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• Differentiation
The derivative measures the rate at which a function
changes.
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
∴ ∆𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)
∆𝑦 𝑓 𝑥+∆𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥)
So, slop of secant PQ = =
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥

As 𝑄 → 𝑃, then slope of secant P𝑄 will equal to the

slope of tangent of the curve y = 𝑓(𝑥) at P → 𝑄 or
∆𝑥 → 0.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑓 𝑑
𝑓\ 𝑥 = = 𝑦\ = = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) This call definition of derivative of function f(x).

= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

❖ Example 10 find the derivative of the

functions using the definition of derivative. 2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 for x > 0.

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)
= lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)
= lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑥 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 𝑥
𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 = lim ×
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 𝑥
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑥 1
= lim = lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥( 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 𝑥) ∆𝑥→0 ( 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 𝑥)
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

2𝑥∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑥(2𝑥 + ∆𝑥) 1 1

= lim = lim = =
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ( 𝑥 + 0 + 𝑥) 2 𝑥

= lim 2𝑥 + ∆𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 0 = 2𝑥
∆𝑥→0

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Differentiation Rules

1. If ƒ has the constant value 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐, then

𝑑𝑓 𝑑 RULE 1 Derivative of a Constant

= 𝑐 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Function
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
8 = 0, 5 = 0, 𝜋 = 0,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. If n is a positive integer, then

𝑑 𝑛
RULE 2 Power Rule for Positive
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 Integers
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1 1 𝑑
𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 −2 = , 𝑥 4 = 4𝑥 3 ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Differentiation Rules

3. If u is a differentiable function of x, and c is a constant, then

RULE 3 Constant Multiple Rule

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑢 = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 2
3𝑥 = 3 × 1 = 3, 3𝑥 2 = 3 𝑥 = 3 × 2𝑥 = 6𝑥,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4. If u and v are differentiable functions of x, then their sum u+v is differentiable at every point where u and v are both
differentiable. At such points
RULE 4 Derivative Sum Rule
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢+𝑣 = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 12𝑥 → = 𝑥4 + 12𝑥 → = 4𝑥 3 + 12,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Differentiation Rules

5. If u and v are differentiable at x, then so is their product uv, and

RULE 5 Derivative Product

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 Rule
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1
Example 11 find the derivative of 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + ) 𝑑𝑦 1 1 2
𝑥 𝑥 =2− 3−1− 3 =1− 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢 1
Sol: 𝑢= , =−
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

1 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑣 = 𝑥2 + , = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 1 1 1
= 𝑢𝑣 =𝑢 +𝑣 = 2𝑥 − + (𝑥 2 + )(− )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2

Differentiation Rules

6. If u and v are differentiable at x and if 𝑣(𝑥) ≠ 0 , then the quotient u / v is differentiable at x, and

RULE 6 Derivative Quotient

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 Rule
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

𝑡 2 −1
Example 12 find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 2𝑡 3 + 2𝑡 − 2𝑡 3 + 2𝑡
𝑡 2 +1
=
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡 (𝑡 2 + 1)2
Sol: 𝑢 = 𝑡 2 − 1, = 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 4𝑡
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑣= 𝑡2 + 1, = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝑡 2 + 1)2
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢 (𝑡 2 + 1)(2𝑡) − (𝑡 2 − 1)(2𝑡)
= = 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑣 𝑣 (𝑡 2 + 1)2

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Example 13 find the horizontal tangents of 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 2

𝑑𝑦
Sol: The horizontal tangents, if any, occur where the slope is zero.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 4 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 = 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
𝑥 = 0, 1, −1

x 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 2
0 2
1 1
-1 1

Example 14 find the derivative of

4
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑4 2 𝑑 𝑑 = 𝑥 2 + 1 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 3 2𝑥
= 𝑥3 + 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 3𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 4 + 6𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4 = 5𝑥 4 +3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 + × 2𝑥 − 5 + 0
𝑑𝑡 3 Or
𝑑𝑦 8 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥 3 + 3 = 𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 3
= 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5
𝑑𝑡 3
𝑦 = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3
2. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 3 + 3) 𝑑𝑦
Sol: = 5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1, = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑥 3 + 3, = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

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• The Chain Rule

If 𝑓(𝑢)is differentiable at the point 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥)and 𝑔(𝑥) is differentiable at 𝑥, then the composite function
𝑓 o 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ) is differentiable at x.
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥 , then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Where dy/du is evaluated at u = g(x).
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑢, = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Example 15 find the derivative of 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢

= × = 2𝑢 6𝑥 = 2 3𝑥 2 + 1 × 6𝑥
1. 𝑦 = 9𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Sol: = 36𝑥 3 + 12𝑥

9𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 + 1 = (3𝑥 2 + 1)2
𝑦 = 𝑢2 and 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 + 1

3
( 𝑥2 +2)2−1
2. 𝑦 = 3
( 𝑥2 +2)2+1

Sol:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
(𝑢)2 −1 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑦= and 𝑢= 𝑥2 +2
(𝑢)2 +1
𝑑𝑦 4𝑢 2𝑥
= × 2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑢 𝑢2 + 1 − 2𝑢(𝑢2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢 + 1)2 3𝑢
=
𝑑𝑢 (𝑢2 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦 8𝑥
=
2𝑢3 + 2𝑢 − 2𝑢3 + 2𝑢 𝑑𝑥 3𝑢(𝑢 + 1)2
=
(𝑢 + 1)2

𝑑𝑦 4𝑢
=
𝑑𝑢 (𝑢 + 1)2

𝑑𝑢 1 1 −2
= (𝑥 2 + 2)3 = (𝑥 2 + 2) 3 × 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3

𝑑𝑢 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥
= 2 = =
𝑑𝑥 3(
3
𝑥2 + 2)2 3𝑢2
3(𝑥 2 + 2)3