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    Redox Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Nisidini Jasinghe
    The document discusses redox (reduction-oxidation) chemistry concepts including oxidation, reduction, oxidizing and reducing agents, disproportionation reactions, and assigning oxidation numbers. It provides examples of calculating oxidation numbers and using them to identify oxidized and reduced species in reactions. It also covers writing balanced redox equations and naming ionic compounds systematically based on oxidation numbers. Key points are that oxidation involves an increase in oxidation number or loss of electrons, while reduction involves a decrease in oxidation number or gain of electrons. Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction halves.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Redox Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Nisidini Jasinghe
    231 views20 pages
    The document discusses redox (reduction-oxidation) chemistry concepts including oxidation, reduction, oxidizing and reducing agents, disproportionation reactions, and assigning oxidation numbers. It provides examples of calculating oxidation numbers and using them to identify oxidized and reduced species in reactions. It also covers writing balanced redox equations and naming ionic compounds systematically based on oxidation numbers. Key points are that oxidation involves an increase in oxidation number or loss of electrons, while reduction involves a decrease in oxidation number or gain of electrons. Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction halves.

    Original Description:

    IAL Edexcel Redox chemistry

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    The document discusses redox (reduction-oxidation) chemistry concepts including oxidation, reduction, oxidizing and reducing agents, disproportionation reactions, and assigning oxidation numbers. It provides examples of calculating oxidation numbers and using them to identify oxidized and reduced species in reactions. It also covers writing balanced redox equations and naming ionic compounds systematically based on oxidation numbers. Key points are that oxidation involves an increase in oxidation number or loss of electrons, while reduction involves a decrease in oxidation number or gain of electrons. Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction halves.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    231 views20 pages

    Redox Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Nisidini Jasinghe
    The document discusses redox (reduction-oxidation) chemistry concepts including oxidation, reduction, oxidizing and reducing agents, disproportionation reactions, and assigning oxidation numbers. It provides examples of calculating oxidation numbers and using them to identify oxidized and reduced species in reactions. It also covers writing balanced redox equations and naming ionic compounds systematically based on oxidation numbers. Key points are that oxidation involves an increase in oxidation number or loss of electrons, while reduction involves a decrease in oxidation number or gain of electrons. Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction halves.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are the definitions and concepts related to redox chemistry including oxidation, reduction, redox reactions, oxidizing and reducing agents, and rules for assigning oxidation numbers.

    Oxidation is an increase in oxidation number, reduction is a decrease in oxidation number. A redox reaction is one that involves both oxidation and reduction. Oxidation involves loss of electrons while reduction involves gain of electrons.

    An oxidizing agent removes electrons from another substance and is thus reduced. A reducing agent donates electrons to another substance and is thus oxidized.

    Redox Chemistry

    OXIDATION

    When the oxidation number of an element increases, it is called oxidation. Also, losing
    electrons is oxidation.

    Mg + ½ O2 MgO

    Mg Mg2+ + 2e-

    Mg oxidizes as Mg gains oxygen as well as Mg loses electrons.

    REDUCTION

    When the oxidation number of an element decreases, it is called reduction. Also, gaining
    electrons is reduction.

    Mg + ½ O2 MgO

    1/2 O2 + 2e- O2-

    Oxygen reduces as oxygen gains electrons.

    REDOX

    A reaction that involves both oxidation and reduction.

    OXIDISING AND REDUCING AGENTS

    Mg + ½ O2 MgO

     In the above reaction, oxygen has oxidized Magnesium. Therefore, oxygen is called
    oxidizing agent.
     In the above reaction, Magnesium has reduced oxygen. Therefore, Magnesium is called
    reducing agent.
    1. Oxidizing agent is a substance that oxidizes another substance by removing one or more
    electrons.
    2. Reducing agent is a substance that reduces another substance by adding one or more
    electrons.

    DISPROPORTIONATION REACTION

    A reaction involving the simultaneous oxidation and reduction of an element in a single species

    Cu2O + CuSO4 CuSO4 + Cu + H2O

    QUESTIONS

    1. In the reaction:
    Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

    a. Which species has been oxidized and which species has been reduced?

    b. Write ionic half-equations to represent both the oxidation and the reduction reactions.
    2. In each of the following reactions identify whether the underlined species has been
    oxidized, reduced or neither.

    a. Al(s) + 1 ½ Cl2 AlCl3

    b. 4Na + TiO2 2Na2O + Ti

    c. Ag+ + Cl- AgCl

    d. Cl2 + 2Br- 2Cl- + Br2

    e. CuO + 2H+ Cu2+ + H2O

    f. MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O


    3. In each of the following reactions, identify the species that has been oxidized. In each
    case, justify your answer.
    a. Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2

    b. Na + ½ H2 NaH

    c. CuO + Cu Cu2O

    d. 2Fe(OH)2 + ½ O2 + H2O 2Fe(OH)3

    e. 2V3+ + Zn 2V2+ + Zn2+


    ASSIGNING OXIDATION NUMBERS

    Oxidation number is the charge that an ion has, or the charge that it would have if the species
    were fully ionic.

    Rules to remember

    1. Oxidation number of an uncombined element is zero


    Ex:
    2. Sum of the oxidation numbers of all elements in a neutral compound is zero.
    Ex:
    3. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all elements in an ion is equal to the charge on the
    ion. Ex:
    4. The more electronegative element in a substance is given negative oxidation number
    Ex:
    5. Oxidation number of F is always -1.
    Ex:
    6. Oxidation number of H is +1 except when joined with a less electronegative atom then it
    becomes -1. Ex:
    7. Oxidation number of -2, but in H2O2 it is -1 and when combined with F it is +1.
    Ex:

    Example Calculations of oxidation number of elements

    1. Deduce the oxidation number of chlorine in


    a. NaCl

    b. NaClO
    c. NaClO3

    2. Deduce the oxidation number of N in


    a. NH3

    b. NO2-

    c. NO3-

    Questions

    Calculate the oxidation number of the underlined element in each of the following species

    I. SO2

    II. SO3
    III. H2S

    IV. H2O2

    V. OF2

    VI. NaH

    VII. BaO2

    VIII. SO32-

    IX. SO42-
    X. S2O32-

    XI. CrO42-

    XII. Cr2O72-

    XIII. MnO42-

    XIV. MnO4-

    XV. VO2+
    XVI. VO2+

    XVII. ClO-

    XVIII. ClO2-

    XIX. ClO3-

    XX. ClO4-

    XXI. [CuCl4]2-

    XXII. [V (H2O)6]2+
    RECOGNISING REACTIONS USING OXIDATION NUMBERS

     By calculating the oxidation number of elements in a compound, we can identtify


    wheather the element has reduced or oxidised during the reaction.

    Oxidation

    When the oxidation number of an element increases; the loss of electrons.

    Reduction

    When the oxidation number of an element decreases; the gain of electrons

    Disproportionation reaaction

    A reaction involving the simultaneous oxidation and reduction of an element in a single species.

    Example calculation
    Question: Complete the table by filling giivng the oxidation number. One has been done for you.

    Equation Redox Disproportionation Element Element


    reaction oxidised reduced

    Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 √ × Mg H

    0 +1 -1 +2 -1 0

    CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

    2H2O2 2H2O + O2

    KOH + HNO3 KNO3 + H2O

    Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO


     When writing systematic names, oxidation number of the element must be written in
    roman numbers in a bracket.

    Formula of Relevant oxidation Systemtic name


    compound or ion number

    FeCl2 Fe +2

    FeCl3 Fe +3

    KMnO4 Mn +7

    K2MnO4 Mn +6

    CrO42- Cr +6

    Cr2O72- Cr +6

     Anion formed by combining an element with oxygen is named by ending suffix ‘ate’

     Cation formed by combining an element with oxygen gets the name of the element with
    its oxidation number.

    Questions

    1. Give the systematic name for each of the following compounds.

    (a) PCl3

    (b) PCl5

    (c) V2O5
    (d) NaClO

    (e) NaClO3

    (f) Na2SO4

    (g) Na2SO3

    (h) SO3

    (i) SO2

    2. Give the systematic name for each of the following ions

    (a) NO3-

    (b) NO2-

    (c) ClO4-

    (d) VO2+

    (e) VO2+
    3. Deduce the formula for each of the following compounds:

    (a) copper(l) oxide

    (b) copper(II) oxide

    (c) chromium(lll) sulfate(VI)

    (d) lead(IV) iodide

    (e) cobalt(lll) nitrate(V)

    4. Why it is not necessary to refer to sodium chloride as sodium(l) chloride, magnesium oxide as
    magnesium(ll) oxide?
    CONSTRUCTING FULL IONIC EQUATIONS

    BALANCING BY COUNTING ELECTRONS

    During balancing equations the number of the electrons releases by the oxidation reaction
    must be equal to the electrons gained by reduction reactions.

    Example 1:

    Zn(s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-

    Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)

    Example 2:

    Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + e-

    Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq)

    Example 3:

    Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + e-

    MnO4- Mn2+
    Example 4:

    MnO4- Mn2+

    H2O2 O2

    BALANCING EQUATIONS USING OXIDATION NUMBERS

    Example 1

    …SO2(g) + ….H2O(l) + … Ag+(aq) …. SO42-(aq) + ….H+(aq) + Ag(s)

    S oxidation number changes from ……………..to ……………… (……..electron change)

    Ag oxidation number changes from…………..to………………..(………electron change)

    Therefore the ratio between SO2 to Ag+ must be …………………

    …SO2(g) + ….H2O(l) + … Ag+(aq) …. SO42-(aq) + ….H+(aq) + Ag(s)


    Now we must balance H and O atoms

    ….SO2(g) + ….H2O(l) + … Ag+(aq) …. SO42-(aq) + ….H+(aq) + Ag(s)

    Check the equation by finding the total charge of the two sides.

    ….……………left hand side and ……………….right hand side

    Example 2:

    ….…….Fe2+(aq) + ………….ClO3- + …….H+ …….Fe3+ + …….Cl- + ……..H2O

    ….…….Fe2+(aq) + ………….ClO3- + …….H+ …….Fe3+ + …….Cl- + ……..H2O

    Oerall charge …………………………………. ……………………………….


    QUESTIONS

    1. Use each pair of ionic half equations to construct a full ionic equation. Include state
    symbols.

    (a) Zn(s) + Fe3+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Fe2+(aq)

    (b) I2(aq) + S2O32− (aq) → 2I− (aq) + S4O6 2− (aq)

    (c) MnO4 − (aq) + H+ (aq) + Ce3+(aq) → Mn2+(aq) + H2O(l) + Ce4+(aq)


    (d) Cr2O7 2− (aq) + H+ + Fe2+(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + H2O(l) + Fe3+(aq)

    (e) FeO4 2− (aq) + H+ (aq) + C2O4 2− (aq) Fe3+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

    2. Use the oxidation numbers to balance the following equations.

    (a) Cu(s) + H+ (aq) + NO3 − (aq) → Cu2+(aq) + H2O(l) + NO(g)


    (b) Cu(s) + H+ (aq) + NO3 − (aq) → Cu2+(aq) + H2O(l) + NO2(g)

    (c) Cl2(g) + OH− (aq) → Cl− (aq) + ClO3 − (g) + H2O(l)

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