conversion of Existing Highway to Four-Lane Highway
5.4.3.1 Introduction
The future construction of Padma Bridge is estimated to generate huge traffic growth in this
highway. To cope up with the increased traffic, a project is underway to convert existing highway
to a higher capacity highway. Conversion of existing 2-lane undivided highway to a 4-lane divided
highway has both merits and demerits. The increased capacity of the highway will give the scope
of improving safety situation. Again hazard pattern may be changed. In Bangladesh some of the
national highways are converted to 4-lanes. But there exist no study to compare safety benefits of
such conversion.
5.4.3.2 Possible Cross-sectional Elements and Existing Safety Hazards
It is learnt that, future highway will have the same alignment. Additional 2 lanes of 7.3 m width
with 1.5m shoulder and 1m walkway with a raised divider will be added to the old alignment. The
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project of ‘converting 2-lane highway to 4-lane’ does not address or mitigate following hazards
which already exists:
• Uncontrolled access to the highway.
• Hazards associated with bazaars, built-up area, and bus-stands as highlighted in road
safety audit.
• Narrow bridges at old alignment.
• Curves with restricted visibility.
• Use of same road space by Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs), non-standard Motorized
Vehicles (MVs) and standard MVs.
• Hazards associated with existing bus bays.
• Absence of designated parking facilities for other vehicles.
• Non-separation of through and local traffic at bazaar, built-up areas, bus-stands.
• Absence of adequate clear zone and presence of non-traversable batter slopes.
• Hazards associated with filling stations.
• Presence of non-engineered side road-highway junctions.
5.4.3.3 Benefits of Raised Divider and Wider Carriageway
Benefits of raised divider and wider carriageway are likely to be as under:
• Raised divider will separate opposing vehicles thus will reduce head-on collisions which is
13.36% of total reported accidents.
• Severity of loss of control accidents on opposite side is likely to reduce due to the presence
of raised divider (a type of barrier at one side). At present loss of control accidents (at both
sides) are 10.02% of total reported accidents.
• Raised divider, if properly delineated will guide the vehicles on the carriageway.
• Wider carriageway will minimize bottleneck effects at built-up areas, bazaars, bus-stands
caused by roadside activities, illegal parking etc.
• Faster vehicles can overtake slow-moving vehicles easily.
5.4.3.4 Possible Safety Hazards
• Effect of headlight glaring will be not be minimized.

• Collisions (rear-end and side collisions) while turning will occur with opposite vehicles as
it will not be possible to provide turning lanes at divider openings.
• Due to increased crossing distance pedestrian accidents will increase if pedestrian refugee
island of appropriate width is not provided within the divider at mid-block sections,
bazaars, built-up areas, bus-stands and junctions.
• Tendency of slow but heavy vehicles to occupy right lane to avoid friction with slow and
non -standard vehicle is likely (as observed at other 4-lane highways), thus compelling
faster vehicles to overtake using left lane which is hazardous for pedestrians and slow and
non-standard vehicles.
• Vehicles attempting to make right-turns at junctions will have to traverse longer travel
distance. Hazards at junctions will increase if appropriate sign, marking and speed
management devices are not placed.
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5.4.3.5 Considerations for Four-Lane Highway
Service Roads: Like any other places of Bangladesh, also in this region, local side roads
joining the highway perpendicularly, transports local and intra-zonal traffics. There exist no
parallel roads along this highway to carry local traffic, thus inducing various conflicting
maneuvers along the only available road i.e. the national highway. From road safety audit findings
(which was supplemented by accident data analysis), it is evident that presence of slow-moving
non-standard Motorized Vehicles (MV) and Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMV) carrying local
traffics along this highway cause huge safety hazards i.e. speed differentials, overtaking tendency
etc. Again contribution of these slow-moving non-standard MVs and NMVs to local economy
should not be ignored. While converting the corridor, it will be wise to provide separate service
roads which will segregate local and through traffic. It is found that addition of service lanes
would be more effective in removing safety hazards and restoring level of service of the highway
than adding two lanes for all road users. Gradually, in this region and also throughout the country
it is suggested to develop well-knit road hierarchy based on functional classification which is
capable of addressing local and through traffics.
Median: Instead of low-height rectangular type divider having non-engineered openings for
turning vehicles (as available at some four-lane divided national highways), wide median with
engineered treatment is recommended which will provide refugee for turning vehicles. At
hazardous locations (bazaars, Built-up areas and bus-stands), wide median will also accommodate
appropriate pedestrian refugee islands.
New Jersey Barrier: Instead of low-height rectangular type divider, New Jersey type barrier
should be installed which is designed to both minimize vehicle damage in cases of incidental
contact by redirecting the vehicles while still preventing crossover in the case of head-on
accidents. In future, along this highway proportion of light vehicles is forecasted to increase from
32.24% in 2014 to 55.24% in 2030 and New Jersey type barrier can eliminate head light glaring
problem of smaller sized vehicles. At hazardous locations (bazaars, Built-up areas and bus-stands),
this type of barrier can be modified with extended heights which will prevent both headlight
glaring for all vehicles while preventing pedestrians in topping over the barrier.
Vertical Bypass: During road safety audit, 17 locations are identified as hazardous for
various reasons. Accident data analysis also supplements audit findings. Besides posing safety
hazards, these places also reduce the level of service of the existing highway. It is learnt that, in the
proposed four-lane highway, these issues are not addressed. It is observed that provision of vertical
bypasses at 12 locations i.e. approximately 4 km length, will ensure uninterrupted flow of through
traffic thereby reducing conflict level and increasing safety situation of the corridor.
5.4.4 Land Use Pattern and Future Impacts
5.4.4.1 Present Land Use Pattern- Indication of Rapid Urbanization
Except first few hundred meters, the general area adjacent to highway is ‘rural’ in nature having
open and flat terrain. Roadside markets are developed adjacent to the highway. Nearby villages are
connected to the highway through unplanned side roads. Hasnabad-Ekuria area is a built-up area
which is gradually expanding towards Mawa side. Abdullahpur Bazaar, Rajendrapur and Nimtoli
Bazaar are the existing ‘growth centers’ and have the potential to turn into built-up areas in future.
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Due to rapid and unplanned urbanization, the segment of the highway, close to Dhaka is
experiencing massive land development on both sides of the highway. New townships are already
developed and more are being developed on either side of the highway. New land development is
predominant from Hasnabad-Ekuria area to Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 Approach. The safety impact of
these ‘new land developments’ on the highway is not assessed. ‘Photos 70 to 76’ shows present
land development astride the highway.
Photo 70: New towns already developed and being developed south of the highway at
Hasnabad- Ekuria area (Source: Google Image)
Photo 71: Hasnabad-Ekuria built-up area Photo 72: Ongoing land development

prior to Songjog Sorok T-Junction
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Photo 73: Developed land for new town Photo 74: land already developed (South
near Songjog Sorok T-Junction Model Town) prior to Abdullahpur
Photo 75: Unplanned development Photo 76: A potential site for land
around Abdullahpur Bazaar (Source: development near Dhaleshwari Bridge
Google Image) 1(Source: Google Image)
5.4.4.2 Possible Impacts on Road Safety
The problems arising from unplanned new developments are as under:
• These new developments will eventually be connected with the highway. At present there
exist no efforts to limit direct access into national highway. Service or frontage roads
connecting these new developments and then delivering traffic to the highway at
appropriate junctions with proper engineering treatment are absent which will cause safety
hazards.
• These developments will be generator of huge traffic in future. Congestion within the road
network of these developments may reach to the highway.
• Local traffic including pedestrians, non-motorized traffic and other vehicles movements
will be generated across existing highway.
• There will be the necessity of provisioning more public transport system on the highway.
• Development of new driveways or private/ commercial property entrances will require
turning provisions thus affecting through vehicle movements and overall safety.
• Pedestrian- vehicle conflicts and local-through traffic conflicts will increase.
• Speed limit of the national highway will have to be lowered.
• Increased roadside activities, illegal parking etc. will deteriorate existing safety situation
of the highway.
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5.5 Overview
Road Safety Audit Report
Road safety auditing was carried out to identify potential hazards in this highway. Findings are
based on collected data, field observation and analysis. The report covers some general aspects
such as scope of the highway; function and access to property and developments. Under ‘Road
Alignment and Cross Section’, topics such as visibility, sight distance, readability by drivers,
overtaking , design speed, speed limit/speed zoning, curves, carriageway, shoulders,
embankments, walkway, private driveways and property entrances, and drainage condition were
discussed. Necessity of approach widening and lightings, hazards associated with intersections,
built-up areas, bazaars, side roads, bus-stands, curves, pavement, bridges etc., deficiencies of
signs, markings and delineations, requirements of heavy vehicles, condition of crash barriers and
guide posts, absence of clear zones are discussed. Safety hazards related to pedestrians, Non-
Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) and Motorized Vehicles (MVs) at various locations are identified.
Problems related with illegal parking and roadside activities, headlight glare, non-engineered
speed retarding devices, discontinuous landscaping, non-standard vehicles, unsafe school zone,
CNG/Filling Stations are highlighted. Night inspection brought out some drawbacks at bridges
and culverts, curves, and other places. Past crashes and off-road excursions gave important hints
about safety hazards. Condition of Law Enforcement Agency and trauma management systems
were also discussed. Accordingly recommendations prescribed general, short, mid and long term
solutions.
Review of Accident Data to Supplement Audit Findings
The road safety audit process identifies potential hazards in a road and recommends appropriate
remedial measures. This is a pro-active or preventive approach suitable for Bangladesh where
adequate data regarding accidents are not available. Accident statistics could identify some
hazardous locations with type of accidents but details of accidents i.e. nature of accident, collision
diagrams, exact location etc. can not be visualized properly. Hazards associated with curves,
bridges, side roads etc. can not be identified in accident statistics as some accidents are recoded as
‘ unknown time or vehicle’ and accidents are often referred with reference to some bazaars, built-
up areas etc. thus hiding true location of accidents. However, available information on accidents
can supplement audit findings and in this study accident statistics did enrich audit findings.
Future Impact of Padma Bridge, Urbanization and Four Lane Conversion
Due to the increased traffic flow, changing land use pattern and increased carriageway width with
divider resulting from the future construction of Padma Bridge, changing urbanization pattern and
possible conversion to a four lane divided highway, ‘ safety scenario’ will be changed. Potential
safety hazards having new dimensions or magnitude are identified and attempts were made to
suggest remedial measures. Impact of Padma Bridge on road safety may be; increase of existing
hazards, more involvement of buses and other heavy vehicles in accidents and occurrence of
hazards related to pedestrians, Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) and other slow-moving vehicles.
If cross-sectional elements and design are not modified than conversion of existing highway to
four-lane may increase hazards such as collisions while turning, rear-end collisions, accidents
involving pedestrians, slow and non-standard vehicles. Rapid urbanization and unplanned land use
may cause direct access into national highway, congestion resulting from huge traffic generation,
risky turning maneuvers, lower speed limit, increased roadside activities and illegal parking, more
pedestrian- vehicle and local-through traffic conflicts.
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Introduction
In this study attempts are made to assess safety hazards of a selected highway section of
Bangladesh i.e. Dhaka-Mawa Highway using road safety auditing approach. At first existing
“Guidelines for Road Safety Audit, 2005” of Roads and Highways Department (RHD),
Bangladesh is reviewed and guidelines of developed countries are analyzed to include important
aspects which are missed out in RHD guidelines. The aim was to make the guidelines an effective
tool for road safety auditing purposes. Checklists provided with RHD guidelines are analyzed,
design standards and guidelines of other countries are studied to modify/develop more detailed and
comprehensive checklists. Then with this modified checklists road safety auditing of Dhaka-Mawa
highway was conducted to identify existing and potential safety hazards. Basing on audit findings,
short/mid/long term and low/high cost remedial measures were suggested in the audit report.
Accident data was collected from concerned police stations, analyzed and matched to supplement
audit findings and to augment recommendations. Again expected construction of Padma Bridge,
rapid urbanization and development pattern and likely conversion of existing highway to a four-
lane divided highway are expected to have impacts on the safety situation of the highway;
attempts were made to assess the impending safety hazard scenario and to suggest appropriate
remedial measures.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research work, various guidelines on road safety audit,
design standards, drawings, and related publications were consulted. A total of 13 field visits were
conducted to observe possible hazards. On various occasions, roadway alignment and geometric
measurement, field studies, field survey; both vehicular and pedestrian etc. were carried out. Day
and night time inspection, use of photographs and video-taping, interview etc. were also
undertaken. Altogether 11 visits were made to concerned police stations to collect accident data.
Besides, local conditions were taken into consideration during the whole study.
6.2 Summary of the Findings /Conclusion
Summary of the findings are presented as per the ‘specific aims’ of the study which were planned
to be achieved at the beginning of the study. While listing findings, the main objective of the
research i.e. ‘to identify the safety deficiencies and accident potential and recommend the cost
effective appropriate remedial measures for the overall safety improvement of Dhaka-Mawa
highway following Road Safety Auditing process’ was the key consideration. Following article
presents summary of the research findings:
6.2.1 Review of Existing RHD Guidelines on Road Safety Audit
While reviewing existing RHD guidelines, guidelines of various countries were studied to include
important aspects in the guidelines. Existing guidelines of RHD on “Road Safety Audit’ did not
include many important aspects related to safety audit. The summary of the findings are appended
below:
a. Being the only guidelines for road safety auditing, this manual did not explain the basic
concepts or essential elements of road safety auditing in details which are suggested to be
included in Roads and Highways Department (RHD) guidelines.
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b. Important aspects regarding audit team such as composition, skill, experience etc. which
are pre-requisite for undertaking road safety audit are not included in the RHD guidelines.
c. Roles and responsibilities of various parties involved in the road safety audit such as
project owner, design team leader, and the audit team are not mentioned in RHD
Guidelines resulting vagueness in implementing road safety audit.
d. The detailed and step-by-step audit process is not included in RHD guidelines. A clear
procedure for managing and organizing safety audit is absent, the practice of undertaking
and reporting safety audit is not specified, and actions are not fully and consistently
documented.
e. Quality assurance procedures of an organization can state what is expected in connection
with road safety audits, the frequency of audits, the number of auditors for different size
projects, and the audit process to be followed. Inclusion of this aspect will enrich RHD
guidelines.
f. Legal issues and areas of concern related to road safety audit are getting appropriate
attention in developed countries, but RHD guidelines are silent about the topic.
g. Guidelines of other countries, through various examples and evidences discussed the
benefit-cost ratio of audits at various stages and concluded that benefits from safety
auditing will undoubtedly outweigh the costs. The cost-effectiveness road safety audits are
suggested to be included in RHD manual.
h. RHD Guidelines does not provide any hints about the conduct of training for road safety
auditors.
i. Monitoring is needed to assess the procedures and practice, and update them to ensure that
the effectiveness of safety audit process remains as robust as possible. Responsibility for
setting up a procedure for monitoring rests with the client (highway authority)
organization but RHD guidelines do not specify the monitoring and evaluation procedure.
j. RHD Guidelines did not discuss various stages of audits. The background, necessity,
requirements, significance and implementation of various stages of audits differ
considerably. Absence of thorough discussion on each stage of audits deprived all
concerned especially potential safety auditors in gaining appropriate knowledge.
AUSTROADS included special types of audits (audit for ‘land use development’,
Specialist audits for ‘road user group’ etc.), which are relevant to Bangladesh but not
included in the manual.
k. In Bangladesh accurate accident records are simply not available and crash location
treatment programs based on accident records may not be able to address potential
hazards. Explanation on the necessity of road safety auditing for existing roads, in context
of Bangladesh, are not covered in RHD Guidelines. It was necessary to clarify distinctions
between ‘accident investigation’ and ‘road safety audit of existing roads’ and to guide as
to how and when to use accident data for audit.
l. Guidelines of reputed organizations included some reports based on actual road safety
audits. Roads and Highways Department (RHD) Guidelines could include examples of
road safety audit reports of developed countries describing reporting format/style to
familiarize and enlighten the auditors.
m. RHD Guidelines mainly followed the checklists of AUSTROADS. Very little was done to
modify the checklists to suit local conditions. Like FHWA Guidelines (2006), inclusion of
‘a general procedure for using checklists’ can be included in the manual.
In RHD Guidelines, aspects related to local conditions viz road user behavior, roadside non-motor
activities, heterogeneous vehicle composition, road usage peculiarities were not included in the
checklists. FHWA Guidelines suggest that enforcement or education-based treatment may be
included in the audit report. FHWA emphasizes on observing road user behavior, examining
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physical evidence of past crashes and off-road excursions and checking the consistency of the
function and classification of the highway during the field visit. Also basing on ‘National Land
Transport Policy, 2004’ of Bangladesh, road safety literatures, and guidelines of experienced
countries some questionnaire was included in the modified checklists and some
investigation/inventory forms were made. Besides road environment, arena of road safety audit
was expanded to road user behavior, traffic enforcement, trauma management, urbanization, new
developments, education etc. Summary of the findings i.e. aspects which can be included in the
checklists are listed below:
a. Road safety audits of ‘existing roads’ can check some important aspects viz
appropriateness of road function, accessibility and impact of different modes of transport
in order to identify existing and potential safety hazards. These aspects are suggested to be
included in the checklists.
b. In Bangladesh, trauma management system following an accident is yet to be developed.
Audit of existing system and management can identify the weaknesses and can improve
this important safety strategy and may therefore be included in the checklists or may
appear in the audit report as general observations basing on collected field
data/observations.
c. In Bangladesh, sometimes educational institutions are located adjacent to the highway
which needs special safety measures. It is therefore recommended to include
‘Educational/School Zone Safety’ in the checklists.
d. It is revealedt that important lessons can be brought out if road users’ behavior is
observed. Enforcement, education and publicity related suggestions can be made as a
result of such observation. Thus it is necessary to include ‘Road User Behavior’ in the
checklists.
e. Examinations of physical evidences of past crashes may give clues of hazardous locations.
Inclusion of such examination in the checklists will assist in elevating safety situation.
f. In Bangladesh most accidents occur in built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands and their
approaching road sections. Concentration of pedestrians, lack of appropriate traffic control
devices and various roadside activities make these areas hazardous. These areas are often
generators of major traffics along the highway. Thus it is necessary to include this item in
the checklists.
g. A night time inspection permits a check on readability of the road and the effectiveness of
signs, markings and street lighting. Therefore, it is necessary to include ‘Night Inspection’
in the checklists as a separate item as it can identify various safety deficiencies of the
highway from a different perspective.
h. Enforcement related observations can be brought out from the observation of road user
behavior, road side activities and field visits. Inclusion of ‘Enforcement’ as a separate item
in the checklists will assist in bringing out enforcement related observations.
i. Speed reducing devices like speed-breakers/speed bumps should not be used in the
highway but it is very common in Bangladesh. Reasons for establishing speed-breakers
and associated hazards can be investigated if ‘Speed-breakers/Speed/hums’ are included in
the checklists as separate item.
j. In Bangladesh, unplanned and non-engineered connectivity of side-roads with the national
highway is very common. Safety hazards related with ‘Side Roads’ can be dealt with if
this item is included in the checklists.
k. Non-standard Motorized Vehicles (MVs) and Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) comprise
significant part of ‘Vehicle composition’ of the highway. Safety impact of these vehicles
can be assessed if this aspect is included in the checklists.
l. Local conditions viz road usage peculiarities, non-motor roadside activities, heterogeneous
vehicle composition , highway adjacent land use pattern, awareness of various road users
etc. should be taken into consideration while auditing a road in Bangladesh. Safety impact
of these local conditions and peculiarities need to be reflected in other items of the
checklists.
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m. Basing on the abovementioned discussions, existing checklists are modified which is
presented at Appendix A. necessary formats to support the checklists is presended at
Appendix B.
6.2.3 Road Safety Audit Report
Road safety auditing is conducted to assess potential hazards along this highway. The audit report
is titled as ‘Road safety audit report of Dhaka-Mawa Highway’. Modified checklists (Appendix A)
and various forms (Appendix B) were used to aid the auditing. The audit report is written in
‘prose’ style. Findings are based on collected data, field observation, field survey and analytical
approach. Recommendations prescribe general, short, mid and long term solutions. While
proposing recommendations, besides standard countermeasures as suggested by established
guidelines/literatures/manuals, local peculiarities are taken into consideration. In the audit report,
on various occasions, references are made to various Tables (in the body of the report and also at
Appendix C). The body of the report includes some related figures and photographs for easy
understanding. The summary of main findings is listed below:
a. Scope of the Highway; Function: The safety audit of the study corridor i.e. Dhaka-Mawa
revealed that at present the highway is not performing its intended function as national
highway properly and existing design is not consistent with the function. Design Type is based
wholly on traffic volume and have no direct relationship with functional classification In
absence of a road hierarchy, multi-functionality arises which leads to contradictory design
requirements and also to higher risks due to different transport modes, uncontrolled
accessibility, unpredictable road user behavior, significant speed differentials between
Motorized Vehicles (MVs), non-standard MVs and Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) etc.
b. Access to Property and Developments: Degree of access control is not consistent with the
road’s function. As the road classification is based on traffic volume only, the issue of access
control is not addressed. The occurrence of unexpected events due to numerous private and
commercial property entrances, driveways, roadside developments, uncontrolled side roads
etc. are found to be complicating the driving task.
c. Road Alignment and Cross Section
i. Visibility; Sight Distance: The sight distance along the road is inadequate or
restricted at curves, junctions and straight sections (built-up areas / bazaars/ bus-
stands) due to parked vehicles, road side non-motor activities and developments,
roadside plantation etc. It is observed that inadequate and restricted sight distance
encourage hazardous vehicular movements.
ii. Readability by Drivers: As a whole, the alignment of the roadway is clearly
defined by center and edge line marking. But at bazaars/built-up areas/bus-stands,
these markings are either faded out due to poor maintenance or invisible due to
roadside non-motor activities which creates confusion for the drivers.
iii. Overtaking Provision: Safe overtaking opportunities through road marking were
not observed along this highway. This results in uncontrolled and risky overtaking
attempts which increase safety hazards along the highway.
iv. Design Speed: This is a Design Type 3, National Highway with design speed 80
kmph. From ‘speed study’, it is found that along this highway, 98th percentile
speed varies between 64 to 72 kmph and 85th percentile speed varies between 57
to 62 kmph. This implies that the highway is not capable of maintaining its
intended design speed. From ‘traffic volume count’ study, conducted at two places
i.e. after Kodomtoli T junction and prior to Chonbari Junction, it is seen that non-
standard motorized vehicle comprises 58% and 30.92% of vehicle composition
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respectively which cause speed differential amongst the vehicles. Again modal
speeds at straight section prior to Rajendrapur, at curve prior to Srinagar
Ferryghat, and at curve prior to Chonbari Junction, were found to be 45 kmph, 46
kmph and 44 kmph respectively. Also, field speed study conducted at three places
revealed varying average speeds for different types of vehicles. Average speed of
bus, truck, small standard motorized vehicles and non-standard vehicles varies
between 49-57 kmph, 35-51 kmph, 59-66 kmph and 28-46 kmph respectively. It is
found that speed of vehicles varies significantly between locations and also within
the same type of vehicles. Again, critical analysis of vehicle speed reveals that
average speed of fast moving vehicles is 56.55 kmph while average speed of non-
standard motorized vehicles is found to be 40.98 kmph indicating speed
differential of approximately 15 kmph between these two categories of vehicles.
These speed and vehicle composition analysis revealed quite significant speed
differential arising from heterogeneous vehicle composition. It is observed that
presence of non-standard slow-moving vehicles induce forced overtaking by fast-
moving motorized vehicles which is one of the most dangerous maneuvers
particularly for undivided road.
v. Speed Limit/Speed Zoning: Speed limit is not compatible with the function, road
geometry, land use and sight distance. According to field survey, average speed of
vehicles at four built-up areas/bazaars varies from 16 kmph to 23 kmph which
may irritate through drivers as well as local drivers. Within a span of only 31 km,
the drivers need to adjust speed for a number of times. Built-up areas, narrow
bridges and curves demand ‘Special Speed Limits’. Due to inappropriate road
geometry at bazaars/ built-up areas/ bus-stands, multi-functionality due to
uncontrolled access, unplanned land use pattern and restricted sight distance,
national speed limit i.e. 80 kmph is not compatible. Necessary warning and
advisory speed limit signs and markings were not observed at all required places.
vi. Curves: Adequate engineering treatment, traffic control devices etc. are not
applied at curves. Roadside hazards/objects exist within 1m of the carriageway at
Rajendrapur Bazaar and Bejgaon Bus-stand which are located within curves.
Except two curves, F6 BARRIER LINE is not observed at any curves having
inadequate sight distance. Except three places, curve warning signs are not erected
at the approaches to any other curves. Chevron Alignment Markers (CAMs) are
not installed at any curves. Field measurement revealed inadequate Stopping Sight
Distance (SSD) and Passing Sight Distance (PSD) at three curves (available sight
distances at curves prior to Shologhar, Chonbari Junction and Srinagar Ferryghat
are 394 ft, 291 ft and 289 ft respectively against required SSD i.e. 461.53 ft and
required PSD i.e. 1657.02 ft). Advisory speed signs are not installed prior to any
curves having restricted sight distances or inadequate curve widening. Again,
calculation to check the necessity of curve widening at curve prior to Srinagar
Ferry Ghat, basing on AASHTO Geometric Design formula, reveals that at design
speed 60 kmph, amount of required widening is 1.53 ft. At the same place with
design speed 80 kmph, required amount of widening is found to be 2.02 ft. But no
curve widening was done at this place. According to SRNDP, there exist 19
curves along this highway, out of which 12 curves have relatively low radius of
curvature between 400 to 800 meters. Presence of 19 curves within 31 km implies
that, change of alignment is occurred at every 1.68 km length of the highway. This
observation essentially suggests that drivers of the corridor need extra attention
while negotiating these geometric constraints.
vii. Carriageway: As per Roads and Highways Department (RHD) design standard
the highway is Type-3 category requiring 7.3 m wide carriageway. Field
measurement show that carriageway width varies between 7.0 to 7.1 m which
implies that as a whole the highway has less carriageway widths than the required
design standard. This inadequate width related problem is more acute at bridges
and culverts where carriageway width varies between 6.4 m to 7.2 m (except
Abdullapur Bridge). Moreover, curve widening is not done at any curve which is a
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vital safety feature for hazardous locations particularly for sharp curves. Again,
particularly at bazaar/ built-up area/ bus-stand, traffic lane and carriageway widths
are not adequate to accommodate existing traffic volume and mix.
viii. Hard Shoulders: Shoulder width is inconsistent throughout the highway. This is a
Design Type 3 Highway requiring 1.5 m wide shoulders on each side. According
to field measurement, shoulder width along the highway varies between 1.1 to 1.7
m. The required shoulder width for broken-down or emergency vehicles to stop
safely is absent in this highway. At some places, due to roadside vegetation,
effective shoulder width is reduced. Throughout the length of the highway,
transition from road to shoulder is not safe due to high drop-offs (varies between 4
to 8 cm). At some places, shoulders are not trafficable for vehicles and road users
due to the damage caused by poor drainage and soil erosion.
ix. Embankments: The highway as constructed on high (15 to 25 ft) and steep
embankments, batter slopes are quite dangerous for run off vehicles. Standard/
safe batter slopes should be between 1:4- 1:6 which are almost absent all along the
highway.
x. Soft Shoulders: Soft shoulder is supposed to be used by pedestrians as walkway.
This is a Design Type 3 Highway requiring 1.0 m wide walkway on each side.
Consistent walkway width is not maintained and throughout the entire length of
the highway the walkways are almost not useable by pedestrians. Existing
walkways are either covered with roadside vegetation or damaged due to soil
erosion. As a result pedestrians are compelled to use hard shoulder which is very
hazardous.
xi. Private Driveways and Property Entrances: Presence of private driveways and
property entrances are observed mainly between hasnabad and Abdullahpur area.
Sight distance is restricted at almost all private driveways and property entrances.
Sudden entry of vehicle from private driveways and property entrances causes
safety hazards.
xii. Drainage Condition: Due to poor drainage, at some places, ‘soil erosion’ caused
damage to shoulder, walkways, verge , turning corners and bus bays and made
these places unusable for road users.
d. Approach Widening: Approach widening is not provided at all required places. Turning at
intersections, driveways, filling stations etc. becomes hazardous due to the absence of
approach widening resulting wide angle merging and tail backing diverging.
e. Hazardous Locations: Considering locational characteristics, layout, visibility and sight

distance, controls and delineation, pedestrian crossing facility and miscellaneous factors, few
locations are identified as hazardous. Along this corridor (within the length of 31 km), 17
locations (intersections / built-up areas / bazaars / bus-stands etc. ) are identified as
hazardous implying one hazardous location per 1.82 km length of the highway which
definitely suggests that the degree of hazardous locations is significantly high along this
national highway . The hazardous locations are: Hasnabad-Ekuria Area and the T-junction, T
Junction at Kodomtoli More, Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur, Approach to Dhaleshwari Bridge 1
and 2, Nimtoli Intersection, Hashara Number 1 and 2 Bus-Stand, Keotkhali, Shologhar Bus
Stand, Chonbari Junction, Bejgaon Bus-stand, Srinagar Ferry Ghat, Shomspur Bus-Stand,
Dogachi Bazaar, and Mawa Roundabout.
f. Lightings: At Hasnabad-Ekuria area street lights were found non-functional. Considering

both night time vehicular and pedestrian flows, it is revealed that street lighting is warranted at
T Junction (Kodomtoli More) , Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur, Nimtoli Bazaar, Chonbari
Chowrasta, and Mawa Roundabout.
g. Signs: Sign deficiencies related to general issues, sign legibility, sign supports and speed limit
etc. are observed. General sign issues include; absence of necessary regulatory, warning and
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informatory signs, placement of signs at wrong place etc. Some of the existing signs are not
visible and readable due to road side activities, roadside shops, billboard , on-street parking,
temporary gate installed on the road, vegetation, posters, banners, advertising boards etc.
Observations regarding sign supports are; tilted sign post, wrongly placed or displaced, low
height etc. Supplementary plates below the sign are found broken, blank, letters missing,
damaged etc. In some instances, non-standard and obsolete signs are used. In some signs
wrong color code is used. Some signs are ineffective and non-legible due to faded color in the
background/ letters/signs/borders. It is learnt that, sometimes road signs are stolen as these
have opportunity cost.
h. Markings and Delineations: There exists very limited scope of applying appropriate marking
on this two-lane highway having intersections with non-engineered side/minor roads. Even if
there are marking on the road, these are obscured by various on-street non-motor activities,
illegal parking etc. Edge line marking at junctions, bazaars, built-up areas and bus-stands are
either faded out or obscured. Pedestrian crossing sites and vehicle paths at junctions are not
marked and delineated. Retro-reflective thermoplastic painted “Edge line” and “Center line”
markings with STUDS are not observed though this is warranted along the highway to aid safe
night time driving. It would be more effective if commensurate markings are applied which is
cost-effective as well as drivers can easily see while driving, without distracting eye sight.
i. Crash barriers, Guide posts and Clear zones: As the highway is built on high (15 to 25 ft)
embankment having almost 1:2 slopes and hardly any space after the verge, there exists no
clear zone. Due to the array of trees along the embankment edges and high slopes, an errant
vehicle is unable to recover if accidentally it leaves the carriageway. Site specific guide posts
are neither painted nor delineated with retro-reflective materials. Out of total 18 bridges, 5
bridges have crash barriers but no guideposts. Crash barriers and guide posts (without any
retro-reflective material or painting) are available at 9 bridges. Three bridges have neither
crash barrier nor guideposts at all while at one bridge only guide posts are available. The
guideposts are installed at bridge approaches and curves but these posts only help night time
motorists and are unable to act as crash barrier due to their discrete nature. In this regard
continuous W-beam is the most appropriate countermeasure which has the potential to guide
drivers as well as act as safety barrier. Some crash barriers and guideposts are damaged due to
past crashes; soil erosion etc. and some are not visible due to the growth of vegetation and
roadside activities.
j. Pedestrians, Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) and Motorized Vehicles (MVs): As

pedestrians, NMVs and Motorized Vehicles (MVs) have different requirements they demand
separate carriageway to move. But along the whole corridor all these traffics ply on the same
carriageway without any control. Associated hazards are listed below:
i. Pedestrians: At Midblock locations, the walkways are not useable due to inadequate
width, development of vegetation; roadside activities, soil erosion due to poor drainage
etc. Again, walkways are not separated from the shoulders and carriageway. At bazaars,
built-up areas, bus stands and junctions, pedestrians use walkways which are not well-
protected against vehicles. Along the corridor, well-engineered pedestrian crossing sites do
not exist anywhere. Presence of billboards, posters, banners at roundabout and islands of
T-junction are increasing safety hazards by obstructing sight distance of both pedestrians
and drivers. Safety hazards further increase due to on-street passenger boarding and
alighting practices. ‘Pedestrian intensity count’ study revealed necessity of overpass at five
locations (Hasnabad, Ekuria, Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur and Nimtoli) due to high
pedestrian concentration at morning and evening peak periods and also due to obvious
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safety hazards. In absence of separate walkway at bridge approach, pedestrians use
shoulder to walk.
ii. Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs): At Midblock locations, NMVs use sealed shoulder to
move along the highway which is not separated from the main carriageway. At some
places, the use of shoulder is restricted due to roadside activities, parking, erosion of
shoulder resulting from poor drainage etc. At bazaar, built-up area and bus stands, there
exists no separate travel path for NMVs. NMV paths at junctions are not defined. There
exists no parking area or stands for NMVs. At bridges, as shoulders do not continue over
the bridges, NMVs have to share ‘bridge carriageway’ with Motorized Vehicles (MVs).
That is why, movement of NMVs at bridges either slows MV speed or compels them to
make risky overtaking in the narrow bridge. Shoulders which are planned to be used by
NMVs are not continuous at bazaar, built-up areas or bus-bays.
k. Motorized Vehicles: Classified traffic volume count conducted at curve prior to Chonbari
Junction reveals that, bus makes up 36.08% of total vehicle composition of the highway.
During field visit it was observed that buses are run by different owners and there exists fierce
competition and overtaking tendency amongst bus drivers. Due to the lack of defined turning
path, restricted visibility at corners, absence of appropriate signs and road markings, road side
non-motor activities, illegal parking etc. the movement of motorized vehicles at the junctions
faces severe hazardous conditions. The few bus bays which are provided are found to be used
for parking purposes and for various road side activities. Instead of designated bus bays, bus
and other MVs stop and load/unload passengers on the shoulder, carriageway, side road entries
etc. and thereby obstructing approaching vehicles on the carriageway.
l. Bus Bays: Bus bays are not safely located with reference to side roads and junctions and also
their entry and exit are not designed properly. Problems related to bus bays are: unsafe entry
and exit, inadequate transition length to carriageway from bus bays, non-separation of
carriageway and bus bay, oppositely placed or slightly staggered bays, non-existence of signs
and delineation, absence of kerb and shelters for passenger boarding and alighting etc.
m. Bridges and Culverts: There exist a total of 18 bridges and 25 culverts along the highway.
The density of bridge is 1.72 which implies that at each 1.72 km there is a bottleneck. Among
these bridges none has matching formation width with respect to its approach; as a result these
are acting as bottleneck. Analysis of approach alignment of bridges reveals that two bridges
are located in curves while six bridges have one approach located before or after a horizontal
curve and the other approach after/before a straight section. Necessary signs are not installed at
bridge approaches. Appropriate road marking with retro-reflective markings on pavement at
approaches of bridges is not done. Besides condition of some bridges demand certain
restrictions i.e. height, width, axle load etc. which are not imposed in any bridge. Footway
activities’ such as standing and gossiping, drying up clothes on bridge railings, use of footway
for household activities etc. are observed on the bridges. There exist no prohibition signs for
these activities. These deficiencies make the bridges hazardous from safety point of view.
n. Pavement Defects: The condition of the pavement and pavement edge in the feeder road
(from Mawa Roundabout to Ferry Ghat) is not satisfactory. Pavement defects (for example,
excessive roughness or rutting, potholes, loose material etc.) are observed in this segment.
Skid resistance testing reveals that the pavement has adequate skid resistance due to the
application of Double Bituminous Surface Treatment (DBST).
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o. Side Roads: During field visits, it is observed that along this highway, there exist 24 non-
engineered junctions (4 cross junctions, 6 oblique cross junctions, 3 staggered T-junctions,
11T-junctions) due to uncontrolled and untreated connection of side roads to the highway.
There exists one non-engineered junction per 1.29 km of the highway which definitely makes
the highway hazardous from safety point of view. Problems caused due to uncontrolled
connections of side roads are: restricted sight triangle, inappropriate sign and marking, narrow
carriageway, non-existence of priority at side road-highway junction, absence of speed
retarding devices, lack of acceleration or deceleration lane or channelization, steep grading of
side rods at meeting point etc.
p. Parking: The sight distance at intersections and along the route is affected by scattered
parking of various vehicles. There is no separate parking area for CNG/ auto-
rickshaw/rickshaw/ microbus/ delivery van/other sub-standard vehicles plying on the highway.
Illegal parking and stoppage takes place on the carriageway, at bridge approaches, shoulder,
service road, side road entry, junction turnings, bus bay, walkway etc. resulting increased
undue conflicts and unsafe vehicular movements.
q. Provision for Heavy Vehicles: There is no waiting area for trucks waiting to enter the capital
near Dhaka side and to cross the river near Mawa side. Due to inadequate turning radius and
restricted sight triangle, turning maneuvers by heavy vehicles at side road-highway junctions is
hazardous.
r. Roadside Plantation: Roadside plantation with strong and large stem trees poses safety
hazards to errant vehicles that leave the carriageway accidentally. Generally sight distance is
restricted at curves due to roadside plantation. Field measurement found inadequate Stopping
Sight Distance (SSD) and Passing Sight Distance (PSD) at three curves due to roadside
plantation
s. Headlight Glare: As the highway is an undivided carriageway having no wide medians or

even narrow dividers, headlight glaring problem is prevalent throughout the highway. Due to
the headlight glaring problem, Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) particularly at night are
found to be most unsafe. Moreover, center line making at curves and edge line markings at
outer curves are not visible.
t. Roadside Activities: Due to various non-motor roadside activities, movement of vehicles in

this highway is very hazardous contributing to various accidents. Roadside activities in the
form of on-street shops, street vendors, on-street vehicle repair and parking, business
materials/ticket counters/private construction materials on walkway and shoulder, ‘temporary
bamboo gates’ and police check posts on the carriageway, dredging pipe line along the
walkway/shoulder, goods loading/unloading at approach to major bridges,
signboards/billboards/ banners/posters on roundabout island etc. are found to be rampant along
the whole corridor. Field observation shows that at approximately 4 km road segments, these
roadside activities are creating hazardous traffic operations.
u. Filling Stations: There exist 14 filling stations along the highway. Hazards associated with
filling stations in the form of absence of information signs, restricted sight distance due to
vegetation, absence of appropriate entry and exit, proximity to identified hazardous locations
etc. are generating conflicting vehicular movements, thus increasing accident potentiality of
the filling stations.
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v. Past Crashes and Off-Road Excursions: Interview with local people helped in identifying a
total of 15 sites of past crashes and off-road excursions at various bridges, culverts and curves.
Crash barriers, guideposts and bridge railings are found to be damaged due to past crashes.
w. Speed Retarding Devices: A total of 33 non-engineered (made without any safe geometric
configuration) speed-breakers and 4 raised pedestrian crossing sites are observed along 31 km
segment of the highway which implies that the density of these devices are 0.94 per km of the
highway. All the speed-breakers are in the form of speed-bumps. Instead of engineered speed
reducing devices having two parabolic curves (sag and summit curve) connected by straight
segment, common-sense based speed-breakers with the circular curve (without any transition)
are installed to arrest speed and thereby to reduce number of accidents. But these speed-
breakers are also inviting accidents in different forms due to their faulty geometry as well as
absence of proper warning signs and markings.
x. Outcome of Night Inspection: Night inspection of the highway revealed few safety hazards,
some of which are already discussed. Significant conclusions are; difficulty in differentiating
raised footways and bridge carriageway at night, sudden collision with invisible speed
reducing devices, failure to recognize edge line markings at bazaars, bus stands, and
junctions, surprise situation posed by unlit parked vehicles, obscurity of splitter islands,
possibility of sudden collisions with temporary police check post etc.
y. Various Types of Non- Standard Vehicles: On average, presence of 30-60% various types of
slow-moving non-standard vehicles having minimal crashworthiness and protection for
pedestrians, passengers, drivers etc. causes significant speed differentials and creates surprise
situations for other fast moving vehicles at curves, straight sections and bridges, and induces
forced and risky overtaking maneuvers.
z. School Zone Safety: During safety audit, at 6 hazardous locations, 11 schools/ educational
institutions identified. These are located adjacent to the highway at various built-up areas,
bazaars, bus-stands, approach to narrow bridges etc. Aspects regarding ‘school zone safety’
are: absence of appropriate crossing sites with proper signs, markings, delineations and speed
reducing devices, non-existence of raised sidewalks, lack of crossing control personnel etc.
aa. Law Enforcement Agency: The highway is under the jurisdiction of four Police Stations out
of which two are approximately 8-15 km away from the highway. From the interview with
police officials, it was learnt that available manpower, equipments and vehicles are not
sufficient to check over-speed, illegal parking, and hazardous roadside activities.
bb. Trauma Management: Interview with ‘hospital officials’ reveals that available hospitals are
not well equipped to deal with trauma patients. Interview with local people reveals that, delay
in immediate response to accidents and post accident rescue operation, absence of emergency
medical care on the spot/ during evacuation, lack of well equipped ambulances, non-
availability of trained paramedics etc. increases the sufferings of accident victims as well as
reduces the chance of survival of the victims.
cc. Corridor Assessment: The highway under study is 31 km long. Based on above observations,
as a whole this corridor may be assessed as under:
i. Along this highway, 85th percentile speed varies between 57 to 62 kmph) which implies
that the highway is not capable of maintaining its intended design speed.
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ii. Non-standard motorized vehicles comprise 58% and 30.92% of vehicle composition at two
different places which cause speed differential of 15 kmph amongst fast and slow moving
motorized vehicles. Due to heterogeneous vehicle composition, at the same place 2-3
modal speed is observed.
iii. Presence of Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) along the corridor particularly at 17

locations ( mainly bazaars, built-up areas and bus-stands) causes varying level of service
(LOS) which implies that operationally the corridor is not serving as a high standard road.
iv. At bazaar/built-up area/bus-stands, average speed of fast moving motorized vehicles varies
between 16 kmph to 23 kmph.
v. Presence of 19 curves within 31 km implies that change of alignment at every 1.68 km

length of the highway requiring extra attention from the drivers.
vi. The highway as constructed on high and steep embankments, batter slopes are quite
dangerous for run off vehicles which make the corridor hazardous.
vii. Along this corridor, 17 locations are identified as hazardous implying one hazardous
location per 1.82 km length of the highway.
viii. There exist total 18 narrow bridges along the corridor. The density of bridge is 1.72 which
implies that at each 1.72 km there is a bottleneck.
ix. Existence of 24 untreated and unsafe junctions along this corridor indicates one defective
junction per 1.29 km of the highway which definitely makes the corridor hazardous from
safety point of view.
x. Presence of 33 speed-breakers and 4 raised pedestrian crossing sites along the highway
imply 1.19 non-standard speed reducing devices per kilometer of the highway.
Therefore, it is clear that the roadway environment as well as operating condition is not compatible
with the standard of national highway which definitely suggests the necessity of restoring level of
service and improving safety performance of this highway.
6.2.4 Review of Accident Data to Supplement Audit Findings
Accident statistics show predominance of pedestrian related accidents (38.30%) followed by head-
on collision accidents (13.36%), rear end collision accidents (7.13%), loss of control accidents
(10.02%) and other types of accidents out of total 449 reported accidents. Contributory factors to
these types of accidents or safety hazards are identified during road safety audit process. Adequate
pedestrian facilities along the highway in general and at bazaars, built-up areas, bus-stands,
junctions, bridges etc. in particular do not exist. With regards to head-on collisions, absence of
divider/median along with high overtaking demand due to presence of Non-Standard Vehicles
(NSVs) and Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) are found to be the main contributory factors.
Whereas rear-end collisions are usually triggered by surprise situation caused due to sudden
appearance of pedestrians, existence of NSVs and NMVs, turning movements without giving
indication, presence of non-conspicuous speed-breaker type physical hazardous objects etc. On the
other hand, the main contributory factors of overtaking related accidents are due to high speed
differential as well as overtaking demand coupled with aggressive driver behavior. It is found that
in case of almost all the ‘loss of control’ type accidents (total 45) and some head-on collisions
(total 3) and overtaking accidents (total 5), the errant vehicles left the high embankment and fell
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into roadside ditches causing fatal accidents which indicates absence of effective safety barrier
along the highway. According to accident statistics, along the highway, 25 locations are identified
as hazardous where total 301 accidents (67% of total accidents) occurred. Thus accident statistics
supplement audit findings where 17 hazardous locations are identified.
6.2.4.1 Hazardous Locations Analysis
Hazardous Locations- Keranigonj Thana
In this Thana out of total 211 reported accidents, pedestrian accidents are 85 (40.28%), head-on
collision accidents are 33 (15.64%), rear end collision accidents are 20 (9.47%), loss of control
accidents are 16 (7.58%), accidents between unknown motorized vehicles are 11 (5.21%) ,
overtaking accidents are 9 ( 4.28%) and rest 37 ( 17.54%) are either unknown or other types of
accidents. Accident analysis identified six hazardous locations in Keranigonj Thana i.e.
Hasnabad-Ekuria area,Tegharia, Songjog Sorok T-junction, Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur and
Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 Approach.. Total 113 accidents (53.55%) occurred in these 6 hazardous
locations. Again, out of total 85 pedestrian accidents, 62 accidents (72.94%) occurred at these 6
locations. In case of 23 accidents (27% of pedestrian accidents) pedestrians were hit while crossing
the road. Abdullahpur and Sonjog more T-junction are found to be most vulnerable locations from
pedestrians crossing point of view. In 55 accidents (64.70% of pedestrian accidents) pedestrians
were hit by Motorized vehicles (MVs), where nature of collisions is not known. Safety deficiencies
in terms of pedestrian facilities and contributory factors to pedestrian crashes are identified at all
these locations during safety audit. Head-on collisions are mainly observed at Rajendrapur
(31.82% of head-on collisions) which is located in a curve and also have typical hazards of a
bazaar area. Loss of control type accidents are found not to be clustered rather distributed
randomly along this segment. Rear-end collisions are observed at Hasnabad-Ekuria (total 4),
Abdullahpur (total 3), and Rajendrapur (total 3).
Hazardous Locations- Sirajdikhan Thana
In this Thana out of total 39 reported accidents, pedestrian related accidents are 12 ( 30.77 %),
head-on collision accidents are 4 ( 10.26%), loss of control accidents are 6 ( 15.38%), and rest 17 (
43.59%) are either unknown or other types of accidents. Total 26 accidents (66.66% of total
accidents) occurred at two locations i.e. 2nd Dhaleshwari Bridge approach/ Kuchiamara and
Nimtoli which are also identified as hazardous locations during safety audit. Pedestrian related
accidents are predominant in this segment also. Out of total 12 pedestrian accidents, 9 accidents
(75%) occurred at these 2 locations. In case of 5 accidents (41.66% of pedestrian accidents)
pedestrians were hit while crossing the road. Nimtoli (total 4 pedestrian crossing accidents) is
found to be the most vulnerable location from pedestrians crossing point of view. At these two
locations, adequate pedestrian facilities do not exist. In 6 accidents (50% of pedestrian accidents)
pedestrians were hit by MVs, where nature of collisions is not known. Head-on collisions are
observed at 2nd Dhaleshwari Bridge/ Kuchiamara (total 2) and Nimtoli (total 2) which are located
at the end of high speed environments and also have typical hazards of roadside market/ bazaar
area i.e. restricted visibility due to roadside activities, illegal parking etc. compelling vehicles to
shift to opposite lane and causing such accidents.
Hazardous Locations- Srinagar Thana
In this Thana out of total 164 reported accidents, pedestrian related accidents are 60 ( 36.59%),
head-on collision accidents are 17 ( 10.36%), rear end collision accidents are 8 ( 4.89%), loss of
control accidents are 18 ( 10.97%), and rest 61 ( 37.19%) are either unknown or other types of
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accidents. Total 132 accidents (80.48% of total accidents) occurred in 10 hazardous locations.
During accident analysis, ten hazardous locations are identified in Srinagar Thana i.e. Hashara No
2 Bus Stand, Hashara No 1 Bus Stand, Keotkhali Bus Stand, Shologhar, Chonbari , Bejgaon Bus
Stand, Srinagar Ferryghat, Shomspur Bus stand, Dogachi , and Umpara . This analysis also
supplements safety audit findings. Again, out of total 60 pedestrian accidents, 49 accidents
(81.66%) occurred at these 10 locations. In case of 26 accidents (43.33% of pedestrian accidents)
pedestrians were hit while crossing the road. Hazardous locations are found to be vulnerable from
pedestrians crossing point of view. In 26 accidents (43.33% of pedestrian accidents) pedestrians
were hit by Motorized Vehicles (MVs), where nature of collisions is not known. Head-on
collisions are observed at almost all the locations and especially predominant at Keotkhali Bus
Stand (total 4) which is located in a curve and does not have any designated bus bays. Loss of
control type accidents are found not to be clustered rather distributed randomly along this segment
though slightly higher at Shomspur Bus stand (total 3) and Umpara Bottola (total 4). Rear-end
collisions are distributed randomly along this segment.
Hazardous Locations- Louhojong Thana:
In Louhojong Thana, out of total 35 reported accidents, pedestrian related accidents are 15
(42.86%), head-on collision accidents are 6(17.14%), loss of control accidents are 5(14.29%), and
rest 9 (25.71%) are either unknown or other types of accidents. Pedestrian and head on collision
type accidents are distributed randomly along the segment. Loss of control accidents occurred
mainly near Mawa Roundabout (total 3). The segment of the highway in Louhojong Thana is a
comparatively straight section without any bazaar, built-up area or bus-stands but includes schools,
mosque, filling station etc. and Mawa Roundabout at the end. Over-speeding tendency to catch the
ferry as well as after leaving ferry is observed along this segment which might have contributed to
various types of accidents.
6.2.4.2 Analysis of Accident by Vehicle Type
According to accident analysis, as a vehicle, bus is involved in 240 accidents which are 53.45% of
total reported accidents. Out of 240 bus related accidents, in 101 accidents bus is involved with
pedestrians only. ‘Bus only’ and ‘collision between buses’ contributed to 58 accidents which is
24.16% of total bus related accidents. In 36 accidents (15% of bus related accidents), bus is
involved with non-standard vehicles. Location analysis shows that hazardous locations of
Keranigonj Thana contribute to 45.42% (total 109) and of Srinagar Thana contribute to 34.17%
(total 82) of bus related accidents. Problems related with bus bays, presence of non-standard
vehicles and other associated contributory factors for involvement of buses in accidents is
identified during road safety audit process. Accidents caused by truck are 34 (7.57% of total
reported accidents) which is significant as individual vehicle after bus. Again Keranigonj Thana
alone contributes to 27 truck related accidents.
6.2.4.3 Analysis of Accidents by User Group
According to different road user groups, pedestrians (172 accidents or 38.30%) are mainly found
to be victims of accident incidents followed by passengers of various vehicles (153 accidents or
34.07%). Again hazardous locations of Keranigonj Thana contribute to 49.41% (85) and of
Srinagar Thana contribute to 34.88% (60) of total pedestrian related accidents. Vulnerability of
pedestrians as a whole is also identified during road safety audit. Accidents involving NMV
occupants are 21 (4.68% of total accidents) which mainly occurred at the identified hazardous
locations. Accidents involving Motor cyclists are mainly due to bus (13 accidents) followed by
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truck (3 accidents). Accidents involving passengers of various vehicles account for 153 of which
passengers of buses are victimized in 40.52% (62) of accidents involving passengers. Passengers
victimized by buses accounts for 110 (71.89% of accidents involving passengers) accidents.
Passengers of non-standard vehicles are victimized in 24.18% (37) of accidents involving
passengers.
6.2.5 Future Impact of Padma Bridge, Urbanization and Four Lane Conversion
The road safety audit findings and recommendations are made for the Dhaka-Mawa two lane
undivided highway with the existing traffic volume, local conditions, land use pattern etc.
Considering the present road safety situation it is anticipated that future construction of Padma
Bridge, existing urbanization pattern and possible conversion of existing highway to a four lane
divided highway would deteriorate safety situation further due to increased traffic flow and would
help in rapidly changing the land use pattern along the corridor which demand further safety
study. As such attempts are made to understand and highlight potential safety hazards based on
data/ information collected from field visits as well as from secondary sources so that
precautionary and corrective measures can be undertaken to avoid impending additional hazards
associated with the changed circumstances. Summary of the findings about these aspects are
presented below:
6.2.5.1 Impact of Padma Bridge on Road Safety
a. It is forecasted that the Padma Bridge would increase AADT along the highway (most
likely case scenario: AADT 9317 in 2014 and 17185 in 2020). It is also anticipated that
due to increased mobility and accessibility, urbanization process along the corridor would
increase significantly. These increased AADT as well as land use development activities
will induce more local traffics ; both vehicular and pedestrian, resulting higher conflicting
situations between vehicle-vehicle, vehicle-pedestrian, through vehicle-local vehicle, fast
moving motorized vehicle - slow moving non-motorized vehicle etc.
b. In future, increased number of buses which is forecasted to be 2,917/ day in 2015 from
1183 in 2007 will contribute to more bus-related accidents.
c. In 2007, AADT of trucks at Mawa ferry crossing was only 979 which is forecasted to
increase to 3,945 in 2015. With this increased heavy traffic movements, future crash
patterns are likely to involve more number of trucks.
d. It is forecasted that along this corridor proportion of light vehicles would increase from
32.24% in 2014 to 55.24% in 2030. Forecasted growth rate of light vehicles is higher in
comparison to other two types of vehicle which is likely to deteriorate hazards associated
with light vehicles
e. Increased AADT, changing land use pattern and especially plying of huge quantity of
buses and trucks will pose safety hazards to pedestrians, non-motorized and non-standard
slow moving vehicles unless properly designed separate facilities are provided.
6.2.5.2 Conversion to Four Lane Divided Highway
Possible Safety Hazards
a. With the proposed design standards, hazards related to alignment, narrow bridge, non-
separated footway and NMV will not be eliminated.
b. Effect of headlight glaring will be not be minimized.
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c. Collisions (rear-end and side collisions) while turning will occur with the following
approaching vehicles. As per the proposed plan, turning facilities are provided simply by
inserting opening in the divider without any treatment.
d. Due to increased crossing distance pedestrian accidents will increase if pedestrian refugee
island of appropriate width is not provided within the divider at the required places.
e. Tendency of occupying right lane by heavy vehicles to avoid friction with slow and non -
standard vehicle is likely (as observed at other 4-lane highways), thus compelling faster
vehicles to overtake using left lane which is hazardous for pedestrians and slow and non-
standard vehicles. In absence of service roads in the proposed plan, it would not be
possible to reduce road side friction and separate non-motorized vehicles and non-standard
slow moving vehicles from fast moving vehicles.
f. Widening of road will induce more traffic at the junction and thereby turning movements
to and from side road would increase safety hazards. If grade separation is not considered
at the junction overall safety scenario will be deteriorated.
Considerations for Four-Lane Highway
Service Roads: Like any other places of Bangladesh, also in this region, local side roads
joining the highway perpendicularly, transports local and intra-zonal traffics. There exist no roads
parallel to the highway to carry local traffic, thus inducing various conflicting maneuvers along the
only available road i.e. the national highway. From road safety audit findings and accident data
analysis, it is evident that presence of slow-moving non-standard motorized vehicles and Non-
Motorized Vehicles (NMV) carrying local traffics along this highway (in absence of any service
roads) cause huge safety hazards resulting from speed differentials and forced overtaking
maneuvers.
Median: Instead of low-height rectangular type divider having non-engineered openings for
turning vehicles (as available at some four-lane divided national highways), wide median with
treated openings would be more appropriate which is capable of providing refugee for turning
vehicles. At hazardous locations (bazaars, Built-up areas and bus-stands), wide median can also
accommodate appropriate pedestrian refugee islands.
New Jersey Barrier: New Jersey type barrier has the potential to minimize vehicle damage in
case of incidental contact by redirecting the vehicles and to prevent crossover in case of head-on
accidents. In future, along this highway proportion of light vehicles is forecasted to increase from
32.24% in 2014 to 55.24% in 2030 and New Jersey type barrier can eliminate head light glaring
problem of smaller sized light vehicles also. At hazardous locations (bazaars, Built-up areas and
bus-stands), this type of barrier can be modified with extended heights which will prevent both
headlight glaring for all vehicles while preventing pedestrians in topping over the barrier.
Vertical Bypass: During road safety audit, 17 locations are identified as hazardous for
various reasons and accident data analysis also supplements audit findings. Besides posing safety
hazards, these places also reduce the level of service of the existing highway. According to the
information of Roads and Highways Department (RHD) officials, in the proposed four-lane
highway, these issues are not addressed. Construction of vertical bypasses at hazardous locations
would restore level of service and reduce safety hazards.
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6.2.5.3 Rapid Urbanization
a. Hasnabad-Ekuria area is a built-up area which is gradually expanding towards Mawa side.
Abdullahpur Bazaar, Rajendrapur and Nimtoli Bazaar are the existing ‘growth centers’
and have the potential to turn into built-up areas in future.
b. Due to rapid and unplanned urbanization activities, the segment of the highway, close to
Dhaka is experiencing massive land development on both sides of the highway. New
townships are already developed and more are being developed on either side of the
highway. New land development is predominant from Hasnabad-Ekuria area to
Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 Approach.
c. These new developments will eventually be connected with the highway. At present there
exist no efforts to limit direct access into national highway. Service or frontage roads
connecting these new developments and then delivering traffic to the highway at
appropriate junctions with proper engineering treatment are absent which will cause safety
hazards.
d. The safety problems arising from unplanned new developments are: direct access of more
local traffic into national highway, generation of huge traffic and ‘spilling over’ of
congestion into the highway, increased pedestrian activities etc.
e. Plying of more public transports, disruption of ‘ through vehicle movements’, increased
pedestrian- vehicle and local-through traffic conflicts, lower speed limit of the national
highway, increased roadside activities, illegal parking etc. will deteriorate existing safety
situation of the highway.
f. The analysis essentially suggests that in order to maintain level of service and safety of the
highway, there is a need for implementation of ‘access control policy’ and development of
internal road network for local traffic.
6.3 Study Recommendations
Study recommendations mainly focus on cost effective appropriate remedial measures for the
overall safety improvement of Dhaka-Mawa highway following Road Safety Auditing process.
However, in the process few important aspects such as review of existing guidelines, modification
of checklists, accident statistics, future impacts of the Padma Bridge, urbanization and ‘conversion
to four-lane highway’ etc. came up. This study presents relevant recommendations for these
aspects also.
6.3.1 Review of Existing Roads and Highways Department (RHD) Guidelines
In light of the review and basing on the findings, as discussed in Chapter 4, following
recommendations are put forward:
a. “Guidelines for Road Safety Audit” of RHD, to include the basic concepts or
essential elements of road safety auditing in details giving significant insight or
background information to the decision makers, professionals of different discipline and
the practitioners.
b. The qualifications and composition of the audit team required for different types
of projects and stages of audit should be spelled out categorically in the guidelines.
c. RHD Guidelines should give general guidance on the roles and responsibilities of
various parties (the project owner, the design team leader and the audit team) involved in
the road safety audit.
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d. The systematic and step-by-steep procedures /approach to manage, organize,
undertake, document and report safety auditing should be explained in details in the
guidelines. Special attention is required on detail procedures of aspects such as review of
project data, method of inspecting the site, conduct of audit analysis, writing the report
including findings and recommendations, responding to audit report etc.
e. Quality assurance procedures of an organization in connection with road safety

audits should be stated in the guidelines.
f. Legal issues and areas of concern with respect to road safety audit should be
addressed in the manual.
g. ‘Roads and Highways Department (RHD) guidelines’ should highlight the

qualitative and multifarious quantitative benefits to be derived from road safety audits
against costs by citing examples of experienced countries.
h. Guidelines and programs related to safety audit training for staffs and other
practitioners should be included in the manual.
i. To follow-up, RHD Guidelines should include monitoring and evaluation (M&E)

system of audited roads.
j. The RHD Guidelines should recast different stages of road safety audit
considering experience of other countries and should explain various stages of audits in
details. Other types of audits such as audit for ‘land use development’, ‘specialist audit for
road user group’ etc., relevant to Bangladesh context should also be included in the
manual.
k. Explanation on the necessity of road safety auditing for existing roads, in context
of Bangladesh, clarification about the distinctions between ‘accident investigation’ and
‘road safety audit of existing roads’ and guidelines on use of accident data for audit should
be included in the manual.
l. to make the RHD guidelines user friendly, case Studies of other countries based
on actual road safety audits illustrating audits of different-sized projects, as well as
different styles of reporting should be included in the RHD Guidelines.
m. Checklists/ Prompt Lists should be modified to suit local road-traffic conditions.

The RHD Guidelines should also include ‘a general procedure for using checklists’.
a. The study recommends some important aspects for inclusion in the checklists. The
items are: scope of the highway; function, access to property and developments, night
inspection, interchange, built-up area/bazaar/bus-stand, side roads, speed-breaker statistics,
interview of local people, physical evidence of past crashes and off-road excursions, road
user behavior, enforcement, trauma management, various types of vehicles, school zone
safety and aspects related to local conditions under almost all aspects.
b. Modified checklists are not exhaustive and meant to be used as guide only. Socio-
economic condition, regional characteristics, local conditions and safety auditors’
professional experience, skill and judgment will influence the development and inclusion
of more items in the checklists. The modified checklists as presented in Appendix A and
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formats provided in Appendix B are recommended to be followed for road safety auditing
of existing roads.
6.3.3 Road Safety Auditing
The recommendations that were obtained in Chapter 5, based on the findings of ‘Road Safety
Audit Report’, are summarized below:
a. Scope of the Highway; Function
Development of a road hierarchy based on functional classification is recommended so

that the same level of service (LOS) can be maintained throughout the whole length of the
highway.
b. Access to Property and Developments
Direct access to the national highway must be controlled. Formulation of an ‘Access

Control Management Guidelines’ is recommended. Service roads are suggested to
accommodate local traffics and to maintain the functional requirements of the national
highway.
c. Road Alignment and Cross Section
Visibility; Sight Distance: Low-cost measures such as plantation of low-height trees at

curves, banning of illegal parking and non-motor roadside activities are recommended to
be adopted to address inadequate sight distance and to mitigate safety hazards. At Built-up
areas / bazaars/ bus-stands and junctions, obstructions to sight distance are to be removed.
As a long term measure straightening of sharp curves is recommended.
Readability by Drivers: To make the alignment of the highway more conspicuous

at bazaars/built-up areas/bus-stands, the center and edge line marking should be
maintained regularly. Moreover, roadside non-motor activities should be banned to make
the road markings visible to the drivers at night.
Overtaking Provision: Safe overtaking opportunity through road marking is

recommended to discourage uncontrolled and risky overtaking attempts along the
highway.
Design speed: Basing on ‘speed study’ it is recommended that after detailed engineering
studies, segment-specific speed limits are to be installed at required places along the
highway. To eliminate the speed differentials amongst various types of vehicles, it is
recommended to segregate non-standard motorized vehicles and non-motorized vehicles
by providing separate service roads.
Speed Limit/Speed Zoning: Detail engineering studies are suggested to establish

appropriate special speed limits/speed zoning for Built-up Areas/Bazaars. Short term
measures will require banning of further misuse of road adjacent land, illegal parking and
roadside activities. As long term measures development of road hierarchy based on
functional classification, provision of guidelines on ‘roadside land use’, and road
realignment at curves are recommended.
Curves: Overtaking restrictions (sign and marking), advance curve warning signs, curve
advisory speed signs, Chevron Alignment Markers are to be erected/ placed at the curves
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having inadequate sight distance. Roadside hazards/ objects within 1 m of curves at
Rajendrapur Bazaar and Bejgaon Bus-stand should be removed. Vegetation restricting
visibility splay at curves should be removed and low height plantation is recommended at
the inner edge of curves. As long term measures, straightening and curve widening, where
applicable are recommended.
Carriageway: As short term measures plying of Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) over

two major bridges i.e. are to be banned immediately. Long term measures will include
increase of carriageway width to 7.3m all along the highway (requirement of Design Type
3 Highway), separate service roads all along the highway (including bridges) for non-
motorized and non-standard (less speed) motorized vehicles, provisioning of additional
lanes at built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands to accommodate traffic volume having
various compositions.
Shoulders: As short term measures provision of standard shoulder width, removal of

roadside vegetation and high drop-offs of shoulder and repair of damaged shoulder are
recommended.
Embankments: The highway being constructed on high embankments (15 to 25 ft),

provision of safe batter slopes is not appropriate and costly. Alternatively, the risk of
accidents can be significantly reduced by the use of continuous guard rails or safety
barriers. As a low cost measure, continuous W-beam crash barriers are recommended to be
used at high embankment to improve the safety situation of the highway.
Walkway: In order to improve pedestrian safety, raised walkway or footpath is

recommended at areas with high pedestrian concentration such as bazaar/built-up area/bus-
stands etc. At other road segment with low level of pedestrian, existing walkway should be
maintained by increasing width where necessary and by trimming road side tree, repair of
damaged walkway etc.
Private Driveways and Property Entrances: As short term measures removal of

obstruction to sight triangles at driveways and correction of large grade difference of
driveways with the highway is recommended. Long term measure will require
construction of service roads to serve a number of driveways together and reduce friction
on the highway.
Drainage Condition: In order to improve drainage condition, cross slope of shoulder is

recommended to be maintained properly by removing heaping of soil and clearing of sod.
Drainage system should be improved at damaged places at bus bays and junction turning.
d. Approach Widening
As long term measures, for safe merging, diverging and turning, approach widening is to
be provided at intersections, driveways, filling stations etc. with appropriate tapers,
shoulders, signs and markings etc.
e. Hazardous Locations
In order to improve road safety at hazardous locations, as short term measures, required
treatments are suggested in the audit report. Establishment of suitable and appropriate
traffic control devices (signs and markings) and delineation prior to the hazardous areas
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and at the locations to alert drivers is required. Priority at the T junctions/ side road-
highway junctions/ roundabout should be established through appropriate signs and
markings. At all hazardous locations, to arrest over-speeding tendency, self enforcing
measures like speed retarding devices and speed warning devices should be introduced.
Moreover, removal of non-engineered speed-breakers, arrangement of pedestrian footway
with restraint arrangement/ fencing, provision of parking facility for different modes of
transport, banning of illegal parking and on-street boarding and alighting, clearance of
‘sight triangle’ at side roads, maintenance of drainage system etc. will improve safety
situations.
At hazardous areas, basing on locational characteristics, mid-term measures such as

provision of channelization and exclusive left turn, construction of pedestrian overpass,
widening of side roads, provision of staggered bus bays away from side roads etc. are
suggested.
As long term measures, provision of vertical bypass (in the form of fly-over), provision of
service roads ,construction of staggered T Junction, provision for truck waiting area etc.
are recommended.
f. Signs
In the audit report, site specific recommendations regarding deficiencies of signs are made.
Recommendations related to ‘general sign issues’ include erection of necessary regulatory,
warning and informatory signs, use of correct sign for each situation and relocation of
improperly placed signs, advise to the drivers regarding special restrictions (parking
restrictions for specific vehicles, narrow side roads, non-stoppage at a particular place
etc.), provision of special speed limit signs at bazaars, built-up areas, bridges or curves,
removal of non-standard signs from toll booths approach etc.
Obstruction to sign visibility and readability (due to the shadow of vegetation at day time
and for other road side activities) are to be cleared. Replacement of
tilted/displaced/disoriented/ low-height signs, placement of signs (which are far away from
carriageway or wrongly placed) at standard distances from the carriageway, and
repair/maintenance of Supplementary Plates below the sign (broken/ blank/ letters missing
/ damaged) are recommended. Signs having non-standard and obsolete type and size
should be replaced by appropriate signs. Signs having faded color in background, letters,
symbols and borders should be repaired. Tendency of erecting large billboards which
distract drivers’ observation of the sign should be stopped.
Considering theft potential of signs, it is recommended that perforated sign plates and
stands having less opportunity cost may be used. Also, like concrete milestone, concrete
road signs may be used with appropriate safety measures for errant vehicles.
g. Lightings
Existing lighting system at Hasnabad-Ekuria area is to be made functional and additional

lighting is to be provided at the side road entries. Appropriate lighting arrangement is to
be made at T Junction, (Kodomtoli More), Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur, Nimtoli Bazaar,
Chonbari Chowrasta, and Mawa Roundabout.
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h. Markings and Delineations
Detailed recommended measures for few hazardous locations i.e. Hasnabad- Ekuria area,
curve near South Keranigonj Thana, T Junction, (Kodomtoli More) and Rajendrapur area
and suggested markings for the highway is listed in the audit report. In general,
considering the characteristics of the locations (narrow bridge, bus bays, side roads, filling
station, pedestrian concentration, Non-Motorized Traffics movements etc.), an integrated
approach of road marking is necessary.
Besides, ensuring visibility of existing road markings, special marking at school zone
areas, retro-reflective markings on pavement, marking and delineation of speed retarding
devices and pedestrian crossing facilities, establishment of priority at the junctions through
various markings, and prohibitive marking for stoppage or parking of vehicles on the
carriageway or at side road entries should be made.
Considering theft problem of costly road signs and inability of drivers to notice these due
to various reasons, it is recommended that effort and priority should be given to road
marking. Road marking is the most effective low cost safety improvement measure
because drivers are certain to observe road markings if markings are conspicuous, clear
and durable.
i. Crash barriers and Guide posts
Widening of existing embankment and flattening of slide slopes to provide safe recovery
area is costly and to some extent is impossible. Therefore, as low cost measure, W-beam
type crash barriers should be erected continuously where height of the embankment would
cross 6 feet. Besides, all crash barriers at bridge/culvert approaches and on culverts
should be delineated by retro-reflective material or painting to aid in night driving. Bridges
and curves having guideposts only should be delineated by retro-reflective material or
painting. Preferably, at these locations crash barriers with delineator posts should be
installed. Bridges not having any crash barriers or guideposts should have crash barriers
and delineators at the approaches. In addition to crash barriers, Chevron Alignment
Markers (CAMs) should be used for bridges and culverts located at the beginning/
end/within curve. Damaged crash barriers and guideposts should be repaired/ replaced
immediately. Obstructions to the visibility of crash barriers and guide posts should be
removed.
j. Pedestrians
At midblock locations, removal of vegetation from walkways, provision of standard

walkway width (where applicable), banning of non-motor roadside activities on the
walkway and separation of walkway from shoulder will improve safety situation. At
bazaar/ built-up area/ bus stands/ junctions, raised walkway, pedestrian crossing sites,
safety fences guiding to crossing sites, speed reducing devices, retro-reflective pavement
markers at approaches to pedestrian crossing facilities will be required. At bridges,
continuation of footway at the approaches and on the bridges and separation of pedestrian
from main traffic at approaches to bridges and on the bridges will ensure pedestrian safety.
Signing and marking about pedestrians near hospitals and schools should be provided.
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Bus terminals at Mawa Ferry Ghat are to be properly designed with separate entry and
exit. ‘Pedestrian count survey’ revealed high pedestrian intensity at Hasnabad, Ekuria,
Rajendrapur, Abdullahpur and Nimtoli, both across the road and along the walkway.
These locations definitely deserve pedestrian overpasses and raised footway due to high
pedestrian concentration at peak periods and also due to obvious safety hazards.
k. Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs)
At midblock locations, separate service roads for NMVs will ensure NMV safety. At
bazaar/ built-up area/ bus stands/ junctions, separate NMV lanes, defined NMV paths,
separate parking areas, are suggested. NMV movements on Dhaleshwar Bridge-1 and
Dhaleshwar Bridge-2 (which are narrow as well as long) should be stopped and future
widening or constructions of bridges should include provisions of NMV lanes.
l. Motorized Vehicles
In order to ensure safe movements, at junctions, defined turning path, clear visibility at
corners and to side roads, appropriate sign and road marking, banning of road side
activities and illegal parking at turning etc. are required. At bazaars/ built-up areas/bus-
stands/ side road entries, establishment of appropriate speed limits, provision of parking
for other vehicles, banning of road side activities and on street loading/boarding/alighting
etc. should be undertaken. At bridges and curves, ‘NO OVERTAKING’ sign and
‘BARRIER LINE’ are to be provided. Introduction of company-based organized bus
service which has the potential to reduce unhealthy competition will be a sustainable long
term solution in this corridor.
m. Bus Bay
Bus bays should be away from side roads and junctions, have safe entry and exit, and
adequate transition length to/from carriageway. Bus bays should be separated from the
main carriageway physically by divider. Bus bays should be well staggered, have adequate
marking, sign posting and delineations, shelters with seats, and to include kerbs to
facilitate pedestrian boarding and alighting.
n. Bridges
Recommended measures for 4 major bridges along this corridor are made in details in the
audit report. In future while constructing new bridge, width of the bridge should be
adopted matching with the approach width of the carriageway. In addition provision
should be there for safe movement of pedestrians and non-motorized vehicles. A set of
low cost measures are also suggested. For narrow bridges, as temporary measure, speed
calming devices should be installed at the bridge approaches. Correct regulatory and
advance warning signs should be installed. In order to discourage unsafe
maneuvers/conditions, appropriate retro-reflective road marking should be applied on
approach pavement of narrow bridges. Appropriate sign to be placed at bridge approaches
prohibiting use of footway such as standing and gossiping, drying up clothes on bridge
railings etc. Physical safety measures and provision of signs, markings, delineations etc.
should be integrated with other characteristics i.e. presence of curves, bus-stands, bazaars,
built-up areas, schools, side roads, junctions etc.
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o. Pavement Condition
Skid resistance testing carried out at bridge approaches, pedestrian crossing location,
approaches to intersections, approaches to bazaars and semi-urban areas, and curves found
adequate skid resistance at pavement which needs to be maintained. Though the condition
of the pavement and pavement edges in the feeder road (from Mawa Roundabout to Ferry
Ghat) is not satisfactory and need repair works.
p. Side Roads
An integrated approach of applying sign, marking and physical measures for the side roads
located at built-up areas, bazaars and bus-stands is required. As short term measures, sight
triangle at the meeting point of highway and side road should be made free of obstruction.
Access control policy should be introduced and future connection for the highway adjacent
land development activities including side roads should be restricted. Rumble strips should
be installed at side roads to prevent sudden and speedy entry of vehicles to the highway.
Appropriate informatory and warning signs should be erected at suitable location
maintaining adequate visibility and readability. Long term measures include; widening of
side roads, provision of acceleration and deceleration lane and channelization at the
junctions, correcting the grade of side road at the meeting point etc.
q. Parking
Short term measures include; restriction on ‘on-street’ vehicle maintenance and repair
works, ensuring proper use of bus bay and prohibition of parking/ stoppage of vehicle and
passenger boarding and alighting on the active carriageway, at the shoulder, side road
entry and junction turning. Openings at Guideposts and Crash Barriers between Dhalashari
Bridge 1 and 2 are to be closed and loading/unloading of goods should be strictly
prohibited at this location. Long term measures include; provision of bus bays (where not
available) and parking facilities for other types of vehicles (detailed and site-specific
recommendations are made in the audit report). Besides, designated waiting areas should
be provided for freight vehicles at suilable locations at the entry of Dhaka and Mawa Ferry
Ghat.
r. Roadside Plantation
Low height, soft-stem, bush type trees may be planted at curves to prevent derail vehicle
from rolling and falling from high embankment as well as to ensure a clear visual queue
for night time driving. Considering the existing strong stem based plantation near to the
active carriageway and its associated collision related hazard, W-beam type safety barrier
should be installed in front of tree line as safe guard measure.
s. Headlight Glare
Two retro-reflective stickers indicating the width of the vehicle can be used at the back of
Non Motorized Vehicles (NMVs) to make these visible at night. This could be a very cost-
effective as well as maintenance free safe measure as compared to hurricane based
illumination system. Retro-reflective materials or paintings with studs are to be used at
centerline and edge line at curves to make these visible.
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t. Roadside Activities
Immediate banning of non-motor roadside activities, continuous strict enforcement by

police and RHD officials as well as public awareness campaign involving community
people, businessmen and local representatives are recommended.
u. CNG/ Filling Stations
In order to minimize hazards, the following measures are recommended:
• Relocation of unsafe filling stations at Nimtoli Bazaar and Chonbari Chowrasta.
• Installation of appropriate information and count-down type road signs.
• Provisioning of safe entry and exit for other filling stations deficient with safe
accessibility.
v. Speed-Breaker
In order to arrest over-speeding tendency of drivers at hazardous locations, the present

trend of installing speed-breakers should be replaced by more safer speed calming devices
like rumble strips, jiggle bar, tactile transverse marking etc. In the instance of installing
forced speed-breakers, present form of speed bumps should be replaced by more
appropriate speed humps.
w. Outcome of Night Inspection
Salient recommendations as a result of night inspections are: use of retro-reflective

materials at curb (kerb) to differentiate raised footways and pavement on bridge,
application of retro-reflective materials or paintings at speed reducing devices,
maintenance of edge line marking at bazaar, built-up area and bus-stand with retro-
reflective material or painting, appropriate delineation arrangement for vehicle under
repair at night, delineation of splitter nose and temporary police check posts etc. ,
x. Various Types of Non- Standard Vehicles
Considering contributions of non-standard vehicles to local needs and economy it is

recommended to provide separate and segregated facility such as service road for such
vehicles.
y. School Zone Safety
School zone safety can be improved by installing appropriate signs, providing crosswalks
with appropriate marking, delineations and speed reducing devices, constructing raised
sidewalks, adopting ‘adult crossing control guards’ etc.
z. Law Enforcement Agency
For ensuring safe operation of highway, it is recommended that law enforcement agencies
like highway police should enforce rules and regulations related to traffic movement and
access control. Enforcement strategies should highlight on: speed check, illegal parking,
roadside non-motor activities, risky overtaking, driving license and fitness certificate,
unsafe passenger boarding and alighting etc.
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aa. Trauma Management
Trauma management centers are to be developed along the highway at strategic locations
with trained and equipped personnel. An integrated effort is required involving law
enforcement agencies, medical personnel and other relevant agencies to ensure early
response, emergency rescue, and mobilization of logistics, live saving medical care on the
spot and during evacuation, well equipped ambulances, hospitals, and trained paramedics.
Necessary ‘Standing Operating Procedure’ needs to be developed and rehearsed.
bb. Corridor Assessment
In order to restore level of service and overall safety performance of the corridor following
recommendations are made:
i. Separate service roads for non-standard motorized vehicles and non-Motorized

Vehicles (NMV) should be provided to maintain functional classification of the
national highway as well as to ensure constant design speed along the whole
corridor and to reduce speed differentials resulting from heterogeneous vehicle
composition.
ii. Vertical bypasses in the form of grade separated flyover should be constructed at
hazardous segments (bazaar, built-up area, bus-stands) of highway which is about
4 km.
iii. In order to ensure consistent level of service (LOS) along the highway, it is
recommended to straighten a total of 12 hazardous curves.
iv. Finding difficulties in providing recovery area by using batter slopes with high
embankment, in compliance with AASHTO, it is recommended that W-beam type
safety barrier should be installed at embankment having height more than 6 feet.
v. In order to improve safety condition of existing hazardous 18 narrow bridges, the

bridges need to be upgraded matching with the width of approach road.
vi. It is recommended to provide engineering treatment at 24 hazardous junctions

along the corridor.
vii. To minimize impacts of existing 33 speed-breakers (speed bump) and 4 raised

pedestrian crossing sites and thereby to ensure smooth movement of traffic as well
as to uphold safety requirement, it is recommended to replace these on-road
existing hazardous objects by other forms of relatively safer speed calming
devices like rumble strips, jiggle bars, tactile transverse markings etc.
6.3.4 Analysis of Accident Data to Supplement Audit Findings
Analysis of accident data in terms of accident types, hazardous locations, involvement of vehicle
and user group revealed some facts which supplement road safety audit findings and
recommendations. It is found that treatment of identified hazardous locations will reduce
accidents along the highway significantly. To mitigate safety hazards, countermeasures need to
include engineering, enforcement and educational measures. In terms of type of accidents,
remedial measures should place priority on pedestrian related accidents which are predominant at
all the locations. Considering vehicle involvement, ‘bus and bus drivers’ should be at the center of
attention to reduce number and fatality of accidents. From user group’s perspective, pedestrians as
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a focus group should be educated/ made aware of traffic rules and possible safety hazards through
public campaign. Due emphasize should also be given to the protection of passengers of various
vehicles to reduce accident severity.
6.3.5 Padma Bridge, Four Lane Highway and Urbanization
To mitigate probable safety hazards to be aroused from the construction of proposed Padma
Bridge, likely conversion to four-lane divided highway and rapid urbanization, the study proposes
following recommendations:
a. In the light of road safety audit report, existing and the future potential hazards of the
highway need to be addressed while implementing 4-laning projects.
b. To reduce safety hazards associated with the heavy vehicles, due to significant growth to
be induced by Padma Bridge; related recommendations which were made earlier need to
be addressed while implementing the 4-laning widening projects.
c. To mitigate the safety hazards resulting from expected densified land use pattern, the local
traffic need to be separated from through traffic by service roads. Moreover, strict access
control policy should be followed to ensure level of service (LOS) of the highway as well
as to develop local road network in order to accommodate intra-zonal movements and
thereby off-loading local traffic from the highway.
d. Review of the proposed 4-laning widening project revealed that the project did not
consider service roads, wide median with treated opening and New Jersey type barrier.
These should be addressed before implementation of the project in order to make the
whole corridor safer.
e. It is recommended that instead of providing 4 lanes for all users, it would be safer and
more effective if central two lanes are allocated for through traffic and other two lanes
should be developed to accommodate local traffics as service roads. It is expected that the
proposed configuration would improve highway safety significantly by segregating
mobility and accessibility function properly.
f. Moreover, straightening of sharp curves, construction of 4 km vertical bypass/ overpass
and consideration of upgrading three at-grade junctions ( Hasnabad BRTA T Junction,
Kodomtoli T-Junction and Mawa Roundabout) by constructing grade separated
interchange facility would reduce future safety hazards along the corridor and should
therefore be addressed before implementation of 4-laning project.
6.4 Recommendations for Future Research
While conducting the research works the following issues could not be addressed due to time and
economic constraints and scope of the study:
• Road safety audit should be followed by economic evaluation to assess its cost-
effectiveness.
• In order to assess accurately the impact of generated traffic to be induced due to changing
land use pattern, future traffic need to be forecasted reliably by applying any calibrated
transport model.
The above issues could be the potential topics for further research in this area.
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REFERENCES
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Geometric Design of Highways and Streets’, 1990.
AUSTROADS, Road Safety Audit, Second Edition, 2002.
Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), Ministry of Communication, National Road

Traffic Accident Report, p 7, 2008.
Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), Ministry of Communication, Traffic Signs

Manual, 2004.
Feasibility Study of Padma Bridge in the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA), Jamuna Multipurpose bridge Authority (JMBA), March 2004
FHWA, Summary Report on ‘Safety Effects of the Conversion of Rural Two-Lane Roadways to
Four-Lane Roadways’, by Forrest M. Council and J. Richard Stewart, November 1999.
FHWA Road Safety Audit Guidelines, 2006, http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/rsa/ guidelines/, pp v, 1, 47

and 49, Accessed on 20 May 2010.
Hoque M. M., The Road to Road Safety: Issues and Initiatives in Bangladesh, Regional Health
Forum, Vol- 8, No. 1, p 45, 2004.
Hoque M. M., Introduction, Relevance and Conduct of Road safety Audit, Training Courses on
Road Safety ( Module-2), Department of Civil Engineering & Accident Research Centre,
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology , 23-28 July, 2005.
Hossain, S, ‘Rapid Urban Growth and Poverty in Dhaka City’, Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology,
Volume 5 Number 1, January 2008.
Institution of Highways & Transportation (IHT), UK, Guidelines for Road Safety Audit, pp 8,
1996.
Institute of Transport Engineers (ITE), Design and Safety of Pedestrian Facilities, March 1998.
Ministry of Communication (MOC), Bangladesh, National Land Transport Policy (Unofficial

English version), p 25, 2004.
Muniruzzaman. S. M., Performance Evaluation of Road Safety Features in Dhaka-Aricha

Highway, MSc. Engineering Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology, p 68, 2004.
National Roads Authority (NRA), Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Road Safety Audit
Guidelines, Part 3 NRA HA 42/04, Volume 5 Section 2, July 2004.
Ogden, K. W. , Safer Roads: A Guide to Road safety Engineering, p 411, 2002.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Road Transport and
Information Research, Safety Strategies for Rural Roads, 1999.
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Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project (PMBP), Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Executive Summary, Volume I, Bangladesh Bridge Authority , Ministry of Communications,
Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, 6 September 2010
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Zealand Limited, Bangladesh Bridge Authority, 27 July 2009
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Vol. 0: Executive Summary (Technical Summary of EAP), Bangladesh Bridge Authority, June 30,
2010
Roads and Highways Department (RHD), Ministry of Communication, Bangladesh, Guidelines for
Road Safety Audit, pp 2-4, 8 and 29, May 2005.
Roads and Highways Department (RHD), Ministry of Communication, Bangladesh, Geometric

Design Standards Manual (Revised), June, 2005
Roads and Highways Department (RHD), Ministry of Communication, Bangladesh, Road Safety
Improvement Works Manual, May, 2005
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As Built Drawing, RHD
Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) and Overseas Development Administration (ODA), 1994,
‘Towards Safer Roads in Developing Countries’,
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APPENDIX A
CHECKLISTS- ROAD SAFETY AUDIT OF EXISTING ROAD
Issue Yes No Note/

Comment
1 General topics
a Scope of the Highway; Function
1) Can the Highway/ road perform its intended function?
2) Is existing design consistent with the function?
b Access to Property and Developments

Is the degree of access control consistent with the road’s function?
2 Road Alignment and Cross Section

a Visibility; sight distance
Is sight distance adequate for the speed of traffic using the route?
b Readability by Drivers
Is the road free of elements that may cause confusion? For example:
1) Is alignment of the road way clearly defined?
2) Has disused pavement (if any) been removed or treated?
3) Have old pavement markings been removed properly?
4) Do tree lines follow the road alignment?
Does the line of street lights or the poles follow the road alignment?
c Overtaking
Are safe overtaking opportunities provided?
d Design Speed
1) Is the horizontal and vertical alignment suitable for the (85th percentile) traffic speed?
2) If not;
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Are warning signs installed?
Are advisory speed signs installed?
3) Are the posted advisory speeds for curves appropriate?
e Speed Limit/ Speed Zoning

Is the speed limit compatible with the function, road geometry, land use and sight distance?
f Curves
1) Skid Resistance
Is the skid resistance appropriate?
2) Clear Zone
Is adequate clear zone provided?
3) Cross-fall
a) Is appropriate super-elevation provided on curves?
b) Is any adverse cross-fall safely managed?
4) Sight Distance
Is the sight distance appropriate?
5) Roadside Hazards
Are there any roadside hazards/objects within 1m?
6) Curve Widening
Is there any necessity of curve widening?
7) Marking
Is appropriate marking done?
8) Curve Warning and Delineation

a) Are curve warning signs and advisory speed signs installed where required?
b) Are advisory speed signs consistent along the route?
c) Are the signs correctly located in relation to the curve? (i.e. not too far in advance)
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d) Are the signs large enough?
e) Are guideposts provided?
f) Are Chevron Alignment Markers (CAMs) installed where required?
g) Is the positioning of CAMs satisfactory to provide guidance along the curve?
h) Are the CAMs the correct size?
i) Are CAMs confined to curves (not used to delineate islands, etc)?
9) Do overtaking restrictions at approaches exist? ( how to enforce-sign and marking or physical barrier such as rumble strip
type median)
10) Is the road free of misleading curves or combinations of curves?
g Widths –Carriageway
1) Are medians and islands of adequate width for the likely users?
2) Are traffic lane and carriageway widths adequate for the traffic volume and mix?
h Shoulders
1) Are shoulders wide enough to allow drivers to regain control of errant vehicles?
2) Are shoulders wide enough for broken-down or emergency vehicles to stop safely?
3) Are shoulders sealed?
4) Are shoulders trafficable for all vehicles and road users? ((i.e. are shoulders in good condition.)
5) Is the transition from road to shoulder safe? (No drop- offs)
6) Is a different colored surface for shoulder used to differentiate with the function of the carriageway?
i Embankments- (Batter slopes)
Are batter slopes traversable by cars and trucks that run off the road?
j Footpath/ Walkway
1) Is footpath/ walkway width maintained?
2) Is the footpath/ walkway useable by pedestrians?
3) Is footpath/ walkway provided?
k Private Driveways and Property Entrances

1) Is adequate sight distance provided at all private driveways and property entrances?
2) Are driveways or property entrances at same level of highway?
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l Cross-falls
Do cross-falls (carriageway and shoulder) provide adequate drainage?
m Drains
1) Are roadside drains and culvert end walls traversable?
2) Are the drains maintained properly
3 Approach Widening
a Tapers
1) Are starting and finishing tapers located and aligned correctly?
2) Is there sufficient sight distance to the end of the approaches?
b Shoulders
1) Are appropriate shoulder widths provided at mergers?
2) Have shoulder widths been maintained beside the approach roads?
c Signs and Markings

1) Have all signs been installed in accordance with the appropriate guidelines?
2) Does all signs conspicuous and clear?
3) Is there advance warning of appropriate signs?
d Turning Traffic
1) Have the right turns from the through lanes avoided
2) Is there advance warning of turn lanes?
3) Is adequate sight distance provided for intersections and crossings? (For example, pedestrian, cyclist, cattle, and
railway.)
4 Intersections
a Location
1) Is the intersection located safely with reference to the horizontal (straight, mild curve or sharp curve) and vertical (up
or down) alignment? [ for both main road and connecting roads)
2) Is the intersection located near/just before or after/within a bazaar/ bus-stop/ built-up area?
3) Is the intersection located before or after a bridge, CNG/petrol pump or any other safety hazard area?
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( if the situation as stated in 1), 2) and 3) are not fulfilled then follow 4), 5) , and 6))
4) Is it possible/ feasible to relocate intersection or bazaar/ bus-stop/ built-up area/ CNG/petrol pump/ any other safety
hazard area?
5) Is it possible/ feasible to change/modify existing hazardous intersections into another type (T Junctions/Staggered T
junctions/4-leg junctions/Skewed-other junctions/Roundabout)
6) Are proper treatments given at intersection for the situation as stated in 2)?
7) In case of 2), if 4), 5) and 6) can not be implemented does the situation demand construction of at grade or vertical
by-pass?
8) Where intersections occur at the end of high-speed environments (for example, at approaches to towns), are there
traffic control devices to alert drivers?
b Visibility; Sight Distance

1) Is presence of each intersection is easily recognizable by all road users?
2) Is the sight distance appropriate for all movements and all users?
3) Is stopping sight distance available at the rear of any queue or slow-moving turning vehicles?
4) Has the appropriate sight distance been provided for entering and leaving vehicles?
5) Do billboards, advertising arrangements etc restrict / distract /obscure attention/sight distance/visibility of road signs
and intersection itself?
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c Controls and Delineation/Signing and Marking (3)
1) Are pavement markings and intersection control signs satisfactory?
2) Are vehicle paths through intersections delineated satisfactory?
3) Are all lines properly marked (including any arrows)?
4) Has delineation been provided to intersection approaches?
5) Signs and Markings (Are the followings available?)
a) Count down sign
b) Warning and guide signs along with retro-reflective markings on pavement at approaches to intersection
c) Regulatory “Speed Limit” signs along with “ Speed Limit” retro-reflective markings on pavement at
approaches to major intersections
d) Rumble strips on the pavement at rural intersections with feeder roads/regional highways
e) Regulatory “ Stop” signs and / or “ Give Way” signs along with “ Give Way” retro-reflective markings on
pavement, positioning at the end of the “ Right of Way” of highway at the approach from all access road to
highway
d layout and ‘Readability’ (Perception) by Drivers

1) Are all conflict points between vehicles safely managed? (Channelization, splitter nose, exclusive left turn lane etc.)
2) Is the intersection layout easily recognizable/ obvious to all road users?
3) Is the alignment of kerbs obvious and appropriate?
4) Is the alignment of traffic islands/medians obvious and appropriate?
5) Can all likely vehicle types be accommodated? [Turning by large vehicles ( bus, trucks etc.) at intersections ( both
from highway and side roads)]
6) Are merge tapers long enough?
7) Is the intersection free of capacity problems that may produce safety problems?
8) Do provisions for NMT crossing facilities exist?
9) Is the type of intersection appropriate for the junction?
e Pedestrian Crossing Facility

1) Do appropriate and user friendly pedestrian crossing facilities exist? If does not exist at all or in wrong/faulty
location, determine the location and type ( at grade/ overpass/underpass) of pedestrian crossing facility [ in
consultation with representative bodies/organizations ( such as Bazaar Committee, Mosque Committee, Shop
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Owners Associations etc)]
2) Do pedestrian crossing facilities have median/divider with pedestrian refugee?
3) Do pedestrian crossings facilities on roads have retro-reflective thermoplastic painted markings along with regulatory
signs, speed retarding devices ( hump or raised crossing) and / or speed warning devices ( rumble strips) on
approaches to crossings on roads?
4) Does pedestrian footway include restraint arrangement/fencing on approaches to crossings?
5) At crossing points is fencing oriented so that pedestrians face oncoming traffic?
6) Is the distance from the stop line to a cross walk sufficient for truck drivers to see pedestrians?
f Miscellaneous
1) Particularly at rural sites, are all intersections free of loose gravels?
2) Is the intersection area free of street vendors, illegal parking, and encroachment?
3) Is it possible or feasible to introduce 4 or more lanes (for right turn/ U turn) with proper carriageway widths using full
right-of-way?
4) Will drivers have the tendency to overlook near/far abutting property access/private driveways/ intersection due to the
attention on distant/near abutting property access/private driveways/intersection { High standard innovative
treatments at near/far abutting property access/private driveways/ intersection to alert driver is necessary}
5) Is drainage at all intersections adequate, free from any temporary water ponds or water pools?
6) Do permanent or temporary fixed objects exist at intersections and to approaches?
7) Does improved skid resistance exist at approaches (by the application of surfacing with gap graded thin hot mix
asphalt concrete or cap seals etc.)
g Lighting
1) Is lighting required and, if so, has it been adequately provided?
2) Is the road free of features that interrupt illumination (for example, trees or over bridges)?
3) Is the road free of lighting poles that are a fixed roadside hazard?
4) Are frangible or slip-base poles provided?
5) Ambient lighting: if it creates special lighting needs, have these been satisfied?
6) I s the lighting scheme free of confusing or misleading effect on signals or signs?
7) Is the scheme free of any lighting back patches?
h Can any unnecessary intersections be removed/ can access be achieved more safely by changes on the existing
surrounding network?
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i Are the angle of the intersecting roads and the sight lines adequate for the safety of all road users?
j Is the movement of vulnerable road users safely managed at all intersections?
5 Interchanges (Are the followings available/ adequate?)

a. Visibility; sight distance
b. Lanes, shoulders
c. Signing, marking, delineation
d. Pedestrians, bicyclists
e. Lighting
6 Built-up Area/ Bazaar/Bus-stand (in the Bazaar)

a Location
1) Is the place located safely with reference to the horizontal (straight, mild curve or sharp curve) and vertical (up or
down) alignment?
2) Is the place located near/just before or after/within a junction (mention type of junction)?
3) Is the place located before or after a bridge, CNG/petrol pump or any other safety hazard area?
( if the answer to 1), 2) and 3) are no, yes, and yes respectively then follow 4), 5) , and 6))
4) Is it possible/ feasible to relocate intersection or bazaar/ bus-stop/ built-up area/ CNG/petrol pump/ any other safety
hazard area?
5) Are proper treatments given at the place for the situation as stated in 1), 2) and 3)?
6) In case of 1), 2) and 3), if 4) can not be implemented does the situation demand construction of at grade or vertical
by-pass or any other suitable alternatives?
7) Where the place exists at the end or beginning of intersection / bridge/ CNG or petrol pump/ any other safety hazard
area are there traffic control devices to alert drivers?
b Visibility; Sight Distance

1) Is presence of the place easily recognizable by all road users (Driver)?
2) Is the sight distance appropriate before/at/after the place for all movements and all users?
3) Do billboards, advertising arrangements etc restrict / distract /obscure attention/sight distance/visibility of road signs
159

and the pace itself?
c Controls and Delineation

1) Are pavement markings and control signs satisfactory?
2) Is delineation at location and to approaches appropriate?
d layout
1) Are all conflict points between vehicles (through, local, NMT etc safely managed?
2) Is the alignment of traffic islands/medians obvious and appropriate?
3) Can all likely vehicle types be accommodated? [Local Buses, NMTs, micro, CNG, non-standard etc]?
4) Are merge tapers long enough?
5) Do provisions for MV/NMT crossing/ turning facilities exist?
6) Does any service/frontage road exist for retail loading/unloading, driveway, abutting properties etc and if not, is there
required land to provide this?
e Signs and Markings (Are the followings available?)

1) Count down sign
2) Warning and guide signs along with retro-reflective markings on pavement at approaches to the place
3) Regulatory “Speed Limit” signs along with “ Speed Limit” retro-reflective markings on pavement at approaches to
the place
4) Rumble strips on the pavement at the entry of the place.
5) Zone/Area speed limits signs.
f Pedestrian Crossing Facility

1) Do appropriate and user friendly pedestrian crossing facilities exist? If does not exist at all or in wrong/faulty
location, determine the location and type ( at grade/ overpass/underpass) of pedestrian crossing facility [ in
consultation with representative bodies/organizations ( such as Bazaar Committee, Mosque Committee, Shop
Owners Associations etc)]
2) Do pedestrian crossing facilities have median/divider with pedestrian refugee?
3) Do pedestrian crossings facilities on roads have retro-reflective thermoplastic painted markings along with regulatory
signs, speed retarding devices ( hump or raised crossing) and / or speed warning devices ( rumble strips) on
approaches to crossings on roads?
4) Does pedestrian footway include restraint arrangement/fencing on approaches to crossings?
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5) At crossing points is fencing oriented so that pedestrians face oncoming traffic?
6) Is separate raised foot walk available?
g Will driver’s have the tendency to overlook near intersection/bazaar due to the attention on distant bazaar/intersection?
( above standard treatments at near intersection/bazaar to alert driver is necessary)
h Do NMT/ local traffic lane with proper transition/ taper length+ raised median+ appropriate road sign ,marking and
management devices exist when:
1) Traffic flows contain a high proportion of slow-moving vehicles/ non-motorized traffic, i.e. at least 30% of present
AADT?
2) Slow moving vehicles are mainly non-motorized?
3) Passing opportunities for through motorized traffic are limited or become restricted?
4) Entry and exit of local traffic is much?
5) Other safety hazards are present?
i Is the area free of street vendors and encroachment?
j Do improved skid resistances exist at approaches (by the application of surfacing with gap graded thin hot mix asphalt
concrete or cap seals etc.) ?
k Do permanent or temporary fixed objects exist at and to approaches?
m lightings
2) Is the road free of features that interrupt illumination (for example, trees or over bridges)?
6) I s the lighting scheme free of confusing or misleading effect on signals or signs?
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n Drains
1) Does drainage system exists at Bazaar/bus-stops/ built up areas and does it offer any safety hazards for pedestrians
and other vehicles?
2) Are the drains maintained properly
7 lightings (Roads in General)

a Lighting
2) Is the road free of features that interrupt illumination (for example, trees or over-bridges)?
6) Is the lighting scheme free of confusing or misleading effect on signals or signs?
8 Signs (Roads in General)

a General Sign Issues
1) Are all necessary regulatory, warning and direction signs in place?
2) Are they conspicuous and clear?
3) Are the correct signs used foe each situation, is each sign necessary?
4) Are all signs effective for all likely condition (for example, day, night, rain, fog, rising sun, oncoming headlights,
poor lighting)?
5) If restrictions apply for any class of vehicle, are drivers adequately advised?( suppose at NMV lanes for MVs or at
any particular stand for other vehicles)
6) If restrictions apply for any class of vehicle, are driver advised of alternative routes?
7) Is signing for NMT lanes provided?
162

b Sign Legibility
1) In daylight and darkness, are signs satisfactory regarding visibility?
a) Clarity of messages?
b) Readability/legibility at the required distance?
2) Is sign retro-reflectivity or illumination satisfactory?
3) Are signs able to be seen without being hidden by their background or adjacent distractions?
4) Is driver confusion due to too many signs avoided?
c Sign Supports
1) Are sign supports out of the clear zone (carriageway, shoulder and footpath/ walkway)?
2) If not, are they:
a) Frangible?
b) Shielded by barriers (for example, guard fence, crash cushions)?
9 Markings and Delineations

a General issues
1) Is the line marking and delineation:
a) Appropriate for the function of the road?
b) Consistent along the route?
c) Likely to be effective under all expected conditions? (Day, night, wet, dry, fog, rising and setting sun
position, oncoming headlights, etc.
2) Is the pavement free of excessive markings? (For example unnecessary turn arrows, unnecessary barrier lines, etc.)
3) Is footpath at built-up area properly delineated?
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b Centerlines, Edge Lines, Lane Lines
1) Are centerlines, edge lines, lane lines provided? If not, do drivers have adequate guidance?
2) Are RRPMs –stud/ cats eye installed?
3) If RRPMs are installed, are they correctly placed, correctly aligned, correct in colors, in good condition?
4) Are profiled (audible) edge lines provided when required?
5) Is the line marking in good condition?
6) Is there sufficient contrast between line marking and pavement color?
7) Is raised retro-reflective studs on outer edge lines (in addition to the thermoplastic with glass beads painted edge line
markings for ensuring proper guiding at night time or heavy rains) provided? {When the embankment is significantly
high (over 1.5 m) and there is deep roadside canal or river etc.}
c Guideposts and Reflectors

1) Are guideposts appropriately installed?
2) Are delineators clearly visible?
3) Are the correct colors used for the delineators?
4) Are the delineators on guard fences, crash barriers and bridge railings consistent with those on guideposts?
10 Crash Barriers and Clear Zones

a Clear Zones
1) Is the clear zone width traversable (i.e. drivable)?
2) Is the clear zone widths free of rigid fixtures? (If not, can all those rigid fixtures be removed or shielded?)
3) Are all power poles, trees, etc., at a safe distance from the traffic paths?
4) Is the appropriate treatment or protection provided for any objects within the clear zone?
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b Crash Barriers
1) Are crash barriers installed where necessary?
2) Are crash barriers installed at all necessary locations in accordance with the relevant guidelines?
3) Are the barrier systems suitable for the purpose?
4) Are the crash barriers correctly installed?
5) Is the length of crash barrier at each installation adequate?
6) Is the guard fence attached correctly to bridge railings?
7) Is there sufficient width between the barrier and the edge line to contain a broken-down vehicle?
c End Treatments/Crash Cushions

1) Are end treatments constructed correctly?
2) Is there a safe run-off area behind breakaway terminals
d Fences/Pedestrian Railings
1) Are pedestrian fences frangible?
2) Are vehicles safe from being “speared” by horizontal fence railings located within the clear zone?
e Visibility of Barriers and Fences

Is there adequate delineation and visibility of crash barriers and fences at night?
11 Traffic Signals
a Operations
1) Are traffic signals operating correctly?
2) Are the number, location and type of signal displays appropriate for the traffic mix and traffic environment?
3) Where necessary, are there provisions for visually impaired pedestrians / (for example, audio-tactile push buttons, and
tactile markings)?
4) Where necessary, are there provisions for elderly or disabled pedestrians (for example, extended green or clearance
phase)?
5) Is the controller located in a safe position? (i.e. where it is unlikely to be hit, but maintenance access is safe.)
6) Is the condition (especially skid resistance) of the road surface on the approaches satisfactory?
165

b Visibility
1) Are traffic signals clearly visible to approaching motorists?
2) Is there adequate stopping sight distance to the ends of possible vehicle queues?
3) Have any visibility problems that could be caused by the rising or setting sun been addressed?
4) Are signal displays shielded so that they can be seen only by the motorists for whom they are intended?
5) Where signal displays are not visible from an adequate distance, are signal warning signs and/or flashing lights
installed?
6) Where signals are mounted high for visibility over crests, is there adequate stopping sight distance to the ends of
traffic queues?
7) Is the primary signal free from obstructions on the nearside footway to approaching drivers? (Trees, light poles, signs,
bus stops, etc.)
c Placement of signal heads (3)
12 Pedestrians , Non-Motorized Traffics (NMTs), and Public Transport

a General Issues
1) Are there appropriate travel paths and crossing points for pedestrians and non-motorized traffic?
2) Is a safety fence installed where necessary to guide pedestrians and cyclists to crossings and overpasses?
3) Are channels/ safety barrier installed where necessary to separate vehicle, pedestrian and cyclist flows?
4) Are pedestrian and non-motorized traffic facilities suitable for night use?
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b Pedestrians
1) Is there adequate separation distance between vehicular traffic and pedestrians on footways?
2) Are there an adequate number of pedestrian crossings along the route? ( along the route likely pedestrian crossing
sites)
3) At crossing points is fencing oriented so pedestrians face oncoming traffic?
4) Is there adequate provision for the elderly, the disabled, children, wheelchairs and baby carriages (for example,
holding rails, kerb and median crossings, ramps)?
5) Is adequate hand rails provided where necessary (for example, on over-bridges, ramps)?
6) Is signing about pedestrians near schools adequate and effective?
7) Is signing about pedestrians near any hospital adequate and effective?
c Non-Motorized Traffics (NMTs)

1) Is the pavement and shoulder width adequate for the number of NMTs using the route?
2) Is the NMT path continuous (i.e. free of squeeze points or gaps)?
3) Are drainage pit grates ‘’NMT safe’
d Public Transport
1) Are bus stops located at safe distance from pavement edge?
2) Are bus stops safely located with adequate visibility and clearance to the traffic lane?
3) Are bus stops in rural areas signposted in advance?
4) Are shelters and seats located safely to ensure that sight lines are not impeded? Is clearance to the road adequate?
5) Is the height and shape of the kerb at bus stops suitable for pedestrians and bus drivers?
13 Older Drivers (Are the followings available/ adequate?)

a. Turning operations ( receiving lane widths, radius)
b. Channelization, opposing right turn lanes
c. Sight triangles
d. Signing, marking and delineation
e. Traffic Signals
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14 Bridges and Culverts
a Design Features
1) Do bridges and culverts have the full formation width? / Do carriageway/shoulders continue over the structure?
2) Are bridge and culvert carriageway widths consistent with approach conditions?
3) Is the approach alignment compatible with the 85th percentile travel speed?
4) Have warning signs been erected if either of the above two conditions (i.e. width and speed) are not met?
5) Are appropriate road marking with retro-reflective markings on pavement at approaches to or on major or narrow
bridge done to discourage unsafe maneuvers/conditions (i.e. overtaking, parking etc.)?
6) Do rumble strips on the pavement at the approaches to narrow bridges exist? (If the bridge including approaches is
not upgraded)
b Guide Posts, Crash Barriers

1) Are there suitable traffic barriers on bridges and culverts and their approaches to protect errant vehicles?
2) Is the transition from approach carriageway to reduced width over bridge/ culvert consistent and free of hazards?
3) Is the connection between barrier and bridge safe?
4) Is the bridge free of kerbing that would reduce the effectiveness of barriers or rails?
c Miscellaneous
1) Do raised footway/concrete barriers exist? ( undesirable according to Guidelines for Road safety Audit, RHD, 2005,
Page 14)
2) Does low height (150mm) curb/ separators between main traffic lane and pedestrian/slow moving traffic lane at
approaches and over bridges exist? ( desirable according to Guidelines for Road safety Audit, RHD, 2005, Page 15)
3) Do billboards obscure sight distance or road signs?
4) Is adequate hand rails provided where necessary (for example, on bridges, ramps)?
5) Are pedestrian facilities on the bridge appropriate and safe?
6) Are NMT facilities on the bridge appropriate and safe?
7) Is ‘footway activity’ from and on the bridge prohibited (fishing, standing and gossiping, drying up clothes on bridge
railings, use of footway for household activities etc.)? If not, has the provision been made for these activities?
8) Does delineation continue over the bridge? If not, is there a surprise change of width from approach to bridge?
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15 Pavement
a Pavement Defects
1) Is the pavement free of defects (for example, excessive roughness or rutting, potholes, loose material etc.) that could
result in safety problems (for example, loss of steering control)?
2) Is the condition of the pavement edge satisfactory?
3) Is the transition from pavement to shoulder free of dangerous edge drop offs? ( not more than 10 mm in heights)
4) Is the surfacing course applied on pavement provides too smooth surface, causes bleeding and is not appropriate to
climatic conditions?
b Skid Resistance
Does the pavement appear to have adequate skid resistance, particularly on curves, steep grades (such as bridge approaches),
pedestrian crossing location, approaches to intersections, approaches to bazaars and semi-urban areas?
Has skid resistance testing been carried out when necessary?
c Hydroplaning
Is the pavement free of areas where water ponds / pools or street flow of water causes hydroplaning creating safety problems
d Loose Stones/Material
Is the pavement free of loose stones and other material?
e Manholes
Do the manholes pose any safety hazards?
16 Side Roads
a. Is there any side road with inappropriate standards?
b. Are appropriate signs and markings used?
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17 Parking
a General Issues
1) Are the provisions for or restrictions on, parking satisfactory in relation to traffic safety?
2) Is the frequency of parking turnover compatible with the safety of the route?
3) Is parking provisions sufficient in bazaar/ semi-urban areas for loading/unloading vehicles; so that safety problems
due to double parking do not occur?
4) Are parking maneuvers along the route possible without causing safety problems? (for example, angle parking)
5) Is the sight distance at intersections and along the route, unaffected by parked vehicles?
b Special Issues
1) Is a separate parking area available for CNG/ auto-rickshaw/rickshaw/ microbus/ delivery van/other sub-standard
vehicles plying on the highway only?
2) Is adequate land available for providing parking areas for the abovementioned vehicles?
3) How do the local (short length) CNG/ auto-rickshaw/rickshaw/ microbus/ delivery van/other sub-standard vehicles
plying on the highway make U-turn on the highway? Is their any designated place for this purpose?
4) Can “Vehicles plying from/ to side road up to/ from highway and through highway” be accommodated on side
roads? ( look for spaces on side roads for this purpose)
5) Do the vehicles park at the entry point of small side roads?
6) Do designated bus-bays exist?
18 Provision for Heavy Vehicles

a Design Issues
1) Are overtaking opportunities available for heavy vehicles where volumes of local and slow traffic are high?
2) Does the route generally cater for the size of vehicle likely to use it?
3) Is there adequate maneuvering room for large vehicles along the route, at intersections, roundabouts, etc.?
4) Is access to bus/ truck parking areas adequate for the size of the vehicle expected? (Consider acceleration,
deceleration, shoulder widths, etc.)
5) Do truck waiting areas exist (before entering the city) in the highway?
b Pavement/Shoulder Quality
1) Are shoulders sealed at bends to provide additional pavement for long vehicles?
2) Is the pavement width adequate for heavy vehicles?
3) In general, is the pavement quality sufficient for the safe travel of heavy and oversized vehicles?
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4) On truck routes, are reflective devices appropriate for truck drivers’ eye heights?
19 Floodways and Causeways (In Hill Terrain)

a Ponding, Flooding
1) Are all sections of the route free from ponding or flow across the road during wet weather?
2) If there is ponding or flow across the road during rainy days/ flood seasons, is there appropriate signposting?
3) Are floodways and causeways correctly signposted?
b Safety of Devices
1) Are all culverts or drainage structures located outside the clear roadside recovery area?
2) If not, are they shielded from the possibility of vehicle collision?
20 Miscellaneous
a Landscaping
1) Is landscaping in accordance with guidelines (for example, clearances, sight distance)?
2) Will existing clearances and sight distance be maintained following future plant growth?
3) Does the landscaping at intersections// roundabouts create visibility problems?
b Temporary Works
1) Are all locations free of construction or maintenance equipment that is no longer required?
2) Are all locations free of signs or temporary traffic control devices that are no longer required?
c Headlight Glare
Have any problems that could be caused by headlight glare been addressed ( for example , a two-way service road close to
main traffic lanes, the use of glare fencing or screening)?
d Roadside Activities
1) Are the road boundaries free of any activities that are likely to distract drivers?
2) Are all advertising signs installed so that they do not constitute a hazard?
e Errant Vehicles
Is the roadside furniture on the footways free of damage from errant vehicles that could indicate a possible problem, hazard or
conflict at the site?
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f Other Safety Issues
1) Is the embankment stability safe?
2) Is the route free of unsafe overhanging branches?
3) Is the route free of visibility obstructions caused by long grass?
4) Are any high-wind areas safely dealt with?
5) If back-to-back median kerbing is used is it:
a) Adequately delineated?
b) Obvious where it starts/
c) Obvious at intersections?
d) Unlikely to be a hazard to pedestrians?
g Adjacent Land Use/ Rest Areas

1) Is the location of rest areas and truck parking areas along the route appropriate?
2) Is there adequate sight distance to the exit and entry points from rest areas and truck parking areas at all times of day?
h Animals
1) Is the route free from large number of animals (for example, cattle, sheep, etc.)?
2) If not, is it protected by animal-proof fencing?
I CNG/ Petrol Filling Stations

Are the CNG/ Petrol Filling Stations located outside the right-of- way of road and built as per approved guidelines?
21 Are there any physical evidence of past crashes and off-road excursions?
22 Speed-breaker Statistics
Location, description about type, number, marking etc.
23 Observation-Night Inspection
Bridges and culverts, curve, speed reducing devices, bazaar, bus-stands, built-up area, junctions., bus bay, parking places,
splitter nose/islands, street light
172

24 Law Enforcement Agency
Police station/ thana location, extent of responsibility, distance from the highway, vehicle available ( number and type),
travel time to farthest point, sources of accident information, limitations
25 Trauma Management and Hospitals

Location, Name of hospital with distance from highway, Response time, Available Facilities
26 Various Types of Vehicles

Name and type of vehicle, Dimension ,Standard (S)/ Non-Standard (NS), Speed, Crashworthiness, Protection for pedestrians,
passengers, drivers etc.

Signs, markings, sidewalk and crosswalk, speed reduction physical measures, Adult crossing control guards etc.
28 Observation of Motorized Vehicles’ behavior at following locations/situations:
a. Pedestrian Xing sites
b. Bridges
c. Junctions
d. Bazaars/ BUAs/Bus-Stands
e. Curves
f. Parking tendency
g. Entry from minor roads to highway and vice versa
29 Observation of Non-Motorized Vehicles’ behavior at following locations/situations:

a. Bridges
b. At major intersections ( Right turn/left turn/ merging/ weaving)
c. At midblock/link
e. Curves
f. Parking tendency/ NMT Stand
g. Entry from minor roads to highway and vice versa
h. Crossing of Highway from one side road to opposite side roads
i. On Street repair
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j. Loading/unloading
k. Casual Parking
30 Observation of Pedestrians’ behavior at following locations/situations:
a. At midblock/link
b. Bridges
c. Junctions
e. Crossing places
31 Interview of local people to understand the nature and location of past accidents
32 Observations related to education, publicity etc.
174

APPENDIX B
FIELD INVESTIGATION/INSPECTION FORM
Access to Property and Development
Serial Location Description of location Comments

(km)
Overtaking Provision
Location Straight Segment Length (km) Curve Segment Length (km)

Midblock Bazaar, Built-up Area, Bus Midblock Bazaar, Built-up Area, Bus Stand, Long Bridge ,
Stand, Long Bridge, Junction Junction
Traffic Volume Count for Vehicle Composition
Location: KM/Chainage: Date: Time: Duration of Count:
Spot Speed Determination Using Vehicle Composition Data
Vehicle Type Observed Speed (kmph)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
175

Average Speed of Vehicles at Various Built-up Areas/Bazaars
Name of location Type of vehicle Average travel Average travel time Average Observed Speed of Comments
and length of the time (minutes) at the segment Motorized Vehicles at the segment
observed segment (minutes) (kmph)
Bus Congestion time is not
Car considered
Truck
Curve Dimensions and Investigation of SSD and PSD at Curves
#Chainage Location Curvature Sight Distance (m) Sight distance Road Sign Road Marking
Radius Required available (M)
SSD OSD

Horizontal Curves
Mileage/Chainage………… Length (km +m to km+ m)………………Sharp/Moderate/mild……………Direction ……………

Radius……………………Name of the place (With ref pts) …………………………………………………………………………….
Ser Points to look for Y/N Details of Deficiency Remedial Measures
176

Carriageway, Shoulder, Cross-fall, Footpath/ Walkway, and Embankment Investigation Form
Start Point: End Point: Date of Survey: Total Length:
Locatio Carriageway Shoulder Footpath/ Embankments Cross-fall

n Widt Surface Left Right walkway Left Right condition
hs Type Condition Width (m) Drop ht Width (m) Drop ht width Slope Ht Slope Ht
(m) (cm) / (cm) / (m) and ( V:H) ( V:H)
Conditio Conditio condition
n n
Shoulder and Footpath/ Walkway Condition
Serial Kilometer/Location Item Comments
Sudden Entry of Vehicles from Driveways
Ser Mileage/Chainage Location Condition Recommendation
Drainage condition
Serial Kilometer/Location Effect of poor drainage Comments
177

Junctions Investigation form
Mileage/Chainage…………….. Type of junction………Name of the place …………………Location Characteristics Major town/ small town/ Semi-urban
area/ rural area/ Bazaar area………………………………………………………………………
Ser Points to look for Y/N Details of deficiency/hazard Comments
Built-up area/ Bazaar/Bus-stand (in the Bazaar)
Mileage/Chainage…………….. Name of the place …………………Location Characteristics Major town/ small town/ Semi-urban area/ rural area/ Bazaar
area/ developing center………………………………………………………………………
Ser Points to look for Y/N Details of deficiency/hazard Remedial Measures
Signs and lightings Investigation Form
Legend: Date of Inspection: Day /Night: Weather: Start Point: End Point:
Location and Lightings General sign issues Sign legibility and Sign Speed Limit
location Supports
characteristics
Deficiencies/ Remedial Deficiencies/ Remedial Deficiencies/ Remedial Deficiencies/ Remedial
problems Measures problems Measures problems Measures problems Measures
178

Existing Traffic Sign Investigation Form
Ser Location Type Size Mounting Clear Color Visibility Readability Reflective Condition Comments
( km + m) Position height (R) / Non
( From (m) Reflective
C.W. end) (NR)
(m)
Road Marking and Delineations Investigation Form
Location General issues Centerlines, edge lines, lane lines Guideposts, reflectors and Curve
and other markings Delineation
Deficiencies/ Remedial Deficiencies/ Remedial Deficiencies/ Remedial
problems Measures problems Measures problems Measures
Crash Barriers and Guideposts Condition
Serial Kilometer/Location Condition of Guidepost/ Crash Barrier Comment
179

Pedestrian Intensity
Location Time of Pedestrian (No/Hour) Comment

count Walking along the footpath/ walkway (one
Crossing the road side only)
Bus Bays
Serial Place Lay out Observations Recommendation
Bridge Investigation Form
Mileage/Chainage: Name of the Bridge (With reference points) : Legend:
Ser Points to look for Details of Deficiency Remedial Measures
Approach Alignment of Bridges
Serial Location ( km + m to km + m) Approach Alignment
180

Culvert Details
Serial Km/ Crash Barrier to Carriage Culvert Crash Barrier Crash Barrier Crash Barrier Shoulder
Location Way Distance Length/ Length and Height End Condition Condition
Carriage way
width
Pavement Condition
Ser Mileage/ Location Condition Comment

Chainage
Skid Resistance
Ser Mileage/Chainage Type of Location Value Recommendation Remarks
Side Road without any Engineering Treatment
Serial Km/Location Details Deficiencies Comments
Parking Condition
Ser Mileage/ Chainage and Location Present Condition/ Deficiencies and Effects Comments Recommendation
181

Provision for Heavy Vehicles
Ser Mileage/Chainage Location Condition Remarks/Recommendation
Floodways and causeways
Ser Mileage/Chainage Location Condition Remarks/Recommendation
Roadside Activities
Ser Location Condition Remarks/Recommendation
Past Crashes and Off-Road Excursions
Serial Kilometer/Location Condition of Guidepost/ Crash Barrier Comments
Speed-Breaker (SB), Speed Hump (SH) and Rumble Strip (RS) Statistics
Serial Location Description Number Road Marking, Yes (Y) Comments

Or No (N)
182

Data of Law Enforcement Agency
Police Station/ Distance from Vehicle Travel time to farthest Sources of accident Limitations Recommendation
Thana the highway available point information
List of Location-wise Hospitals with Available Facilities
Serial Location Name of hospital with distance from highway Response time Available Facilities Recommendation
Data of Various Types of Non-Standard Vehicles
Name and type Dimension Normal Speed at Mid- Highest speed Crashworthiness Protection for pedestrians,
of vehicle block , straight section passengers, drivers etc.
School Zone Safety
Serial Km/ Location Type of Institution Existing Measures Remarks
Behavior Observation of Pedestrians, NMVs and MVs at Intersections and Other Locations
Location Observation Recommendation

183

APPENDIX C
FILLED-UP FORMS/TABLES-ROAD SAFETY AUDIT
Table 1-Spot Speed for Straight Section between Kodomtoli More T Junction and Rajendrapur

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Bus 44 51 58 62 52 67 56 65 Average speed= 56.87 kmph
Truck 48 53 51 Average speed= 50.66 kmph
Microbus / Car/ 70 55 52 57 42 55 65 67 67 58 Average speed= 58.8 kmph
Motor cycle
Human hauler/ 43 48 45 45 46 48 50 45 46 48 47 48 45 41 50
Pick-up van/
Auto Rickshaw/ 48 42 46 41 43 47 44 46 45 47 43 45 48 46 Average speed=
CNG Rickshaw 45.72 kmph
Table 2 -Spot Speed for Curve Prior to Srinagar Ferryghat

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Bus 54 58 56 50 60 48 46 49 Average speed= 52.62 kmph
Truck 39 43 33 Average speed= 38.33 kmph
Microbus / Car/ 51 81 52 74 84 62 60 65 67 70 Average speed= 66.6 kmph
Motor cycle
Human hauler/ 55 45 48 47 51 45 30 34 45 30 35 43 52 40 44
Pick-up van/
Auto Rickshaw/ 48 52 42 35 33 42 45 48 52 34 45 46 38 45 Average speed= 43.06 kmph
CNG Rickshaw
184

Table 3 -Spot Speed for Curve Prior to Chonbari Junction

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Bus 48 51 46 42 47 52 50 52 45 38 54 48 57 55 55 49 45 51 Average speed=
49.16 kmph
Truck 36 33 Average speed= 34.5 kmph
Microbus / 60 50 57 48 67 83 78 74 73 61 74 70 65 70 64 Average speed= 66.26 kmph
Car/ Motor
cycle
Human hauler/ 22 27 38 20 26 30 38 30 23 28 43 25 30 32 18 Average speed= 28.66 kmph
Pick-up van/
Auto
Rickshaw/
CNG
Table 4- Curve Information
Source:
# Southwest Road Network Development Project (SRNDP), Contract No. 1 (Dhaka-Mawa Road), As Built Drawing, RHD, @ Geometric Design Standards
Manual (Revised), 2005, ▲Field Study
Legend: Not Available-NAV, Available- AV, Not Measured - NM
#Chainage Location #Curvature @Sight Distance (m) Sight distance Road Sign Road Marking
Radius Required available (M)
SSD OSD
100.00 Hasnabad, BRTA More 405 90 360 NM NAV NAV
900.00 After South Keranigonj Thana 720 120 500 NM NAV NAV
4100.00 Rajendrapur Bazar 510 120 500 NM NAV NAV
8050.00 After Abdullahpur bridge 510 120 500 NM WS, Sharp Bend F 6 BARRIER LINE
185

11630.00 After Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 600 120 500 NM NAV NAV
18200.00 Prior to Keotkhali 720 120 500 NM NAV NAV
18800.00 After Keotkhali 720 120 500 NM NAV NAV
20150.00 Curve prior to Shologhar Busstand 560 120 500 ▲106 NAV NAV
21800.00 Curve prior to Chonbari Junction 560 120 500 ▲89 WS, Sharp Bend NAV
23500.00 Curve at Bejgaon Bus Stand 720 120 500 NM NAV NAV
24280.00 Curve prior to Srinagar Ferry Ghat 510 120 500 ▲88 WS, Sharp Bend F 6 BARRIER LINE
25850.00 Curve prior to Shomspur 800 120 500 NM NAV NAV
Table 5: Design Vehicle Dimensions
Overhang Wheelbase
Design Width Length Front Rear
Vehicle Type Symbol Height (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
Passenger Car P 4.25 7 19 3 5 11

Single Unit
Truck SU 13.5 8.5 30 4 6 20
Single Unit
Bus BUS 13.5 8.5 40 7 8 25
Medium
Semitrailer WB-40 13.5 8.5 50 4 6 13
Large
Semitrailer WB-50 13.5 8.5 55 6 2 20
186

Table 6 - Carriageway Width
Location ( km) Carriageway Widths (m)

Carriageway Widths- General
Curve at South Keranogonj Thana (0.8 km), Brick Fields to the right side of highway(4.5 km) Curve after 7.0
Abdullahpur Bridge( 7.4 km) Shamsu Filling Station( 10.9 km), After Bridge, 14.8 km, Curve prior to Keotkhali(
17.0 km), Curve after Keotkhali( 17.4 km), Prior to Umpara Bailey Bridge, Curve after Shologhar Bus Stand( 20.1
km), Mosque after Bejgaon( 22.0 km)
Prior to Filling Station, Songjog Sarak T Junction (1.7 km) , 7.1
After Nimtoli( 12.9 km), Prior to Shomspur Bus Stand, 24.8 km, 27.1 km point, Mawa Filling Station, 28.7 km
Bridge and Culvert Carriageway Width
Bagoir Baily Bridge 7.2

Abdullapur Bridge 7.3
Dhalashari Bridge-1 and Dhalashari Bridge-3 6.8
Dhalashari Bridge-2 1st part- 6.5m, 2nd part- 6.4 m,
3rd part- 6.5 m
Nimtali Dhalashari Bridge-4 6.6
Culvert at 4.8 km 6.8m
Culverts at 4.4 km ,4.95 km, 5.8 km, and 6.2 km 7.0m
187

Table 7 -Shoulder and Drop Height Statistics
Location ( km ) Shoulder
Left Right
Width Drop height Width (m) Drop height (cm)
(m) (cm)
Curve at South Keranogonj Thana,0.8 km 1.6 5.0 1.5 5.0
Prior to Filling Station, Songjog Sarak T Junction, 1.7 1.6 5 1.6 5.0
km
Brick Fields to the right side of highway, 4.5 km 1.4 6.0 1.5 6.0
Curve after Abdullahpur Bridge, 7.4 km 1.7 5.0 1.6 5.0
Shamsu Filling Station, 10.9 km 1.6 4.0 1.6 4.0
After Nimtoli, 12.9 km 1.5 5.0 1.4 4.0

After Bridge, 14.8 km 1.6 7.0 1.6 6.0
Curve prior to Keotkhali, 17.0 km 1.6 4.0 1.7 4.0
Curve after Keotkhali, 17.4 km 1.4 5.0 1.5 5.0
Prior to Umpara Bailey Bridge 1.5 5.0 1.3 5.0
Curve after Shologhar Bus Stand, 20.1 km 1.4 5.0 1.4 7.0
Mosque after bejgaon, 22.0 km 1.6 8.0 1.6 8.0
Prior to Shomspur Bus Stand, 24.8 km 1.1 7.0 1.3 5.0
27.1 km 1.4 5.0 1.4 5.0
Mawa Filling Station, 28.7 km 1.7 5.0 1.5 5.0
Table 8 - Shoulder Condition
Serial Kilometer/Location Item

1 T Junction at Kodomtoli More Poor drainage at shoulder
2 Abdullahpur Damaged shoulder
3 Srinagar Ferryghat and Keotkhali Damaged shoulder due to poor drainage
4 Mawa Roundabout to Mawa Ferry Ghat Damaged shoulder due to poor drainage and soil erosion
188

Table 9 –Footpath/ Walkway Width
Location ( km + m to km + m) Walkway /Footpath width (m) and condition
0.8 km, Curve at South Keranogonj Thana Left – Nil, Right - 0.9
1.7 km, Prior to Filling Station, Songjog Sarak T Junction Left – Nil, Right- 1.4, damaged walkway ( depressions)
2.8 km location, 4.5 km, Brick Fields to the right side of No walkway at both sides
highway, 7.4 km, Curve after Abdullahpur Bridge
10.9 km, Shamsu Filling Station Left - 0.7, Right - 0.9, No walkway at both sides available for short
distance only
12.9 km, After Nimtoli No walkway at both sides
14.8 km, After Bridge Left- Nil, Right- 0.66
17.0 km, Curve prior to Keotkhali, 17.4 km, Curve after No walkway at both sides
Keotkhali, Prior to Umpara Bailey Bridge, 20.1 km, curve
after Shologhar Bus Stand, 22.0 km, Mosque after bejgaon
24.8 km, Prior to Shomspur Bus Stand, 27.1 km
28.7 km, Mawa Filling Station Left - 1.4, Right - 1.4
Table 10- Footpath / Walkway Condition
Serial Kilometer/Location Condition

1 3.2 km/ culvert Walkway is not walk-able due to soil erosion
2 Abdullahpur Damaged shoulder and walkway
3 4.4 km/ culvert Walkway is not walk-able due to soil erosion
4 4.8 km/culvert, 4.95 km/culvert, 5.8 km Walkway is not walk-able due to soil erosion and vegetation
6 6.2 km Walkway is not walk-able or do not exist due to vegetation
7 Hashara no 2 bus stand Walkway is not walk-able due to erosion of soil
8 Srinagar Ferryghat and 17.0 km/keotkhali Damaged Walkway and shoulder due to poor drainage
9 Mawa Roundabout to Mawa Ferry Ghat Damaged Walkway and shoulder due to poor drainage and soil erosion
189

Table 11 - Private Driveways and Property Entrances
Ser Mileage/ Location Condition Recommendation

Chainage
1 Driveway to 1. Sight distance is restricted due to 1. Sight distance is to be kept clear.
commercial property, parked vehicle. 2. Driveway is to be constructed at same level of highway.
Hasnabad 2. Footpath is discontinued due to 2. Driveways can be served together by a service road
driveway.
3. Driveway is not at same level of
highway.
2 0.8 km Driveway to South 1. Adequate sight distance is not 1. Adequate sight distance and visibility is to be provided.
Keranigonj Thana provided; visibility is restricted on both 2. Driveway is to be constructed at same level of highway.
sides. 3. Road Information Sign C 23 POLICE STATION is to be placed
2. Driveway is not at same level of
highway.
3. Driveway is located in a curve.
3 2.8 km Driveway to BSRM 1. Adequate sight distance is not 1. Adequate sight distance and visibility is to be provided.
Go-down and R B provided; visibility is restricted on both 2. Private property entrance to the right is to be constructed at
Steel Mill to the left sides. same level of highway.
and private property 2. Private property entrance to the right
entrance to the right, is not at same level of highway.
Tegharia
4 Entrance to ‘land 1. Adequate sight distance is not 1. Adequate sight distance and visibility is to be provided.
Development Project’ provided; visibility is restricted on both 2. Entrance to be constructed at same level of highway.
prior to Rajendrapur sides.
2. Entrance is not at the same level of
highway.
5 4.5 km Driveway to 1. No sight distance is provided at all; 1. Adequate sight distance and visibility is to be provided.
brickfields visibility is restricted on both sides. 2. Driveway is to be constructed at same level of highway.
2. Driveways are not at same level of
highway.
6 Entrance to ‘ South No sight distance is provided at all; Adequate sight distance and visibility is to be provided.
190

Model Town’ prior to visibility is restricted on both sides.
Abdullahpur
7 Entry to private Sight distance is restricted at one side Adequate sight distance and visibility is to be provided
property,
Abdullahpur
8 Entry to Kodomtoli Sight distance is restricted at both sides Adequate sight distance and visibility is to be provided
Hospital,,
Abdullahpur
9 Entance to kodomtoli 1. No sight distance is provided at all; 1. Adequate sight distance and visibility is to be provided.
Mazar visibility is restricted on both sides. 2. Driveway is to be constructed at the same level of highway.
2. Driveway is not at the same level of
highway.
10 Entry to private No sight distance is provided at all; Adequate sight distance and visibility is to be provided
property, visibility is restricted on both sides.
Abdullahpur
Table 12 - Drainage Condition
Serial Kilometer/Location Effect of poor drainage

1 T Junction Poor drainage at shoulder
2 3.2 km/ culvert Walkway is not walk-able due to soil erosion resulting from poor drainage
3 Rajendrapur Poor drainage at bus bay
4 4.4 km/ culvert Walkway is not walk-able due to soil erosion resulting from poor drainage
5 4.8 km/culvert Walkway is not walk-able due to soil erosion resulting from poor drainage
6 Hashara no 2 bus stand Walkway is not walk-able due to erosion of soil resulting from poor drainage
7 Srinagar Ferryghat Damaged walkway and shoulder due to poor drainage
8 17.0 km/keotkhali Damaged walkway and shoulder due to poor drainage
9 Mawa Roundabout to Mawa Damaged walkway and shoulder due to poor drainage and soil erosion
Ferry Ghat
191

Table 13 - Signs Investigation Form
Legend: Approaching from Dhaka to Mawa (DM), Approaching from Mawa to Dhaka (MD), Regulatory Sign (RS), Warning Sign (WS), Information Sign (IS),
Supplementary Plates (SP), Not Applicable (NA)
Date of Inspection: 22, 27, 30 October and 02 November 2010 (Day). 02 and 04 November (night) Weather: Cloudy with occasional sunlight
Start Point: Burigonga Bridge End, Hasnabad End Point: Mawa Ferry Ghat
Location From (km +m) to General sign issues Sign Legibility and Sign Speed Limit
(km +m) and location Supports
characteristics
Deficiencies/ problems Remedial Measures Deficiencies/ Remedial Deficiencies Remedial Measures
problems Measures / problems
1. Hasnabad, Burigonga 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying Existing This sign is Existing Appropriate speed limit
Bridge End to Ekuria warning and information appropriate Location to be Speed limit of for this segment may be 40
Bazaar. signs are not in place. engineering Sign is not replaced or 60 km/hour is km/hour
Existing signs (only 2) treatments, at this satisfactory removed not
are not quite conspicuous segment, Sign regarding with appropriate
and clear. Group 1 is visibility appropriate considering
recommended sign location
considering characteristics
2. Correct signs are not 2. Correct sign for visibility
used for each situation situations such as and
and existing Location junction, side road, necessity
Sign is not at right place. pedestrian
concentration,
NMV, bus-stand etc.
to be placed as per
Sign Group 1
192

3. Drivers are not 3. Drivers are to be
adequately advised for adequately advised
special restrictions ( through Road Signs
suppose at NMV lanes for special
for MVs or at any restrictions
particular stand for other
vehicles or at narrow side
road for large vehicles)
2. Curve near South 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. Sign Group 3 is NA NA No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
Keranigonj Thana ( 0.5 to warning and information recommended is placed for for this curve is to placed
0.9 km) (DM) signs are not in place. this curve
3. Ekuria-Tegharia Bazaar, No regulatory, warning After applying - - No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
1.1 km (DM) and information signs are necessary is placed. for this location is to
placed engineering placed
treatments, at this
location, Sign
Group 5 is
recommended
4. Filling Station, 1.4 km, No Information Sign is IS, C 4 FILLING - - NA NA

Left side, (DM) placed STATION is to be
placed on both
approaches
5. Filling Station, 1.7 km, No Information Sign is IS, C 4 FILLING - - NA NA

Left side, (DM) placed STATION is to be
placed on both
approaches
193

6. T Junction, (Kodomtoli 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying - - Appropriate Appropriate speed limit
More) warning and information necessary speed limit for for this junction may be 40
signs are not in place. engineering this junction is km/hour
treatments, at this to be placed
junction, Sign
Group 2 is
recommended
2. Correct signs are not 2. Correct sign for
used for each situation. situations such as
junction, pedestrian
movements, NMV,
bus-stand etc. to be
placed as per Sign
Group 2
7. Side Road after T No Warning Sign is WS , B 3, SIDE - - - -

Junction, (Kodomtoli More) placed ROAD is to be
, Left side, , 2.2 km, (DM) placed on both
approaches
8. Staggered Side Road prior No Warning Sign is Improvised WS - - - -
to Rajendrapur Bazaar , 3.2 placed showing Staggered
km, (DM) Side Road may be
placed on both
approaches
9. Rajendrapur 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying Existing Obstruction No speed limit Considering location
warning and information appropriate Signs ( only s to is set for this characteristics appropriate
signs are not in place. engineering 2) are not visibility of segment speed limit for this
Existing signs (only 2) treatments, at this satisfactory existing segment should be set
are not quite conspicuous segment, Sign regarding signs are to
and clear. Group 4 is visibility due be removed
194

recommended to vegetation,
road side
2. Drivers are not 2. Drivers are to be activities and
adequately advised for adequately advised billboards
suppose at any particular for special
stand for other vehicles or restrictions
at narrow side road for
large vehicles)
10. Anowara Filling Station No Warning and Improvised WS - - - -
Left side, 4.9 km, (DM) Information Sign is showing Staggered
placed Side Road may be
placed on both
approaches
2. IS, C 4 FILLING
STATION is to be
placed on both
approaches
11. South Model Town side No Warning Sign is WS , B 3, SIDE - - - -
Road, Right side, 5.4 km, placed ROAD is to be
(DM) placed on both
approaches
12. Side Road (to the left to No Warning Sign is WS , B 3, SIDE - - - -
KODOMPUR) after Culvert, placed ROAD is to be
5.8 km, (DM) placed on both
approaches
13. Abdullahpur 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying Existing Obstruction No speed limit Considering location
warning and information appropriate Signs ( only s to is set for this characteristics appropriate
recommended to placement,
195

road side
2. Correct signs are not 2. Correct sign for activities and
used for each situation situations such as billboards
and existing Sign s are built-up area, minor
not at right place. oblique cross side
roads, side road,
pedestrian
concentration,
NMV, bus-stand ,
bridge, curve etc. to
be placed as per
Sign Group 4

14. Curve after Abdullahpur Necessary regulatory After applying Existing Sign post is No speed limit Considering location
bazaar , 7.1 Km , (DM) ,warning and information appropriate Signs (WS, to be made is set for this characteristics appropriate
signs are not in place engineering Sharp Bend straight segment speed limit for this
treatments, at this to the Left segment should be set
segment, Sign B10 with SP
Group 6 is ‘ TURN
recommended LEFT’) not
visible due to
vegetation
and leant sign
post
15. Weighing Station ( Not in Necessary regulatory After applying Existing No speed limit Considering location
196

use) , 7.9 km, (DM) ,warning and information appropriate Sign (IS, is set for this characteristics appropriate
signs are not in place engineering ADVANCE segment speed limit for this
treatments, at this DIRECTION segment should be set
segment, Sign SIGN (
Group 7 is Stack-type-
recommended National
Highways),
C29 ) is not
visible from
either
approach due
to roadside
obstructions,
distance from
CW end and
wrong
placement
16. Approach to Dhalashari 1. Necessary regulatory 1. After applying Due to wrong Correct Yes -
Bridge 1, 8.8 km (DM) ,warning and information appropriate color code , color code
signs are not in place engineering and use of to be used
treatments, at this non-standard in existing
segment, Sign signs , some signs, and
Group 8 is signs are non-
recommended. ineffective standard
and non- signs are to
2. Correct signs are not 2. Correct sign for legible be removed
used for each situation each situation to be
and existing Signs are not placed as per Sign
at right place. Group 8.
197

17. Between Dhalashari Necessary regulatory and Following signs are NA NA NA NA
Bridge 1 and 2 warning signs are not in to be used:
place Regulatory Signs
A 18 NO PARKING
A 19 NO
STOPPING
Warning Signs
B 3, SIDE ROAD
RIGHT OR LEFT
18. Approach to Dhalashari 1. Necessary regulatory 1. After applying Due to wrong Correct Yes -
Bridge 2, 10.4 km (DM) ,warning and information appropriate color code color code
signs are not in place engineering ,leaning/displ to be used
treatments, at this acement of in existing
segment, Sign sign posts signs ,
Group 8 is and use of leant/displa
recommended. non-standard ced sign
signs , some posts to be
2. Correct signs are not 2. Correct sign for signs are placed
used for each situation each situation to be ineffective properly
and existing Signs are not placed as per Sign and non- and non-
at right place. Group 8. legible standard
signs are to
be removed
19. Dhalashari Bridge 3, 10.7 Necessary regulatory and Sign group 9 is No signs are No signs No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
km (DM) warning signs are not in recommended placed are placed is set. should be set
place
20. Curve after Dhalashari Necessary regulatory and Sign group 3 is No signs are No signs No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
Bridge 3, 10.8km (DM) warning signs are not in recommended placed are placed is set. should be set
place
21. Shamsu Filling Station, No Information Sign is IS, C 4 FILLING - - NA NA
198

left side, 11.0 km, (DM) placed STATION is to be
placed on both
approaches
22. Talukder Filling Station, No Information Sign is IS, C 4 FILLING - - NA NA

placed on both
approaches
23. MohammadiaFilling No Information Sign is IS, C 4 FILLING - - NA NA

Station, left side, 12.25 km, placed STATION is to be
(DM) placed on both
approaches
34. Nimtoli Bazaar, 12.5 km, 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying Existing Obstruction No speed limit Considering location
(DM) warning and information appropriate Signs ( only s to is set for this characteristics appropriate
recommended to vegetation,
placement,
2. Correct signs are not 2. Correct sign for wrong color
used for each situation situations such as code, road
and existing Signs are not built-up area, side activities
at right place. skewed junction, and
pedestrian billboards
concentration,
NMV, bus-stand,
bridge, etc. to be
placed as per Sign
Group 10.
199

25. Nimtoli Filling Station, No Information Sign is IS, C 4 FILLING - - NA NA
placed on both
approaches
26. Shikder Petrol Pump, left No Information Sign is IS, C 4 FILLING - - NA NA

side, 13.7 km, (DM) placed STATION is to be
placed on both
approaches
27. Haowlader Petrol Pump, No Information Sign is IS, C 4 FILLING - - NA NA

right side, 13.9 km, (DM) placed STATION is to be
placed on both
approaches
28. Small Bridge after Petrol Necessary regulatory and Sign group 9 is No signs are No signs No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
Pump, 14.1 km (DM) warning signs are not in recommended placed are placed is set. should be set
place
200

29. Side road ( Sayedpur- All necessary signs are Sign group 11 is Advance All signs to - -
Hashara-beertara-Shingpara not in place and existing recommended Direction be placed
road), 14.7 km (DM) Signs (only 2) are not at Sign C 30 is properly
right place. wrongly
placed and
not visible
30. Small Bridge over Bill, Necessary regulatory and Sign group 9 is No signs are No signs No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
15.0 km (DM) warning signs are not in recommended placed are placed is set. should be set
place
31. Hashara No 2 Bus stand/ 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying - - No speed limit Considering location
School gate, 15.7 km, (DM) warning and information appropriate is set for this characteristics appropriate
signs are not in place. engineering segment speed limit for this
treatments, at this segment should be set
segment, Sign
Group 5 is
recommended

used for each situation situations such as,
and some of the signs are bus stoppage, side
not at right place. road, pedestrian
concentration,
NMV, school to be
placed as per Sign
Group 5

special restrictions (no through Road Signs
stoppage at this location for special
or about narrow side road restrictions
201

for large vehicles)
32. Small Bridge after Necessary regulatory and Sign group 9 is No signs are No signs No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
Hashara Bus Standl, 16.00 warning signs are not in recommended placed are placed is set. should be set
km (DM) place
33. Hashara No 1 Bus stand, 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying - - No speed limit Considering location
16.3 km, (DM) warning and information appropriate is set for this characteristics appropriate
segment, Sign
Group 5 is
recommended

concentration, NMV
to be placed as per
Sign Group 5

special restrictions (no through Road Signs
stoppage at this location for special
or about narrow side road restrictions
for large vehicles)
34. Small Bridge at Necessary regulatory and Sign group 9 is No signs are No signs No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
Hashara, Srinagar, 16.8 km warning signs are not in recommended placed are placed is set. should be set
(DM) place
35. Keotkhali, 17.4 km, 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying Some Some No speed limit Considering location
(DM) warning and information appropriate existing signs existing is set for this characteristics appropriate
202

signs are not in place. engineering are not signs are segment speed limit for this
treatments, at this visible due to not segment should be set
segment, Sign vegetation readable
Group 12 is due to
recommended vegetation

concentration,
NMV, school to be
placed as per Sign
Group 12.
36. Small Bridge over canal, Necessary regulatory and Sign group 9 is No signs are No signs No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
17.9 km (DM) warning signs are not in recommended placed are placed is set. should be set
place
37. Curve between Kumpara Necessary regulatory, Sign Group 3 is NA NA No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
bridge and Shologhar Bus warning and information recommended is placed for for this curve is to placed
stand, 18.8 km (DM) signs are not in place. this curve
38. Shologhar Bus stand with 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying Some Some No speed limit Considering location
Bazaar, 19.7 km (DM) warning and information appropriate existing signs existing is set for this characteristics appropriate
segment, Sign vegetation readable
Group 5 is and on street due to
203

recommended parking vegetation
and on
2. Correct signs are not 2. Correct sign for street
used for each situation. situations such as, parking
bus stoppage, side
road, pedestrian
concentration, NMV
to be placed as per
Sign Group 5

special restrictions (about through Road Signs
narrow side road for large for special
vehicles) restrictions
39. Curve after Shologhar, Necessary regulatory, Sign Group 3 is Existing sign Existing No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
19.9 km (DM) warning and information recommended is not visible sign is not is placed for for this curve is to placed
signs are not in place. during day readable this curve
due to low during day
height and due to low
vegetation height and
vegetation
40. Small Bridge , 20.05 km Necessary regulatory and Sign group 9 is No signs are No signs No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
(DM) warning signs are not in recommended placed are placed is set. should be set
place
41. Small Bridge , 20.20 km Necessary regulatory and Sign group 9 is No signs are No signs No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
(DM) warning signs are not in recommended placed are placed is set. should be set
place
42. Sambaria Bridge , 20.50 Necessary regulatory and Sign group 9 is No signs are No signs No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
km (DM) warning signs are not in recommended placed are placed is set. should be set
place
43. Chonbari Chowrasta, 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying Some Some No speed limit Considering location
204

20.7 km, (DM) warning and information appropriate existing signs existing is set for this characteristics appropriate
segment, Sign shadow of readable
Group 10 is vegetation due to
recommended and wrong shadow of
placement vegetation
2. Correct signs are not 2. Correct sign for and wrong
used for each situation. situations such as, placement
bus stoppage, side
road, pedestrian
concentration, NMV
, Filling station to be
placed as per Sign
Group 10

44. Bejgaon Bus stand, 21.6 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying Some Some No speed limit Considering location
km, (DM) warning and information appropriate existing signs existing is set for this characteristics appropriate
segment, Sign wrong readable
Group 6 is placement due to
recommended wrong
placement
used for each situation. situations such as,
bus stoppage, side
road, pedestrian
concentration, NMV
205

, curve to be placed
as per Sign Group 6

45. Curve prior to Srinagar 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. Sign Group 3 is - - No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
Ferry ghat 22.2 km ( DM) warning and information recommended is placed for for this curve is to placed
signs are not in place. this curve
46. Srinagar Ferry Ghat 22.7 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying - - No speed limit Considering location
km ( DM) warning and information appropriate is set for this characteristics appropriate
segment, Sign
Group 10 is
recommended

(Instead of SIGN B 1 bus stoppage, side
CROSS ROADS , wrong road, pedestrian
sign, i.e. SIGN B 4 concentration, NMV
Staggered junction is , bridge to be placed
used) as per Sign Group
10

206

47. Curve between Srinagar 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. Sign Group 3 is - - No speed limit Appropriate speed limit
Ferry ghat and Shomspur warning and information recommended is placed for for this curve is to placed
Bus Stand 23.7 km ( DM) signs are not in place. this curve
48. Shomspur Bus Stand 25.2 1. Necessary regulatory, 1. After applying - - No speed limit Considering location
km ( DM) warning and information appropriate is set for this characteristics appropriate
segment, Sign
Group 12 is
recommended

bus stoppage, side
road, pedestrian
concentration, NMV
, school to be placed
as per Sign Group
12

49. Dogachi Bazaar, 25.9 km, 1. No signs are placed. 1. After applying - - No speed limit Considering location
(DM) appropriate is set for this characteristics appropriate
engineering segment speed limit for this
segment, Sign
Group 13 is
207

recommended
2. Signs are not used for 2. Correct sign for

each situation. situations such as,
bus stoppage, side
road, pedestrian
concentration, NMV
, l to be placed as
per Sign Group 13

50. Two consecutive side 1. No signs are placed. 1. After applying NA NA - -
roads to left, after 250 m of appropriate
Dogachi Bazaar, 26.5 km ( engineering
DM) treatments, at this
segment, Sign
Group 11 is
recommended

51. Mosque on right side of 1. No Information signs Information Sign C RS , RS , - -
road, Uttar Medinimondal, are placed. 13 to be placed Special Special
27.1 km, (DM) Speed Limit Speed
A26 with SP Limit A26
D12 ( 60 with SP
208

km/hour) is D12 ( 60
not visible km/hour) is
due to not
vegetation readabledu
e to
vegetation
52. Khanbari Chowrasta, 1. No signs are placed. 1. Sign Group 11 is NA NA - -
27.8 km, (DM) recommended

53. Medinimondol Girls 1. No signs are placed. 1. Following signs NA NA - -
School, 28.3 Km (DM) are recommender:
B 23, PEDESTRIAN
CROSSING
B 25 CHILDREN
B 31, ROAD HUMP
C 2, PEDESTRIAN
CROSSING C 21
54. Mawa Roundabout, 29.3 1. Necessary regulatory, After applying Existing Obstruction No speed limit Considering location
km, (DM) warning and information appropriate Signs are not s to is set for this characteristics appropriate
signs are not in place. engineering satisfactory visibility of segment speed limit for this
treatments, at this regarding existing segment should be set
segment, Sign visibility due signs are to
Group 2 is to vegetation, be removed
recommended road side
activities.
209

Table 14- Sign Groups
Sign Group 1 (for Location having Bridge, Junctions, Bazaar, Built-up Area, Bus-stands etc.)
Regulatory Signs
A 1 STOP AND GIVE WAY, A 2 GIVE WAY, A18 NO PARKING, A 19 NO STOPPING, A 20 NO OVERTAKING, A 24 NO U TURN, A 26 SPECIAL
SPEED LIMIT, A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION ENDS, A 32 TURN LEFT OR RIGHT, A 39 ROUTE FOR
(Pedestrian/Rickshaw/Cycle) ONLY
Warning Signs
B 1 CROSSROADS, B 2 MAJOR ROAD AHEAD (CROSSROADS), B 3 SIDE ROAD RIGHT OR LEFT, B 4 STAGGERED JUNCTION, B 7 TRAFFIC
MERGES FROM LEFT, B 10 SHARP BEND TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT, B 23 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, B 24 PEDESTRIANS IN ROAD AHEAD, B 31
ROAD HUMP, B 40 CYCLES AND RICKSHAWS, B 48 T JUNCTION CHEVRON
Information Sign
C 2 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, C 3 PARKING PLACE, C 18 RECOMMENDED ROUTE FOR (pedestrians, cycles and rickshaws), C 19 LANE FOR (cycles
and rickshaws), C 20 LANE AHEAD FOR (cycles and rickshaws), C 21 BUS STOP, C 22 TAXI PARK, C 25 PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN (entry to built-
up area), C 26 EXIT FROM BUILT-UP AREA, C 28 ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGN (map-type- National Highways), C 29 ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGN
(stack-type- National Highways), C 30 ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGN (stack-type- minor routes), C 33 DIRECTION SIGN (minor routes), C 35 ROUTE
CONFIRMATION SIGN (National Highways)
Sign Group 2 (for Junctions)
Regulatory Signs
A 1 STOP AND GIVE WAY, A 2 GIVE WAY, A18 NO PARKING, A 19 NO STOPPING, A 20 NO OVERTAKING, A 24 NO U TURN, A 26 SPECIAL
SPEED LIMIT, A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION ENDS, A 32 TURN LEFT OR RIGHT, A 33 KEEP LEFT
210

Warning Signs
B 1 CROSSROADS (where applicable), B 2 MAJOR ROAD AHEAD (CROSSROADS) ( where applicable), B 23 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, B 24
PEDESTRIANS IN ROAD AHEAD, B 31 ROAD HUMP, B 40 CYCLES AND RICKSHAWS, B 48 T JUNCTION CHEVRON (where applicable),
Roundabout Chevron (where applicable)
Information Sign
C 28 ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGN (map-type- National Highways), C 29 ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGN (stack-type- National Highways), C 30
ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGN (stack-type- minor routes), C 33 DIRECTION SIGN (minor routes), C 35 ROUTE CONFIRMATION SIGN (National
Highways)
Sign Group 3(for Curve)
Regulatory Signs
A 20 NO OVERTAKING, A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT
Warning Signs
B 10 SHARP BEND TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT, B 56, DELINEATOR POST
Information Sign
C 23, POLICE STATION (where applicable)
Sign Group 4 (for Location having Curves, Bazaar, Bridge, side roads, Bus-stands etc.)
Regulatory Signs
A 1 STOP AND GIVE WAY (for Side road after bridge), A 14 NO VEHICLE OVER HEIGHT SHOWN (where applicable), A 15 NO VEHICLE OVER
WIDTH SHOWN, A 16 NO VEHICLE OVER MAXIMUM GROSS WEIGHT SHOWN, A 17 AXLE WEIGHT LIMIT, A 20 NO OVERTAKING (on curve),
211

A 20 NO OVERTAKING (on bridge), A 30 RESTRICTION ENDS , A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT (ahead of curve, bazaar and bridge), A 27 NATIONAL
SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION ENDS, A 39 ROUTE FOR (Pedestrian/Rickshaw/Cycle) ONLY
Warning Signs
B 3 SIDE ROAD RIGHT OR LEFT, B 10 SHARP BEND TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT, B 20 HEIGHT LIMIT AHEAD (where applicable), B 23 PEDESTRIAN
CROSSING, B 24 PEDESTRIANS IN ROAD AHEAD, B 28 RIVER BANK, B 31 ROAD HUMP (for narrow bridge), B 31 ROAD HUMP (for pedestrians), B
35 NARROW BRIDGE, B 40 CYCLES AND RICKSHAWS, B 56 DELINEATOR POST
Information Sign
C 3 PARKING PLACE, C 19 LANE FOR (cycles and rickshaws), C 20 LANE AHEAD FOR (cycles and rickshaws), C 21 BUS STOP, C 22 TAXI PARK, C 25
PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN (entry to built-up area), C 26 EXIT FROM BUILT-UP AREA, C 33 DIRECTION SIGN (minor routes), C 35 ROUTE
CONFIRMATION SIGN (National Highways)
Sign Group 5 (for Location having Bazaar, Staggered Side roads, Side road etc.)
Regulatory Signs
A 1 STOP AND GIVE WAY, A 2 GIVE WAY, A18 NO PARKING, A 20 NO OVERTAKING, A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT, A 27 NATIONAL SPEED
LIMITS APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION ENDS
Warning Signs
B 2 MAJOR ROAD AHEAD (CROSSROADS), B 3 SIDE ROAD RIGHT OR LEFT, B 4 STAGGERED JUNCTION ( where applicable), B 23 PEDESTRIAN
CROSSING, B 25 CHILDREN ( where applicable), B 31 ROAD HUMP,
Information Sign
C 2, PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, C 21 BUS STOP, C 25 PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN (entry to built-up area), C 26 EXIT FROM BUILT-UP AREA, C 33
DIRECTION SIGN (minor routes)
Sign Group 6 (for Location having Curves, Small Bazaar, Side roads, Bus-stoppage etc.)
212

Regulatory Signs
A 1 STOP AND GIVE WAY, A 20 NO OVERTAKING, A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT, A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION
ENDS
Warning Signs
B 2 MAJOR ROAD AHEAD (CROSSROADS), B 3 SIDE ROAD RIGHT OR LEFT, B 10 SHARP BEND TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT, B 23 PEDESTRIAN
CROSSING, B 31 ROAD HUMP, B 56 DELINEATOR POST
Information Sign
C 2 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, C 13 MOSQUE (where applicable), C 33 DIRECTION SIGN (minor routes)
Sign Group 7 (for Location having Weighing Station, Side roads, etc.)
Regulatory Signs
A 1 STOP AND GIVE WAY, A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT, A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION ENDS
Warning Signs
B 1 CROSS ROAD, B 2 MAJOR ROAD AHEAD (CROSSROADS), B 3 SIDE ROAD RIGHT OR LEFT, B 23 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING B 31 ROAD
HUMP
Information Sign
C 2 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, WEIGHING STATION, C 33 DIRECTION SIGN (minor routes)
Sign Group 8 (for Location having Major Bridge, Small Bazaar, Mosques, School,Side roads, etc.)
Regulatory Signs
213

A 1 STOP AND GIVE WAY, A 14 NO VEHICLE OVER HEIGHT SHOWN, A 15 NO VEHICLE OVER WIDTH SHOWN, A 16 NO VEHICLE OVER
MAXIMUM GROSS WEIGHT SHOWN, A 17 AXLE WEIGHT LIMIT, A18 NO PARKING (If parking place is not available), A 20 NO OVERTAKING, A
21 NO PASSING WITHOUT STOPPING, A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT, A….., NO NMV
Warning Signs
B 3 SIDE ROAD RIGHT OR LEFT, B 20 HEIGHT LIMIT AHEAD, B 23 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, B 25 CHILDREN (where applicable), B 35 NARROW
BRIDGE, B 31 ROAD HUMP
Information Sign
C 2 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, C 3 PARKING PLACE (if available in future), C 13 MOSQUE (where applicable), C 21 BUS STOP, C 24 TOLL ROAD OR
BRIDGE, C 25 PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN (indicating major bridge name)
Sign Group 9 for Bridges
Regulatory Signs
A 14 NO VEHICLE OVER HEIGHT SHOWN (where applicable), A 15 NO VEHICLE OVER WIDTH SHOWN, A 16 NO VEHICLE OVER MAXIMUM
GROSS WEIGHT SHOWN, A 17 AXLE WEIGHT LIMIT, A 20 NO OVERTAKING, A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT, A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS
APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION ENDS
Warning Signs
B 20 HEIGHT LIMIT AHEAD (where applicable), B 28 RIVER BANK (where applicable), B 31 ROAD HUMP (for narrow bridge), B 35 NARROW BRIDGE
Sign Group 10 (for Location having Bazaar, Bridge, Skewed side roads, Bus-stands etc.)
Regulatory Signs
A 1 STOP AND GIVE WAY (for Side road), A 14 NO VEHICLE OVER HEIGHT SHOWN (where applicable), A 15 NO VEHICLE OVER WIDTH SHOWN,
A 16 NO VEHICLE OVER MAXIMUM GROSS WEIGHT SHOWN, A 17 AXLE WEIGHT LIMIT, A 20 NO OVERTAKING (on bridge), A 30
214

RESTRICTION ENDS, A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT (ahead of curve, bazaar and bridge), A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION
ENDS, A 39 ROUTE FOR (Pedestrian/Rickshaw/Cycle) ONLY
Warning Signs
B 1 CROSSROADS, B 2 MAJOR ROAD AHEAD (CROSSROADS), B 20 HEIGHT LIMIT AHEAD (where applicable), B 23 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, B
24 PEDESTRIANS IN ROAD AHEAD, B 31 ROAD HUMP (for narrow bridge), B 31 ROAD HUMP (for pedestrians), B 35 NARROW BRIDGE, B 40
CYCLES AND RICKSHAWS (if available)
Information Sign
C 3 PARKING PLACE, C 4 FILLING STATION (if applicable), C 19 LANE FOR (cycles and rickshaws) (if available), C 20 LANE AHEAD FOR (cycles and
rickshaws) (if available), C 21 BUS STOP, C 22 TAXI PARK (for other vehicles also), C 25 PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN (entry to built-up area), C 26
EXIT FROM BUILT-UP AREA, C 33 DIRECTION SIGN (minor routes), C 35 ROUTE CONFIRMATION SIGN (National Highways)
Sign Group 11 for Side Road
Regulatory Signs
A 1 STOP AND GIVE WAY, A 2 GIVE WAY (where applicable)
Warning Signs
B 3 SIDE ROAD RIGHT OR LEFT, B 31 ROAD HUMP (if applicable)
Information Sign
C 30 ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGN (stack-type- minor routes), C 33 DIRECTION SIGN (minor routes)
Sign Group 12 (for Location having school, Bus stoppage , Side road etc.)
Regulatory Signs
A18 NO PARKING, A 20 NO OVERTAKING, A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT, A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION ENDS
215

Warning Signs
B 3 SIDE ROAD RIGHT OR LEFT, B 23 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, B 25 CHILDREN (where applicable), B 31 ROAD HUMP
Information Sign
C 2 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, C 21 BUS STOP, C 25 PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN (entry to built-up area), C 26 EXIT FROM BUILT-UP AREA
Sign Group 13 (for Location having Bazaar, Bridge, side roads, etc.)
Regulatory Signs
A 1 STOP AND GIVE WAY (for Side road), A 14 NO VEHICLE OVER HEIGHT SHOWN (where applicable), A 15 NO VEHICLE OVER WIDTH SHOWN,
A 16 NO VEHICLE OVER MAXIMUM GROSS WEIGHT SHOWN, A 17 AXLE WEIGHT LIMIT, A 20 NO OVERTAKING (on bridge), A 30
RESTRICTION ENDS, A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT (ahead of curve, bazaar and bridge), A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION
ENDS
Warning Signs
B 2 MAJOR ROAD AHEAD (CROSSROADS), B 20 HEIGHT LIMIT AHEAD (where applicable), B 23 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, B 24 PEDESTRIANS
IN ROAD AHEAD, B 31 ROAD HUMP (for narrow bridge), B 31 ROAD HUMP (for pedestrians), B 35 NARROW BRIDGE
Information Sign
C 3 PARKING PLACE, C 21 BUS STOP, C 25 PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN (entry to built-up area), C 26 EXIT FROM BUILT-UP AREA, C 33
DIRECTION SIGN (minor routes), C 35 ROUTE CONFIRMATION SIGN (National Highways)
216

Table 15 - Inventory of Existing Traffic Sign
Legend: Approaching from Dhaka to Mawa (DM), Approaching from Mawa to Dhaka (MD), Regulatory Sign (RS), Warning Sign (WS), Information Sign (IS),
Supplementary Plates (SP)
Date of Inspection: 22, 27 and 30 October, 02 and 05 November 2010 (day time) and 03 and 04 November (night time)
Start Point: Burigonga Bridge End, Hasnabad End Point: Mawa Ferry Ghat
Location Type Size Mounting Clear Color Visibility Readability Reflec Condition Comment
( km + m) Position height tive s
( From C.W. (m) (R) /
end) (m) Non
Reflec
tive
(NR)
1 Hasnabad, RS , Standard 3.3 1.4 Standard Visible SP writing R White Presence
Burigonga Special not readable background is of
Bridge end Speed Limit in bad intersecti
point , left A26 with SP condition on and
side (DM) D12 ( 60 BUA
km/hour) demands
lower
speed
limit
2 Hasnabad IS, Location 2.8m x 0.3 m from 1.8 Standard Letters not Writing not R White lettering 1.Too
50 m from Sign 2.5m Footway clearly readable is in bad many
Burigonga visible from condition informati
Bridge end appropriate on on one
point, left distance sign
side (DM) 2.
Location
of sign
does
217

not serve
purpose
3 T Junction, RS, Keep Standard Nose of the Standard Standard Visible but SP writing R SP broken -
Nose of the Left A33 island SP writing not readable
island with SP ( not visible
(Kodomtoli Keep Left)
More) (MD)
4 Rajendrapur WS, Sharp Standard Standard Standard Standard Not Visible Not readable R Blank SP, -
Bazaar , Bend to the due to due to nothing
Before Left B10 with vegetation vegetation written,
Bridge,right blank SP and road side and road side
side (DM) parking and parking and
loading loading
activities activities
5 Rajendrapur IS, Place Standard Standard Standard ╣Wrong Not clearly Not clearly R Wrong color -
Bazaar , Identification color ( visible due readable due code
Before Sign C25 Green to to
Bridge, background background background
right and white shops and shops and
side,(DM) border and nearby nearby
text instead billboards billboards
of white
background
and black
border and
text
6 Abdullahpu WS, Children Standard Standard Standard Standard Not clearly Not clearly R Faded color -
r Bazaar, B25 with SP color is visible due readable due and lettering in
right side, D3 ( School faded to to sign and
(DM) ahead) background background broken SP with
billboard billboard and missing
faded color information
and lettering
218

7 Abdullahpu IS, Place Standard Standard but Standard ╣ (same Not Visible Not readable R Sign mounting -
r Bazaar, Identification sign post is due to due to post leaned,
right side, Sign C25 displaced
as 5) and vegetation vegetation sign border
existing
(DM) and and color faded ,
color is
advertising advertising sign obscured
faded at
board board due to
sign border
vegetation and
and
advertising
mounting
board. Wrong
post
color code
8 Abdullahpu WS, Children Standard Standard Standard Standard Not clearly Not clearly R Side billboard School is
r Bazaar, B25 with SP visible due readable due distracts after a
Left side, D3 ( School to side to observation of bridge
prior to ahead) billboard background the sign following
Bridge billboard a side
(DM) road but
no
indication
about
this
9 Curve after WS, Sharp Standard Standard Standard Standard Not Visible Not readable R Sign mounting -
Abdullahpu Bend to the due to due to post leaned,
r bridge , Left B10 with vegetation vegetation sign obscured
7.1 km SP ‘ TURN and leant and leant due to
(DM) LEFT’ sign post sign post vegetation
from 10 m
10 Weighing IS, Standard Placed far Standard Standard Not Visible Not readable R The sign is The sign
Station ( ADVANCE away ( from either from either placed just on was
Not being DIRECTION approximately approach approach the location originally
Used) 7.9 SIGN ( 20 m from due to due to and can not placed in
km (DM) Stack-type- CW end) roadside roadside give advance relation to
National obstructions, obstructions, direction. old road
Highways), distance distance Wrongly alignment
219

C29 from CW from CW placed at right .
end and end and side for
wrong wrong approach from
placement placement Mawa. Same
sign is
intended to be
for both the
approach ( DM
and MD)
11 Approach to RS , Standard Standard Standard Standard Visible Readable R Good -
Dhalashari Special
Bridge 1, Speed Limit
(DM) A26 with SP
D12 (40
km/hour)
12 Approach to IS, TOLL Standard Standard Standard Sign Visible Readable R Wrong color On the
Dhalashari ROAD OR background code sign post
Bridge 1 BRIDGE , C is green but ‘TOLL
(DM) 24 should be BOOTH’
blue written
13 Approach to WS , ROAD Standard Standard Standard Standard Visible Readable R Good
Dhalashari HUMP, B 31
Bridge 1, with SP
(DM) ‘ Gotirodhok’
14 Approach to Non-standard Non- Center of the Non- Non- Not Not NR Non-standard This sign
Dhalashari ‘ standard carriageway standard standard applicable applicable sign is placed
Bridge 1, OVERTAKI on the
(DM) NG approach
PROHIBITE to Toll
D’ SIGN Booth at
the center
of the
carriagew
220

ay
15 Approach to RS, NO Standard Standard Standard Wrong Visible Readable R Wrong color
Dhalashari OVERTAKI color is code
Bridge 1, NG, A 20 used for
(DM) with SP cars-
OVERTAKI instead of
NG left-hand
PROHIBITE BLACK
D’ and right-
hand RED,
THE
COLOR IS
OPPOSITE
16 Approach to Non-standard Non- Center of Non- Non- Not Not NR Non-standard This sign
Dhalashari ‘ standard the standard standard applicable applicable sign is placed
Bridge 2, OVERTAKI carriageway on the
(MD) NG approach
PROHIBITE to Toll
D’ SIGN Booth at
the center
of the
carriagew
ay
17 Approach to RS , Standard Standard Standard Standard Visibility Readability R Sign post is -
Dhalashari Special problem due problem due leant to the left
Bridge 2, Speed Limit ( to leant sign to leant sign
(MD) 40 post post
KM/HOUR)
A26 with SP
‘ HIGHEST
SPEEDLIMI
T’
221

18 Approach to WS , ROAD Standard Standard Standard Standard Visible Readable R Good
Dhalashari HUMP, B 31
Bridge 2, with SP
(MD) ‘ Gotirodhok’
19 Approach to IS, TOLL Standard Standard Standard Sign Not visible Not readable R Color and On the
Dhalashari ROAD OR background as the sign as the sign lettering is sign post
Bridge 2, BRIDGE , C is green but post is post is faded and ‘TOLL
(MD) 24 should be displaced displaced Wrong color BOOTH’
blue code written
20 Approach to RS, NO Standard Standard Standard Wrong Visible Readable R Sign post leant
Dhalashari OVERTAKI color is to the left and
Bridge 2, NG, A 20 used for Wrong color
(MD) with SP cars- code
‘OVERTAKI instead of
NG left-hand
PROHIBITE BLACK
D’ and right-
hand RED,
THE
COLOR IS
OPPOSITE
21 Prior to IS, Place Standard Standard Standard ╣ Not clearly Not clearly R Wrong color -
Nimtoli Identification visible due readable due code
Bazaar, Sign C25 to vegetation to vegetation
(DM) and nearby and nearby
advertising advertising
boards boards
22 Prior to IS, Standard Standard Standard ╣ (same Not clearly Not clearly R Wrong color
Nimtoli DIRECTION visible due readable due code
Bazaar, SIGN C 33 (
as 5) to vegetation to vegetation
(DM) for and nearby and nearby
Sirajdikhan advertising advertising
to the left) boards boards
222

23 Nimtoli IS, Non- Non- Placed on N 8 Non- Non- Not visible Not readable NR Wrongly Should
Bazaar, 12.5 Standard standard opposite to standard standard placed at the have been
km Direction the minor and color is junction placed
Sign road from faded prior to
Sirajdikhan junction
on minor
road
approach
24 Prior to IS, Place Standard Standard Standard ╣ (same Not clearly Not clearly R Wrong color
Nimtoli Identification visible due readable due code
Bazaar, Sign C25
as 5) to vegetation to vegetation
(MD) and nearby and nearby
advertising advertising
boards boards
25 Prior to IS, Standard Standard Standard ╣ (same Not clearly Not clearly R Wrong color
Nimtoli DIRECTION visible due readable due code
Bazaar, SIGN C 33 (
as 5) to to vegetation
(MD) for vegetation, , roadside
Sirajdikhan roadside shops and
to the right) shops and nearby
nearby advertising
advertising boards
boards
26 Side road ( WS, SIDE Standard Standard Standard Standard Visible Readable R Good -
Sayedpur- ROAD
Hashara- LEFT, B 3
beertara- with SP ‘
Shingpara SIDE
road), 14.7 ROAD’
km (DM)
27 Side road ( IS, Standard Placed far Very ╣ (same Not Visible Not readable R The sign is Should
Sayedpur- ADVANCE away ( low from either from either placed just on have been
Hashara- DIRECTION approximately height
as 5) approach approach the location placed
223

beertara- SIGN ( 20 m from due to due to and can not prior to
Shingpara Stack-type- CW end) to roadside roadside give advance junction
road), 14.7 minor the left side obstructions, obstructions, direction. on both
km (DM) routes), C30 distance distance Wrongly side of
from CW from CW placed at right the
end, low end, low side for highway
height and height and approach from at
wrong wrong Mawa. Same appropria
placement placement sign is te
intended to be location
for both the
approach ( DM
and MD)
28 Prior to WS, Standard Standard Standard Standard Visible Readable R Sign post color -
Hashara No CHILDREN, is faded
2 Bus-stand B 25 with SP
/ School D3(
Gate , 15.6 SCHOOL
km (DM) AHEAD)
29 Prior to IS, Non- Non- Non-standard Non- Green Visible Readable NR Good ▲Instead
Hashara No standard, standard standard background of WS,
2 Bus-stand Rectangular, with white ROAD
/ School text and HUMP, B
Gate , 15.6 symbol 31, Non-
km (DM) Standard
IS (
written ‘
SPEED
BREAKE
RAHEA
D-
DRIVE
CAUTIO
224

USLY’
with
white
diagram
of speed
breaker )
is used
30 Prior to IS, Non- Non- Non-standard Non- Green Visible Readable NR Good ♠Instead
Hashara No standard, standard standard background of WS,
2 Bus-stand Rectangular, with white ROAD
/ School text and red HUMP, B
Gate , 15.6 symbol 31, Non-
km (DM) Standard
IS (
written ‘
SPEED
BREAKE
RAHEA
D-
DRIVE
CAUTIO
USLY’
with red
diagram
of speed
breaker )
is used
31 Prior to IS, Non- Non- Sign post Sign Green Not-Visible Not- NR Sign post lying ▲Same
Hashara No standard, standard lying on left post background Readable on left side of as 29
2 Bus-stand Rectangular, side of the rd lying on with white the rd
/ School left side text and
Gate , 15.7 of the rd symbol
km (MD)
225

32 Prior to IS, Non- Non- Non-standard Non- Green Visible Readable NR Good ♠ Same
Hashara No standard, standard standard background
2 Bus-stand Rectangular, with white
as 30
/ School text, black
Gate , 15.7 border and
km (MD) red symbol
33 Prior to WS, Standard Standard Standard Standard Visible Readable R SP letter and -
Hashara No CHILDREN, color is faded
2 Bus-stand B 25 with SP
/ School D3(
Gate , 15.7 SCHOOL
km (MD) AHEAD)
34 Prior to IS, Place Standard Standard Standard ╣ (same Visible Readable R Wrong color
Hashara No Identification code
1Bus-stand, Sign C25
as 5)
16.3 km
(DM)
35 Prior to IS, Non- Non- Non-standard Non- Green Visible Readable NR Good ▲Same
Keotkhali, standard, standard standard background as 29
17.2 km, Rectangular, with white
(DM) text and
symbol
Keotkhali, standard, standard standard background
as 30
(DM) text and red
symbol
37 Prior to IS, Non- Non- Non-standard Non- Green Visible Readable NR Good ▲Same
Keotkhali, standard, standard standard background as 29
(MD) text and
symbol
38 Prior to WS, Standard Standard Standard Standard Not visible Not readable R SP letter and -
226

Keotkhali, CHILDREN, at all due to at all due to color is faded
17.2 km, B 25 with SP vegetation vegetation
(MD) D3(
SCHOOL
AHEAD)
Keotkhali, standard, standard standard background
as 30
(MD) text and red
symbol
40 Prior to IS, Place Standard Standard Standard ╣ (same Not visible Not readable R Wrong color
Shologhar, Identification from a from a code
19.7 km Sign C25
as 5) distance due distance due
(DM) to vegetation to vegetation
41 Prior to WS, Standard Standard Standard standard Not visible Not readable R SP damaged -
Shologhar, STAGGERE from a from a
19.7 km D distance due distance due
(MD) JUNCTION, to on street to on street
SIGN B 4 parking and parking and
with SP ‘ vegetation vegetation
SIDE
ROAD’
42 Prior to IS, Place Standard Standard Standard ╣ (same Not visible Not readable R Wrong color
Shologhar, Identification from a from a code
19.7 km Sign C25
as 5) distance due distance due
(MD) to vegetation to vegetation
43 Curve after WS, Sharp Standard Standard Standard Standard Not Visible Not readable R - -
Shologhar, Bend to the height due to due to
19.9 km Right, B10 not vegetation vegetation
(DM) with SP ‘ maintain and low and low
TURN ed height height
RIGHT’
44 Chonbari IS, Non- Non- Non-standard Non- Green Not visible Not readable NR Good ♠ Same
227

Chowrasta, standard, standard standard background due to the due to the as 30
20.7 km, Rectangular, with white temporary temporary
( DM) text and red gate installed gate installed
symbol on the road on the road
45 Chonbari IS, Standard Standard Standard ╣ (same Visible Readable R Wrong color -
Chowrasta, DIRECTION code
20.7 km, SIGN C 33 (
as 5)
(DM) for Srinagar
to the right)
46 Chonbari IS, Standard The sign is Standard ╣ (same Visible Readable NR The sign is Should
Chowrasta, ADVANCE placed just on placed just on have been
20.7 km, on DIRECTION ‘left turn’
as 5) the location placed
side road to SIGN ( from Srinagar and can not prior to
Srinagar Stack-type- side road to give advance junction
minor Dhaka direction. on minor
routes), C30 road
47 Chonbari IS, Standard Standard Standard ╣ (same Not clearly Not clearly R Wrong color -
Chowrasta, DIRECTION visible readable code
20.7 km, SIGN C 33 (
as 5) during day during day
for Srinagar due to the due to the
to the left) shadow of shadow of
vegetation vegetation
48 Bejgaon IS, Non- Non- Placed on N 8 Non- Non- Not visible Not readable NR Wrongly -
Bus stand, Standard standard at the entry to standard standard placed at the
21.6 km, Direction left side road and color is junction
(DM), Sign to Tontor- faded
Placed at Nowpara
the entry to
left side
road
49 Bejgaon IS, Non- Non- Placed on N 8 Non- Non- Not visible Not readable NR Wrongly -
Bus stand, Standard standard at the entry to standard standard placed at the
21.6 km, Direction right side road and color is junction
228

(DM), Sign to Srinagar faded
Placed at
the entry to
right side
road
50 Curve prior WS, Sharp Standard Standard Standard Standard Visible readable R - -
to Srinagar Bend to the
Ferry Ghat, Left, B10
22.5 km,
(MD)
51 Srinagar WS, Standard Standard Standard standard Visible readable R - Actually
Ferry Ghat, STAGGERE the sign
22.7 km, D should
(MD) JUNCTION, have been
SIGN B 4 for cross
with SP ‘ roads
SIDE
ROAD’
52 Prior to WS, Standard Standard Standard Standard Not clearly Not clearly R SP letter and -
Shomspur CHILDREN, visible due readable due color is faded
Busstand, B 25 with SP to faded to faded
25.2 km, D3( color color
(DM) SCHOOL
AHEAD)
53 Shomspur IS, Non- Non- Placed on N 8 Non- Non- Not visible Not readable NR Wrongly -
Busstand, Standard standard at the entry to standard standard placed at the
25.2 km, Direction right side road and color is location
(DM) Sign to kolapara faded
54 Prior to WS, Standard Standard Standard Standard Not visible Not readable R Good -
Shomspur CHILDREN, at all due to at all due to
Busstand, B 25 with SP vegetation vegetation
25.2 km, D3(
(MD) SCHOOL
229

AHEAD)
55 Uttar RS , Standard Standard Low Standard Not clearly Not clearly R White -
Medinimon Special height of visible due readable due background
dol, 26.6 Speed Limit sign to low to low height and SP is in
km, (MD), A26 with SP height, , vegetation bad condition
prior to D12 ( 60 vegetation and faded
mosque km/hour) and faded color
color
56 PRIOR To IS, Standard Standard Standard Standard Not clearly Not clearly NR Color of white -
Mawa ADVANCE visible due readable due symbol is in
Round DIRECTION to on street to on street bad condition
About, 28.8 SIGN ( map- parked parked
km, (DM), type-National vehicle vehicle
Highways), C
28
57 PRIOR To IS, Standard Very close to Standard ╣ (same Not clearly Not clearly NR Wrong color -
Mawa DIRECTION the CW visible due readable due code
Round SIGN C 33 (
as 5) to on street to on street
About, 28.8 for parking and parking and
km, (DM), Munshigonj road side road side
to the left) shop shop
58 PRIOR To WS, Standard Standard Standard Standard Visible readable R Triangle and -
Mawa ROUDABO SP damaged
Round UT, B 9 with
About, 28.8 SP
km, ‘Roundabout’
(Louhojong
to Mawa)
59 At Mawa IS, Standard Just on Standard Standard Not clearly Not clearly NR Good Placed
230

Round ADVANCE roundabout visible due readable due just at
About, 28.8 DIRECTION to banners to banners roundabo
km, (Mawa SIGN ( stack- and posters and posters ut instead
to type-National at at of
Louhojong) Highways), C roundabout roundabout approach
29 to it, thus
failing to
give
advance
direction
60 Mawa WS, FERRY, Standard Standard Standard Standard Not clearly Not clearly R Good -
Round B 42 visible due readable due
About, 28.8 to road side to road side
km,( shopping shopping
Roundabout
to
Ferryghat)
61 Prior to IS, Standard Very close to Standard ╣ (same Not clearly Not clearly NR The sign is Actually
Mawa ADVANCE the CW visible due readable due placed just on this sign
Ferryghat , DIRECTION
as 5) to road side to road side the location is for old
( SIGN ( shopping shopping and can not ferry
Roundabout Improvised to give advance ghat, but
to indicate direction. the ferry
Ferryghat) direction of ghats are
ferry ghat), shifted to
Similar to another
C30 place
62 Prior to IS, Standard Very close to Standard ╣ (same Visible readable NR The sign is -
Mawa ADVANCE the CW placed just on
Ferryghat , DIRECTION
as 5) the location
SIGN and can not
give advance
direction.
231

Table 16 - Road Marking and Delineations Investigation Form
Legend : Approaching from Dhaka to Mawa (DM), Approaching from Mawa to Dhaka (MD)
Location From General issues Centerlines, edge lines, lane lines Guideposts, reflectors and Curve Delineation
( km + m) to From ( and other markings
km + m) Deficiencies/ Remedial Deficiencies/ Remedial Deficiencies/ Remedial
problems Measures problems Measures problems Measures
1. Hasnabad, 1. In this segment, line 1. After applying 1. RRPMs are 1. RRPMs need 1. While Proper delineation prior to
Burigonga Bridge markings and appropriate required but not to be installed. approaching Burigonga bridge and median
End to Ekuria delineation are not engineering installed. ♠ from Mawa to is to be provided.
Bazaar. appropriate treatments, at this Dhaka
considering location segment, 2. Profiled delineation
2. Profiled
characteristics. For Marking Group (audible) edge prior to
(audible) edge lines
example, appropriate 1 is lines are to be Burigonga
are not provided at
marking and recommended. provided at bridge (left
required places. ▲
delineation Correct road required places side) is not up
considering numerous marking and ╫ to the standard
private property delineation for and guide posts
3. Edge line
entries, side roads, situations such as 3. Obstructions are not visible
marking, where
closely spaced T junction, side restricting from a distance
exists, is not visible
Junction, cross side road, private visibility of due to the use
due to parked
roads and bridge property Edge line of improper
vehicle on the
approach was not entrances, and marking is to color.
street. At some
done. bridge to be be removed Spacing
places Edge line
placed. and new Edge between
marking is
Line marking guideposts is 2
obscured due to
are to be done m and average
mud/dust
2. Specially, T 2. T junction where height of
deposition or faded
junction lacks required requires standard necessary. █ guidepost is
standard markings. markings. away. ♫ 0.85-1.0 m.
2. There exists
232

no delineation
prior to
existing median
between main
carriageway
and service
road.
2. Curve near South 1. In this segment, line 1. After applying 1. ♠ (same as 1) 1. RRPMs need 1. Chevron 1. Chevron Alignment
Keranigonj Thana ( markings and appropriate to be installed. Alignment Markers (CAMs) are to be
0.5 to 0.9 km) delineation are not engineering Markers placed in conjunction with
2. ▲(same as 1)
appropriate treatments, at this 2. ╫ (same as (CAMs) are not Guide posts.
considering location segment, 1) placed in
characteristics. For Marking Group conjunction
3. Overtaking and
example, appropriate 2 is 3. Marking with Guide
parking restrictions
marking and recommended. Group 2 is posts. Displaced or broken guide
are not imposed.
delineation Correct road recommended posts need be repaired.
Special speed limit
considering private marking and 2. Extent of
line is not given
property entries, side delineation for guide posts in
roads, cross side situations such as this segment is
roads, Police Station private property 358 m;
etc. was not done. entries, side guideposts are
roads, cross side located 0.81 m
roads, Police away from the
Station etc to be edge of hard
placed. shoulder.
Spacing
between
guideposts is 2
m and average
height of
233

guidepost is
0.85 m. Some
guideposts are
found to be
displaced or
broken.
3. T Junction,
(Kodomtoli More) 1. At this segment, 1. After applying 1. ♠ (same as 1) 1. RRPMs need 1. The ends and 1. Proper delineation with
Characteristics line markings and appropriate to be installed. sides of splitter reflector is to be provided.
delineation are not engineering islands are not
appropriate. treatments, at this 2. ♫ (same as 1) delineated at all
segment, 2. █ (same as in the
Marking Group 1) Highway.
3 is
recommended.
4. Rajendrapur 1. In this segment, line 1. After applying 1. ♠ (same as 1) 1. RRPMs need 1. While 1. Proper delineation with
markings and appropriate to be installed. approaching reflector prior to bazaar and
delineation are not engineering from Dhaka to on both side of bridge is to be
2. ▲(same as 1)
appropriate treatments, at this Mawa, curve provided.
considering location segment, 2. ╫ (same as delineation
characteristics. For Marking Group 1) prior to the 2. Obstructions restricting
example, appropriate 4 is 3. ♫ (same as 1) bazaar (left visibility to guide posts is to
marking and recommended. 3. █ (same as side) is not up be removed
delineation Correct road 4. Overtaking and to the standard
1)
considering curve, marking and parking restrictions and no
private /commercial delineation for are not imposed. delineation
property entries, side situations such as Special speed limit exists for
4. Marking
roads, speed breakers, curve, private line and required Rajendrapur
Group 4 is
marking for speed
234

cross side roads and /commercial breakers are not recommended bridge on either
bridge approach was property entries, given. side. Guide
not done. side roads, speed posts (located
breakers, cross on the left side,
side roads and while
bridge approach approaching
to be placed. from Dhaka)
are not clearly
visible from a
distance due to
roadside
activities and
presence of
continuous pipe
line (placed by
developers to
carry sand to
the site).
Extent of guide
posts in this
segment is 272
m; guideposts
are located 0.61
m away from
the edge of
hard shoulder.
235

Table 17 – Marking Group
Marking Group 1 (for Locations having Bridge, Junctions, Bazaar/Built-up Area, Side road, Service road, Bus-stands etc.)
F 1 STOP LINE AT STOP SIGN, F 2 GIVE WAY LINE, F3 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, F 5 LANE LINE, F 6 BARRIER LINE, F 7 WARNING LINE, F 9
EDGE OF CARRIAGEWAY, F 10 EXTENDED ACROSS SIDE ROAD JUNCTIONS, F 11 NO PARKING, F 12 TRAFFIC LANE ARROWS, F 13
DIVERGE ARROW, F 14 GIVE WAY MARKING, F 15 CHEVRON MARKING, F 17 ROAD HUMP, F 18 SPECIAL SPEED LINE, F 19 LANE FOR
(cycles and rickshaws) ONLY, F 20 ZIG-ZAG LINE
Marking Group 2 (for Locations having Curve, Police Station, Side road etc.)
F 6 BARRIER LINE, F 7 WARNING LINE, F 11 NO PARKING, F 18 SPECIAL SPEED LINE
Marking Group 3 (for Locations having T Junctions co-located with Filling Station)
EDGE OF CARRIAGEWAY, F 11 NO PARKING, F 12 TRAFFIC LANE ARROWS, F 13 DIVERGE ARROW, F 14 GIVE WAY MARKING, F 15
CHEVRON MARKING, F 17 ROAD HUMP, F 18 SPECIAL SPEED LINE, F 20 ZIG-ZAG LINE
Marking Group 4 (for Locations having Curves, Bazaar, Bridge, side roads, Speed Breakers ( Pedestrian Crossing sites), Bus-stands etc.)
EDGE OF CARRIAGEWAY, F 11 NO PARKING, F 12 TRAFFIC LANE ARROWS, F 13 DIVERGE ARROW, F 14 GIVE WAY MARKING, F 17 ROAD
HUMP, F 18 SPECIAL SPEED LINE, F 19 LANE FOR (cycles and rickshaws) ONLY, F 20 ZIG-ZAG LINE
236

Table 18- Bridge Crash Barrier and Guide Post State
Location ( km + m to km + m) Availability of Crash Barriers and Guide Posts

Bagoir Baily Bridge 4.356 to 4.417, Abdullapur Bridge at Rasulapur, Keranigong 7.624 to No Guide Post available, only non-delineated Crash
7.678, Dhalashari Bridge-3, 11.484 to 11.521, Small Bridge after Hasara Bus Stand, 17.085 to Barrier available
17.131, Um Para Bridge Over Canal, 19.555 to 19.602,
Dhalashari Bridge-1, 9.788 to 10.047, Dhalashari Bridge-2, 10.405 to 10.790 Nimtali Painted Guide Posts and Crash Barriers without any
Dhalashari Bridge-4, 13.339 to 13.379, Small Bridge after Patrol pump 15.127 to 15.147, retro-reflective material or painting are available on both
Small Bridge over bill, 16.055 to 16.075, Small Bridge at Hasara, 18.202 to 18.222, Small sides of the bridge
bridg over Canal, 19.087 to 19.107, Small Bridge, 21.83 to 21.846, Small Bridge, 22.009 to
22.025,
Sambaria Bridge, 22.271 to 22.313, Sambari Bazar Bridge, 22.691 to 22.709, Serinagar Ferry No Guide Posts or Crash Barriers available
Ghat Bridge, 24.594 to 24.673
Small Bridge at Dhokasi Bazar, 28.329 to 28.379 Painted Guide Posts without any retro-reflective
material or painting are available on both sides of the
bridge
Table 19 - Crash Barriers and Guideposts Condition

(Approaching from Dhaka to Mawa)
Kilometer/Location Condition of Guidepost/ Crash Barrier

Hasnabad-Ekuria Guideposts prior to Burigonga bridge are obscured due to contrast with wall
South Keranigonj Thana Displaced guidepost and guidepost not visible due to vegetation
3.2 km/ culvert Soil at the end of ‘culvert crash barrier’ is eroded due to poor drainage from the shoulder and created big hole at the
walkway and embankment
Rajendrapur View of guidepost is obstructed due to dredging pipe line
Right side crash barriers ( Dhaka side) and left side crash barriers ( Mawa side) are damaged due to past crashes
Right side bridge railing (Dhaka approach) is damaged due to past crash
4.4 km/ culvert Soil below ‘culvert crash barrier’ is eroded due to poor drainage from the shoulder and created big hole at the
237

walkway and embankment
4.8 km/culvert Soil eroded at the left side barrier end. Soil eroded under the right side barrier and between walkway and barrier
4.95 km/culvert Left Crash Barrier damaged due to past crash
5.8 km Right Crash Barrier end damaged due to past crash
6.2 km Right Crash Barrier end damaged due to past crash
Abdullahpur Right Crash Barrier after bridge damaged due to past crash
7.1 km/ Curve after Abdullahpur Guide posts at right side are damaged due to past crash
bridge
8.8 km/ Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 Guide posts at left side of bridge approach are damaged due to past crash
approach
/ Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 approach Crash barriers and Guide posts at left side of bridge approach are damaged due to past crash
/ Start of Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 Bridge railings at right side of bridge are damaged due to past crash
/ Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 approach Crash barriers and Guide posts at right side of bridge approach are damaged
( Mawa side)
/ Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 approach Crash barriers and Guide posts at left side of bridge approach are damaged due to past crash
( Mawa side)
/ Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 approach Crash barriers and Guide posts at right side of bridge approach are damaged due to past crash
( Mawa side)
10.7km/Dhaleshwari Bridge 3 Soil at the end of right side ‘bridge crash barrier’ is eroded due to poor drainage from the shoulder
approach ( Mawa side)
12.5km/Nimtoli bridge Guide posts at right side of bridge approach (Dhaka side) are damaged due to past crash
12.5km/Nimtoli bridge Guide posts at right side of bridge approach (Dhaka side) are damaged due to soil erosion
14.0 km Guide posts at right side are damaged due to soil erosion
14.8 km Guide posts at right side of road are damaged due to past crash
22.7 km/ after Srinagar ferry ghat Guide posts at right side of road are damaged due to past crash
238

Table 20 -Bus Bays
(Approaching from Dhaka to Mawa)
Serial Place Opposite or Observations Recommendation

Staggered
Bus Bays
1 Rajendrapur Opposite 1. A side road from the south joins the southern bus bay at 1. Opposite bus bays are hazardous from safety
the middle, thus hindering smooth and safe boarding and point of view.
alighting. 2. The bus bays should be staggered with sufficient
2. A side road from the north joins the northern bus bay at distance.
its exit, thus causing safety hazards. 3. Bus bays should be away from side road friction.
2 Abdullahpur Opposite 1. A side road from the south-east direction joins the left 1. Opposite bus bays are hazardous from safety
bus bay at its entry, thus hindering safe entry into the bus point of view.
bay. 2. The bus bays should be staggered with sufficient
2. A side road from the north-west joins the right bus bay at distance.
its entry, thus hindering safe entry into the bus bay. 3. Bus bays should be away from side road friction.
3 Nimtoli Opposite 1. The left bus bay is just after Nimtoli Bridge and a side 1. Opposite bus bays are hazardous from safety
road joins the highway from the east prior to bus bay which point of view.
hinders safe entry into the bus bay. 2. The bus bays should be staggered with sufficient
1. The right bus bay is just after Nimtoli Bridge and a side distance.
road joins the highway from the west at the exit of the bus 3. Bus bays should be away from side road friction.
bay which causes safety hazards. 4. Bus bays affected by narrow bridges should be
relocated.
4 Hashara No Opposite A side road from the north-west direction joins the highway 1. Opposite bus bays are hazardous from safety
1 Bus Stand at the exit of right bus bay which cause safety hazards. point of view.
2. The bus bays should be staggered with sufficient
distance.
3. Bus bays should be away from side road friction..
5 Shologhar Staggered 1. A side road from the east direction joins at the exit of left 1. Bus bays should be away from side road friction.
Bus Stand bus bay, thus hindering safe exit.
2. A side road from the west direction joins at the exit of
right bus bay, thus hindering safe exit.
239

6 Chonbari Slightly 1. There is a filling station prior to the location and a 1. The bus bays should be staggered with sufficient
Chowrasta staggered narrow bridge after the location. distance.
2. A side road from the north-east direction joins at the exit 2. Bus bays should be away from side road friction.
of left bus bay. 3. Filling station prior to the bus bay is to be
3. A side road from the south-west direction joins at the relocated.
prior to the entry of right bus bay. 4. Bus bays affected by narrow bridges should be
4. The filling station, narrow bridge and two side roads relocated.
hinders safe entry and exit into/from the bus bays.
7 Bejgaon Bus Slightly 1. A side road from the north-east direction joins at the exit 1. The bus bays should be staggered with sufficient
Stand staggered of left bus bay, thus hindering safe exit. distance.
2. A side road from the south-west direction joins at the 2. Bus bays should be away from side road friction.
entry of right bus bay, thus hindering safe entry.
8 Srinagar Opposite 1. A side road from the south-east direction joins prior to 1. Opposite bus bays are hazardous from safety
Ferry Ghat the entry of left bus bay, thus hindering safe entry. point of view.
2. A side road from the north direction joins at the exit of 2. The bus bays should be staggered with sufficient
right bus bay, thus hindering safe exit. distance.
3. Bus bays should be away from side road friction.
4. Bus bays affected by narrow bridges should be
relocated.
9 Shomspur Slightly 1. A side road from the east direction joins at the exit of left 1. The bus bays should be staggered with sufficient
Bus Stand staggered bus bay, thus hindering safe exit. distance.
2. A side road from the west direction joins at the exit of 2. Bus bays should be away from side road friction.
right bus bay, thus hindering safe exit.
240

Table 21 - Bridges: Deficiencies and Recommended Measures
Legend: Dhaka to Mawa Approach (DM), Mawa to Dhaka Approach (MD), Left Shoulder (LS), Right Shoulder (RS), Carriageway Width (CW), Not
Applicable (NA), Left (L), Right ( R)
1. Name of the bridge (With ref pts) : Bagoir Baily Bridge , Rajendrapur (LRP 008 + 5 m)
Ser Details of Deficiency Remedial Measures
1 High Cost Measures: The bridge including approaches must be upgraded

a. Shoulders do not continue over the structure. to the same level of cross-section standards (width of CW + paved
shoulder + walkway) of existing road with provisions of adequate and
b. Bridge carriageway width is not consistent with approach appropriate safety measures on approaches to the bridge.
conditions. (Bridge carriageway width is 7.2 m. From Dhaka end,
approach condition is LS (1.7m) + CW ( 6.6m) + RS ( 1.6m)=9.9m Low Cost Measures:Physical safety measures and provision of signs,
and from Mawa end approach condition is LS (1.7m) + CW ( 6.5m) + markings, delineations etc. must be done.
RS ( 1.7m)=9.9m.
c. The approach alignment is not compatible with the 85th percentile

travel speed as the bridge is after a horizontal curve ( While
approaching from Dhaka)
2 Necessary signs are not erected considering safety conditions (i.e. Followings sign are suggested:
width, speed, curves etc.). Regulatory Signs
A 14 NO VEHICLE OVER HEIGHT SHOWN, A 15 NO VEHICLE
OVER WIDTH SHOWN, A 16 NO VEHICLE OVER MAXIMUM
GROSS WEIGHT SHOWN, A 17 AXLE WEIGHT LIMIT, A 20 NO
OVERTAKING, A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT
A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION
ENDS
241

Warning Signs
B 20 HEIGHT LIMIT AHEAD , B 28 RIVER BANK, B 31 ROAD
HUMP (for narrow bridge), B 35 NARROW BRIDGE
3 Appropriate road marking with retro-reflective markings on pavement Following markings are suggested:F 6, BARRIER LINE (reflectorised) ,
at approaches to or on this bridge is not done to discourage unsafe F 7 WARNING LINE (reflectorised), F 11 NO PARKING
maneuvers/conditions (i.e. overtaking, parking etc.)
4 Rumble strips on the pavement at the approaches to this narrow bridge Instead of Speed Breaker, Rumble strips on the pavement at the
do not exist approaches to this narrow bridge is recommended
5 There is no delineation at the approaches and on the bridge. Only non- Appropriate delineation at the approaches to the bridge and continuation
delineated Crash Barriers are available of the same over the bridge is recommended
6 Traffic barriers on bridge are suitable. Height of traffic barriers on Height of traffic barriers on approaches is to be increased as per standard.
approaches is not sufficient. At some places, barriers are damaged by Damaged barriers are to be repaired /replaced.
errant vehicles. CB dimensions are as under:
DM: L- 26 m, R- 13.5 m
MD: L- 29.4 m, R- !3.7 m
7 Raised footway of 0.9 m width is present on both sides. There is no Separate footway is recommended at the approaches and on the bridge
separate walkway at the approaches, pedestrians use hard shoulder when the bridge is upgraded to the same level of cross-section of existing
which is not safe. road.
8 The bridge is located in a horizontal curve. From Dhaka end, the Road sign, marking and other engineering treatment to be integrated
bridge is just after Rajendrapur Bazaar. From Mawa end, prior to the keeping the characteristics of the location
bridge there exist two staggered side roads.
2. Name of the Bridge (With ref pts): Abdullapur Bridge at Rasulapur Keranigong (LRP008 + 3,327m)
1 1. High Cost Measures: The bridge including approaches must be

a. Shoulders do not continue over the structure. upgraded to the same level of cross-section standards (width of CW
242

+ paved shoulder + walkway) of existing road with provisions of
b. Bridge carriageway width is not consistent with approach adequate and appropriate safety measures on approaches to the
conditions. Bridge carriageway width is 7.3 m. From Dhaka end, bridge.
approach condition is LS (1.9m) + CW ( 6.7m) + RS ( 1.4m)= 10.0 m
and from Mawa end approach condition is LS (1.7m) + CW ( 6.7m) + 2. Low Cost Measures: Physical safety measures and provision of
RS ( 1.7m)= 10.1 m. signs, markings, delineations etc. must be done.
c. The approach alignment is not compatible with the 85th percentile

travel speed as the bridge is after a horizontal curve and side road to
the left ( While approaching from Mawa)
2 Necessary signs are not erected considering safety conditions (i.e. Followings sign are suggested:
width, speed, curves etc.)
Regulatory Signs
A 15 NO VEHICLE OVER WIDTH SHOWN, A 16 NO VEHICLE
OVER MAXIMUM GROSS WEIGHT SHOWN, A 17 AXLE
WEIGHT LIMIT, A 20 NO OVERTAKING, A 26, SPECIAL
SPEED LIMIT, A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30
RESTRICTION ENDS
Warning Signs
B 28 RIVER BANK, B 31 ROAD HUMP (for narrow bridge), B 35
NARROW BRIDGE
3 Appropriate road marking with retro-reflective markings on pavement Following markings are suggested:
at approaches to or on this narrow bridge is not done to discourage
unsafe maneuvers/conditions (i.e. overtaking, parking etc.). F 6, BARRIER LINE (reflectorised), F 7 WARNING LINE
(reflectorised), F 11 NO PARKING
do not exist. approaches to this narrow bridge is recommended
5 There is no delineation at the approaches and on the bridge. Only non- Appropriate delineation at the approaches to the bridge and
delineated Crash Barriers are available continuation of the same over the bridge is recommended
6 Traffic barriers on bridge are suitable. Height of traffic barriers on Height of traffic barriers on approaches is to be increased as per
approaches is not sufficient. At some places, barriers are damaged by standard. Damaged barriers are to be repaired /replaced.
243

errant vehicles. CB dimensions are as under:
DM: L- 28 m, R- 13.0 m
MD: L- 28.5 m, R- !2.5 m
7 Raised footway of 0.8 m width is present on the bridge. There is no Separate footway is recommended at the approaches and on the
separate walkway at the approaches, pedestrians use hard shoulder bridge when the bridge is upgraded to the same level of cross-
which is not safe. section of existing road.
8 While approaching from Mawa, the bridge is located at the end of a Road sign, marking and other engineering treatment to be integrated
horizontal curve. From Mawa end, prior to the bridge there exist two keeping the characteristics of the location
side roads on both sides. From Dhaka end, the bridge is just after
Abdullahpur Bazaar and two side roads on both sides.
3. Name of the Bridge (With reference points) : Dhalashari Bridge-1,Over Dalashari River-1 (LRP008 + 5,437m ~ 13.217K)

b. Bridge carriageway width is not consistent with approach conditions. adequate and appropriate safety measures on approaches to the
(Bridge carriageway width is 6.8 m. From Dhaka end, prior to approach bridge.
the width is LS (1.3 m) + CW ( 7.1 m) + RS (1.6 m)=10.0 m and
gradually narrowing to approach, at approach the width is LS (0.46 m) 2. Low Cost Measures: Physical safety measures and provision of
+ CW ( 7.0 m) + RS ( 0.30 m)=7.76 m and from Mawa end approach signs, markings, delineations etc. must be done.
condition is LS (0.30 m) + CW ( 7.0 m) + RS ( 0.30 m)=7.6 m.
2 All necessary signs are not erected Followings sign are suggested:
Regulatory Signs
A 15 NO VEHICLE OVER WIDTH SHOWN, A 16 NO
VEHICLE OVER MAXIMUM GROSS WEIGHT SHOWN, A 17
AXLE WEIGHT LIMIT, A 20 NO OVERTAKING, A 26
SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT, A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS
244

APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION ENDS
Warning Signs
B 28 RIVER BANK, B 31 ROAD HUMP (for narrow bridge),B 35
NARROW BRIDGE
3 Appropriate road marking with retro-reflective markings on pavement Following markings are suggested:F 6, BARRIER LINE
at approaches to or on this narrow bridge is not done to discourage (reflectorised), F 7 WARNING LINE (reflectorised), F 11 NO
unsafe maneuvers/conditions (i.e. overtaking, parking etc.). Only F 6, PARKING
BARRIER LINE is done
do not exist. approaches to this narrow bridge is recommended
5 Painted Guideposts without any reflective material or reflective Appropriate delineation at the approaches to the bridge and
painting are available on both approaches of the bridge. Bridge railings continuation of the same over the bridge is recommended
are painted only but not reflectorised.
6 Traffic barriers (bridge railings) on bridge are suitable. Some portion of Damaged bridge railing is to be repaired.
the bridge railings is damaged. At the approach, crash barriers are fixed
with the guideposts. Guideposts are placed 2.4 m apart. Height of
guidepost is 0.9 m and that of crash barrier is 0.83 m. CB dimensions
are as under:
DM: L- 208 m, R- 220 m
MD: L- 120 m, R- 120 m
7 Footway of 0.9 m width separated by ‘crash barriers mounted on Separate footway is recommended on the bridge when the bridge is
guideposts’ from the carriageway is provided prior to and at approaches upgraded to the same level of cross-section of existing road.
to the bridge. On the bridge raised footway of 1.0m width is present but
this is not separated from the carriageway.
8 a. While approaching from Dhaka, a small bazaar exists on the a. The bazaar should be separated from the highway by a service
approach to the bridge with few speed breakers, a mosque to the right, road. The Toll Booth is to be ideally placed. Appropriate
bus stoppages and on street parking. The Toll Booth is not ideally engineering treatments are to be given to the side roads.
placed; pedestrian movements take place along and across the road.
245

Two earthen side roads from both side joins the highway just prior to
the approach. Through these side roads, heavy vehicles ply making
dangerous and unsafe turnings.
b. While approaching from Mawa, the bridge is just after Dhaleshwari b. The side road is to be closed. Openings in the Crash Barrier and
Bridge 2, where a side road joins the highway from the left. Due to few Guideposts are to be closed. Stopping, loading/unloading, and
openings in the Crash Barrier and Guideposts with stairs in the parking of vehicles are to be stopped between two bridges.
embankment, MVs and NMVs stop and park to load/unload passengers
and goods at this approach.
c. NMVs are allowed to ply over the bridge. This is a two lane c. NMVs must not be allowed to enter and ply over Dhaleshwari
undivided highway, having narrower pavement width on the approach Bridge 1 and Dhaleshwari Bridge 2.
and on bridge. Road sign A 20, NO OVERTAKING and road marking
F 6, BARRIER LINE are of little significance as MVs need to overtake
NMVs on the bridge.
4. Name of the Bridge (With reference points) : Dhalashari Bridge-2,Over Dalashari River (LRP008 + 6,054m ~ 13.834K)

b. Bridge carriageway width is not consistent with approach conditions. adequate and appropriate safety measures on approaches to the
Bridge carriageway width is 6.5 m (1st part), 6.4 m (2nd part) and 6.5 bridge.
m (3rd part). From Dhaka end, at approach the width is LS (0.60 m) +
CW ( 7.0 m) + RS ( 0.30 m)=7.90 m and from Mawa end approach 2. Low Cost Measures: Physical safety measures and provision of
width is LS (0.46 m) + CW ( 7.0 m) + RS ( 0.46 m)=7.92 m. signs, markings, delineations etc. must be done.
c. From Mawa end, the approach alignment is not compatible with the
85th percentile travel speed due to the presence of curve prior to the
bridge.
246

2 All necessary signs are not erected Followings sign are suggested:
Regulatory Signs
A 14 NO VEHICLE OVER HEIGHT SHOWN, A 15 NO
VEHICLE OVER WIDTH SHOWN, A 16 NO VEHICLE OVER
MAXIMUM GROSS WEIGHT SHOWN, A 17 AXLE WEIGHT
LIMIT, A 20 NO OVERTAKING, A 26 SPECIAL SPEED LIMIT,
A 27 NATIONAL SPEED LIMITS APPLY, A 30 RESTRICTION
ENDS
Warning Signs
B 20 HEIGHT LIMIT AHEAD , B 28 RIVER BANK , B 31
ROAD HUMP (for narrow bridge), B 35 NARROW BRIDGE
3 Appropriate road marking with retro-reflective markings on pavement Following markings are suggested:F 6, BARRIER LINE
at approaches to or on this narrow bridge is not done to discourage (reflectorised), F 7 WARNING LINE (reflectorised), F 11 NO
unsafe maneuvers/conditions (i.e. overtaking, parking etc.). Only F 6, PARKING
BARRIER LINE is done.
do not exist. Mawa approach to this narrow bridge is recommended
5 Painted Guideposts without any reflective material or reflective Appropriate delineation at the approaches to the bridge and
painting are available on both approaches of the bridge. Bridge railings continuation of the same over the bridge is recommended
are painted only but not reflectorised except 2nd part of the bridge
6 Traffic barriers (bridge railings) on bridge are suitable. Some portion of Damaged bridge railings and crash barriers are to be repaired.
the bridge railings and crash barriers is damaged. At the approach,
crash barriers are fixed with the guideposts. Guideposts are placed 2.4
m apart. Height of guidepost is 0.9 m and that of crash barrier is 0.83
m. CB dimensions are as under:
DM: L- 255.5 m, R- 228 m
MD: L- 315 m, R- 351.5 m
247

7 Footway of 0.9 m width separated by ‘crash barriers mounted on Separate footway is recommended on the bridge when the bridge is
guideposts’ from the carriageway is provided prior to and at approaches upgraded to the same level of cross-section of existing road.
to the bridge. On the bridge raised footway of 1.0m width is present but
this is not separated from the carriageway
8 Sight distance and existing road signs are not obscured by any The billboards distracting drivers’ attention should be removed.
billboards. But from Mawa end, large billboards prior to the approach
to the right may distract drivers’ attention.
9 a. While approaching from Mawa, there are two side roads immediately a. The market should be separated from the highway by a service
prior to the bridge on the left side. Through these side roads, heavy road. The Toll Booth is to be ideally placed. Appropriate
vehicles ply making dangerous and unsafe turnings. A college and a engineering treatments are to be given to the side roads.
school with two driveways exist to the right side of the approach. A
small market is developed. The Toll Booth is not ideally placed,
pedestrian movements take place along and across the road and a small
market is developed on the left. There are few speed breakers, bus
stoppages and on street parking in this area.
b. While approaching from Mawa, the bridge is just prior to b. The side road is to be closed. Openings in the Crash Barrier and
Dhaleshwari Bridge 1, where a side road joins the highway from the Guideposts are to be closed. Stopping, loading/unloading, and
left. Due to few openings in the Crash Barrier and Guideposts with parking of vehicles are to be stopped between two bridges.
stairs in the embankment, MVs and NMVs stop and park to load/unload
passengers and goods at this approach.
c. NMVs are allowed to ply over the bridge. This is a two lane c. NMVs must not be allowed to enter and ply over Dhaleshwari
undivided highway, having narrower pavement width on the approach Bridge 1 and Dhaleshwari Bridge 2.
and on bridge. Road sign A 20, NO OVERTAKING and road marking
F 6, BARRIER LINE are of little significance as MVs need to overtake
NMVs on the bridge.
248

Table 22 - Culvert Details
Km/ Crash Culvert Crash Crash Crash Barrier Shoulder

Location Barrier Barrier Barrier Condition
to Carriage Length/Carria Length End
way geway width and Height Condition
Distance (
Approaching
from Dhaka
to Mawa)
3.2 km Left-2.5m 10.3m Left-39.7m Not good , soil - Sealed
Right-2.3m Right-39.6m eroded at the
Height-0.6m left side barrier
end
4.4 km Left-2.5m 5.2m/7.0m Left-32.3m - Not good , soil Left shoulder-1.1m,
Right-2.4m Right-32.3m eroded under the Right shoulder-1.3m
right side barrier Walkway on both side-0.5m
4.8 km Left-2.6m 10.6m/6.8m Left-39.5m Not good , soil Not good , soil Left shoulder-1.0m
Right-2.4m Right-40.5m eroded at the eroded under the Right shoulder-1.3m
Height-0.6m left side barrier right side barrier and Walkway on both side-0.5m to
end between walkway 1.0m
and barrier
4.95 km Left-2.4m 10.5m/7.0m Left-28.5m - Left Crash Barrier Left shoulder-1.4m
Right-2.4m Right-28.5m damaged due to past Right shoulder-1.2m
crash. Right crash Left walkway -0.5m
barrier can not be Right walkway - not available due
seen due to to vegetation
vegetation
5.8 km Left-2.4m 9.5m/7.0m Left-35.0m Right crash - Left shoulder-1.2m
Right-2.5m Right-35.0m barrier end Right shoulder-1.3m
damaged Left
Walkway is not walk-able
6.2 km Left-2.5m 8.5m/7m Left-33.6m Right crash - Left shoulder-1.4m
249

Right-2.5m Right-33.6m barrier end Right shoulder-1.5m..
damaged. Walkway is not walk-able
Table 23 - Approach Alignment of Bridges
LEGEND: Dhaka to Mawa (DM), Mawa to Dhaka (MD), Delineator Post (DP), Guide Posts (GP), Crash Barrier (CB)
Serial Location ( km + m to km + m) Approach Alignment

1 Bagoir Baily Bridge at Rajendrapur Bridge, (4.356 to 4.417) DM- The bridge is after a horizontal curve and 80 m straight
section prior to bridge is available
MD- Straight
2 Abdullapur Bridge at Rasulapur, Keranigong (7.624 to 7.678) DM- Straight
MD- The bridge is after a horizontal curve and 70 m straight
section prior to bridge is available
3 Dhalashari Bridge-1, (9.788 to 10.047), Dhalashari Bridge-2, (10.405 to Straight
10.790), Nimtali Dhalashari Bridge-4, (13.339 to 13.379), Small Bridge after
Patrol pump (15.127 to 15.147), Small Bridge over bill, (16.055 to 16.075),
Small Bridge after Hasara Bus Stand, (17.085 to 17.131), Um Para Bridge
Over Canal, (19.555 to 19.602), Sambaria Bridge, (22.271 to 22.313),
Sambari Bazar Bridge, (22.691 to 22.709), Small Bridge at Dhokasi Bazar,
(28.329 to 28.379)
5 Dhalashari Bridge-3, (11.484 to 11.521), Small Bridge at Hasara Srinagar, DM- Straight, MD- After a curve
(18.202 to 18.222)
6 Small bridge over Canal, (19.087 to 19.107), Small Bridge, (22.009 to 22.025) DM- After a curve, MD- Straight
7 Small Bridge, (21.83 to 21.846) In the curve

8 Serinagar Ferry Ghat Bridge, (24.594 to 24.673) Located in a reverse curve
250

Table 24 - Side Road without any Engineering Treatment (Approaching from Dhaka to Mawa)
Serial Km/Location Details Type of Junction

1 0.4km/ Hasnabad-Ekuria area Two opposite side roads , metalled roads Cross junction
2 Tegharia Two staggered side road Staggered T junction
3 4.9 km/ Anowara Filling Station 1. HBB side road to Pinerchar to the right, 2. Earthen side road to Shuvadda to the left Staggered T junction
4 5.8 km 1. Macadam side road to the left to Kodompur T Junction
5 6.6km/Abdullahpur 1. left side road to Polashpur, pucca road, suitable for Van and CNG 2X oblique cross
2. Right side road to Gingira, earthen road, 3. left side road to Kodompur, earthen road, junction
trucks can move, 4. Right side road to Rajbari, earthen road, trucks can move
6 7.0km/After Abdullahpur bridge 1. Left side road to Begumbazar, pucca road, T Junction
7 7.3 km/ old alignment 1. Right side road to Rajabari, pucca road, 2. Left side road to petrol pump Cross junction
8 7.9 km/ Weighing Place 1. Right side road to Rohitpur, pucca road, all vehicle can move Cross junction
2. Left side road to village, earthen road, CNG and NMT can move
9 8.8 km/ Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 1. Right side road to river, earthen road, 2. Left side road to river and village, earthen Oblique cross
approach ( Dhaka side) road junction
10 10.4 km/ Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 1. Right side road to River, earthen road, 2. Right side road to Sayedpur, pucca road. 1 X Oblique T
approach ( Mawa side) junction
1 X T junction
11 Nimtola 1. Right side road to Shikarnagar, pucca road, 2. Left side road to Sirajdikhan, pucca Oblique cross
road junction
12 14.7 km/ side road 1. Left side road to Shingpara, pucca road. T Junction
13 15.7 km/ Hashara no 2 bus stand 1. Right side road to Alampur-Rarikhal, pucca road T Junction
14 16.3 km/ Hashara no 1 bus stand 1. Right side road to Baraikhali, pucca/HBB road T Junction
15 17.4 km/ Keotkhali 1. Earthen side road to village T Junction
16 19.7 km/Shologhar 1. Right side road to Srinagar, pucca road , 2. Left side road to Beertara Cross junction
17 20.7 km/ Chonbari 1. Right side road to Srinagar, pucca , 2. Left side road to Munshigonj Oblique cross
junction
18 21.6 km/ Bejgaon 1. Left side road to Noapara-Tontor, pucca road , 2. Right side road to Srinagar, Pucca Staggered T junction
road
19 22.7 km/ Srinagar Ferry ghat or 1. Right side road (prior to bridge) to Food Go-down), 2. Left side road to 2X T Junction
magurgaon Goalimandra, Pucca road, 3. Right side road to Srinagar, pucca road, 4. Right side road 1X Oblique cross
251

to Bhaggakul, pucca road Junction
20 25.2 km/ Shomspur bus stand 1. Right side road to Kolapara, pucca Road T Junction
4 x Cross junction, 6x Oblique cross Junction, 3x Staggered T junction, 11x T Junction
Table 25 - Roadside Activities
Location Condition
Hasnabad, Burigonga Bridge End 1. Unauthorized structure at splitter island and on-street shops at entry to minor road
to Ekuria Bazaar 2. Service road occupied for various business activities, vehicle repair etc.
3. Shoulder and median is used for street business activities, vehicle repair.
T Junction, (Kodomtoli More) 1. Private construction materials on shoulder.
2. Walkway and shoulder is occupied by tea-stalls, business materials. 3. Posters/signboards at median/divider
restricting sight and billboards distract drivers’ attention.
4.’ Temporary bamboo gates’ installed on the minor road approach
5. Police check post material on the carriageway
Rajendrapur 1. Repair of bus and rickshaw at bus bay.
2. Temporary shops and very closely installed guideposts hindering pedestrian movement on walkway.
3. Shops located at/after walkway occupying clear zone
4. Dredging pipe line along the walkway /shoulder.
5. Miscellaneous road side activities
4.5 km, Brickfield 1. Roadside activities,
Abdullahpur 1. Roadside business, private construction and miscellaneous material, on street vendors , road side repair etc.
occupying walkway, shoulder , bus bay and clear zone
Approach to Dhalashari Bridge 1 1. Tea stall, shops etc. adjacent to the highway in the clear zone.
Dhalashari Bridge 2 1. Goods loading/unloading at approach to the bridge (from Mawa side).
2. Opening at the crash barrier and guidepost at approach to the bridge (from Mawa side) to facilitate pedestrians’
movement and goods handling.
3. Tea stall, shops, temporary bamboo gate, miscellaneous materials, billboards etc. adjacent to the highway
occupying walkway, shoulder and clear zone.
Nimtoli Bazaar 1. Roadside activities prior to Nimtoli bridge.

252

2. Roadside and corner shops, on street vendors , road side miscellaneous activities etc. occupying walkway,
shoulder , bus bay , turning corners and clear zone
Hashara No 2 Bus stand/ School 1. Tea stall, shops, signboards etc. adjacent to the highway in the clear zone.
gate,
Hashara No 1 Bus stand, 1. On street vehicle repair , road side shops, temporary bamboo gate etc. occupying walkway, shoulder , bus bay , and
clear zone
Keotkhali 1. Roadside activities.
Shologhar Bus stand 1. Tea stall, shops, miscellaneous activities, private construction materials, ticket counters etc. adjacent to the
highway occupying walkway, bus bay and clear zone.
Chonbari Chowrasta 1. Tea stall, shops, temporary bamboo gate, miscellaneous materials, billboards etc. adjacent to the highway
occupying walkway, shoulder and clear zone.
Bejgaon Bus stand 1. Tea stall, shops etc. adjacent to the highway occupying walkway and clear zone.
Srinagar Ferry Ghat 1. Tea stall, shops etc. adjacent to the highway occupying walkway, shoulder, and clear zone.
Mawa Roundabout 1. Roadside and corner shops, on street vendors , temporary bamboo gate, road side miscellaneous activities etc.
occupying walkway, shoulder , turning corners , minor/side roads , median and clear zone
2. Signboards, billboards, banners, posters etc on roundabout island itself restricting sight distance.
Mawa Roundabout to Mawa 1. Tea stall, shops, ticket counters, trees, electric pole , road side trading etc. adjacent to and on the highway
Ferry Ghat occupying walkway, shoulder, and clear zone.
253

Table 26- Past Crashes and Off-Road Excursions (Approaching from Dhaka to Mawa)
Serial Kilometer/Location Condition of Guidepost/ Crash Barrier/ Bridge Railings

1 Rajendrapur Right side crash barriers ( Dhaka side) and left side crash barriers ( Mawa side)
are damaged due to past crashes
Right side bridge railing (Dhaka approach) is damaged due to past crash
2 4.95 km/culvert Left Crash Barrier damaged due to past crash
3 5.8 km Right Crash Barrier end damaged due to past crash
4 6.2 km Right Crash Barrier end damaged due to past crash
5 Abdullahpur Right Crash Barrier after bridge damaged due to past crash
6 7.1 km/ Curve after Abdullahpur bridge Guide posts at right side are damaged due to past crash
7 8.8 km/ Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 approach Guide posts at left side of bridge approach are damaged due to past crash
8 / Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 approach Crash barriers and Guide posts at left side of bridge approach are damaged due to
past crash
9 / Start of Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 Bridge railings at right side of bridge are damaged due to past crash
10 / Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 approach ( Mawa side) Crash barriers and Guide posts at left side of bridge approach are damaged due to
past crash
11 / Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 approach ( Mawa side) Crash barriers and Guide posts at right side of bridge approach are damaged due to
past crash
12 12.5km/Nimtoli bridge Guide posts at right side of bridge approach (Dhaka side) are damaged due to past
crash
13 14.8 km Guide posts at right side of road are damaged due to past crash
14 22.7 km/ after Srinagar ferry ghat Guide posts at right side of road are damaged due to past crash
15 Umpara bailey bridge Crash location
254

Table 27 - Speed-Breaker (SB), Raised Pedestrian Crossings (RPC) and Rumble Strip (RS) Statistics
Serial Location Description (Approaching from Dhaka) Number Road Marking,

Yes (Y)
Or
No (N)
1 Rajendrapur, 4 km 1xSB at location 2xSB Y
1xSB prior to Rajendrapur Bridge
2 Abdullapur, 7.1 km 1xSB prior to Abdullahpur Hospital 3xSB Y
1xSB at Abdullahpur Bazaar
1xSB after Abdullahpur Bridge near side roads
3 Ola alignment, Side road on 2xSB prior and after side roads 2xSB Y
curve, 7.3 km
4 Approach to Dhaleshwari 1x RPC prior to toll Booth 1xSH Y
Bridge 1/ Polashpur Bazaar, 1xSB prior to toll Booth 2xSB
11 km 1xSB after toll Booth
5 After Dhaleshwari Bridge 2/ 1xSB prior to toll Booth 1xSH Y

Kuchiamara, 12.7 km 1x RPC after toll Booth 4xSB
1xSB after toll Booth
1xSB after right side road
1xSB after the location near Speed Limit Sign
6 Nimtoli, 14.9 km 1x RS (1st) prior to Nimtoli Bridge and ‘Nimtoli Place 2xSH Y
Identification Sign) 4xRS
1x RS (2nd ) prior to Nimtoli Bridge and near ‘Nimtoli Place
Identification Sign’
1x RS (3rd ) prior to Nimtoli Bridge
1x RPC just after Nimtoli Bridge

1x RPC just after bus bays
1x RS (4th ) prior to ‘Nimtoli Place Identification Sign’ ( Mawa
255

approach)
7 Hashara No 2 Bus Stand/ 1xSB prior to the location 2xSB Y
Hashara School Gate, 18.4 km 1x Pedestrian Crossing prior to the location
1xSB after side road and the location Poor Marking
Y
8 Hashara No 1 Bus Stand, 18.9 1xSB prior to the location 2xSB Poor marking
km 1x Pedestrian Crossing adjacent to side road Poor marking
1xSB after the location Poor marking
9 Keotkhali, 19.9 km 1xSB prior to the location 2xSB Y
1xSB after the location
10 Shologhar Bus Stand, 22.6 km 1xSB prior to the location 2xSB Y
1xSB after the location
11 Chonbari Chowrasta, 23.9 km 1xSB prior to the location and bus bays 2xSB Y
1xSB after the location and bridge
Poor marking
12 Bejgaon Bus Stand, 24.8 km 1xSB prior to the location 2xSB Poor marking
13 Srinagar Ferry Ghat/ 1xSB after the bridge and prior to the location 2xSB Y
Magurgaon, 25.9 km 1xSB after the location and bus bays
14 Shomspur Bus Stand, 28.6 km 1xSB prior to the location 2xSB Poor marking
15 Medinimondol School, 31.2 1xSB prior to the location 2xSB Poor marking
km 1xSB after the location
16 Mawa Roundabout to Mawa 2xSB and 2xRS at this segment 2xSB Poor marking
Ferry Ghat 2xRS
Total 33xSB, 4xSH
6xRS, 2x
Pedestrian
crossing
256

Table 28 - School Zone Safety
Serial Km/ Location Type of Institution Existing Measures

1 6.6/After Abdullahpur Bridge Schools 1. WS, Children B25 with SP D3 ( School ahead) on both approaches
2. Speed Breaker
2 10.4 km/ Dhaleshwari Bridge College, school 1. No sign
2 approach (Mawa side) 2. Speed breakers
3 15.7 km/ Hashara No 2 bus School and 1. WS, Children B25 with SP D3 ( School ahead) on both approaches
stand Madrasha 2. Speed Breaker
4 17.4 km/ Keotkhali School and 1. WS, Children B25 with SP D3 ( School ahead) on Mawa approach
Madrasha only
2. Speed Breaker
5 25.2 km/ Shomspur bus stand School 1. WS, Children B25 with SP D3 ( School ahead) on both approaches
2. Speed Breaker
6 27.7/ Uttar Medinimondol, School Speed breakers
257

APPENDIX D PAGE NO
DETAIL CALCULATIONS
1. Determination of Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) and Passing Sight Distance (PSD)
To determine required SSDs and PSDs, for all the curves following dimensions were assumed:
Design speed of the road= 50 mph, Average speed of the passing vehicle= 50 mph, Average speed
of passed vehicle= 40 mph, Perception and brake-reaction time, t= 2.5 sec, Co-efficient of friction,
f= 0.3, Average acceleration rate, a= 1.43 mph/sec, Time for preliminary delay, t (1) = 4 sec,
Average time while passing vehicle occupies the opposite lane, t (2) = 10 sec, G= 0, M=50-40=10
mph.
Now, for all the curves,
SSD= d1+d2
Where, d1= 1.47ut= 1.47x50x2.5= 183.75 ft
d2 = u²/ [30(f+ G)] = 50²/ [30 (0.3+0)] = 277.78 ft
Therefore, required SSD= 183.75+ 277.78= 461.53 ft.
Now, PSD= d1+d2+d3+d4
Where, d1= 1.47 t (1) [u- m +at (1)/2] = 1.47 x4 [50- 10 + (1.43x 4)/2] = 252.02 ft
d2= 1.47 u t (2) = 1.47x50x10= 735 ft
d3= 180 ft (assumed)
d4= (2/3) d2= (2/3) x 735= 490 ft
Therefore, required PSD = 252.02+735+180+490= 1657.02 ft.
To determine available SSDs and PSDs, following measurements were taken in the field separately
for each curve:
A chord of 11.8 m at the inside edge of the curve was set and D in cm was measured taking the
offset from the chord to the curve. Radius of curvature (R) along center line of 2-lane road was
determined by, R= 5730 ft/D. Lane width, Lw, Hard Shoulder Width, HSw, Soft Shoulder width,
SSw were then measured. Radius of curvature (r) along center line of inside lane was determined
by, r = R - Lw/2. Distance (c) from the center of the road to the edge of the obstruction was found
out by, c = Lw/2+HSw+SSw/2.
Basing on the above-mentioned data, on the circular curve available sight distance (S) was
determined by the formulae, S= (200/D) Cos¯¹ [(r-c)/r] ft.
258

2. Checking the Necessity of Widening at Curve
In order to check the necessity of widening at the curve prior to Srinagar Ferryghat, calculation
was made basing on AASHTO formula. Following equations were used:
Widening of pavement on curve, w = Wc – Wn, Width of pavement on curve, Wc = N (U+C) +

(N-1) FA + Z, Track width of vehicle (out-to-out tires), U= u + R - sqrt(R2 - L2), Width of front
overhang, FA = Sqrt(R2+A(2L+A) – R, Extra width allowance for driving on curve, Z = V/sqrt(R)
Where, Wn = Width of pavement on tangent, N= Number of lanes, C= Lateral clearance per

vehicle, u= Track width on tangent (out-to-out), L= Wheelbase, A= Length of front overhang, V=
Design Speed, R= Radius on centerline of 2-lane pavement.
Available data: Width of Pavement on Tangent, Wn = 24.00 ft, No. of lanes, N = 2.00, Radius on
centerline of 2-lane pavement, R = 716.00 ft
Assumed data: Design Vehicle Symbol = BUS, Design Speed, V = 37.00 mph or 60 kmph,
Data for Design Vehicle from Table 5 of Appendix C
Track width on tangent (out-to-out), u = 8.50 ft
Wheelbase, L = 25.00 ft
Length of front overhang, A = 7.00 ft
Assuming per vehicle lateral clearance, C = 3.00 ft
Extra width allowance, Z = V/sqrt(R) = 1.38 ft
Front Overhang, FA = Sqrt(R2+A(2L+A) - R = 0.28 ft
Track width (out-to-out), U = u + R - sqrt(R2 - L2) = 8.94 ft
Pavt. width on curve, Wc = N(U+C) + (N-1)FA + Z = 25.53 ft
Check: Since Wc > Wn; pavement on curve need to be widened.
Amount of widening, w = Wc - Wn = 1.53 ft
So at this curve at design speed 60 kmph, amount of required widening is 1.53 ft. At the same
place with design speed 80 kmph, required amount of widening is found to be 2.02 ft.
259

APPENDIX E
PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING SAFETY HAZARDS
Private Driveways and Property Entrances

Photo E 1: Driveway to commercial Photo E 2: Driveway to BSRM Go-down and

property, Hasnabad-Ekuria area R B Steel Mill, Tegharia
Drainage Condition

Photo E 3: Poor drainage at Photo E 4: Poor drainage at Photo E 5: Damaged
bus bay at Rajendrapur Kodomtoli More shoulder at Abdullahpur
Markings and Delineations

Photo E 6: Obscured pavement marking at Photo E 7: No restrictive marking at curve at

Hasara no 2 bus stand Srinagar ferry ghat

260

Crash barriers and Guide posts
Photo E 8: Crash barriers and Guide posts Photo E 9: No painted Guide Post and Crash
are damaged at Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 Barrier, only non-reflective painting on
approach (Maowa side) bridge railings at Serinagar Ferry Ghat

Pedestrians’ Behavior
Photo E 10 Photo E 11


Pedestrians use shoulder in absence of verge (Photo E 10), cross the road at undesignated
places (Photo E 11), use carriageway (Photo E 12) and wait on the street for vehicles (Photo E

13)

261

Non-Motorized Vehicles’ Behavior

Photo E 14 and E 15: NMT using carriageway at Abdullahpur (left) and roundabout (right)
Side Roads without any Engineering Treatment

Photo E 16 and E 17: Two opposite side roads at Hasnabad-Ekuria area (left) and one side road
joins Dhaleshwari Bridge 2 approach (Maowa side) almost parallel to the highway


Photo E 18 and E 19: Skewed junction at Nimtola (left) and road to Srinagar at Chonbari (right)
262

Parking

Photo E 20: Hasnabad-Ekuria area- parked Photo E 21: Kodomtoli T junction- parked
vehicle on both sides of carriageway buses after the junction

Photo E 22: Parked vehicles occupying bus Photo E 23: Parked vehicles occupying bus
bay at Abdullahpur bay resulting on street passenger boarding

and alighting at Shologhar

Photo E 24: Approach to Dhajeshwari Photo E 25: Nimtoli- junction corners occupied
Bridge 2- CNG Park at west side road entry by miscellaneous parked vehicles

263

Roadside Activities
Photo E 26 Photo E 27 Photo E 28

Photo: Service road occupied for various business activities (E 26), shoulder and median is
used for street business activities (E 27), vehicle repair (E 28) at Hasnabad- Ekuria area
Photo: Verge/footpath and shoulder is occupied by tea-stalls (E 29), ‘Temporary bamboo

gates’ installed on the minor road approach (E 30), posters/signboards at median/divider,
billboards beside the road , police check post material on the carriageway (E 31) at T Junction,
(Kodomtoli More)
Photo: Repair of bus at bus bay (E 32) at Rajendrapur and Roadside business (E 33) occupying
footpath, shoulder, bus bay and clear zone, Abdullahpur
264

Photo E 34 Photo E 34: Opening at the crash barrier and
guidepost at approach to the bridge (from
Maowa side) to facilitate pedestrians’
movement and goods handling at Dhalashari
Bridge 2
Photo E 35
Photo E 35: Roadside and corner shops
occupying verge, shoulder, turning corners
and clear zone at Nimtoli Bazaar
Photo E 36
Photo E 36: Signboards, billboards, banners,

posters etc on Roundabout Island at Maowa
Roundabout
Speed-Breakers, Raised Crossing and Rumble Strip

Photo: Non-engineered Speed-Breaker at Hashara No 2 Bus Stand (E 37), Raised Pedestrian
Crossing at approach to Dhaleshwari Bridge 1 (E 38), Rumble Strip prior to Nimtoli Bridge (E 39)
265

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ROAD SAFETY AUDITING APPROACH IN ASSESSING SAFETY HAZARDS

OF A SELECTED HIGHWAY SECTION OF BANGLADESH

NASIR UDDIN AHMED

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING

(CIVIL & TRANSPORTATION)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

NASIR UDDIN AHMED

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING

(CIVIL & TRANSPORTATION)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DR. MD. SHAMSUL HOQUE CHAIRMAN

Nasir Uddin Ahmed

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION

CHAPTER 4: REVIEW OF EXISTING RHD GUIDELINES FOR ROAD SAFETY AUDIT

CHAPTER 5: UNDERTAKING SAFETY AUDIT AND FUTURE IMPACTS

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Introduction 124

AADT- Annual Average Daily Traffic

1.2 Justification for the Study

The specific aims of the research were as follows:

1.4 Scope of the Study

1.5 Organization of the Thesis

Chapter 6 presents the conclusions and recommendations.

2.2 Some Basic Fundamentals about Road Safety Auditing

2.2.1 Background of Road Safety Audit

2.2.2 Definition of Road Safety Audit

2.2.3 Benefits of a Road Safety Audit Program

Road safety audits pro-actively address safety (FHWA, 2006):

2.2.4 Related Issues of Safety Audit

Breaking the Accident Chain

Figure 2.1: Accident Chain

Prevention is better than Cure

Drive, Ride, Walk in Safety

2.2.6 Road Safety Audit is more than Checking Standards

2.2.7 Essential Elements of a Road Safety Audit

2.2.8 Selection of Projects for Audit

2.2.9 Road Safety Audit (RSA) of Existing Roads

The purposes of RSA on existing roads are:

2.2.10 Observing Road User Behavior

2.2.11 Examining Physical Evidence of Past Crashes and Off-Road Excursions

2.3 Review of Various Guidelines

Use of the Guidelines

Appropriate Stage of Audit for Bangladesh

Checklists/Questionnaire and Various Forms

2. 3.2 Road Safety Audit, AUSTROADS, Australia

2. 3.2.1 Explanation of Road Safety Audit

2. 3.2.2 Road Safety Audit and Quality Assurance

2. 3.2.3 Legal Issues

2. 3.2.4 Costs and Benefits

2. 3.2.5 Audit Process, Step by Step

Figure 2.2: The Steps in a Road Safety Audit

2. 3.2.7 Framing of Audit Findings and Recommendations

2. 3.2.6 Audit of Road Designs

2. 3.2.7 Other Types of Road Safety Audits and Safety Reviews

2. 3.2.8 Case Studies, Safety Principles and Checklists