APT-GroundStations 1969

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NASA SP-5080
EATHER SATELLITE
PICTURE ECEIVING STAT1 S
INEXPENSIVE CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC
PICTURE TRANSMISSION G R O U N D EQUIPMENT
A REPORT
NASA SP-5080
INEXPENSIVE CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC

PICTURE TRANS ISSIQN GROUND EQU
A REPORT
By Charles H. Vermillion
Techizology Utilization Divisios

OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION 1969
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Washington, D.C.
NOTICE This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration. Neither the United S t a t e s Government
nor a n y person acting on behalf of the United S t a t e s Government assumes a n y
liability resulting from the use of t h e information contained in this document,
o r w a r r a n t s t h a t such use will be free from privately owned rights.
For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information
Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTI price $3. 00
Foreword
Weather satellites, together with communications satellites,
a r e among the products of space research of most practical benefit to
mankind. The capability of satellites to observe conditions in the
earth's atmosphere rapidly and comprehensively was recognized early
a s a tool that would aid in global weather forecasting.
To obtain global weather data quickly at a central point for
study, designers adopted data-storage readout procedures for the
early weather satellites. Later, with the addition to some satellites
of the continuous broadcasting feature of the Automatic Picture
Transmission (APT) System, information could be transmitted
immediately directly to local weather stations. APT enables remote
sites to receive instant weather information both day and night.
When it was designed in 1960, APT used state-of-the-art com-
ponents to meet its requirements. Some parts were expensive.
The recent advent of less expensive, high-yuality electronic compo-
nents, together with the use of advanced electronic design experience,
has made possible equipment which can easily be built in most parts
of the world. This report is a guide to the construction of an eco-
nomical, useful APT and DRIR weather instrument for the direct
reception of daytime and nighttime cloudcover pictures from satel-
lites.
Rudolph A. Stampfl
Deputy Assistant Director
for Advanced Projects,
Technology Directorate,
Goddard Space Flight Center.
iii
Contents
Page
SUMMARY ........................... vii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE APT SYSTEM . . . . . . . 1
CHAPTER 2 . HOW THE APT SYSTEM WORKS . . . . . . . . . . 3
The APT-Equipped Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The APT Ground Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
CHAPTER 3 . BUILDING THE APT GROUND STATION . . . . . . . 11

TheAntenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
The FM Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Facsimile Unit .................... 33
The Tape Recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Thecamera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
CHAPTER4. OPERATIONOFTHEOVERALLSYSTEM . . . . . . 39
System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Control Panel Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The VHF Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Video Electronics ..................... 43
CHAPTER5 . PREPARATIONSFORPICTURETAKING . . . . . . 47
Cable Connections ..................... 47
Receiver Display Unit Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Camera Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
TapeRecorder Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
V
INEXPENSIVE APT GROUND STATIONS
Page
CHAPTER 6 . PROCEDURES DURING PICTURE TAKING ..... 51
Real- Time Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Playbackoperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Alternate Facsimile Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
CHAPTER 7 . THE FACSIMILE VIDEO ENHANCEMENT DEVICE . . 55
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Physical Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Installat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Principles of Operation .................. 61
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
CHAPTER8. DIRECTREADOUTINFRAREDSYSTEM . . . . . . 67
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
How the APT/DRIR System Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Characteristics of the DRIR Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Operating Instruct ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Theoryof Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Installation into Photo Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Alignment Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
APPENDIX A. VHF RECEIVER PARTS LIST . . . . . . . . . . . A1
APPENDIX B. VIDEO ELECTRONICS PARTS LIST . . . . . . . . B1
DIXC . VLDEO REMODULATION UNIT PARTS LIST . . . . c1
APPENDIX D. DRIR PARTS LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D1
Summary
This report describes how one can procure o r build the antenna, F M re-
ceivers, and other components for the automatic picture transmission (APT) ground
station. A facsimile video enhancement device is also described, along with the
direct readout infrared (DRIR) adapter unit which can convert the APT system to
receive nighttime a s well a s daytime cloudcover data. The DRIR system takes
advantage of the NINIBUS 111high resolution infrared radiometer (HRIR) which
transmits pictures over the same frequencies used by the APT system in the day-
time. Detailed drawings and parts lists a r e included for each system. Installa-
tion, alignment, and operation of the complete APT ground station a r e also
described,
APT ground stations a r e inexpensive and reliable. They can be built from
surplus parts for under $500 o r procured for a s low a s $5000. With them, scien-
tists, local weather stations, amateurs, and others can receive satellite-taken
photographs of the earth a s APT-equipped satellites pass overhead.
It is currently planned that APT systems compatible with the ground station
will be flown on Nimbus and ESSA satellites at least until 1972. It is probable
that similar o r advanced APT systems will be available after 1972, although these
programs a r e still in a tentative planning stage.
C. Vermillion
NASA/GSFC
Systems Division
vii
The automatic picture-transmission (APT) system developed by the U. S.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a unique television sys-
tem enabling a weather satellite to take cloudcover pictures over wide areas and
transmit them to simple and inexpensive ground stations anywhere on earth.
The first APT-equipped satellite was TIROS VIII, an experimental version,
launched December 21, 1963. Two APT-equipped experimental Nimbus satellites,
launched August 28, 1964 and May 15, 1966, successfully demonstrated the APT
system by transmitting thousands of APT pictures directly to receiving stations all
over the world. The later TIROS operational satellites, named ESSA4+ when they
achieve orbit, will provide continuous APT coverage on a regular operational
basis. These satellites are built and launched under the technical direction of the
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and are operated by the U. S. Environmental
Science Services Administration (ESSA).
By using APT equipment, a ground station can receive photographs and other
pictorial information transmitted by APT-equipped satellites passing overhead tak-
ing photographs and infrared pictures of the clouds and terrain in the vicinity of the
ground station. In addition, there is an experimental program for the relay of pic-
torial information to APT ground stations through an ATS satellite as shown in
fig. 1. This experiment may lead to additional uses for the APT ground stations
in the future (Ref. 1).
APT ground station equipment is inexpensive and reliable. It can be built
using surplus equipment for a few hundred dollars or purchased ready-made for
around $5000. Simplicity, direct reception and "instant" pictures make the APT
system particularly useful to meteorologists, weather services, commercial
organizations, government agencies, and educational institutions. For instance
meteorologists at weather offices and TV stations can receive daily pictorial dis-
plays of the local cloudcover in less time than it would take to dial a telephone and
get a complete weather forecast. A weather picture from a typical APT-equipped
satellite is complete within about 200 seconds. Pictures of cloud patterns signify-
ing weather conditions are thus immediately observable. Utility companies can
keep an eye on weather changes affecting power and water consumption. Individual
*ESSA = Environmental Survey Satellite.

2
APT RELAY SATELLITE

(FUTURE USE)
TYPICAL STATIONS
LOCAL WEATHER STATIONS
SCHOOLS
REMOTE RESEARCH STATIONS
AI RPO RTS
SHIPS
BUSINESS OFFICES
FARMER CO-OPS
AMATEURS
LOCAL A N D FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT OFFICES
(POLICE, FIRE, ECT.)
APT P ICTURE -TAKI NG SATELLITE

(CURRENT USE)
Figure I. -APT ground equipment used with picture-taking satellites and

picture-relay satellites.
weather services can provide detailed data on conditions hundreds of miles around
their station. The universally available cloudcover pictures can also provide
weather data to improve meteorological interpretation in localities not normally
served by weather bureaus. At present, weather satellites in the Nimbus and
ESSA series include APT equipment in their payloads. APT ground stations have
already sprung up all over the world, and thousands of cloudcover pictures a r e
recorded every week.
CHAPTER 2
H o w The APT System Works
THE APT-EQUIPPED SATELLITE

The operation of the APT system, now carried by ESSA and Nimbus satel-
lites, can be compared to regular television operation. When these weather satel-
lites cross the day portion of the globe in their near-polar orbits, their special
television cameras (vidicons) are pointed at the Earth below. The system is com-
pletely automatic and requires no ground commands for operation. In the daylight
portion of the revolution, an internal sequence timer exposes the vidicon and be-
gins the read-out process a few seconds later. This process is accomplished by
scanning the stored picture from the face of the vidicon. This picture is scanned
800 times, resulting in 800 lines of picture information (ref. 2). The density of
electrons stored on the face of the picture, which correspond to the shades of grey
in the picture, is detected by the electron beam in the vidicon. The resulting cur-
rent beam is used to amplitude-modulate a 2400-Hz subcarrier, which is sent to
the APT transmitter for relay to waiting ground stations (fig. 2).
An APT satellite will pass within range of any ground station two o r three
times during daytime. A receiving station can receive weather pictures taken over
regions up to 2000 miles distant. For example, the station in Greenbelt, Mary-
land, can receive pictures taken from Central America to Greenland. Local
weather pictures are of primary interest, however, and these can be obtained from
ESSA and Nimbus satellites, which pass almost directly overhead once daily.
Each picture covers an area measuring approximately 1200 miles (1920 km) square
(Nimbus) o r 1700 miles (2730 km) square (ESSA); a pair of successive pictures will
overlap about 3 0 percent on the ESSA satellite and 50 percent on Nimbus I11 (figs.
3 and 4).
The satellite radiates approximately 5 watts of power. The power received
on the ground within the area of reception (fig. 4) is sufficient for clear pictures if
the station has the proper receiving equipment. (See figs. 5 and 6 for an idea of
the distance useful pictures may be transmitted.) The area of reception increases
proportionately with increasing altitude of the satellite (e. g. , 1400 km for the ESSA
series and 1200 km for Nimbus 111. Each station should be able to acquire a satellite
at about 5 degrees in elevation, which represents an approximate line-of-sight dis-
tance of 3500 miles.
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R E C E P T I O N A R E A IS F O R
So E L E V A T I O N O F ESSA
SERIES SATELLITES A T
A P P R O X I M A T E L Y 1400 KM.
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Figure 4. -Area of reception for the GSFC station.

7
HOW T H E APT SYSTEM WORKS
HATCH
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Figure 5. -Area of local reception.

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BUS APT PICTURE
HUDSON BAY
LAKE MICHIGAN
FLORIDA
PENINSULA
YUCATAN . IICUBA
..
HONDURAS
Figure 6. -Nimbus A P T pictures received at Goddard Space Flight Center.
THE APT GROUND STATION

Once the satellite is in range, the video signal can be heard in the receiver
output. The first picture transmitted is of little value because:
e It is usually "noisy. I t
0 It is not of the local area.
0 The station did not receive the start and phase portion of the transmission.
This is a good time to tune the receiver and make a last-minute check of the station
to verify its readiness to receive pictures. The antenna operator tracks the satellite
9
HOW THE APT SYSTEM WORKS
with the orbital prediction data he has calculated using the information he has re-
ceived from the National Environmental Satellite Center by mail o r teletype. ++
--
(The APT User's Guide, ref. 3, is a requirement for all APT stations and explains
satellite tracking in detail.) By the time the first local picture is transmitted, the
station will receive a good clear signal, indicated by a 'buzzing" sound that inter-
rupts the normal "beep" tone. This is the 300-cycle start, followed by the phasing
signal (refer to fig. 2). Together these take 8 seconds. The 800 lines of picture
information that immediately follow take 200 seconds to be transmitted and re-
ceived. ESSA spacecraft, with their rolling-wheel method of stabilization, re-
volve at 1 0 rpm and will not take another picture until they are again in proper
position. This takes about 140 seconds, during which time the spacecraft trans-
mits no picture information, only a steady 2400-Hz tone. After the satellite senses
that it is in position, another picture is taken and transmitted.
The Nimbus spacecraft is different from the ESSA spacecraft because it is an
Earth-oriented satellite always pointing toward the Earth; there is no time lapse
between the end of one picture and the start of another.
About twenty minutes are required to track an overhead pass from horizon to
horizon. Each satellite will yield up to five good pictures per pass.
*For all material and prediction data needed to calculate orbital information, write
to: APT Coordinator, United States Department of Commerce, Environmental
Science Services Administration, National Environmental Satellite Center,
Washington, D. C. 20233. USA.
CHAPTER 3
Building The APT Ground Station

Figure 7 is a simplified block diagram of the APT ground station described
in this report. During construction, every precaution should be taken to prevent
e r r o r s in wiring. Each component should be checked before it is used. Care in
the early stages of construction can save much time and money later.
The component and circuit descriptions which follow assume only that the
builder has a good background in electronics and adequate test equipment.
THE ANTENNA
DESCRIPTION
The antenna, apart from its pedestal, is a critical component of the system.
It can easily be built to the following specifications o r purchased from $25.00 to
$250.00 (at U. S. prices).
The antennas are pictured in figs. 8 and 9.* Whether purchased or handmade,
the antenna must have the following characteristics:
0 Desirable antenna gain: at least 11db for elevations from 5 to 90 to 5
degrees
0 Acceptable antenna gain: at least 9 db for elevations from 15 to 90 to 15
degrees. Nine db will insure local coverage
0 Beamwidth: 45 f 5 degrees. This is wide enough to provide easy track-
ing, yet narrow enough to yield sufficient gain
0 Frequency: 130 to 140 MHz
0 Polarization: right-hand circular
*The antennas pictured are made by TACO, although Scientific Atlanta, Hi Gain
Cushcraft, Textran, and other antenna manufactures build equally satisfactory
equipment. For general construction techniques, see: Radio Amateurs Handbook.
American Radio Relay League, 225 Main St. , Newington, Connecticut, 06111.
Latest edition: $4.00; and VHF Handbook. Radio Publications, Danbury Road,
Wilton, Connecticut, 06897, latest edition: $2.95.
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38.9" 99.0 CM,
41 .O" 104.0 CM,
43.2" 109.5 CM
ELEMENTH
LENGTHS w- 17.3" 43.8 CM
X C M
$+, 1 3 3 " 43.8 CM
* ALL ELEMENTS
COUNTER SPAC ING 1/4" ALUMINUM ROD (0.635 CM)
WEIGHT
* BOOM IS 3/4" x 3/4"
SQUARE ALUMINUM (1.9X1.9 CM)
Figure 10. -Antenna element-spacing diagram.

Figure 1 0 gives element lengths and spacings for a single-boom, crossed-
Yagi array. A matching device is required to match the impedance of the array to
that of the coaxial transmission line. A gamma match is suggested.
In fig. 11 the connections of the arrays, phasing lines, coaxial switches, and
the transmission line are shown. The lengths of cable are joined with coaxial TEE
fittings. Switches permit selection of various antenna polarizations to improve the
signal.
An overall view of the antenna array is shown in fig. 12. A rectangular boom
is preferable to a round one because it is easier to mount the elements on it. Rec-
tangular tubing, however, is more expensive and harder to obtain. If the boom is
heavy enough, strengthening guy wires will not be needed. Guy wires, if used,
should be nonmetallic and provided with a means for keeping them taut.
POSITIONING DEVICE
The antenna must be mounted so that it can be positioned in azimuth and eleva-
tion. Motors for this p urchased from any of several manufactur-
with a control box which can be used in con-
*A suitable type is the Cornell-Dubilier Electronics, Type HAM-M rotator, which

sells for $130.00.
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EQUAL LENGTHS
0 F 501L COAXIAL
LEAD-IN CABLE
50n COAXIA
RIGHT LEFT
C I RCULAR C I RCULAR
50n COAXIAL CABLE

ANY LENGTH
TO NOTE:
RECEIVER 50n COAXIAL CABLE IS TYPE R68/U
75fl COAXIAL CABLE IS TYPE RG11/U
COAX SWITCHES
EQUI VALE NT
Figure 11.-Antenna-phasing diagram,
17
BUILDING T H E A P T GROUND STATION '
The motor shafts must be drilled

and pinned with the gears. Select large
"cast" gears for strength. * They must
be at least 1-inch thick and of sufficient
radius to give a 2-to-1 speed reduction.
This will yield the proper speed and
torque needed to move an antenna of the
size mentioned. Refer to figs. 13 and
14 for a mechanical guide for thepedes-
tal and motor mounting.
After the antenna is assembled
and working properly, it must be ori-
ented. Since the satellites are not in
true polar orbits, the pedestal must be
positioned so that it does not hit the
azimuth stops during tracking (fig. 15).
Set the antenna so that it will rotate from
350 degrees to 170 degrees with 0 de-
grees at TRUE NORTH (fig. 16). To
rotate the antenna from 170 degrees
through 3 50 degrees, the elevation Figure 12. -Assembled Yagi boom
rotator must be run all the way to the support.
other side, with the antenna placed in
the western sector. The antenna will track the satellite from horizon to horizon
even when the satellite pass is at maximum elevation angle.
Bolt the antenna pedestal to a solid, level surface. This will help damp any
oscillation and prevent the pedestal from blowing over in a storm. To bolt the
base, pour a solid concrete foundation anchoring large bolts in the concrete before
it has hardened. Fasten the antenna base to these bolts after the concrete dries.
The antenna may be placed on a roof o r tower, if the structure can support the
weight (typical weight: 500 pounds).
The position control boxes are usually packed with the motors. Refer to the
manufacturer's manual to calibrate the antenna position so that it reads the same as
the meter indication. The scales must be removed and scribed, as shown in fig. 17.
This may require the services of a draftsman, since these scales are an important
part of the console.
ANTENNA PREAMPLIFIERS
The antenna's direct signal is too weak for reception. This condition becomes
distance is increased between the antenna and the receiver. The
be boosted by a preamplifier located on the antenna pedestal. Of
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*Those made by Boston, American Gear, o r equivalent manufacturers will be

18
Figure 13. -Mechanical assembly of antenna pedestal.
fabrieated and placed in series to improve the signal level. The two units may be
19
BUILDING T H E A P T GROUND STATION
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AZIMUTH
ELEVAT ION
AZIMUTH-ELEVATIO N (AZ-EL) MOUNT SOUTH
Figure 14.-Simplified antenna Figure 15. -Antenna orientation.

positioning.
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ANGLE
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360' N S 180'
I F ANTENNA WAS SET AT 360' NORTH, 0-90-0 ROTATION
OF ELEVATION WOULD THEN PLACE AZIMUTH AT 180
Figure 16. -Limits of antenna orientation.

20
YELLOW
SCALE, UPPER
70 90
SCALE, LOWER
AZIMUTH SCALE
YELLOW RED
SCALE SCALE
UPPER LOWER
A Z SCALE AZ SCALE
ELEVATION SCALE
Figure 17. -Scales for recalibration of antenna-control boxes.

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15 W V D C CAPACITO RS
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RF PREAMPLIFIER
Figure 19. -Antenna preamplifier, version 1 , power supply

schematic.
placed in a single box of rigid aluminum construction that is completely

weatherproof. Power can be fed in through an epoxy-sealed hole. Type-N
coaxial connectors a r e used for input and output.
The number of turns in coil L3 does not appear to be critical. It can be ad-
justed at 136 MHz for the best noise figure. In order to keep distributed capacity
to a minimum, the transistors were wired into the circuit and soldered directly to
the leads. Leads should be as short as possible. All sensitive components must
be protected from heat by placing a metal clamp between the soldering connection
and the component body while heat is applied.
Tuning is not critical. A 136-MHz weak signal should be induced in the re- .
ceiving antenna during all tuning adjustments, The bandwidth will be several MHz
wide. Tuning can be accomplished with a noise generator. 4t If transmission line
lengths a r e changed, amplifier circuits will probably need retuning.
The 2.8-pf capacitors used are the miniature type, about 3/8 inch ( 0 . 9 5 em)
in diameter. These capacitors should be soldered directly to the coil lugs. The
adjustable capacitors across the input and output tank circuits a r e best set to near-
resonance with the coil slug at its mid position. Fine tuning can be done from the
top of the chassis.
Proper setting of the bias potentiometer is important because it affects both
noise figure and gain. At zero bias, the circuit gain is at maximum and the am-
plifier is noisy. As the bias is increased, the noise output decreases exponen-
tially. The bias control is properly set when both the gain and themise decrease
slowly. An exact value of bias cannot be given, because it varies with transistor
characteristics.
Figure 19 shows a suitable power supply for preamplifier version 1.
and 24 show the schematic and construction details
his preamplifier receives its dc operating voltage
*If this equipment is not available, refer to: Radio Amateur's Handbook, ibid, or
the VHF Handbook, ibid.
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PART NO. ITEM DESCRIPTION
Figure 21. -Output transformer T 1 for antenna preamplifier, version 2.

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Figure 22. -Neutralizing inductor L2 for antenna preamplifier, version 2.
from the receiver through the same coaxial cable that carries the amplified signal.
The mounting details and alignment data given for preamplifier version 1 apply to
this version also.
THE FM RECEIVER
PROCUREMENT OR CONSTRUCTION?
The F M receiver is the most critical part of the APT station. It must be
relatively noise-free and equipped with automatic frequency control (AFC) , auto-
matic gain control (AGC) , and a meter to indicate signal strength for tracking
purposes.
Whether the receiver is designed for telemetry or is a communication
receiver /converter combination, it should:
0 Have a 1-microvolt input for 27 db of quieting.
0 Have a 50-kHz bandwidth minimum, 80-kHz maximum.
0 Be crystal-controlled if possible.
26
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Figure 23. -Input inductor L1 for antenna preamplifier, version 2.
0 Be capable of receiving the following frequencies: 135.6 MHz Weather

Facsimile (WEFAX); 136.95 MHz (Nimbus); 137.5 MHz and 137.62 MHz
(ESSA).*
The builder may procure his receiver in any of the following ways:
0 Most suitable is the use of a standard telemetry receiver-readily avail-
able from most surplus equipment dealers. Some receivers may have to be
converted to accommodate the necessary frequencies.
*ESSA has proposed that every other APT-equipped satellite use 137.62 MHz to
avoid a conflict between two ESSA satellites in operation at the same time.
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Combine a good quality "ham" communications receiver, such as the

BC603, and a commercially available frequency converter. i+ The BC603 .
is a military designation for an AM-FM receiver; the rangeof 21 to
25 MHz is satisfactory and is available in this receiver.
Be sure to specify the four input frequencies mentioned above when order-
ing the converter and crystals. The frequencies can be converted from
the 136-MHz range down to the receiver range. Choose a frequency with-
in the range of the receiver for the converter output. Hardwire the con-
verter output directly to the receiver input. Disconnect the receiver
antenna if it is connected and match the impedances to the tracking antenna
if they are unmatched. The receiver output must be one volt peak-to-peak
for normal operation with the video electronics described under the Fac-
simile Unit.
Build the receiver yourself. This is advantageous because you can inte-
grate it into the oscilloscope housing along with the video electronics.
Figures 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 show the schematic and other details
needed to build the receiver. The required parts are listed in Appendix
A. The crystal specification given by fig. 26 should be used when pur-
chasing the receiver's crystal. The receiver components should be
mounted on fiber printed circuit boards, with appropriate holes drilled
beneath tuning slugs that have bottom adjustments.
If the receiver is built into the oscilloscope plug-in unit, a plug-in extender
must be made. The only mechanical detail of this extender necessary to the func-
tioning of the receiver is that the extender match the oscilloscope's internal con-
nector. The extender permits access to the internal circuits of the receiver.
After the receiver is finished, the following alignment procedure should be
observed:
FM RECEIVER ALIGNMENT
To align the F M receiver:
Set the frequency of an FM-signal generator to 10.7 MHz to align the
IF. Check the frequency with a counter if one is available. If not,
refer to suggested procedures in the ARRL o r VHF Handbook.
Place the plug-in on the extender and apply power with the POWER ON
switch.
Turn the AFC switch to OFF. Connect the output of the FM-signal
generator to pin 7 of tube V4.
Connect the oscilloscope to pin 2 of tube V8.
Increase the FM-signal generator output level until a signal is observed
on the oscilloscope.
)bA suitable converter can be obtained from Ameco Equipment Corporation, Tape-
tone, and other manufacturers for about $48.00, including the power supply.
(Specify input and output frequencies when ordering. )
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GROUND +25OV
Crystal to oscillate on overtone
Frequency tolerance to be .005%
Housed in HC6 holder.
Figure 26. -Receiver-crystal circuit schematic.
Using a fiberglass tuning tool, adjust the bottom tuning slug of trans-
former T 8 (reached from the bottom of the plug-in through a hole in
the PC board) for maximum amplitude as observed on the oscilloscope.
Do not adjust the top tuning slug of T8.
Adjust IF transformer T7 for maximum output amplitude a s observed
on the oscilloscope. The bottom tuning slug (reached from the bottom
side of the plug-in through a hole in the P C board) should be adjusted
first, followed by the adjustment of the top tuning slug (through the hole
at the top of the IF can).
Repeat step 7 for IF transformer T6.
Repeat step 7 for IF transformer T5.
Because of some interaction between stages, repeat steps 6 through 9
if a large adjustment was required for any stage.
Connect the oscilloscope to pin 5 of tube V8.
Adjust the top tuning slug of discriminator transformer T8 to zero-volt
level at pin 5 of tube V8.
Connect the FM-signal generator to pin 2 of tube V3.
Adjust the FM-signal generator frequency to 17.55 MHz. Check the
frequency with a counter.
30
72 SOLDER, SN60/SN63
801 9 1 BUS WIRE, BELDEN #18 TINNED COPPER
PART NO. ITEM DESCRIPTION
Figure 27.-Inductors L1, L2, L5, L6, and L7 for VHF receiver.
31
BUILDING T H E A P T GROUND STATION
LOO^
SOLDER TURN
SECOND
FROM MOUNTING
END
1/8"(0.32 CM)
NOTE:
PRIMARY
@LINK WINDING TO BE
ADDED AT FINAL
ASS EMBLY
1. LINK WINDING BETWEEN L8 8, L9 INSTALLED

AT FINAL ASSEMBLY. TO BE FABRICATED
FROM ITEM NO. 3.
DETAIL A
TAP ON L10 ONLY
SYMBOL WINDING
CLOSE WOUND NONE NONE
CLOSE WOUND NONE 2 TURNS
CLOSE WOUND 25 NONE 2 TURNS
1 LIO I 1/2" (1.27 CM) I 6 I #I8 I 2TURNS I NONE I
I AR I I 5 I SOLDER, SN60/SN63 I I
AR 8065 4 WIRE, SOLID, BELDEN 126, HNC NYLCLAD
AR 8035 3 WIRE, SOLID, 8ELDEN #22, THERMOPLASTIC INSULATION
AR 8019 2 BUS WIRE, BELDEN #18. TINNED COPPER
REQD PART NO. ITEM DESCRIPTION SYM

I
Figure 28.-Inductors L4, L8, L9, and L10 for VHF receiver.
32
2.75"
2.62" *
(6.65 CM)
(.30 CM) (1.90 CM)
.03" R TYPICAL
(.076 CM]
\
NOTES:
1. HALF HARD BRASS .016" (.041 CM) THICK
2. TOLERANCE k . 0 2 " (k.06 CM)
Figure 29. -Shield for VHF receiver.
Observe the signal at pin 7 of tube V8.

Adjust inductor L10 for maximum output. Frequency across L10
should be 28.25 MHz.
Set the CHANNEL switch to B.
Adjust inductor L4 for maximum dc level at the junction of resistors
R33 and R37. The level should be from 120 to 160 volts dc. Fre-
quency across L4, which can be checked with a grid-dip meter, should
be 51.5 MHz.
Using a grid-dip meter, adjust capacitor C17 for maximum output at
154.5 MHz.
Set the FM-signal generator to 136.95 MHz and 1 0 kHz deviation.
Check the frequency with a frequency counter.
Connect the output of the signal generator to the RF input at the front
panel. NOTE: 15 volts dc is supplied through the RT cable to the
33
, BUILDING THE A P T GROUND STATION
antenna preamplifiers; therefore, use capacitor coupling between the

signal generator and the R F input.
Connect the oscilloscope to pin 3 of tube VlO.
Tune capacitor C10 for maximum output.
Tune inductor L3 for maximum output.
Set the FM-signal generator to 137.5 MHz and set the CHANNEL se-
lector switch to 6. Adjust inductor L9 for maximum output.
lector switch to A. Adjust inductor L8 for maximum output.
Because of some interaction between stages, steps 2 1 through 28
should be repeated if a large adjustment was required for any stage.
If the SIGNAL strength meter does not read zero with no signal input,
adjustment in voltage divider R43, R44 may be required.
Turn the AFC switch to ON.
lector switch to B. Observe peak-to-peak amplitude on the CRT when
the W. F. -PIC switch is in the W. F. mode. With 10-kHz input devia-
tion applied to the receiver, the signal should be fO. 3 centimeter
peak-to-peak in amplitude. Adjustment can be made by changing re-
sistor R95, which is located on the receiver board.
THE FACSlMlLE UNIT

The electrical portion of the facsimile unit consists of the video electronics
and an oscilloscope display device. The video electronics may be built as a sepa-
rate unit. If this is done, almost any model oscilloscope may be used. Both the
video electronics and the receiver may be built into the same housing as the oscil-
loscope if an Analab Model MllOO or its equivalent is obtained. This model should
be obtained without the plug-in unit and panel markings. Figure 30 shows the fin-
ished station when all the electronics are incorporated into the Analab oscillo-
scope. The oscilloscope must have the following features:
0 Flat-face, low-persistency cathode-ray tube (CRT) (such as P11 phos-
phor), 5 inches (approx. 12 em) in diameter, with less than 0.005 inch
(0.012 em) spot size for 800-line resolution. (Increased spot size creates
slight degradation. )
0 X and Y (horizontal and vertical) amplifiers.
0 Z-axis input.
0 A mounting ring (bezel) to connect %cope" camera.
Figure 31 shows the location of all the controls on the plug-in. The front
panel should be made of heavy gauge aluminum for rigidity. Measure the internal
space for the plug-in so that the connector already in the oscilloscope may be used.
The last steps are: (1)wiring the video electronics, (2) properly connecting
this unit to the oscilloscope, and (3) mounting a scope camera on the CRT. (The
34
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35
Figure 31. -APT station controls.

36
INE7PENSIVE APT GROUND STATIONS
video electronics schematic shown in fig. 32.) The necessary parts for the video
electronics are listed in Appendix B. A thin metal plate must be constructed for
the face of the CRT, and calibrated in centimeters. The video output from the tape
recorder (in playback) o r receiver (in real time) must be adjusted to 2 cm peak-to-
peak; this corresponds to the 800-millivolt output of the amplifier and assures an
adequate signal to the Z-axis.
All integrated circuits are of the Fairchild epoxy type. Semiconductors a r e
fromTexasInstruments. 3k The operational amplifier used (A1 in Fig. 32) is a
George Philbrick solid-state P65AU. 4c The frequency standard is a 2400-cycle
tuning fork. The connector shown in Fig, 32 (52) is the type used in the model 1100
Analab oscilloscope and must be changed if another oscilloscope is used. 3c Also,
the receiver output must be matched to the 1OK input impedance of this unit.
THE TAPE RECORDER

Many articles have been written about APT; in some of these the author,
seeking ways to reduce the price of APT, suggests that the tape recorder is not es-
sential, However, i f any malfunction occurs in the facsimile or the camera, the
picture will be lost i f it is not recorded on tape. A good quality stereo recorder
with one channel for video and the other for recording the sync signal is needed.
The facsimile must be triggered by the sync signal in playback because of wow and
flutter in the recorder. The tape-recorder requirements are:
0 Must record and play back at 7-1/2 ips (approx. 19.5 cm/sec).
0 Record and playback levels must have amplitude stability. Any change in
output will affect the picture.
0 Must be capable of recording 2400 Hz (the video subcarrier).
0 Must be stereo for 2-channel recording.
A tape footage counter is helpful for picture-start reference.
THE CAMERA
The scope camera should have a 4 in. X 5 in. Polaroid back. Type 52 film
can be used for normal prints, type 55 for negatives. Be sure to focus the electron
beam and the camera to their optimum. The picture size on the film should be ad-
justed to 3 . 5 in. X 3.5 in. (approx. 9 x 9 cm).
The video electronics (fig. 32) should be fabricated on a vector-type bread-
board and "rigged" up to the scope for troubleshooting. Once operation is estab-
lished, the breadboard can be incorporated on the plug-in. The video-detecting
circuit (fig. 33) can be built into the oscilloscope mainframe.
3'Other equivalent brands can be used.

Y
1
37
POSITIVE VIDEO
10K
1K PRIMAR
VIDEO
AMPLIFIER
TO Z-AXIS
OF OSCILLOSCOPE
NEGATIVE VIDEO
CAUTION: HIGH VOLTAGE
Figure 33. -Video detecting and matching circuit schematic.

CHAPTER 4
Operation
SYSTEM O P E ~ A T ~ O ~
Figure 34 is a block diagram of the APT station. All system-level discus-
sion is relative to this diagram.
The picture is created a line at a time on the cathode-ray tube (similar to
conventional television but at the sweep rates in the satellite camera). The re-
sulting raster is photographed on Polaroid film, which provides a processed photo-
graph about 15 seconds after the endof eachpicture transmission o r about 3 . 5 min-
utes after actual exposure by the satellite camera.
Vertical and horizontal sweep generators create the raster, the vertical
generator providing a 200-second sweep and the horizontal generator providing a
repetitive 250-millisecond sweep. The internal clock and binary dividers control
the rate of the horizontal sweep. After the automatic circuitry performs initial
synchronization, the horizontal sweep is controlled by the clock (either the actual
frequency standard during real-time operation, or the recorded frequency stand-
ard signal during playback).
Vertical sweep, produced by an operational integrator containing an opera-
tional amplifier, is initiated by the combined control of the 300-Hz detector and
the automatic synchronization circuit.
Automatic synchronization occurs during the 5-second period of the video
signal just before picture transmission. The synchronization pulse generator is
enabled by the 300-Hz detector, then self-disabled after synchronization pulse gen-
eration to prevent disruption of the synchronization timing during picture
transmission.
The receiver-display unit is capable of either real-time or playback modes
of operation. In the unit, the modulated raster is presented for picture photogra-
phy, the video waveform is presented for calibration and observation, and a focus-
ing waveform may be displayed to facilitate optimum line focusing.
During real-time and playback operation, the adjustment of the output level
of the tape recorder o r receiver to calibrate the amplitude of the video signal is
made by observing the video waveform on the WAVEFORM display function.
The tape-recorder used in this system is a good quality, home-type stereo
recorder. One channel contains the video signal and the other contains the clock
39
40
d d
1
n
m
41
OPERATION OF T H E OVERALL SYSTEM
signal for accurate picture synchronization. The unit includes a digital display to
facilitate location of individual picture information. Operation is simple, as de-
scribed in the recorder manual. The unit interconnects with the receiver/display
unit by the tape-recorder interconnect cable.
The oscilloscope camera shown in fig. 30 is a Fairchild Model 453-A-2." It
rapidly converts from 3.25- by 4.25-inch pack-back to 4- by 5-inch single-sheet
operation. The unit's swing-away mount allows easy access to the CRT face and
calibration plate. The binocular viewing port permits observation of the CRT dis-
play, even during film exposure.
Accessories for the system include photographic film, magnetic tape, and
signal and control cables.
CONTROL PANEL FEATURES

0 Control Unit (Plug-in).
0 MODE switch: selects the video and synchronization'signal sources. In
the real-time mode, the video signal is received from the FM receiver
during actual satellite transmission and synchronization is maintained by
the internal frequency standard. In the playback mode, the video signal is
received from the tape-recorder video channel, and synchronization is
maintained by the recorded clock signal.
0 DISPLAY FUNCTION switch: selects the display presented on the CRT
phosphor as follows :
WAVEFORM: displays the video waveform of successive picture
lines, enabling observation of the video signal and amplitude calibra-
tion during playback operation.
RASTER: displays the modulated raster for picture photography.
FOCUS: displays the 2400-Hz clock signal swept vertically at four
expanded sweeps per second to enable optimum focusing.
0 SIZE CONTROLS
VERT: provides adjustment of vertical raster size.
HORIZ : provides adjustment of horizontal raster size.
0 ALIGNMENT CONTROL: permits adjustment of the frequency of the inter-
nal frequency standard, thus controlling any skewing of the picture during
scan.
0 TRIGGER LEVEL control: sets the level at which the manual synchroni-
zation circuit triggers from the video waveform.
0 SYNC pushbutton: enables the manual sync trigger circuit.
0 VERTICAL SWEEP switch: provides manual reset o r initiation of the
vertical sweep (automatic during normal operation).
0 Tuning control: if the internal receiver was built, this provides optimum
tuning of the FM receiver to the satellite RF-transmission frequency.
"Other equivalent brands can be used.

42
AFC Switch: provides enabling o r defeat of the automatic frequency con-

trol, greatly reducing the effects of internal-receiver local-oscillator
drift.
AUDIO LEVEL control: permits adjustment of the video signal level of
audio readout.
PROMPTER indicator: lights upon the receipt of 300-Hz modulation of the
video carrier, indicating the end of the previous picture and prompting the
operator for the subsequent picture.
PICTURE indicator: lights about one second before commencement of
picture information, indicating the time for the camera shutter to be
opened.
SIGNAL STRENGTH meter: indicates the relative level of the RF signal
received by the antenna (internal receiver).
POWER light: lights when the power switch is ON and power is applied to
the receiver/display unit.
RECORDER INPUT/OUTPUT connector: provides input and output video
and clock signals to and from the tape recorder.
RF INPUT connector: accepts the RF signal from the RF interconnect
cable attached to the R F preamplifier (internal receiver).
Some display unit features are:
0 INTENSITY control; permits adjustment of the picture-intensity level.
0 CONTRAS T control: permits adjustment of the picture contrast.
0 FOCUS control: permits adjustment of the focus of the CRT electron
beam.
e POWER switch: applies the input power to the unit.
0 VERTICAL POSITION control: permits adjustment of the vertical position
of the CRT spot.
0 HORIZONTAL POSITION control: permits adjustment of the horizontal
position of the CRT spot.
The black calibration plate provides amplitude increments for calibration in
the "playbackff mode.
THE VHF RECEIVER

The operation of the VHF receiver is described stage-by-stage in relation to
the receiver schematic, fig. 26. The received R F signal is amplified by a cascade
amplifier, V1 and V2, tuned to the 135.6- to 137.5-MHz bandwidth. The amplified
R F signal is mixed in transformer T1 with a signal from the first oscillator to pro-
duce a 17.55-MHz signal.
The frequency of the first oscillator V9 is determined by one of three crys-
tals selected from the front panel. The choice of crystal depends upon the fre-
quency of the incoming signal, which in turn is dependent on the satellite. The out-
put tank circuit is tuned to the third harmonic of the crystal. This third harmonic
is mixed with the incoming RF signal in T1.
43
OPERATION OF T H E O V E R A L L SYSTEM
The 17.55-MHz signal from T 1 is amplified by V3. The amplified signal is

then mixed in amplifier V4 with a 28.25-MHz signal from the second oscillator to
produce a 10.7-MHz second-IF frequency.
The second oscillator consists of a tuned network whose frequency is deter-
mined primarily by a voltage-variable capacitor, CR1. The 10.7-MHz signal is
kept frequency-stabilized by feedback from the discriminator output. This auto-
matic frequency control (AFC) action thus keeps the second-IF frequency at the
center of the discriminator's bandwidth.
The second-IF signal is amplified by V5, V6, and V7 to produce a 10.7-MHz
signal sufficient to drive discriminator V8. The discriminator produces a video
output which is applied to cathode follower V10. The video signal both drives the
signal level meter and the video electronics.
VIDEO ELECTRONICS
The video electronics consists of the video amplifier , synchronization cir-
cuits, a clock, and vertical and horizontal sweep generators. These circuits are
shown schematically on fig. 32 and are described in relation to that figure.
The video amplifier, consisting of Q1,Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, and Q6, receives the
video signal from the receiver during real-time mode and from the tape recorder
during playback mode. The video signal is voltage-amplified by Q1and Q2. The
resulting signal then drives the speaker through Q3, Q4, Q5, and Q6 and drives the
intensity-modulation transformer located in the main frame (fig. 32) through
emitter-follower Q12.
The synchronization circuits produce horizontal and vertical reset pulses
that precisely align the picture scanned on the cathode-ray tube with the picture
transmitted by the spacecraft. The alignment is accomplished during the eight-
second inter-picture phasing interval. Vertical sync is achieved during an initial
three seconds of 300-Hz modulation of the carrier; horizontal sync is achieved dur-
ing the following five-second transmission of phasing pulses.
The 300-Hz modulation envelope is detected by a tuned circuit, L1 and C12,
resonated at 300 Hz. The detected 300-Hz signal is amplified by Q13 and rectified
by Q14. The rectified signal charges C13 positively. Eventually, the positive
charge on C13 reaches the threshold voltage of a Schmidt trigger, Q16 and Q17.
(Q15 is an emitter - following isolating C13 from the input impedance of Q16.)
When the threshold voltage is reached, Q15 produces a transition to +15 volts.
This transition causes the following functions to occur:
(1) Turn-on of the PROMPTER lamp through Ql8 to alert the operator that
the inter-picture phasing period has be
(2) Resetting of the horizontal sweep, pha lockout flip-flop, IC13,
through C14.
(3) Turn-off of the PICTURE light by turning off Q25. 1
(4) Resetting of the vertical sweep generator by resetting flip-flopiXC12.

(This reset returns the sweep on the cathode-ray tube to the top of the
picture. )
44
Conditions 1, 3, and 4 above are held throughout the five-second phasing-pulse

period to the beginning of the next picture. It is during this phasing-pulse period
that the horizontal sweep is synchronized.
During the five-second phasing .pulse interval, the 250-millisecond blanks
are in phase with the 12.5-millisecond tone burst (which begins each horizontal
sweep line transmitted during the 200-second picture interval). A reset pulse is
developed from each 12.5-millisecond blank. This aligns the tone burst at the
left edge of the sweep.
Transistor Q 8 amplifies and half-wave rectifies the video signal received
from the video amplifier. Capacitor C9 filters the 2400-Hz AM c a r r i e r from the
video. The network consisting of R19, R20, R21, C10, and CR2 has a character-
istic fast pulse-rise time and slow pulse-fall time. Therefore, to turn Q9 on
quickly, the 2400-Hz signal rapidly charges C10.
Capacitor C10 remains charged during the first 237.5-millisecond pulse in-
terval. The 12.5-millisecond blank period that follows allows C10 to discharge
to the point where Q9 is turned off.
Since the network's rise time response is fast, the negative-going edge of
the pulse at the collector of Q9 occurs simultaneously with the beginning of the
next 237. 5-millisecond pulse. This negative edge is differentiated and applied to
Q11 to produce a 7-millisecond reset pulse. This reset pulse performs the fol-
lowing functions :
0 Applies a pulse through CR5 to the reset input of the clock countdown
flip-flops.
0 Sets the IC13 horizontal-sweep phasing-lockout flip-flop. The horizontal-
sweep phasing-lockout flip-flop IC13 prevents pulses that would be pro-
duced by this horizontal synchronization circuit during the picture inter-
val from resetting the clock countdown flip-flops. This is done by hold-
ing the collector of Q9 low with Q11. Q11 is held on with the high-Q out-
put of flip-flop IC13. Another clock countdown reset pulse can occur only
after the 300-Hz interpicture interval is received and detected, causing
flip-flop IC13 to be reset again.
The clock generates the four-pulse-per-second reset pulses used by the
horizontal sweep generator. The frequency source of the clock is a 2400-Hz tun-
ing fork. An internal alignment potentiometer permits adjusting the frequency
precisely to 2400 Hz. The tuning-fork output is squared by passing the signal
through two gates (IC1). The ten-stage binary counter then divides the 2400-Hz
gate output by 600 to obtain the required four pulses per second.
The four pps square wave drives a one-shot circuit to produce a 2-milli-
second reset pulse on each negative transition of the binary countdown output
square wave
The pulses produced by the divided clock are coincident with the front edge
of the tone burst beginning on each horizontal sweep line. Coincidence is thus
created by the countdown reset pulse of the synchronization circuit. This pulse is
approximately 7 milliseconds long and occurs at the end of the 12.5-millisecond
blank which, when using the 250-millisecond horizontal time reference, is in phase
45
OPERATION OF THE OVERALL SYSTEM
with the tone burst. In order that the tone burst begin at the left edge of the
cathode ray tube trace, the binary countdown must be preset by 20 counts (ap-
proximately 20 milliseconds).
Amplifier A1 produces a 200-second sawtooth waveform, which is applied to
the vertical sweep amplifier. When the 300-Hz interpicture tone is detected by
the synchronization circuits, Q27 turns on to close relay K1. Relay K1 discharges
the voltage across C21 to zero, driving the output of the operational amplifier to
zero. When the phasing interval is completed, K1 opens and the operational am-
plifier is again permitted to integrate.
A constant current source, a capacitor, and a parallel switch a r e used to
generate the 250-millisecond horizontal sawtooth sweep. The constant current
source charges capacitor C24 at a constant rate, producing a linear voltage ramp.
The charging current is controlled by the voltage at the base of Q22 and by the
value of the emitter-to-collector resistance. The four-pulse-per-second wave-
form, generated by the clock, is applied to electronic switch Q24, which is placed
parallel to C24. Therefore, four times per second the output of C24 is discharged
to ground through switch Q24. The 250-millisecond sawtooth waveform is applied
to the horizontal-deflection amplifier located within the oscilloscope main frame.
CHAPTER 5
Preparations For Picture Taking
CABLE CONNECTIONS
Before operation, electrical power must be applied to the receiver/display
unit, each antenna-positioning control box, and the tape recorder. Interconnecting
cables are required as follows:
0 Stacking harness from the antenna to the preamplifier input.
e R F cable from the preamplifier output to the receiver/display unit.
e Interconnect cable between the receiver/display unit and the tape recorder.
e Control cables from the antenna positioning system to the control units.
The antenna and antenna-positioning system can be operated by moving the
lever switches of the units which control the azimuth and elevation of the antenna.
Read the meter scales carefully for proper indication. These units supply power
to the drive motors and brake solenoids of the antenna-positioning system.
RECEIVER DISPLAY UNIT PREPARATION

To prepare the receiver display unit for picture taking:
Apply power to the unit with the POWER switch on the display unit front
panel. The POWER light should go on. Allow about 15 minutes for
warmup.
Set INTENSITY and CONTRAST to 0.
Set the MODE switch to REAL TIME.
Set the DISPLAY FUNCTION switch to RASTER.
Reset the vertical sweep.
Increase the INTENSITY until the horizontal scan line is visible.
Adjust the horizontal and vertical positioning controls so that the line
intersects the top corner formed by the circular phosphor edge and the
left edge of the calibration graticule (fig. 35).
Now adjust the HORIZONTAL POSITION control counterclockwise until
the left end of the scan line touches the edge of the phosphor on the left
side.
Next adjust the HORIZONTAL SIZE control so that the right end of the
scan line is positioned in the upper corner where the phosphor edge
47
48
PHOSPHOR I
RASTER
I \ ,CALIBRATION
G RATlCU L E
1
O N E PICTURE LINE .
A
2 CM
TONE
BURST
\\ I
I
I
I
BLACK LEVEL
I-/
Figure 35. -Oscilloscope showing waveform mode.
meets the calibration graticule. Adjustment of raster size and hori-

zontal size a r e now complete.
Enable the vertical sweep, and note the time.
After an elapsed time of 200 seconds from the enabling of vertical
sweep, adjust the VERTICAL SIZE control s o that the right end of the
scan line is positioned at the bottom corner formed by the phosphor
edge, and at the left edge of the calibration graticule.
Set the DISPLAY FUNCTION switch to FOCUS.
Adjust the intensity for optimum display of the focus signal.
Adjust FOCUS and astigmatism (inside) controls for maximum resolu-
tion of the focus signal.
Preliminary picture adjustments are now complete. The position of the scan
line, as initially set, should be checked before each period of operation. Focus
and vertical raster size can be checked weekly, o r less frequently if no adjustment
appears necessary.
CAMERA PREPARATION
The camera clamp-ring must be attached to the display unit bezel according
to instructions in the camera instruction manual. Next, affix the camera body to
the clamp-ring swingaway mount but do not lock it in place.
Two adjustments must now be performed: setting the image size and focus-
ing the image. The display unit scan line may be used to set the image size.
49
PREPARATIONS FOR PICTURE TAKING
Set the MODE switch to REAL TIME.

Set the DISPLAY FUNCTION o RASTER.
co at 0.
P to RESET. The scan line should be visible
at the top of the normal raster area; reposition it if necessary.
Lock the camera into position against the clamp ring.
Set the aperture at f:2.8 and open the shutter.
Open the rear of the Polaroid pack-back, i f used, and remove any film
pack. Install the focusing adapter.
Referring to the camera manual for the method of adjustment, set up
the image size by observing the scan-line image on the focusing plate.
Adjust the camera adjustments s o that the scan line is placed about 1/8
inch above the bottom edge of the focusing plate.
Open the left-side access door on the camera and, while observing the
actual scan line, adjust the vertical position of the scan line, position-
ing it at the bottom of the normal raster area.
Close the access door and observe the image of the scan line on the
focusing plate. It should be visible at the top of the plate. If it is not,
adjust the camera-lens position to place the image of the scan line
about 1/8 inch down from the top of the focusing plate.
Adjust the vertical position to put the scan line at the top of the normal
raster area.
Now switch the DISPLAY FUNCTION switch to FOCUS. Observe the
focus waveform on the focusing plate. This may require a magnifying
glass and darkened room.
Adjust the position of the camera back to obtain the best focus. The
adjustment of the lens position o r the camera back may necessitate a
readjustment of both to remove observable interaction.
Upon optimum adjustment, lock the camera adjustments. Close the
aperture to f:4 and close the shutter. Remove the focusing adapter,
install the film pack, and close the camera back.
If a 4 in. x 5 in. back is used as the camera back, preliminary adjustments
are similar to those made using the 3.25 in. x 4.25 in. pack-back. Focusing and
image size adjustment are accomplished when the 4 in. X 5 in. back is installed
and the 4 in. x 5 in. Polaroid adapter has not been installed. After adjustments
are complete, the Polaroid adapter may be installed.
TAPE RECORDER PREPARATION

The tape recorder may be used according to its instruction manual, except
for the following items :
(1) Attach the interconnect cable according to wiring notations on the
"Video Electronics" schematic found in this report.
(2) Approximate normal AUDIO LEVEL and tone settings should be marked
on the control panel for both recording and playback.
50
(3) Good quality magnetic tape (instrumentation grade) should be used for
this unit. Lower grade tapes will allow ftdropouts'l in which several
cycles of clock signal may be lost, causing a horizontal shift in the
picture.
(4) The tape recorder should be modified so that each channel operates on
half a track. The tape may be played in only one direction.
(5) To achieve the disabling of the recorder speaker and to achieve low
noise, use the external speaker jacks instead of the preamplifier out-
put in playback. The video electronics is wired for low impedance at
the recorder input.
CHAPTER 6
Procedures During Picture Taking
REAL-TIME OPERATION
Before satellite acquisition:
(1) Complete all preliminary operations.
(2) Position the antenna toward ascent "look angle'' (Refer to APT User's
Guide (ref. 3) for orbital information).
(3) Set the MODE switch to REAL TIME.
(4) Set the AUDIO LEVEL control high enough to pick up receiver noise.
(5) Upon receipt of the satellite signal, adjust TUNING for maximum
signal.
(6) Enable the tape recorder in the record mode.
For manual synchronization which is necessary only i f the initial picture is
Set the DISPLAY FUNCTION switch to WAVEFORM.

Set CONTRAST to 0.
Set INTENSITY to 10.
Observe the video waveform on the CRT phosphor, either by viewing it
through the binocular-viewing port o r by swinging the camera housing
aside. Observe, in the waveform, the full carrier tone bursts. (See
fig. 34.)
Adjust the manual sync TRIGGER LEVEL fully CCW.
Depress the SYNC pushbutton and slowly adjust the TRIGGER LEVEL
control clockwise until the horizontal sweep is reset by the pulses of
the tone bursts. Release the SYNC pushbutton. The tone bursts should
now appear at the far left of the sweep opposite the calibration plate.
Correct sync is obtained only when manual sync occurs on a full-width
tone burst; sync on a half burst may shift one-half of the data code
stripe to the opposite side of the picture. This will be corrected upon
receipt of picture-sync information at the beginning of the next picture.
Close the binocular viewing port o r close and lock the camera housing.
Set the INTENSITY and CONTRAST controls to the desired levels.
These levels, which vary with the type of film used, should have been
determined through prior use.
51
52
(9) Set the DISPLAY FUNCTION switch to RASTER.

(10) Reset and enable the vertical sweep.
(11) Open the camera shutter. The picture is now being photographed.
For automatic synchronization, upon completing the transmission of the first
Set the DISPLAY FUNCTION switch to RASTER.

Set INTENSITY AND CONTRAST as desired. The first complete pic-
ture will be indicated by the presence of sync information (a 3-second
period of 300-Hz modulation and a 5-second period of partly blanked
video carrier). The PROMPTER indicator will light for about 7 sec-
onds and go off, and the PICTURE indicator will then light. Raster
scanning should have begun.
(3) When the PICTURE indicator lights, open the camera shutter to expose
the film. During reception, it is occasionally necessary to reposition
the antenna in order to track the satellite and receive adequate signal
level. The antenna position should be updated about every minute, us-
ing Nimbus and ESSA look-angle data for the reception locality.
Close the shutter at the end of picture transmission (200 seconds) , in-
dicated audibly by the 300-Hz modulation, or visually by the PICTURE
light going out.
Remove the exposed film.
When the PICTURE indicator relights, open the shutter to photograph
the next picture.
After the recommended development time, separate the Polaroid print
from the negative. Immediately coat the print with the print coater
supplied with the film.
A s the satellite begins to approach the horizon, the signal strength will
diminish to a level below the limiting level of the receiver and noise
will become audible. The signal-to-noise ratio and the picture quality
diminish proportionately. At this point, the satellite pass may be con-
sidered complete.
Close the camera shutter, i f it is open, and process the picture.
Stop the tape recorder.
If the satellite transmission has been recorded, the picture may be rephoto-
graphed by playing back the recording for possible improvement of picture quality
by variation of intensity and contrast. Copies may also be produced in this manner.
PLAYBACK OPERATION
(1) Complete all preliminary operations.
(2) Set the MODE switch to PLAYBACK.
(3) Set the DISPLAY FUNCTION switch to WAVEFORM.
(4) Set CONTRAST to 0.
(5) Set INTENSITY to 10.
(6) Install tape to correct the location of recorded data.
53
PROCEDURES DURING PICTURE TAKING
(7) Adjust the channel VOLUME AUDIO LEVEL control

peak-to-peak signal amplitude for full vide
ing ESSA tone bursts, Nimbus data code st
sync waveform. You can adjust the ampli
calibration plate on which the major divisions are 1-cm increments.
Operation from this point is identical with real-time operation, except for
antenna positioning and R F receiver adjustments.
ALTERNATE FACSIMILE UNIT

It may be possible to buy from a surplus outlet a standard facsimile unit such
as those used in news agencies o r police bureaus. The standard facsimile unit is
a mechanical device using gears and clutches in place of electronic sweep cathode-
ray tubes.
The video waveform is a standard facsimile format, described earlier, and
is adaptable to any 240-rpm mechanical recorder. The described antenna-
receiver combination will provide the necessary video signal to operate a 240-rpm
recorder without modification. Some facsimilies, however, use a 120-rpm drum
speed and will require modification before being used.
Generally, in the following standard facsimile recorders the start and phase
procedure is similar but the method of display varies.
Electrolytic paper: The video is converted from an analog voltage into a
"marking current" and applied from a metal bar through the moving paper
to a rotating drum. The chemical content of the paper allows a current
flow proportional to the incoming video.
The action of current passing from the metal bar through the paper
causes the depositing of iron ions (many: black; a few: white) on the
paper, thus reproducing the picture a s seen by the spacecraft.
Photosensitive paper: The video is used to vary a light source, which is
usually a gas-filled tube energized to some ionizing potential. The video
varies the ionizing potential, causing a proportional change in the inten-
sity of the light tube. The light is optically focused on the photosensitive
paper and traverses in a lateral direction to form the 200-second vertical
sweep. The paper, in this instance, is formed on a rotating drum which
revolves at a 240-rpm rate o r four revolutions per second. This consti-
tutes the horizontal frequency of four pulses per second.
After exposure, the paper is removed from the drum and subjected to a
two-chemical developing process. Final prints are available within
seconds.
Negative film: As in the photosensitive paper facsimile, the video, once
detected, is applied to a light source. The resultant light beam is focused
through a minute aperture and focused once more on an oscillating mir-
ror. The mirrbr oscillates at four sweeps per second (240 rpm). The
image from the mirror is once again focused on a high quality, 70 milli-
meter, fine grain film. The film slowly traverses in front of the
54
scanning. A video light beam forms the vertical sweep while an oscillat-
ing mirror forms the horizontal sweep.
The preceding types of facsimile recorders are all suited for APT. They
may be purchased from a price range of $4,000 to $35,000. Included in
the cost of a second-hand unit should be the price of making it operational.
CHAPTER 7
The Facsimile Video Enhancement Device
INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains information on the installation, operation, and

maintenance of the facsimile video enhancement device (also known as the video
remodulation unit). The purpose of the device is to restore and improve facsimi-
le video that has been degraded in passage from satellite to earth because of
transmission conditions o r a system fault. The facsimile receiving station will
have difficulty in presenting a picture suitable for meteorological evaluation if
conditions a r e poor o r the equipment is faulty. The video remodulation unit
provides a means to overcome the difficulty. N o maintenance of the unit is re-
quired, and installation requires no special conditions. Figure 36 is a block
diagram of the video remodulation unit.
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
A 5 X 1 0 X 3-inch metal box houses the video remodulation unit compo-

nents which a r e mounted on a printed-circuit board. Input and output connec-
tors a r e BNC types. The unit weighs 3 . 5 pounds. It operates over the
temperature range of 15"to 40°C. ; it can withstand temperatures ranging
from -20"to +60"C.
INSTAL LATlO N
No special installation information is required for this unit because it is

series-connected and can be mounted wherever convenient.
OPERATION
The video remodulation unit corrects for the black shift observed on the
modulated waveform received from many weather satellites. A provision for
selecting a nonlinear transfer function enables the user to enhance the white
o r black areas. A four-position switch located on the front panel selects one
of four modes of operation: The first switch position bypasses the internal cir-
cuitry and connects the input signal directly to the output connector. The
second position provides a linear operating mode; in this position, the unit de-
modulates the input amplitude-modulated video waveform and resets the black
level of the envelope waveform. The resultant waveform is amplified and
55
56
I
57
THE FACSIMILE VIDEO ENHANCEMENT DEVICE
applied to a modulation circuit. The modulation circuit remodulates the wave-

form with the original 2400-Hz subcarrier frequency detected from the input wave-
form. The third and fourth positions operate essentially the same a s the second
mode, with the exception of the nonlinear networks. These a r e switched into
the feedback of the operational amplifier, which then amplifies the rebiased enve-
lope waveform. The third position enhances the black area of the picture, and
the fourth position enhances the white area. Enhancing the black area reduces
contrast in the white area. Conversely, enhancing the white area reduces con-
trast in the black area.
OPERATING CONTROLS AND INDICATORS
The controls and indicators for the facsimile video enhancement device
are:
a ON/OFF switch- Applies power to the APT remodulation unit
a POWER light- Comes on when power is applied to the unit
a Mode-select switch- Selects the mode of operation:
Position 1- Applies input signal directly to output connector, by-
passing unit
Position 2- Corrects for black shift in the received video wave-
form, if necessary- the dynamic input-to-output
(I/O) transfer characteristic i s linear
Position 3- Corrects for black shift- increases black-area con-
trast, if necessary
Position 4- Corrects for black shift; provides the capability of en-
hancing the white picture areas
a BLACK SET control- Operates in mode positions 2, 3, and 4 and
selects the input-modulation level between 0 and +l.Ov that is to be
the black zero-modulation level at the output (Figures 37 and 38
show where the values of 0 and 10 indicate potentiometer direction. )
a CONTRAST control- Sets the contrast of the output waveform when
the mode select switch is in position 2 (fig. 39)- (This contrast has
a range of 0- to 12-db input-to-output gain.)
a BLACK ENHANCEMENT- Selects transfer character in mode
position 3, increases the contrast in the black areas, and com-
presses the contrast in the white areas.
GAIN 1- Selects initial gain characteristics of 1/0 transfer charac-
teristics (fig. 40).
BREAK- Selects break point between GAIN 1 positions and GAIN 2
positions (fig. 41).
GAIN 2-Selects gain
a WHITE ENHANCEME
mode switch.position 4, incre contrast in the white areas,
and compresses the c
GAIN 1- Selects initial g aracteristics of I/O transfer charac-
teristics (fig. 43).
58
3
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Figure 37. - Black set curves.

BLACK SET BIAS
ov
INPUT
Figure 38. -Rebias effect.
I 0-db GAIN CURVE

59
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2
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3
0
INPUT
Figure 40. -Initial gain curves.
0-db GAIN CURVE
INPUT
Figure 41. - Gain curves.
INPUT
Figure 42. -Post-break-point gain curves.

60
INPUT
Figure 43. -Initial gain curves.
BREAK-Selects break point between GAIN 1positions and GAIN 2

positions (fig. 44).
GAIN CURVE
INPUT
Figure 44, -Break-point curves.
GAIN 2-Selects gain after break point (fig. 45).
OPERATING PROGED URES
The unit operates in four steps:

1. Set input level from receiver or tape recorder to approximately 0 dbm.
2. Select mode of operation-If picture is to be displayed as received,
place mode selector switch in BYPASS position.
3. Use switch position 2 to set the black level to zero-output modulation.
Observe the output signal with an oscilloscope and adjust the BLACK
SET control to a point where the minimum output black-level modula-
tion is zero. Adjust the output level to, approximately 2v peak to peak
with the CONTRAST control.
61
GAIN 2-Selects gain after break point (Figure 10)
I /-,O-db GAIN CURVE
INPUT
Figure 45. - Gain after break-point curves.
4. In the WHITE ENHANCEMENT o r BLACK ENHANCEMENT modes, ad-

just the BLACK SET control a s previously described. Adjust the GAIN
1, BREAK, and GAIN 2 controls while observing the picture for de-
sired characteristics. The transfer curve can be checked by running an
1/0 response check with a sine-wave oscillator and rms meter. Ad-
just the sine-wave generator to 2.4 kHz and plot the input-versus-out-
put curve in 0. lv-output-voltage increments. The curve should
intersect the unity gain curve near 0 dbm. To approximate the control
settings for a desired transfer function, refer to fig. 46 ((a) through
(f)) and use the information from (a) through (f) to plot the approximate
transfer fmction. Draw a line from the origin with the desired initial
gain slope. Determine GAIN 1 setting from fig. 46(a) o r (b); select
the desired curve break point. Determine BREAK setting from
fig. 46(b) o r (e) and draw a line from the break point to the 0-dbm
point on a unity gain curve. (The slope of this line will give the gain
required after the break point.) Determine GAIN 2 control setting by
following the GAIN 1 setting curve on fig. 46(c) o r (f) until it intersects
with the required gain determined from the plot in fig. 47.
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
The information relating to the control functions and their effects consti-
tutes operational principles but, this section is primarily on the electrical cir-
cuitry. (The video remodulation unit parts list is Appendix C.)
Figure 48 is a schematic of the video remodulation unit. The signal ap-
plied to the BNC input connectors is connected directly to the output when the
mode select switch is in the BYPASS position. When the mode switch is in
position 2, 3 , o r 4, the signal is applied to a 600-ohm/10-kilohm impedmce-
matching transformer. The transformer output is rectified by a full-wave
rectifier.
62
INEXPENSIVE AFT GROUND STATIONS
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64
A circuit connected to one side of the transformer detects the c a r r i e r fre-

quency. This signal is applied to an emitter-follower circuit that prevents im-
balance of the transformer output. The emitter-follower output passes through a
2400-Hz bandpass filter with a bandwidth of approximately rt7 percent. Operation-
al amplifier IC3, operating near its open-loop gain, amplifies the 2400-Hz filter
output. The output-modulation circuit uses the 2400-Hz frequency.
A full-wave rectifier circuit containing CR1 and CR2 rectifies the impe-
dance-matching transformer output. Passing the rectified signal through a 1500-
Hz low-pass filter provides the modulation envelope which eliminates the rectified
c a r r i e r frequency. Operational amplifier IC1 amplifies this waveform envelope.
In the linear mode, switch position 2, feedback resistor value R2 essen-
tially determines the gain. In the BLACK ENHANCEMENT mode, the value of
R20 determines GAIN 1. When the output of the operational amplifier is suffi-
ciently negative to forward-bias the base-emitter junction of transistor Q4, re-
sistors R4 and R10 become inserted into the feedback loop, reducing the gain of
amplifier IC1. Q4 base potentiometer R31 sets the break point; after the break
point, R4 sets the gain.
In the WHITE ENHANCEMENT mode, switch position 4, potentiometer
R20 sets GAIN 1. When the output of operational amplifier IC3 becomes suffi-
ciently negative to forward-bias the base-emitter junction of transistor Q5, re-
sistor R5 acts a s a shunt-impedance divider to ground, reducing the feedback
voltage. Therefore, when the output of the operational amplifier exceeds the
break voltage s e t by Q5 and base divider R5, the gain of the operational ampli-
fier will increase, resulting in greater white contrast. The 2400-Hz c a r r i e r
frequency detected from the incoming video signal remodulates the conditioned
waveform envelope, then amplifies the waveform envelope. Passing the envelope
through two voltage dividers (R15, R17, R16, and R18) provides modulation. A t
a 2400-Hz rate, connections a r e made alternately through transistors Q 1 and Q2
from the divider point to ground.
The voltage dividers terminate at the positive and negative inputs of oper-
ational amplifier IC2, which develops the symmetrical remodulated waveform.
The square-wave output of IC2 passes through a 5000-Hz bandpass filter which,
by removing the upper harmonics, produces the 2400-Hz amplitude-modulated
sine-wave output. This signal is applied to T2, a 600-ohm impedance trans-
former,
The white and black accentuation curves shown in figs. 49 and 50, re-
spectively, illustrate the effects of gain variations. These curves compared with
those in fig. 46 show the versatility of the remodulation unit.
MA1NTENANC E
No maintenance is required. The unit is constructed for high reliability

and does not require the usual maintenance procedures.
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CHAPTER 8
Direct Readout Infrared Satellite System
FOREWORD
A s successful as the daylight cloudcover photography has

been, it still represents only a part of the useful coverage. Cloud-
cover photography of the nighttime portion of the earth is equally
important and design techniques for obtaining this information
have been actively pursued. Nimbus I and I1 have successfully
demonstrated that infrared sensors, such a s the high resolution
infrared radiometer (HRIR), a r e capable of providing measure-
ments of cloud-top heights in addition to nighttime cloudcover
imaging.
This chapter describes the construction and operation of
the direct readout infrared radiometer (DRIR) system and the
method for converting APT ground stations for receiving both
daytime and nighttime cloudcover data. Nighttime cloudcover
data can now be received from Nimbus I11 which carries the
DRIR system.
Detailed drawings and parts list a r e included. Installa-
tion, alignment, and operation of the DRIR unit a r e also
described,
The DRIR unit is inexpensive and is simple to install.
With it, scientists, local weather stations, amateurs, and
others can receive infrared pictures of the nighttime portion
of the earth a s satellites equipped with scanning radiometer
(SR) systems pass overhead.
It is planned that SR systems compatible with APT ground
stations equipped with DRIR units will be flown on Nimbus and
ESSA satellites until 1971. It is probable that similar SR systems
will be available after 1971.
Herbert I. Butler
Chief, Operational Satellites Office
NASA/GSFC
67
68
INTROOUCTlON
The DRIR system developed by the U. S. National Aeronautics and Space

Administration is a simply-constructed adapter unit which may be used to con-
vert APT stations for the reception and processing of infrared nighttime cloud-
cover picture data in addition to the daytime cloudcover data transmitted by
various meteorological satellites. The infrared data a r e received directly from
the satellites during nighttime passes and a r e transmitted on the same frequency
band used to transmit APT pictures during daylight hours. The DRIR adapter is
required to display the DRIR pictures since their picture format differs from the
APT format to accommodate the 48-rpm infrared radiometer scan rate.
Specific details presented in this report pertain to the video electronics schema-
tic (fig. 32).
At present, the only DRIR equipped satellite is Nimbus 111, an experimen-
tal version launched April 14, 1969. Nimbus I and 11, equipped with individual
APT and high resolution infrared radiometer (HRLR) subsystems and launched
August 28, 1964, and May 15, 1966, successfully demonstrated full daytime and
nighttime picture coverage capability (figs. 51 and 52). The TIROS M and im-
-
proved TIROS operational satellites (ITOS) , named ESSA (Environmental Sur-
vey Satellite) when they achieve orbit, will provide continuous DRIR coverage
c
on a regular operational basis. These satellites a r e built and launched under

the technical direction of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and
a r e operated by the U. S. Environmental Science Services Administration
(ESSA) .
The DRIR adapter utilizes transistors and integrated circuits to achieve
the maximum in solid state reliability, maintainability, and circuit simplicity.
Internal modifications required to convert the video electronics to dual daylight-
DRIR operation is minimal and only requires installation ‘of a rear-chassis
connector, a relay, and some extra wiring.
Figures 54 and 57 reveal that the NASA unit was fabricated on printed
circuit boards. The normal user does not have access to printed circuit manu-
facturing facilities; therefore the author has not included the printed circuit
layout, It is recommended that the builder use breadboard materials to build
the DRIR adapter unit.
By using the DRIR adapter, a ground station receiving data transmitted
by APT/DRIR equipped satellites will double its pictorial coverage of the
clouds and terrain in the vicinity of the ground station. Simplicity, continuous
coverage, direct reception, and llinstantl’pictures make the DRIR equipped APT
ground stations particularly useful to meteorologists , weather services, com-
mercial organizations, government agencies , and educational institutions re-
quiring more complete and accurate meteorological information.
HOW THE APT/DRIR SYSTEM WORKS
The APT system (satellite and ground station) transmits slow scan tele-
vision pictures of cloudcover and terrain below the satellite in realtime to APT
69
THE D R l R SATELLITE SYSTEM
Q)
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7
71
THE D R I R SATELLITE SYSTEM
stations throughout the world for reproduction on facsimile equipment. Usefulness

of the APT system can be increased by modifications designed to permit the re-
ception and processing of infrared data during the nighttime portion of each orbit.
Modifications of the infrared radiometer and APT subsystems on the Nimbus 111,
TIROS M, and ITOS spacecraft consist of making the radiometer output compati-
ble with the APT transmitter and switching the APT o r radiometer subcarrier to
the transmitter at the proper time. Switching is controlled by ground-initiated
commands that a r e transmitted to the satellites from command and data acqui-
sition (CDA) stations located at Fairbanks, Alaska, and Wallops Island, Virginia.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DRIR ADAPTER
The DRIR adapter unit permits the APT station to display the DRIR pic-
tures transmitted by DRIR equipped meteorological satellites. The infrared
picture information is transmitted during nighttime passes on the same radio-
frequency band used to transmit APT pictures during daylight hours. The space-
craft's DRIR system mechanically scans the earth's surface perpendicular to
the spacecraft's orbit path a t a 48 rpm rate. A s the spacecraft moves in its
orbital path, the line by line scan produces a continuous picture. The space-
craft radiometer scans a full 360 degrees; therefore, only approximately 33
percent of the total scan period represents the earth's surface. For ground
station synchronization, a series of seven marker pulses are transmitted which
identify the beginning of each scan line. The scanned optical information is
passed through a 3 . 4 to 4.2 (Nimbus) and 1 0 to 12.5 (Tiros) micron infrared
bandpass filter and is detected by a lead-selenide infrared detector. The sys-
tem has a dynamic range of 190°K to 340°K. The seven marker pulses and
infrared detector output amplitude modulate a 2400-Hz subcarrier frequency.
In turn, this modulated subcarrier frequency is applied to the spacecraft's
F M transmitter, Because of the difference in the APT and DRIR format and
scan rates, a DRIR adapter unit is required to receive and display this night-
time picture information. The adapter unit provides synchronization and
generates the horizontal and vertical sweep waveforms required by the APT
station.
SPEC1FI CATIONS
Power Input: 115v, 50 to 60 Hz

Sweep Time: Adjustable by ten-turn pot to accom-
modate present spacecraft scan rates.
Picture Synchronization: Sweep phasing is accomplished
automatically.
72
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
GENERAL
When receiving DRIR pictures, the operation is slightly modified from the
operation of the photo receiver alone. When the DRJR adapter unit is plugged
into the photo receiver, all front panel controls on the photo receiver a r e still
valid with the exception of the following:
a. WAVEFORM-PICTURE Switch- has no effect.
b. SYNC Switch- has no effect.
OPERATING CONTROLS AND INDICATORS
POWER ON Switch-applies 115v, 60-Hz power from the photo re-

ceiver to the adapter unit. The switch places the photo re-
ceiver in the DRLR Receiving Mode.
POWER Light- indicates presence of 115v power.
WAVEFORM-PICTURE Switch- selects the display that is presented
on the cathode ray tube. In the WAVEFORM position, the
video waveform, which modulates the intensity of the cathode
ray tube beam, can be observed. In the PICTURE position
mode, the cathode ray tube beam, which is intensity modulated,
scans the r a s t e r picture on the face of the tube.
VERTICAL RESET Push Button-resets the scanning trace to the
top of the cathode ray tube.
END O F PICTURE Light-indicates that the vertical sweep of the
CRT has reached the bottom of the screen. A new film
should be inserted into the camera and the vertical sweep
should be reset with the VERTICAL RESET button.
Vertical End of Picture Tone-produces an audible signal simul-
taneously with the END O F PICTURE light.
VERTICAL SWEEP TIME Ten-Turn Potentiometer- controls the
vertical sweep time. The required pot setting (V) for a de-
sired time (Tv) is given by V = 1000/(0. 963Tv - 23.2).
The required settings for the following sweep times a r e
given for convenience.
T,, (see) 128 200 370 4 00 500 Infinity
V (units) 10.00 5.90 3.00 2.76 2.18 0
HORIZONTAL SWEEP TIME Ten-Turn Potentiometer- controls
the horizontalsweep time. The required pot setting (H)for
any desired sweep time (Th) is given by H = 12 Th - 4.
The required settings for the following horizontal sweep
times a r e listed for convenience.
73
THE DRIR SATELLITE SYSTEM
Th(sec) 0.333 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.16 see

H (units) 0 2.00 5.00 8.00 10.00
0PERAT1NG PR 0 CED URE, R E A L-T IME
The procedure listed below should be followed when receiving real-

time satellite transmission of DRIR pictures.
a. Connect cable between the photo receiver and the adapter unit and
turn the power switches ON for both units. Note indication of red
pilot lamp on the adapter unit. The power should be applied to the
photo receiver 15 minutes before a satellite pass.
b. On the photo receiver:
(1) Set the TAPE/RCVR switch to the RCVR position.
(2) Set the CHANNEL selector to the satellite frequency to
be received.
(3) Set the AUDIO LEVEL control to a point sufficient to
hear receiver noise.
C. On the DRIR adapter unit, set the VERTICAL SWEEP TIME and
HORIZONTAL SWEE P TIME. Approximate potentiometer set-
tings' a r e 3.00 for the VERTICAL SWEEP TIME potentiometer
and 2.00 for the HORIZONTAL SWEEP TIME potentiometer.
d. Position the antenna elevation/azimuth to the point where the
satellite will come over the horizon.
e. When the satellite signal is received, the video signal can be
recognized by either its characteristic sound o r waveform
displayed on the cathode ray tube's face. When the satellite
is first detected, the tape recorder should be placed in the
record mode.
f. Set the WAVE FORM/PICTURE switch to the PICTURE position.
This begins the picture raster.
g. Transmission of DRIR pictures is continuous. Therefore, a
picture can be started when the signal is first received. Re-
set the scan line on the CRT to the top of the screen by
pushing the VERTICAL RESET button.
h. Set the INTENSITY and CONTRAST controls to the optimum
display level by viewing the trace through the camera
binocular viewing port. Recording the signal on tape permits
the operator to optimize these settings during playback.
i. Close the binocular viewing port and open the camera shutter
to record the picture on Polaroid film.
j. When the tone and End of Picture light indicate completion of
the picture, close the shutter, insert a new film, push the
VERTICAL RESET button, and open the shutter to receive
the next picture.
74
k. A picture takes approximately 370 seconds to receive. During

this period, however, the anGnna must stay pointed at the
satellite a s it moves across the sky. The azimuth and eleva-
tion versus time location may be previously calculated from
orbital data (See APT Users Guide) o r it may be tracked by
keeping the antenna pointed in the direction of maximum sig-
nal strength a s indicated by the signal strength meter located
on the photo receiver.
OPERATING PROCEDURE -PLAYBACK
If the satellite transmission was recorded on tape, the pictures may be

photographed by playing back the tape record. Possible improvement in pic-
ture quality may be achieved by variation of the intensity and contrast con-
trols located on the photo receiver.
a. Rewind tape to the position of the desired picture and turn on
recorder.
b. Place the TAPE/RCVR switch on the photo receiver in the
TAPE position.
c. Place the WAVEFORM/PICTURE switch, located on the
adapter unit, in the WAVEFORM position and increase the
left channel recorder playback level until the data tone burst
is two centimeters peak-to-peak a s indicated by major division
lines on the calibration plate on the right edge of the cathode
ray tube.
d. Place the WAVEFORM/PICTURE switch on the adapter unit
in the PICTURE position.
e. Check the setting of intensity and contrast controls.
f. Reset the VERTICAL SWEEP and open the camera shutter.
THEORY OF OPERATIONS
INTRO D UCTl ON
The DRIR adapter unit generates the horizontal and vertical sweep sig-
nals required for the reception of infrared pictures from the Nimbus and
TIROS M satellites. These sweep signals a r e applied to the deflection ampli-
fiers that drive the CRT deflection plates in the photo receiver. A detailed
operation of each circuit follows. The block diagram (fig. 53) and electrical
schematic (fig. 54) a r e included for reference.
HORIZONTAL SYNC DETECTOR
Most of the electronics in the DRIR adapter a r e devoted to the reliable

detection of the horizontal sync signal which precedes every horizontal line of
picture information. This signal is processed a s illustrated in fig. 55. The
1
a
0
t-
o
W
t-
W
Q
>>
'up!
+ I
76
INEXPENSIVE APT G R O U N D STATIONS
video signal passes through (a) a unity-gain, full-wave detector, (b) a filter
which removes the c a r r i e r and all higher frequencies, (c) a Schmitt trigger
which shapes the waveform, (d) a precise-charge, one-shot multivibrator which
deposits a charge on capacitor C8 each time the Schmitt trigger turns on,
(3) a count-to-five circuit which triggers after the Schmitt trigger has turned on
five (5) times within sixty (60) milliseconds, and (f) a lock-out, one-shot multi-
vibrator which initiates the horizontal sweep and inhibits the receipt of any
further signals for one second after a sync signal is received. The lock-out
one-shot multivibrator assures that the picture information of about 0.5 second
duration cannot inadvertantly trigger the count-to-five circuit and initiate an un-
wanted horizontal sweep.
HORIZONTAL SWEEP
A constant current source, capacitor, and parallel switch is used to gen-

erate the horizontal sawtooth sweep waveform. The constant current source
charges capacitor C13 a t a constant rate producing a linear ramp. The charging
current is controlled by the fixed voltage at the base of Q11 and the value of the
emitter resistors R48 and R50. Resistor R50 is the HORIZONTAL SWEEP TIME
control which permits adjustment of the horizontal sweep time. The pulse pro-
duced by the synchronization circuitry is applied to Schmitt trigger circuit Q10
and Q11. Adjustment of R49 moves the picture produced on the CRT to the left.
VERTICAL SWEEP
The sawtooth waveform which is applied to the vertical sweep amplifier

of the photo receiver is produced by operational amplifier A l . The slope of the
positive going output waveform is dependent upon the values of C14, R54, and
the voltage at the junction of R55 and R53. The horizontal sweep time is con-
trolled by ten-turn potentiometer R55.
The vertical sweep waveform is reset to zero (trace to top of CRT) with
the VERTICAL RESET button.
VERTICAL END OF PICTURE DETECTOR
The vertical sweep signal is monitored by the Vertical End of Picture

detector. When the vertical sweep is complete (4.00 volts) the Schmitt trig-
ger, comprised of Q14 and Q15, switches on. Q16 drives the light, and the
unijunction transistor oscillator Q17 drives the speaker to announce the com-
pletion of the picture.
POWER SUPPLY
The power supply contains two integrated circuit regulators. The +12
volt output voltage is determined by the voltage divider R73 and R74, and
current limiting is established by K72. Power transistor Q18 controlled by
N
;1
I
I
-?-- - - ?--$--+-
w
i
4
a
77
THE D R I R SATELLITE SYSTEM
The c a r r i e r frequency i s 2400 Hz.

The 7 marker pulses are each 6 cnsec. duration, and the interval
between sync pulses i s 6 m s e c .
Scanning Radiometer
Video input to D R I R
Adapter Box
Gutput of Full- Wave

Detector
Output of F i l t e r
Cutput of Schmitt
Trigger
nnnnn Cutput of P r e c i s e
Charge One-Shot
I Output of Count to
Five
1 sec. Cutput of Lock-Out

One -Shot
Figure 55. -Waveforms of horizontal sync detector.

78
the +12 volt regulator supplies approximahIy 70 ma at 12 volts. The negative

supply is similar, but supplies 20 ma and does not require a power transistor.
Batteries may be substituted providing they have the current capability.
INSTALLATION INTO PHOTO RECEIVER
INSTALLATlON
The following modifications to the video electronics (fig. 32) make it

compatible with the DRIR adapter box. The appropriate cable and installation
schematic is included with the electrical schematic. The cable contains six
shielded pairs with an overall insulator of plastic tubing.
a. Mount the r e a r connector and relay as illustrated in fig. 56.
b. Disconnect wire on 52, pin 1, and splice to new wire running to
relay pin 7. Disconnect wire on 52, pin 32, and splice to new
wire running to relay pin 2.
c. Run cable from the following pins on the connector as shown in
the electrical schematic.
Connector Pin Cable Type To

1 Shielded W i r e 52 pin28
2 Shielded W i r e Relay pin 5
3 Shielded Wire Relay pin 4
4 Shielded Wire 5 2 pin 5 and ground
8 AWG 22 Gauge W i r e Chassis ground
(See fig. 56)
9 & 10 Twisted pair o r Relay pins 8 and 1
shielded pair
11 Twisted pair o r 115 VAC
shielded pair
d. Run wires from relay pins 3 and 6 to 52, pins 1 and 32,
respectively.
e. Connect all shields electrically to connector pin 8, taking care
not to short other pins. The shields at the other end of the
w i r e s a r e not terminated electrically.
f. Run wire from 52, pin 5, to fig. 32 ground.
g. Check continuity of all wires for agreement with cable and
installation schematic.
Figures 57 and 58 show the assembled DRlR adapter unit.
79
THE DRIR SATELLITE SYSTEMS
SEE DETAIL B ~-\
DETAIL A
v;
DETAIL A
TOP REAR VIEW

1.
Figure 56. - Suggested location for DRIR connection into APT station.
80
Figure 57. - Top of DRIR electronics.
Figure 58. - Front view, DRIR adapter.

81
ALIGNMENT PROCEDURES
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
a. Tape recorder and DRIR tape.

b. Oscilloscope
c. Digital voltmeter (3 digits)
INTTIAL SET-UP
a. Connect the tape recorder with a recorded DRlR tape to

the recorder input connector of the photo receiver.
b. Set the TAPE/RCVR switch on the photo receiver to
the TAPE position.
c. Place the WAVEFORM/PICTURE switch located on the
DRIR adapter unit to the WAVEFORM position.
d. Adjust the left channel recorder playback level until
the amplitude of the waveform displayed on the CRT is
approximately two centimeters peak-to-peak.
COUNT-TO-FIVE CIRCUIT ALIGNMENT
a. Plug tape recorder into photo receiver.

b. Connect the oscilloscope to C8 - R26 junction.
c. Adjust R26 so that $7 triggers on the fifth pulse a s pic-
tured in fig. 55,
HORIZONTAL SWEEP CIRCUIT ALIGNMENT
a. Apply input signal to photo receiver from DRIR tape.

b. Connect oscilloscope to C13 -R47 junction using 1OM-ohm
probe.
c. Set front panel HORIZONTAL SWEEP TIfME adjustments
to 2.00.
d. Adjust R51 to a position where the ramp waveform reaches
4 volts in exactly 0.500 seconds.
VERTICAL SWEEP CIRCUIT ALIGNMENT
a. Apply input signal to photo receiver from DRIR tape.

b. Set front panel VERTICAL SWEEP TIME adjustments to
3.00.
c. Connect a digital voltmeter to pin B of the DRIR adapter
unit.
d. Reset vertical sweep (digital voltmeter will read zero)
and time exactly 370 seconds from the release of the
82
vertical reset button. Record the voltage displayed by the

DVM at 370 seconds, If the voltage reading is not 4.00 volts,
adjust R60 and repeat above procedure. Clockwise rotation of
R60 will increase amplitude.
VERTICAL END OF PICTURE DETECTOR ALIGNMENT

a. Apply signal to photo receiver from DRIR tape.
b. Note voltage at pin B at the time the Vertical End of Picture
light and the tone come on. This voltage must be observed
before the end of picture indication occurs since there is a
jump in voltage at this point.
c. Adjust R65 so that the end of picture indication occurs when
the vertical sweep reaches 4.00 volts.
83
THE DRlR SATELLITE SYSTEM
REFERENCES
1. University of Michigan: Peaceful U s e s of Earth-Observation Spacecraft,
NASA CR-586, 1966.
2. Stampfl, R. A. and Stroud, W. G. : The Automatic Picture-Transmission
(APT) TV Camera System for Meteorological Satellites, NASA TN
D-1915, 1963.
3. National Weather Satellite Center, Environmental Science Services Ad-
ministration: The APT User's Guide, Washington, 1965. (Available
from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C., 20402, a s Document C52-8, $1.00).
4. Nimbus III Real Time Transmission Systems, Nimbus Project NASA/
GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cowan, L. W., Hubbard, S. H. , and Singer, S. F.: Direct Readout Weather
Satellites, Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering, vol. 1, April
1963, pp. 61-66.
Hunter, C. M. and Rich, E. Jr.: Bird's-eye View of the Weather, Elec-
tronics, vol. 37, July 27, 1964, pp. 81-87.
Huston, W. B. and Press, H.: The Nimbus I Flight, in Observations from
the Nimbus I Meteorological Satellite, NASA SP-89, 1965.
Stampfl, R. A. and Press, H. : The Nimbus Spacecraft System, Aerospace
Engineering, vol. 21, July 1962, pp. 16-28
Holmes, D. W. and Hunter, C. M.: The Automatic Picture Transmission
System on Tiros VIII, WMO Bulletin, vol. 13, July 1964, pp. 128-134,
Appendix A
VHF Receiver Parts List
-
Part
Quantity Description Symbol
Number
Solder, SN60/SN63
8022 Bus wire, #22 tinned copper, Belden'+
35 20 10-B Terminal, Useco++
4 4500-2 Coil form, ceramic, 1/4" (.635 cm) diameter, J. W. Miller* L4, L8
Coil form, ceramic, 1/4" diameter, J. W. Miller" L9, L10
1 9s 2 Shield, tube, 9-pin min., 1-15/16" (4.92 cm) high, Cinch*
1 7s4 Shield, tube, 7-pin min., 2-1/4" (5.72 cm) high, Cinch"
4 753 Shield, tube, 7-pin min., 1-3/4" (4.45 cm) high, Cinch*
1 7s2 Shield, tube, 7-pin min., 1-3/8" (3.49 cm) high, Cinchit
3 04-210 -04 Socket, c r y s t a l , HC-6 holder, Elco'
1 9qC-M2 Socket, tube, 9-pin min., P . C . , Cinch"
6 7PC-M2 Socket, tube, 7-pin rnin., P . C . , Cinch*
3 5NS-2 Socket, tube, Nuvistor, P . C . , Cinch*
3 Crystal units, quartz, as follows:
Frequency to be determined by carrier
f(crysta1) = f(carrier) + 17.55

3
Channel A = 51.05 MHz (135.6)

Channel B = 51.50 MHz (136.95)
Channel C = 51.683 MHz (137.50)
Channel D = 51.720 MHz (137.62)
1 Resistor, fixed comp., 270 ohm, 2w 5% R39
1 Resistor, fixed comp. , 20K, 2w 5% R34
1 Resistor, fixed comp., 10K, 2w 5% R25
1 Resistor, fixed comp. , 1.2K, l w 5% R35
1 Resistor, fixed comp., 39K, l w 5% R16
3 Resistor, fixed comp., 4.7K, l w 5% R11, R3
Resistor, fixed comp., 4.7K, l w 5% R17
2 Resistor, fixed comp., 18K, l w 5% R10, R14
1 Resistor, fixed comp., 68K, 1/2w 5% R45
2 Resistor, fixed comp., 8.2K, 1/2w 5% R5, R6
1 Resistor, fixed comp., IsOK, 1/4w 5% R43
1 Resistor, fixed comp., 82K, 1/4w 5% R4 1
1 Resistor, fixed comp., 8.2K, 1/4w 5% R40
1 Resistor, fixed comp., 1M., 1/4w 5% R38
1 Resistor, fixed comp., 4.7 M., 1/4w 5% R37
1 Resistor, fixed comp., 3.9K, 1/4w 5% R33
1 Resistor, fixed comp., 680 ohm, 1/4w 5% R24
2 Resistor, fixed comp., 11K, 1/4w 5% R22, R42
1 Resistor, fixed comp., 7.5K, 1/4w 5 % R21
*Other equivalent brands can be used.
A- 1
A-2
VHF Receiver Parts List - (Continued)

Part
Quantity Description Symbol
Number
3 Resistor, fiied comp., 51K, 1/4w 5% R18, R19

Resistor, fixed comp., 51K, 1/4w 5% R30
2 Resistor, fixed comp., 68 ohm, 1/4w 5% R12, R15
Resistor, fixed comp., 100K, 1/4w 5% R27, R29
Resistor, fixed comp., 100K, 1/4w 5% R31, R32
Resistor, fixed comp., 47K, 1/4w 5% R9
1 12AU7 Tube, electron, RCA* v10
1 6J6 Tube, electron, RCA" v9
1 6A L5 Tube, electron, RCA" V8
1 6BN6 Tube, electron, RCA" v7
2 6BA6 Tube, electron, RCA" V5, V6
3 6CW4 Tube, electron, RCA* v1, v 2
Tube, electron, RCA* v3
1 1464-PC .
Transformer, disctr , 10.7 MHz, J W. Miller* T8
3 1463-PC Transformer, I. F., 10.7 MHz, J.W. Miller" T5, T6
Transformer, I. F . , 10.7 MHz, J .W. Miller" T7
1 MST-115D Switch, miniature toggle, SPDT, AICO'~ 52
1 Inductor, per Figure 27 110
1 Inductor, p e r Figure 27 L9
1 Inductor, per Figure 27 L4
1 20A337RB1 .
Inductor, J W. Miller * L3
1 IN751 Diode, zener, 5. l v Motorola" CR3
1 IN270 Diode, germanium, Sylvania" CR2
1 V47E/947 Diode, volt. var. cap., 4-7pf/14V, TRW* CR1
21 DD-222 Capacitor, O.O022~/10OOv(GMV), Centralab* C28, C29
Capacitor, O.O022pf/100Ov (GMV), Centralable C30, C32
Capacitor, O.O022pf/10OOv (GMV), Centralab" c33, c35
Capacitor, 0.0022wf/1000v (GMV), Centralab" C36
Capacitor, 0.0022pf/1000v (GMV) , Centralab" C39, C42
Capacitor, 0.0022pf/1000v (GMV), Centralab" C49-C58
1 DD-502 Capacitor, O.O05~f/lOOOv(GMV), Centralab" c47
1 DA-503 Capacitor, 0.05 pf/30v 100-20%, Centralab" C46
1 DM-221 Capacitor, 220 pf/1OOOv lo%, Central&* c44
1 DM-10-100J Capacitor, 10 pf 500v 596, Elemenco" c37
5 DD-6-103 Capacitor, 0.01 pf/600v (GMV) , Centralab" C27
Capacitor, O.O1pI/6OOv (GMV), Centralab" C31
Capacitor, 0.01 pf/600v (GMV) , Centralab" c34
Capacitor, O.O1pf/6OOv (GMV), Centralab" C38
Capacitor, O.O1pf/6OOv (GMV), Centralab" C48
1 DD-302 Capacitor, O.O03~/100Ov(GMV), Centralab" C25
1 DM-10-121G Capacitor, 120 pf/5OOv 2 8 , Elemenco" c22
1 vc-4-G Capacitor, Variable, .8-18 .O pf, J . F. D. * C 24
#Other equivalent brands can be used.

A-3
APPENDIX A
VHF Receiver Parts List - (Concluded)

~ Quantity
Part
Number
Description I Symbol
3 DM-10-4705 Capacitor, 47 pf/5OOv 596, Elepenco" C15, C20

Capacitor, 47 pf/5OOv 596, Elemenco" c21
2 DC-220K Capacitor, 22 pf/ZOOv 1096, Nytronics" C13, C19
1 DM-10-1OlJ Capacitor, 100 pf/500v 5%, Elemenco" c11
1 DM-10-050K Capacitor, 5 pf/5OOv 596, ElemencoK c9
4 vc-14 .
Capacitor, Variable, 0.7-9.0 pf, J F.D. C3, C8
*
Capacitor, Variable, 0.7-9.0 pf, J . F.D. C10, C17
11 DD-102 Capacitor, O.O01pf/100Ov 1096, Centralab" c2, c 5
Capacitor, 0.001~f/1000v 1096, Centralab" C6, C7
Capacitor, O.O01pf/100Ov 1096, Centralab" C12, 614
Capacitor, 0 .OOlpf/lOOOv 1096, Centralab" C16, 618
Capacitor, O.O01pf/100Ov 1096, Centralab" C26, 6 4 3
Capacitor, 0.001 $/lOOOv 1096, Nytronics)' c45
2 Capacitor, 0.001 pf/lOOv 1096, Nytronics" c1, c 4
1 DMlO --- Capacitor-valve, "TBD," Elemenco" C23
Wther equivalent brands can be used.

Appendix B
Video Electronics Parts List
Note: This list is subject to revision and should be used only as a guide.
Quantity Part Number Description
1 WMFlD22 Capacitor, mylar, 0.0022 pf/100V lo%, Cornell-Dubilier"

3 WMFlD47 Capacitor, mylar, O.O047pf/lOOV lo%, Cornell-Dubilier"
6 WMFl5l Capacitor, mylar, O.O1pf/1OOV I O % , Cornell-Dubilier"
1 WMFlS47 Capacitor, mylar, 0.047pf/100V lo%, Cornell-Dubilier"
4 MFPlPl Capacitor, mylar, O.lpf/lOOV 10% Cornell-Dubilier"
1 MFPlP22 Capacitor, mylar, 0.22pf/lOOV lo%, Cornell-Dubilier"
2 MFP2P47 Capacitor, mylar, 0.47pf/100V 10%
3 150D105X0035A2 Capacitor, solid tantalum, lpf/BOV 20%, Sprague"
2 Y 146XR-15 Capacitor, solid tantalum, 2pf/50V 208, Aerovox"
1 150D685X0035B2 Capacitor, solid tantalum, 6.8wf/50V 20%, Sprague"
1 150Di56X0020B2 Capacitor, solid tantalum, 15pf/50V 2096, Spragueie
2 MTP226M015PlA Capacitor, wet tantalum, 22pf/15V 20%, Mallory"
1 M TP157MO 20 P1C Capacitor, wet tantalum, 150 pf/2OV 20%, Mallory"
1 39D 508G010HP4 Capacitor, al. electrolytic, 5000 pf/lOV 20%, Sprague"
1 Resistor, carbon comp., 8.2 ohm, 1/4w 5%
2 Resistor, carbon comp., 10 ohm, 1/4w 5%
3 Resistor, carbon comp., l K , 1/4w 5%
2 Resistor, carbon comp., 1.2K, 1/4w 5%
1 Resistor, carbon comp., 3K, 1/4w 5%
1 Resistor, carbon comp., 4.7K, 1/4w 5% '
3 Resistor, carbon comp. , 6.8K, l/4w 5%
2 Resistor, carbon comp. , 56K, 1/4w 5%
W t h e r equivalent brands can be used.

0-2
Video Electronics Parts List - (Concluded)
Quantity Part Number Description

1 Resistor, carbon comp., 1.5 M, 1/4w 5%
2 Resistor, carbon comp., 10 M, 1/4w 5%
1 Resistor, carbon comp., 4.7 ohm, l w 5%
1 Resistor, carbon comp., 110 ohm, 2w 5%
1 V-4 Potentiometer, 1turn, l K , l w 2096, Mallory"
2 273-1-502M Potentiometer, 25 turn, 5K, 1/4w lo%, Bourn*
1 273-1-103M Potentiometer, 25 turn, l o g , 1/4w lo%, Bourn*
1 u-35 Potentiometer, 50K, l w 20%, Mallory"
1 F1-100K-R1-100K Potentiometer, 1turn-dual, 100K, 1/2w 20%, Centralab"
10 2N3702 Transistor, Texas Instrument*
5 IN4446 Diode, General Electric*
2 IN538 Diode, Texas Instrument o r General Electric*
1 IN270 Diode, Sylvania"
3 mL91428 Integrated ckt, dual gate, Fairchild"
10 mL92328 Integrated ckt, J-K flip-flop, Fairchild*
1 VIC -10 Inductor, variable, 0.54H
1 FS-32 (Special) Frequency standard, 2400 Hz, American Time Productsik
1 PG65AU Amplifier, operational, Philbrick"
2 #328 Lamp, mid. flanged T-1-3/4, General Electric*
1 #330 Lamp, mid. flanged T-1-3/4, General Electric"
1 162-843-933-502 Lamp holder, yellow, Dialcoil
1 162-843-975-502 *
Lamp holder, white, Dialco
1 162-843-931-502 Lamp holder, red, Dialcol'
1 Model 13.0-1 Ma. Meter, Emico*
1 MFG. Type 250 Phone plug, black, Switchcraft*
2 3502 Phone plug, Switchcraft"
1 26-159-32 Connector, Amphenol"
3 50 -6007-3314 Connector, insert polarization, Elco*
1 22A062100 Speaker, 2-1/2" (5 cm), 100 ohm, Quamit
8' K-700G Knob, aluminum instrument knobs
1 K-500G Knob, aluminum instrument knobs
1 50-2-1G Knob, Raytheon*
2 115-253 Flexible shaft, E.F. Johnson"
1 Allied 47D4096 Bearing, H.H. Smith
5ft 8445 Tape recorder cable, Belden"
*Other equivalent brands can b e used.

APPENDIX C
Video Remodulation Unit P a r t s List
Symbol Description Part No. Vendor*

R1 Potentiometer, 10 k 8 ) flO??,) 1/2 w 65 IRC-CTS
R2 Potentiometer, 250 k 8 ) +lo%, 1/2 w 65 LRC-CTS
R3 Potentiometer, 250 k 8 , +10%, 1/2 w 65LT IRC-CTS
R4 Potentiometer, 250 k 8 ) +lo%, 1/2 w 65LT IRC-CTS
R5 Potentiometer, 10 kQ2, +lo%, 1/2 w 65LT IRC-CTS
R6 Potentiometer, 10 kR, +lo%, 1/2 w 65LT IRC-CTS
R7 Potentiometer, 25 k8, +lo%, 1/2 w 65LT LRC-CTS
R8 Potentiometer, 50 k 8 ) *lo%, 1/2 w 65LT IRC-CTS
R9 Resistor ) 1 0 kQ, t 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF103J Ohmite
R10 Resistor , 5.8 k 8 , f 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF582J Ohmite
R11 Res istor, 11 k 8 , 2 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF113J Ohmite
R12 Resistor ) 510 k 8 ) t 5%) 1/4 w RC07GF514J Ohmite
R13 Resistor) 510 k 8 , k 596, 1/4 w RC07GF511J Ohmite
R14 Re sistor, 6.8 kn, + 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF682J 0hmite
R15 Resistor, 3 k 8 , f 5%) 1/4 w RC07GF302J Ohmite
R16 Resistor, 1 kQ2, k 5%)4'1 w RC07GF102J Ohmite
R17 Re sistor, 1k 8 ) * 5%) 1/4 w RC 07GF102J Ohmite
R18 Resistor ) 5.1 k 8 ) * 5%) 1/4 w RC07GF512J Ohmite
R19 Resistor, 5.1 k 8 ) 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF512J Ohmite
R20 Res istor 20 k n , * 5%) 1/4 w RC07G F203J Ohmite
R21 Resistor ) 62 k 8 , f 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF623J Ohmite
R22 Resistor) 510 k 8 , * 5%) 1/4 w RC07GF511J Ohmite
R23 Resistor, 9.1 k 8 , 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF912J Ohmite
R24 Resistor, 4.7 kQ2, f 5%) 1/4 w RC07GF472J Ohmite
R2 5 Resistor 4.7 k 8 ) * 5%, 1/4 w RC07 GF472J Ohmite
R26 Resistor, 4.7 k 8 ) * 5%) 1/4 w RC07GF472J Ohmite
R27 Resistor ) 10 M a , * 5%, 1/4 w RCO7GF106J 0hmite
R28 Resistor, 10 k8, 5%) 1/4 w RC07GF103J Ohmite
R29 Resistor, 10 k 8 , f 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF103J Ohmite
R30 Resistor) 9 . 1 k 8 , k 5%) 1/4 w RCO7G F912J Ohmite
R31 Resistor , 18 k 8 , k 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF183J Ohmite
R32 Resistor, 27 k 8 ) f 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF273J Ohmite
R33 Resistor ) 27 k 8 , f 5%) 1/4 w RC07GF27 3J Ohmite
R34 Resistor , 4.7 k8, _+ 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF472J Ohmite
R35 Res istor, 5.1 k 8 ) 2 576, 1/4 w RC07GF512J Ohmite
R36 Resistor, 4.7 kn, 5%) 1/4 w RC07GF472J Ohmite
R37 Resistor, 51 kQ, * 5%, 1/4w RC07GF510J Ohmite
R38 Resistor, 1 0 kn2, k 5%, 1/4 w RC 07GF100J Ohmite
R39 Resistor, 43 kQ, t 5%, 1/4 w RC 07GF43OJ Ohmite
R40 Resistor, 10 k 8 ) k 5%) 1/4 w RC07GF100J Ohmite
*Equivalent components are acceptable.
C-1
c-2
Video Remodulation Unit Parts List- (Continued)

R41 Re sistor, 100 kR, k 5%, 1/4 w RC07GF104J Ohmite
R42 Ohmite
c1 Cornell-Dubilier
c2
c3 Cornell-Dubilier
c4 Cornell-Dubilier
c5 C ornell-Dubilie r
C6 Centralab
c7 Sprague
C8 Sprague
CR1 Diode, IN90 Sylvania
CR2 Diode, IN90 Sylvania
CR3 Diode IN90 Sylvania
CR4 Diode, IN706 IN706 Dickson
CR5 Rectifier, IN4001 IN4001 Tex. Instr.
CR6 Rectifier, IN4001 IN4001 Tex. hstr.
CR7 Rectifier , IN4001 IN4001 Tex. Instr.
CR8 Rectifier, IN4001 IN4001 Tex. Instr.
CR9 Diode, Zener IN4735 (Case ) IN4735 Motorola
CRlO Diode, Zener IN4735 (Case 59) IN473 5 Motorola
Q1 Transistor, 2N1305 2N1305 Tex. Instr.
Q2 Transis tor, 2N130 5 2N1305 Tex. Instr,
Q3 Transistor, 2N1305 2N1305 Tex. Instr,
Q5 Transis tor, 2N130 8 2N1308 Tex. Instr.
IC 1 Integrated Circuit, Linear, Differential MA702C Fairchild
T1 Transformer, lOKCT, 6OOS2CT DI-T270 UTC
T2 Transformer, lOKCT, 600RCT DI-T270 UTC
T3 Transformer, 12. GVCT, 1.5 amps F-25X Triad
s1 Switch, 4 pole, 5 throw PA-1013 Centralab
52 Switch, SPST, Miniature 83050 AH&H
DS1 Pilot Light Assembly, Neon Lamp 249-7840-1433 Dialco
or 0933)-504
F1 Fuse, 1/2 amp, 3 AG, Slo-Blo 3131500 Littlefuse
Fuseholder, Miniature 342004A Littlefuse
FL1 Filter, 1.5kH2, Low Pass 701A121001 EMR
FL2 Filter, 5kH2, Low Pass 701A122001 EMR
FL3 Filter, 2.4kH2, Band Pass 7OOAl81001 EMR
J1 Connector, BNC, Bulkhead Mount UG-l094/U Amphenol
*Equii lent components are acceptable.
c-3
APPENDIX C

52 Connector, BNC, Bulkhead Mount UG-l094/U Amphenol
P1 Plug, Polarized AC, w/6' cord 1723 6 5V Belden
PC Board, ENIR 01-11-101
APPENDIX D
DRlR Parts List

R1 Resistor, 30kQ k 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF303J Ohmite
R2 Resistor, 22kQ t 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF223J Ohmite
R3 Resistor, 30kQ 2 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF303J Ohmite
R4 Resistor, 1.5kQ rf: 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF152J Ohmite
R5 Resistor, 30kQ rf: 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF303J Ohmite
R6 Resistor, 2OOQt5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF204J Ohmite
R7 Resistor, 18kQrt; 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF183J Ohmite
R 10 Resistor, lOkQrt; 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF103J Ohmite
R 11 Resistor, 33kQ rt; 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF333J Ohmite
R 12 Resistor, 33ka rf: 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF333J Ohmite
R13 Resistor, 100kQt 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF104J Qhmite
R 14 Resistor, 10kQ 2 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF103J Ohmite
R 15 Resistor, 1MQ k5%, 1/4 W RC07GF105J Ohmite
R 16 Resistor, 20kQ k 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF203J Ohmite
R 17 Resistor, 10kQ rf: 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF103J Ohmite
R18 Resistor, 10ka 2 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF103J Ohmite
R19 Resistor, 5. 1kQ 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF5125 Qhmite
R20 Resistor, 33kQ k 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF333J Ohmite
R21 Resistor, 33kQ f 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF333J Ohmite
R22 Resistor, 33kQ rt; 595, 1/4 W RC 07GF333J Ohmite
R23 Resistor, 10kQk 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF103J Ohmite
R24 Resistor, 20kQ t 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF203J Ohmite
R2 5 Resistor, 5.1kQ t 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF512J Ohmite
R26 Potentiometer, 10k Type 156-2 IRC
R27 Resistor, 1MQ '5%, 1/4 W RC07GF105J Ohmite
R28 Resistor, 330Q k 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF331J Ohmite
R29 Resistor, 180Q If: 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF181J Ohmite
R30 Resistor, 30kQ f 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF303J Ohmite
R33 Resistor, 20kQ ?5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF203J Ohmite
R34 Resistor, 30kQ 2 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF303J Ohmite
R35 Resistor, 24kQ rt; 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF243J Ohmite
R36 Resistor, 100kQ 2 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF104J Ohmite
R37 Resistor, 10kQ ?5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF103J Ohmite
R38 Resistor, 30kQ rf: 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF303J Ohmite
R39 Resistor, 10kQ %5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF103J Ohmite
R41 Resistor, lOkQ +5%, 1/4 W RC07GF103J Ohmite
'Equivalent components are acceptable.
0-1
0-2
DRIR Instruction Manual- (Continued)
Symbol Description Part No. Vendor'

R42 Resistor, 20kG k 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF203J Ohmite
R43 Resistor, 51052 k 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF511J Ohmite
R44 Resistor, 100k52 f 595, 1/4 W RC 07GF1045 Ohmite
R45 Resistor, lOk52 rt 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF103J Ohmite
R46 Resistor, 1kQ f 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF102J Ohmite
R47 Resistor, 20Q rt 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF200J Ohmite
R48 Resistor, look52 f 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF104J Ohmite
R49 Potentiometer, 100kQ Type 156-2 IRC
R50 Potentiometer, 250k52 1 0 Turn Type 3400 IRC
R51 Potentiometer, lOK52 Type 156-2 IRC
R52 Resistor, 10ki2 rt 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF103J Ohmite
R53 Resistor, 43kQ RC07GF433J Ohmite
R54 Resistor, 20 MQ RC 07GF106J Ohmite
R55 Potentiometer, 10kQ 1 0 Turn Type 7300 IRC
R56 Resistor, 100 k52 f 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF104J Ohmite
R57 Resistor, 120 kQ +- 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF124J Ohmite
R58 Resistor, 510Q k 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF511J Ohmite
R59 Resistor, 5.1 k52 f 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF5l2J Ohmite
R6 0 Potentiometer, 1 0 kQ Type 156-2 IRC
R6 1 Resistor, 10 k52 k5%, 1/4 W RC07GF103J Ohmite
R62 Resistor, 100 kC2 f 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF104J Ohmite
R63 Resistor, 120 k52 t 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF1245 Ohmite
R64 Resistor, 2 k52 k 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF202J Ohmite
R6 5 Potentiometer, 10 kQ Type 156-2 IRC
R66 Resistor, 10 k52 +5%, 1/4 W RC07GF103J Ohmite
R67 Resistor, 10 kQ k5%, 1/4 W RC07GF103J Ohmite
R6 8 Resistor, 2 k!d f 5%, 114 W RC07GF202J Ohmite
R69 Resistor, 10 ks2 rt 596, 1/4 W RC07GF103J Ohmite
R70 Resistor, 100Q t 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF104J Ohmite
R7 1 Resistor, 1OCL rt 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF100J Ohmite
R72 Resistor, 2.7Q f 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF2R7J Ohmite
R73 Resistor, 10 kSZ +5%, 1/4 W RC07GF103J Ohmite
R74 Resistor, 1.5 kQ f 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF152J Ohmite
R7 5 *
Resistor, loa2 5%, 1/4 W RC 07GF100J Ohmite
R76 Resistor, 399 k 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF390J Ohmite
R77 Resistor, 10Q rt 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF100J Ohmite
R7 8 Resistor, 10 k52 + 576, 1/4 W RC07GF103J Ohmite
R79 Resistor, 1.5 kQ +- 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF152J Ohmite
R80 Resistor, 62 kR f 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF623J Ohmite
R81 Resistor, 36 kS2 f 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF363J Ohmite
R82 Resistor, 8.2 kS2 t 5%, 1/4 W RC07GF822 Ohmite
R83 Resistor, 2.7S2 rt 5%. 1/4 W RC07GF2R7J Ohmite
*Equi.c .ent components are acceptable.
D-3
APPENDIX D
DRIR Instruction Manual- (Continued)
Symbol Part No.

Q1
Q2 Transistor, 2N37 04
Q3 Transistor, 2 N3704 Texas Instr.
Q4 Transistor, 2N37 0.2 Texas Instr.
Q5 Transistor, 2N3704 Texas Instr,
Q6 Transistor, 2N3702 Texas Instr.
Q7 Transistor, 2N4852 Motorola
QlO Transistor, 2N3 704 Texas Instr.
Q11 Transistor, 2N37 02 Texas Instr.
Q16 Transis tor, 2N3704 Texas Instr.
Q17 Transistor, 2N4852 Motorola
Q18 Transistor, 2N4037 RCA
A1 Operational Amplifier Mod. 108A Analogue Devices
IC 1 Integrated Circuit, Linear MA 709-C Fairchild

IC 2 Integrated Circuit, Linear LM-300 NSI
IC 3 Integrated Circuit, Linear LM-300 NSI
RB1 Rectifier Bridge VS 247 Varo

T1 Transformer P-6377 Thic-Stan
LS1 Speaker 22AD62100 Quam
F1 Fuse, 1/2 amp., 3AG, Slo-Blo 3131500 Littlefuse

Fuseholder, Miniature 34200411 Littlefuse
53 Connector, Plug 57-30140 Amphenol

Connector, Socket 57-40140 Amphenol
54 57-3 0140 Amphenol
t 57-40140 Amphenol
DS1 101-3830-0971-201 Dialco

#330 G. E.
DS2 LO1-3830-0972-201 Dialco
#330 G. E.
D-4
DRIR Instruction Manual- (Concluded)

s1 Switch, DPST 81024GB Arrow-Hart
52 Switch, SPDT 81021AV Arrow-Hart
s3 Switch 3391-GL Arrow-Hart
K1 Relay 103MPCX31 Magnecraft

Cable 8768 Belden
Turns Counting Dial RB-Duodial Beckman Ins
CR1 Diode, 1N4446 G. E.

CR8 Diode, 1N4446 6. E.
c1 Capacitor, .0033 pf DM-19-3 32J Arc0

c2 Capacitor, 200 pf DM-19-20 1J Arc0
c3 Capacitor, .47 pf 192P4749R8 Sprague
C6 Capacitor, .022 pf 192P2239R 8 Sprague
c7 Capacitor, .022 pf 75FlR5A223 G. E.
C8 Capacitor, .22 pf 7 5F3R5A224 G. E.
c9 Capacitor, 10 pf MTA-1OD35 Mallory
c 10 Capacitor, *.022 pf 192P2239R8 Sprague
c 12 Capacitor, 10 pf MTA-1OD35 Mallory
C 13 Capacitor, 2 pf Mi2 DE1-205 Marshall
C 14 Capacitor, 2 pf Mi2 DE1-205 Marshall
C 15 Capacitor, .22 pf 192P2249R8 Sprague
C 16 Capacitor, 2 pf MTA- 2D50 NIallory
C 17 Capacitor, 47 pf DM-15-470J Arco
C18 Capacitor, 47 pf DM- 15-47 0J Arc0
c19 Capacitor, 150 pf MTA-150F35 Mallory
c20 Capacitor, 400 pf TL-1216 Sprague
c21 Capacitor, 2 pf MTA-2D50 Mallory
NASA-Langley, 1969 -7
NATIONAL AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
AERONAUTICS POSTAGE A N D FEES PAID
WASHINGTON,
D. C. 20546 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS A
SPACE ADMINISTRATION
OFFICIAL BUSINESS FIRST CLASS MAIL
POSTMASTER: If Undeliverable (Section 15

Postal Manual) Do Nor Retu
“The aeronagtical and space dctivities of the United States shall be

condacted so as to cofztribute . . . to the expansion of human knowl-
edge of phenomena in the atmosphere dnd space. T h e Administration
shall provide for the widest practicable and appropriate dissemination
of inf ormatioia concerning its activities and the resalts thereof.”
AND SPACE ACT OF 1958
-NATIONALAERONAUTICS
NASA TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATI0N PUBLICATIONS

These describe science or technology derived from NASA’s activities that may be of particular
interest in commercial and other non-aerospace applications. Publications include:
TECH BRIEFS: Single-page descriptions of Technology Utilization publications are part

individual innovations, devices, methods, or of NASA’s formal series of scientific and
concepts.
technical publications. Others include Tech-
surveys nical Reports, Technical Notes, Technical
of NASA contributions to entire areas of
technology. Memorandums, Contractor Reports, Technical
OTHER TU PUBLICATIONS: These include Translations, and Special Publications.

handbooks, reports, notes, conference
proceedings, special studies, and selected
Details on their availability may be
bibliographies. obtained from:
Details on the availability of these
publications may be obtained from:
National Aeronautics and
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration Space Administration
Code UT Code US
Washington, D.C. 20546 Washington, D.C. 20546
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Washington, D.C. 20546

APT-GroundStations 1969

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INEXPENSIVE CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC

Techizology Utilization Divisios

CHAPTER 3 . BUILDING THE APT GROUND STATION . . . . . . . 11

*ESSA = Environmental Survey Satellite.

INEXPENSIVE APT GROUND STATIONS

APT RELAY SATELLITE

APT P ICTURE -TAKI NG SATELLITE

Figure I. -APT ground equipment used with picture-taking satellites and

H o w The APT System Works

THE APT-EQUIPPED SATELLITE

INEXPENSIVE APT GROUND STATIONS

INEXPENSIVE APT GROUND STATIONS

Figure 4. -Area of reception for the GSFC station.

Figure 5. -Area of local reception.

INEXPENSIVE APT GROUND STATIONS

BUS APT PICTURE

Figure 6. -Nimbus A P T pictures received at Goddard Space Flight Center.

THE APT GROUND STATION

Building The APT Ground Station

INEXPENSIVE'APT GROUND STATIONS

BUILDING THE APT GROUND STATION

38.9" 99.0 CM-

38.9" 99.0 CM,

38.9" 99.0 CM,

41 .O" 104.0 CM,

$+, 1 3 3 " 43.8 CM

Figure 10. -Antenna element-spacing diagram.

*A suitable type is the Cornell-Dubilier Electronics, Type HAM-M rotator, which

-1 / GAMMA MATCHING DEVICE

50n COAXIAL CABLE

The motor shafts must be drilled

*Those made by Boston, American Gear, o r equivalent manufacturers will be

Figure 13. -Mechanical assembly of antenna pedestal.

BUILDING T H E A P T GROUND STATION

AZIMUTH-ELEVATIO N (AZ-EL) MOUNT SOUTH

Figure 14.-Simplified antenna Figure 15. -Antenna orientation.

Figure 16. -Limits of antenna orientation.

INEXPENSIVE APT GROUND STATIONS

Figure 17. -Scales for recalibration of antenna-control boxes.

Figure 19. -Antenna preamplifier, version 1 , power supply

placed in a single box of rigid aluminum construction that is completely

INEXPENSIVE APT GROUND STATIONS

PART NO. ITEM DESCRIPTION

Figure 21. -Output transformer T 1 for antenna preamplifier, version 2.

BUILDING THE APT GROUND STATION

WIRE, SOLID, BELDEN #26 HNC NYCLAD

Figure 22. -Neutralizing inductor L2 for antenna preamplifier, version 2.

I PART NO. II T E M I DESCR I P T l O N I

0 Be capable of receiving the following frequencies: 135.6 MHz Weather

BUILDING THE APT GROUND STATION

Combine a good quality "ham" communications receiver, such as the

BUILDING THE APT GROUND STATION

Crystal to oscillate on overtone

Frequency tolerance to be .005%

Housed in HC6 holder.

Figure 26. -Receiver-crystal circuit schematic.

801 9 1 BUS WIRE, BELDEN #18 TINNED COPPER