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11 111i 11III11l11111m1: Iiii Lllllli
11 111i 11III11l11111m1: Iiii Lllllli
i AtJ6 i. 6 0994' 1
THESIS
THREE-DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS OF CRACK CLOSURE IN LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES SUBJECTED TO BENDING LOADS by Mehmet Baskaya June, 1994 Thesis Advisor: Young W. Kwon
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1.
4.
3.
Mehmet Baskaya
8. PERFORMING
II. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.
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Fracture is one of the dominant failure modes in structures subjected to external loads. Stress and deformation fields around the crack tip are important to understand the crack propogation and arrest. For a plate with a through-the-thickness crack and subjected to a bending load, there is crack closure on the compression side of the crack face. The present study investigates effects of crack closure on the stress and deformation fields on the tension side of the crack face. A three-dimensional finite element analysis is performed for laminated composite plates using both the line and surface crack closure models. For a composite whose longitudinal elastic modulus is much greater than the transverse modulus, line and surface closure models result in higher stresses near the crack tip in comparison to the no-closure solution. Hence, no-closure solutions are nonconservative for the composite. Transverse shear is the major cause for the nonconservative solution.
14. SUBJECT TERMS FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, BOUNDARY CONDITIONS, CRACK CLOSURE MODELING 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT
Unclassified
NSN 7540-01-280-5500
Unclassified
Unclassified
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Three-Dimensional Effects of Crack Closure in Laminated Composite Plates Subjected to Bending Loads by Mehmet Baskaya Lieutenant Junior Grade, Turkish Navy B.S., Turkish Naval Academy, 1988 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 1994
Author:
Approved by:
2
Mebmet Ba UW. Kwon, ay Thesis Advisor
ii
ABSTRACT
Fracture
is
failure modes in
structures subjected to external loads. Stress and deformation fields around the crack tip are important to understand the crack propogation and arrest. For a plate with a through-thethickness crack and subjected to a bending load, there is
crack closure on the compression side of the crack face. The present study investigates effects of crack closure on the stress and deformation fields on the tension side of the crack face. A three-dimensional finite element analysis is performed
for laminated composite plates using both the line and surface crack closure models. For a composite whose longitudinal
elastic modulus is much greater than the transverse modulus, line and surface closure models result in higher stresses near the crack tip in comparison solutions shear to are is the no-closure nonconservative the major cause solution. for for the the
Hence,
no-closure
composite.
Transverse
nonconservative solution.
Accesion For NTIS CRA&W DTIC TAB Unannounzed Justification By__
0 0
Distribution I
Availability Codes
Dist
Avail and I or
Special
... .....
II.
5
5 9 9 10 11 11 13
iv
1.
I2TP.ODUCTION
Plates and shells are very commonly used as structural members in construction of ships and other structures. to their wide usage as structural members, Due
been performed to understand their failure mechanisms and modes under different loading conditions. Fracture is one of the most frequent failure modes in plates and shells. The located first analysis on plates cracks containing and centrally to In
through-the-thickness
subjected
his analysis, Williams used the forth-order classical plate bending theory with Kirchhoff boundary conditions. He showed that there are for some discrepencies and between bending the stress In
distributions
extensional study,
problems.
William's bending
surface
to the fact that the Kirchoff bending theory can not satisfy the physical boundary conditions on the crack surface
completely. This problem was solved by Knowles and Wang (Ref. 2].
They used Reissner/Mindlin's sixth order plate theory which allows three boundary conditions at edges. They solved the However,
their
solutions
were
limited
to plates effects
small plate
thicknesses.
Analyses
including
thickness on the bending stress distribution were performed independently by Hartranft and Sih [Ref. 4]. All the theories mentioned above assume that the crack surface is stress-free and straight. In reality, for a plate under a bending load, there exists crack closure on the 3] and Wang [Ref.
compression side and crack opening on the tension side of the crack surface. A photoelastic experimental study
closure. A significant change of local stresses was observed as a result of the crack closure. A finite element analysis was first undertaken by Jones [Ref. 6] using Kirchhoff's bending theory to study effects He compared the closure in crack
opening displacements and intensity factors due to existing crack closure. In sixth Heming's order study [Ref. was 7], the
Mindlin/Reissner whi.ch is
plate
theory
employed,
more realistic and allows satisfaction of three These results were [Ref. 6]. the
obtained by Jones
bending stresses and displacements on the tension side due crack closure. In those studies, the line closure model, which assumed the outermost points from the neutral axis on the was
compressive side of the crack surface to be in contact, used. However, Smith and Smith's experiment (Ref. 5]
showed
that there was closure over an area of the crack surface, the size of which varied depending on the plate and crack dimensions. A three dimensional finite element analysis was 8] to investigate the distribution of
this closure. A very crude finite element mesh was used in their analyses. Finally Kwon (Ref. 91 studied the crack closure effect
for unidirectional composite plates using the line closure model and the Mindlin/Reissner plate theory. He found that, the crack closure on the compression side of a bent
unidirectional composite plate increased the crack opening displacement and bending stress on the tensile side. This finding was in contradiction to that for an isotropic plate. Hence, it was concluded that results were plates. obtained without for
considering unidirectional
crack
closure
nonconservative The
composite
nonconservative
solutions for unidirectional composite plates were caused by the effect of transverse shear. 3
In
the present
study,
effects
of surface
closure
on
stresses and displacements around the crack tip in laminated composite plates are investigated using three-dimensional
11.
'INITE ELUOI
FORMULATION
A.
OVZERVIE
A finite element program is developed to model a plate with centrally located through-the-thickness crack and
subjected to a constant bending load. As shown in Figure 1, the cartesian coordinate system is employed in the model.
y
X0 < 0
z
Figure 1 Geometric representation of the plate model
The plate is
assumed to have simply supported boundary Due to symmetries along the x is analyzed to
supported boundary conditions are required for the quarter plate. Three-dimensional parallel-piped elements are used in constructing the stiffness matrix. Each there node has three
therefore,
u31 U,
,31 -U
>U
U32
41
U7
UU8
22
Figure 2
(Z)
To interpolate the displacements within each finite element, shape functions are utilized. Displacement can be expressed
as,
8 N*Uil V= NI*U,2 W
8 N* N U5 (2)
u=
i=I
i= 1
i= 1
where
subscript
represents 2,
the
node
number,
and
the
directions,
function of x, y and z. From the elasticity theory, given below, strains are expressed as
exx = -e
y =!L
e=z =
(3)
e x. =
+!t
MO
eo
ap +
4.1
(4)
where
{e} is
{u)* is (B] is
a a
matrix containing derivatives of the shape functions. The defined as, three-dimensional generalized Hooke's law is
(a)= [D]({)
(5)
c) = [Ex,
,xz,
y,]JT
In
equation
(7),
only
the
terms
in
paranthesis
have
dependency on the coordinate system. The volume integral of these terms yields the stiffness matrix,
[IA] =f [B]T[D][B~dV
V
(8)
{F)e=[Kje{U)e
(9)
which includes elasticity moduli and Poisson's ratios of the material. In the present work, isotropic, orthotropic and
There are three independent material constants in the [D] matrix for an isotropic material. Elasticity moduli
and Poisson's ratios are the same in every direction. For an isotropic material matrix [D] is given as,
Eou0
(l+u)*(I-2eu)0
0 0
0 0
0 0
E'u (14,u)*(1-2*u)
(I.H)*.(-2eu)
Eou
(I+u)*e(-2*u)
E*u
ZoU
(Iu)X(I-2u)
0 0 0
(10)
G00
0 0
0 0
0 0
0G0 00G
2.
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL
number
of
independent
material
constants The
matrix is
and 100, G12 /E 2 -0.6, of the [D] matrix is given in [Ref. 10]
G23/E 2 -0.5,
Inverse is
1/E 1
-U
21
/E
-u 31 /E
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
l/G 2 1
(1
1/G23 0 0 lIG 31
10
3.
A investigated.
laminated
composite [D]
plate
with
(0/90].
is
matrices in
represent the oriantations of 0 and 90 degrees. [D] for the 0 degree layer is
degree layer except that material properties in the x and z directions (see Figure 1) are interchanged for the 90 degree layer. As a result, the compliance matrix for the 90 degree layer is given below,
I/E3
-u
-U
32 /E 3
3 1/E 3
0
0
0
0
0
0
-U 12 /El
lIE1
0
0 0
0
lIG 0 0
21
0
0
lIG 0
1 3
0
0
0 1/G
32
(12)
0
0 0
0
0 0
C.
STRAIN-DISPLcmIT REZATION
Linear
shape
functions
are
utilized
in
the present
* N, (=ax-)
Y * (=Z)
N2
QE*
(=-)
N' = 3
Z b)*(i
*()*(13) N4 = (WX)
N5 = (!j-)*
b)
N6 = (f) (jZy) *
*o'
where a, b, and c are dimensions of a finite element as seen in Figure 2. Matrix displacements derivatives [B], which relates is strains to nodal partial strain
formed
functions.
8 ax
1=1
8
e.w = j=lI ezz= I [Ni * U,
A -[Nj * U81]
(14)
i=1
12
ex
[N*'1
exz- =
i-1
![N, * U11,]+
1-!
~[* RN
U'
"IN * U13
8 1=1
8
1=1
8 e,= A [N,.*
8 Z -NI.UO]
D.
STIFIZSB MAILTRIX
The element stiffness matrix integration of the term ([BNJ where x varies from 0 to a, y varies from 0 to b, z varies from 0 to c,
T [D]
[K]
is
found by volume
C[B)
mesh, the number of nodes in the x, y, and z directions are 21, 9, and 21 respectively. It gives the halfbandwidth of
636 and total degrees of fredom of 11907. A static pressure load is applied at the nodes ao the xz plane lying in the
13
CRACK CLOSURE
Selecting proper constraints imposed along the edges of a plate is very of important. Kirchoff's As mentioned in [Ref. 7], or
application
boundary
conditions
Reisner/Mindlin boundary conditions results in contradictory solutions. It is more realistic describes to employ three the
Reissner/Mindlin
theory,
which
boundary in the
utilized.
Because of the symmetry involved, a quarter of the plate is modeled. The model has two symmetric and two simply
by constraining displacements in the normal direction to the boundary surface. the other hand Simply supported boundary conditions, are imposed by constraints in on
vertical
displacements and tangential displacements at the boundary surface. Crack closure is a constraint on the crack face. There
are three crack surface models which are used in analyses of plates with through-the-thickness assumes surface, that as the seen plate in has Figure no cracks. The first model on is the called crack the
14
15
no-closure
model.
The
crack
surface
is
considered
as
stress-free and straigth . The assumption of no-closure allows crack opening to occur on the tension side of the crack face. On the other
side of the crack face, deformations of the same magnitudes occur in the opposite direction. Hence, overlapping or
penetration takes place by employing the no-closure model. However, penetration is not possible in the actual case. In
reality, there would be contact over a region on the crack surface. And this contact is called crack closure. We can model the closure region in two different ways. In the first model the outermost nodes on the compression axis are constrained to
avoid penetration. This is called the line closure model and is shown in Figure 3b. Alternatively, a region which
contains some of the nodes between the outermost nodes and neutral axis on the compression side of the crack face can be constrained, as shown in Figure 3c. This second model is called the surface closure model. Plate bending model, remain because plain the theories permit only the line closure theories assume that plane sections
before
and after
bending.
The experimental
takes place over a portion of the crack face. Therefore, the surface closure model is the 16 closest describtion of the
crack closure.
An
iteration process
is
necessary
to model
nodes are constrained to ensure that there is on the crack surface. When using the finite element method, model the surface or 3-D crack solid closure elements. using If it 2-D 2-D
is
plate plate
elements
thickness.
face can have a piecewise linear deformation and the closure portion elements, becomes a rectangular at the shape. crack With can 3-D have solid more
displacements
face
general deformation.
17
IV. RMSULTS AND DISCUS8SICS In kinds the present of materials and of study, are cracked plates These made are of three
examined.
isotropic, with an
layered
composite
plates
Four different elasticity moduli 40, and 100, are considered for
El/E2-5,
Consequently,
nine models with different material properties. of crack closure modelings, which are
discussed
previous chapter, are employed to model the crack surface. These models. are surface closure, line closure, and no-closure
each cracked plate. All the stress and displacement data are computed on the plane containing the crack. A three dimensional
representation of the crack surface for the no-closure model is shown in Figure 4. of there In the is this figure flat section is crack no plane. Since on for the the the crack the and
portion model
constraint
displacements with the same magnitudes and in directions are observed on the tension
due to the
18
Figure
Three
Dimensional
Representation
of
the
Crack
Surface for
No-closure model.
19
Figure
Three
Dimensional
Representation
of
the
Crack
20
crack
closure,
only
displacements
in
the
crack
opening
direction are allowed, as shown in Figure 5. Effects of closure on the crack opening displacements can be explained by considering a compressive force due to closure as shown in Figure 6a, that acts on the compression side of the crack surface. A statically equivalent force and moment, as in Figure 6b, can be thought acting in the middle While the force increases the crack opening
of the plane.
displacements on the entire surface of the crack, the moment causes decreases on the tension side. For smaller elasticity ratios the effect of the moment is greater. Hence, we
For higher
plate, the effect of the force is higher. When the elasticity ratio is higher, shear deformation As seen in
Figure 6c the rotation caused by the moment is decreased due to the transverse shear effect. Here 0 is the rotation angle for the moment without considering transverse shear effect, and y is the rotation angle in the opposite direction due to
represents
the vertical axis represents crack opening displacements on the tension side of the plate. 21 These crack opening
TENSION SIDE
e'00'
eutral axis
Figure 6c
22
(CODs) of the
are
normalized
by
the
maximum Since
corresponding
no closure model.
only displacements on the tension side are plotted. It is observed that the crack opening displacements for
line and surface closure models are very close to each other for all are the elasticity ratios. crack closure When low elasticity ratios
considered,
decreases
displacements on the tension side all the way. to the fact that the effect of the moment is elasticity ratios.
7 shows the crack opening displacevents on the tension side of a laminated, cross-ply composite plate with the
elasticity ratio El/E2=5. From Figure ratio, El/E2, near is 8 20, tip. it is seen that, when the elasticity
crack closure reduces the displacements On the other hand, it increases the
the crack
displacements El/E2=5
a slight
Further inreases in the crack opening displacements are obtained for elasticity ratio El/E2=40, Near the crack tip, the displacements still as seen in Figure 9. for closure cases are
=1.2
E
S
S0.40 2
/"Surface
Closure
...........
no-closure
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Tigure 7 Crack Opening Displacements (CODs) on the tension side of a laminated, cross-ply composite plate with elasticity ratio E./E.=5.
24
1.41
=0.8S 0.6-
z
., 0.4-
-/Surface
Sin~e Closure -closure / 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Closure
...........
------
0.20 0
0.7
0.8
0.9
Figure 8 Crack Opening Displacements (CODs) on the tension cross-ply composite plate with side of a laminated, elasticity ratio E,/E,=20.
25
.1
L..4
0.8
S0.4
ZLine
Surfa
Closure
....
------
closure
no-closure_
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0o.
0.o
0.7
0.8
0.9
Figure 9 Crack Opening Displacements (CODs) on the tension side of a laminated, cross-ply composite plate with elasticity ratio E./E.=40.
26
1.41
F0.8S~i
en06surface
0.4
closure.... Closure
go-closure______
- - -
0.200
4.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1).9
Figure 10 Crack Opening Displacements (CODs) on :-e -ension cross-ply composite 2.-ace wi:h side of a laminated, elasticity ratio E,/E.=l00.
27
When
El/E2-100,
closure
increases
the
crack
opening This is to
the way,
as seen in effect
transverse
shear
enough
overcome the effect of the moment also near the crack tip. Since the closure cases reduce the stresses on the
from those
Therefore, both tension and compression sides are examined. In the stress plots, the horizontal axis represents the
normalized distance from the crack tip upto the corner of the plate along the uncracked portion of the crack plane. The vertical axis represents stresses that are normalized by the applied constant pressure . From Figures 1. and 12 it can be seen that for EI/E2-5,
there exist large discrepencies in the stress levels between closure and no-closure cases. These differences occur both On
on the tension and the compression sides of the plate. the other hand, the differences in stresses
for surface
closure and line closure cases are very small as seen in the crack opening displacements. tension side. When higher elasticity ratios are considered, increases This is especially true on the
in the stresses near the crack tip are observed for closure cases compared to no-closure case, as shown in Figures 13 to
28
18.
29
MAJOMU
1001
C106=0....... surface ~~
Line Clom-z -
I.o-__o___
~'50-
4 z
30
20-
LOl
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Figure
11
laminated, E,/E.--5.
Stress
distribution
on
the
tension
side
of
30
Surface Closure......
80
Line
Closure
------
z
Po
70 601s
2--
0.a
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.0
0.7
0.8
0.9
". .. '
Stress distribution on the compression side of a cross-ply composite plate with elasticity ratio
i , .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .: " :I -
MAJN STRMSZS 40
35-
surface Closure
30
Line Closure
no-closure
______
20. 15
o.A
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Stress distribution on the tension side of a cross-ply composice plate with elasticity ratio
MMW
354
surface Closure
...........
3 30
Line Closure
go-closure
245
5-
z]
0.1 0.2
101
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 o.8 0.9 NORM. 01ST. FROM TU CRACK TI
0 LO
Stress distribution on the compression side of a cross-ply composite plate with elasticity ratio
71
XAXDMUM STRME 20
LS
Suzface Closure Line Closure
L4-No-closure______
*
...........
L.1
Glo
=
2
0
8
6]
4
2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
:F4gure 15 laminated,
"-/E3=40.
Stress distribution on the tension side of a cross-ply composite plate with elasticity ratio
34
SIDE
20
4 L6Surface
........... -_-_-_-_--
14-m
gj
to 1.2
n 10
4:
0I
0.L
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Figure 16
laminated, E,/E,=40.
35
4-
I
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figure 17 Stress distribution on the tenslion side of a laminated, cross-ply composite plate with elasticity ratio E. /E,=lOO.
36
MAXIMUM STORESSE
LOi
9
Surface Closure 3
Ld: 7 Line Closur'e No-Closure
......
.
------
n
=x
5"
4
S2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.9
Stress distribution on the compression side of a cross-ply composite plate with elasticity ratio
37
V.
CONCLUSIONS AM
RZClANDo&Tng
When a laminated composite plate with a through the thickness crack has a large ratio between the longitudinal and transverse elastic moduli, crack closure increases the
crack opening displacement and tensile bending stress around the crack tip compared to those obtained without considering crack closure. There is also a slight difference between
surface and line closure solutions since the surface closure model has more constraints. Both crack closure solutions are nonconservative. As a result, crack closure must be
'rnder consideration.
study shows that the surface closure of crack closure. are, however, Since
observed
line closure
crack closure for computational efficiency. In future studies experiments may be performed to
38
LIST OF R5FZRZNCEB
1. Williams, M.L., 0 Proceedings 0, First U.S. Conaress of Anplied Mechanics, 325-329, 1951.
National
2. Knowles, J.K. and Wang, N.M., 0 On the Bending of an Elastic Plate Containing a Crack 0, Journal of Mathematics and Physics , 39, No.5, pp.223-236, 1960. 3. Hartranft, R.J. and Sih, G.C., N Effect of Plate Thickness on the Bending Stress Distribution Around Thr gh Cracks , Journal of Mathematics and Physics, 47, 3, 276-291, 1968. 4. Wang, N.M., Effect of Plate Thickness on the Bending of an Elastic Plate Containing a Crack 0, Journal Mathematics and Physics, Vol. 47, pp.371-390, 1968. 5. Smith, D.G. and Smith, C.W., R A Photoelastic Evaluation of the Influence of Closure and Other Effects upon the Local Bending Stresses in Cracked Plates 0, Int. J. Fracture, 505-318, 1970. 6. Jones, D.P., 0 Elasto-plastic Bending of Cracked Plates, Including the Effect of Crack Closure 0, Ph.d. Thesis. Mechanical Engineerina. Carnegie-Mellon Univesitv. Report
SM-83A, 1972.
7. Heming, F.S. Jr.," Sixth Order Analysis of Crack Closure in Bending of an Elastic Plate I,nt. J. Fracture, 16, 289-304, 1980. 8. Alwar, R.S. and Nambissan, K.N., I Influence of Crack Closure on the Stress Intensity Factor for Plates Subjected to Bending-a 3D finite element analysis 0, Ennma. Fracture Mech., 17, 323-333, 1983. 9. Kwon, Y.W., U Analysis of Crack Closure in Unidirectional Composite Plates Subject to Bending Loads , Enana. Fracture Mech., Vol. 42, No5, pp. 825-831,1992. 10. Whitney, J.M., Anisotropic Plates 1987.
U
39
1. Defense Technical Information Center Cameron Station Alexandria, Virginia 22304-6145 2. Library, Code 52 Naval Postrgaduate School Monterey, California 93943-5 101
Department Chairman, Code ME/Kk Department of Mechanical Engineering Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000 Deniz Kuvvederi Komutanligi Personel Egitim Daire Baskanligi Bakanliklar Ankara Turkey
7. Deniz Harp Okulu Tuzla Istanbul, Turkey 8. Mehmet Baskaya Seyfidemirsoy Mah. Ulutan sok. 194/10 Icaydinlik, Ankara. Turkey 40
9. Istanbul Teknik Universitesi Universite Kutuphanesi, Beyazit Istanbul Turkey 10. Ortadoe:U Teknik Universitesi Universite Kuruphanesi Ankara. Turkey
41