Chemical Bonding (English)
Chemical Bonding (English)
Chemical Bonding (English)
KEY CONCEPTS
(b) So the remaining elements also try to
1. Chemical Bond
acquire the same by loosing, gaining or
sharing of electrons.
The force of attraction which hold various
constuents (atom, ions etc) together in different (c) Lewis octet rule : The tendency of atoms
chemical species is called a chemical bond. to achieve eight electrons in their
outermost shell is known as Lewis octet
2. Valency rule.
Valency of an element is defined as the number of (d) Exception of Octet Law : PCl5, SF6, IF5,
chemical bonds formed by an element. IF7, ClO2, BF3, AlCl3, GaCl3, BeCl2.
Chemical Bond
Ion-dipole forces
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+ + ++ Inter (iii) Hybridization :
+ nuclear Hybridization is defined as the intermixing of
– – –– axis
dissimilar orbitals of the same atom which are
having slightly different energies to form same
p-orbital p-orbital p-p overlapping for
bonding. number of new orbitals of equal energies and
identical shapes.
9. VSPER Theory
= 2 p y *2 p x *2 p y *2 pz
(i) (LP-LP) repulsion > (LP-BP) > (BP-BP)
Energy diagram is shown below
(ii) NH3 Bond Angle 107.5° because (LP-BP)
repulsion > (BP-BP)
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(I) If Nb > Na, the molecule is stable
* 2pz
(II) If Nb < Na, the molecule is unstable.
* 2px = * 2py (III)Even if Nb = Na, the molecule is
2p 2p
unstable. This is due to the fact that
2px = 2py anti bonding effect is some what
stronger than the bonding effect.
2pz
(b) Stability of molecules in terms of bond
order :
* 2s
(I) Bond order can be defined as number
2s 2s of covalent bonds formed in molecule.
1
(II) Bond order = [No. of electrons in
2s 2
Figure - 1 bonding orbitals – No. of electrons in
1
antibonding orbitals] = [Nb – Na].
2
(iii) It has been found experimentally that in some
of the diatomic molecules (which have 14 or (III)The bond order of 1, 2 and 3 corresponds to
less than 14 electrons) 2 p z M.O. has higher in single, double and triple bonds respectively. It
may be mentioned that according to MO
energy than 2 p x and 2 p y M.O.’s. Therefore, theory, even a fractional bond order is possible.
the order of increasing energy of these M.O.s Thus
changes to
(i) Bond order Stability of molecule
1s < *1s < 2s < *2s < 2 p x
(ii) Bond order Dissociation energy
= 2 p y < 2 p z < *2 p x = *2 p y < *2 pz
(iii) Bond order Bond length
(a) Stability of molecules in terms of Ionic potential () = Charge on cation/radius of cation
bonding and antibonding electrons
12. Dipole Moment ()
(i) % ionic character = p/t ×100 where t = ed 15. Hydrogen bonding
Boiling point V.W.F. (c) The one electron bond also exist in
ferromagnetic metals.
(C) Types of Vander Waal’s forces (d) This bond is only half as strong as a shared
electron pair bond.
(a) Dipole-Dipole attraction : It is again in
between two polar molecules such as HF (e) NO and NO2 are the examples of odd
and HCl. molecule having three electron bonds
+ – + – e.g. :
HF HCl(g) O
N==O N
(b) Dipole-Induced dipole attraction : In this O
case a neutral molecule is induced as a
dipole by another dipole as shown in fig. (B) Back bonding :
(a) In BF3 molecule, the 2p orbitals of each F
– + + – + +
atom are fully filled, while one of 2p
HCl Cl2 orbital of the B atom is vacant. The two
2p-orbitals of B are involved in the
(c) Induced dipole-induced dipole attraction formation of B–F bond and third 2p orbital
or London dispersion force : Between is vacant, therefore overlap laterally
two non polar molecules as in Cl2, He etc. resulting in the transference of electron of
the fluorine atom into vacant orbitals of
17. Ion-dipole attraction B-atom.
The relative strength of various bonds is as follows (b) A bridge structure for diborane was
Ionic bond > Covalent bond > Metallic bond > proposed by Dilthey in 1921.
H-bond > Vander waal bond.
H 1.23Å H H
H H H
(A) Odd electron bond :
(a) These include one electron bond and three
electron bond. 1.77Å
(c) The formation of diborane molecule is H H H
depicted below.
B B
H H H
H H H
B B
H H H