Night Owls Experiences of Law Enforcers
Night Owls Experiences of Law Enforcers
Night Owls Experiences of Law Enforcers
Curfews have lately resurfaced as a prominent policy choice for politicians looking to
reduce adolescent victimization and delinquency. Curfews have been in place on and off
since the turn of the century, and they tend to get greater attention when there is a perceived
the world as genuine and effective community-based responses to surges in serious youth
crime. Curfews have been praised for their effectiveness in high-crime areas or communities.
A teenager’s curfew is justified. Many cities and municipalities use it as an easy way to not
only limit the number of opportunities for minors to commit crimes while also protecting
them, preventing kids from becoming victims of crime. Like the exact rules in Tokyo and
Yokohama they have a curfew on under-18s after 10 or 11 o’ clock. Even where there is no
overall curfew, many cinemas and amusement arcades prohibit under 18s at night.
Many teenagers in Manila have been observed loitering in public places late at night,
such as video arcades, restaurants/bars, computer shops, billiard halls, and the like; this habit
allows teenagers to engage in illegal drug use and troublesome activities such as clashes
between gang groups and their peers, resulting in physical injuries and sometimes death
reliable and successful neighborhood-based solutions to rises in serious youth crime. Curfews
have been hailed as being especially helpful in areas or communities with high crime rates.
They have received support in some locations primarily as a tactic to curtail the late-night
activities of youth gangs. Curfew laws have grown in importance as part of the “just deserts”
or crime control approach to juvenile justice, which places an emphasis on responsibility and
In Sibonga Cebu, curfew implemented since before suddenly in the year 2019, it
results strictly implementation by Municipal Police Station lead by PCPT OTIDA, Acting
Chief of Police after they conducted operation against all forms of criminality and police
intervention within AOR. As a result, 11 people of minor age were apprehended in violation
of Curfew municipal ordinance no. 46-04 series of 1992. Apprehended minor was brought to
this station and informed their parents and guardians to be watchful on their minor children to
avoid monetary penalty and community service that will impose against them on the second
apprehension. Teen curfew rules limit the amount of time that minors can spend online the
night time in the streets or in public areas. Teen curfews are appropriate. In many
municipalities or cities as an easy way to not only decrease the likelihood that youth would
commit crimes while simultaneously preventing them from becoming criminals. The
promotion of curfews is advantageous to law enforcement; they allow officers more control
regarding the appearance and conduct of children on the street during hours of curfew. They
are also recommended as a beneficial addition to parental oversight; they offer parents
communal support limiting the number of hours that their kids are allowed to be outside at
The researchers conducted this study to discover the effectiveness of curfews to all
teenagers in Sibonga, Cebu. There is a need to conduct this particular study to give
information, and knowledge to the public that curfew may also give positive effect towards
teenagers.
Theoretical Background of the Study
Terrie E. Moffitt (2017). Situational Action View (SAT) examines crime as moral acts and is
a generic, dynamic, and mechanism-based theory of crime and its causes. SAT emphasizes
the significance of examining the relationship between people and their environments and
how it varies (thus, dynamic), attempts to explain all types of criminal activities, and focuses
The goal of SAT is to give a thorough theoretical framework for analyzing crime and
its causes by overcoming the commonly seen fragmentation and poor integration of
to address the following common issues in criminological theorizing, in particular: the lack of
a clear and common definition of crime (the need to specify what a theory of crime causation
aim to explain); the inadequate integration of the role of people and places, and crucially,
their interaction in the causation of crime (the need for a dynamic explanation of crime and
its changes); the frequent conflation of causes and correlates (the need to focus on the
importance of fundamental causal processes and go beyond a risk factor [predictor oriented]
explanatory approach; the deficiency of an adequate action theory (the need to understand
what moves people to action in order to identify what macro-social and developmental
Early in the new millennium and in the late 1990s, SAT was first established. The
theory’s first summary in English was published in 2004, and during the following 15 years it
has been progressively developed, extended, and improved by. (Wikstrom &Treiber, 2018).
The fundamental theoretical and empirical ideas in criminology are disjointed and poorly
integrated. The Situational Action Theory (SAT) was created to address significant flaws in
research is a major issue. To be persuaded of the theoretical fragmentation of the field, one
merely needs to consult any criminological textbook. According to SAT, criminal activities
are best understood as moral acts, that is, acts motivated by moral principles. A moral norm is
a code of conduct that specifies what is the proper or improper course of action to take in a
specific situation. According to SAT, human behavior, including criminal acts, is the result of
a perception-choice process that is started and directed by the causal interplay of criminal
propensity and criminal exposure. In the situational model of SAT, motivation, the moral
filter, and controls are the main situational components impacting the perception-choice
Farrington alone (1995, 2003, 2005), as well as jointly with others (2006), were able
framework that examines the risk factors for crime. It was based on the data from the
Cambridge study. The ICAP theory was developed to attempt to explain why guys from
(AP), or their capacity to engage in antisocial behavior, and their decisions to do so constitute
the central idea of the study. The cognitive processes of the individual that take into account
opportunities and victims determine whether the AP develops into antisocial behavior. The
demonstrates the main ideas of this theory, which was developed primarily to explain male
offenders from lower social classes, however it may also be applicable to female offenders.
The “Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential” (ICAP) theory is what it is referred to as. The
fundamental issue with the risk factor prevention paradigm is that, while the most significant
risk variables are clearly known, the intervening causal pathways that affect offending are
highly debatable. The ICAP theory contends that interactions between an individual and their
social environment have a bearing on whether crimes and other antisocial behaviors are
committed. Researchers working on the DLC should examine both long- and short-term
offenders. It implies that persistent antisocial behavior develops early in life, when a high-
risk social setting exacerbates a young child’s challenging behavior. In general, the findings
from the samples are consistent with the Dunedin findings regarding different
neurodevelopmental and family risk correlates for offenders who first commit crimes as
helpful. The hypothesis, according to the taxonomy’s initial assertion, also describes the
conduct of females as well as that of males. Other studies have indicated crucial changes that
are required to better align the taxonomy with nature, and some findings seriously question
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies that bear implications
on the study. This chapter also includes original research, legal documents, results of
which does not allow residents to be out in public. In general, curfews seek to reduce juvenile
crime and victimization, and empower parents to help control children’s behavior. The
assumption behind curfew legislation is that; individuals who are at home or under adult
victim. Like probation practices, the use of general curfews across the country has almost
alike trends in juvenile justice sentencing policy. Curfews have again become popular in
recent years as a response to increased crime and violence, but research on their effectiveness
is mixed. There are some thoughts available on what respondents think about curfews and
how the rules actually affect their lives and criticisms of unconstitutionality threaten their
The origin of curfew ordinances is closely tied to the origin of the juvenile court itself
as with the probation practices. Requiring residents to be out in public by a certain time
maintained some people’s control over behavior. Curfews are highly variable between
jurisdictions, as well as differentially enforced, but some notions can be made about their use
through a test of time. Juvenile crime and curfew ordinances and their enforcement goes
Marketos (1995) set the 1950s and 1990s as examples of this. The 1990s “get tough”
rationale was adopted as a strategy for increased number of offenders and to restrict the
access of the juveniles at the streets. Others created ordinances for the first time while some
jurisdictions revised the old ones (Ruffle & Reynolds, 1999). Curfew violations are usually
considered status offenses, which would indicate a less serious response from the formal
criminal justice system. The number of juveniles arrested for curfew, however, is a
substantial proportion of arrests. Considering the number of juveniles that come to the
attention of the police and the courts because of curfew violations, information regarding the
Contemporary general curfew ordinances are highly variable across the country and
receive a significant amount of both support and criticism. Supporters cite drops and consider
the youth as grounds while opponents look for discriminatory enforcement, constitutional
issue and resources for it to be abolished. As to jurisdiction, some police officers support this,
while others find it a burden (Watzman, 1994). Most support for curfew enforcement comes
from individual jurisdiction evaluations. In general, programs that are collaborative and
include multiple components obtain the best results. For example, New Orleans, USA got the
support from the government, religious groups, Police and Juvenile Bureau Staff, and
medical personnel to staff a Central Curfew Center (CCC) to provide services and counseling
to curfew violators. Summer employment and some recreation programs were also given the
youths to supply their prosocial activities. A comparison of juvenile crime rates between
1993 and 1994 showed a 27% reduction in juvenile crime overall, with a 33% decline in
armed robbery and a 42% drop in auto theft during curfew hours. These doesn’t only address
the issue on curfew violation but it also strengthens community ties and provides
opportunities for juveniles in building their skills which shows decreased juvenile
involvement in crime. The subject of juvenile curfews is highly controversial, however, and
Curfews have received numerous legal challenges. Bast and Reynolds (2003) present
a detailed discussion of four legal cases brought against a curfew ordinance within the
locality. Two of these curfew ordinances were upheld and two were struck down. A common
basis for these challenges was that the curfew ordinance violated the civil rights of
adolescents (most of whom are not adjudicated delinquents) by restricting their freedom of
movement or other individual liberties. Watzman (1994) argues, however, that the more
exceptions for “acceptable activities” (for example, legitimate employment) a given policy
provide, the more likely it is to survive a challenge on constitutional grounds. Fried (2001)
argued that an important legal consideration in the debate over the constitutionality of
juvenile curfews is their effectiveness. The legal justification for restricting the rights of
juvenile rests on the state’s interest in protecting juveniles from victimization and in reducing
juvenile crime. If juvenile curfews are found to be ineffective in furthering these interests,
then legal challenges may become more successful context. However, as argued by Bast and
Reynolds (2003), the certainty of the evidence on the effectiveness needed for a legal
benefits.
The use of a curfew serves the same purpose, it is to ensure the safety and control for
the people and also those in authority. A curfew assists in ensuring the safety of the people.
When curfew is implemented, it can be said to be safer during riskier times especially at
implementation is recommended not to go to places he or she is not comfortable of. This can
prevent them from engaging in an unwanted situation. It also ensures the safety of people
from harm and behaviors such as drinking liquors, doing drugs, promiscuity, and violence. In
days where a person may face harm and threats, we need to be using curfew as a tool as our
disposal. It is obviously important to ensure that the curfew is reasonable, manageable and
indeed, that it is appropriate and valid. It is not to be used as part of an autocratic style of
parenting, but rather as a tool that benefits all members of the family. Often negotiation
between parent and child will allow for some interesting discussions. Negotiating a curfew
will also allow the child to feel his/her opinion is taken into consideration. Ultimately, of
course, the decision needs to be that of the parent. The negotiation of a “curfew discretion”
needs to be considered by parents too where the child is perhaps participating in something
out of the ordinary. There needs to be a degree of give and take around curfew times
(Pretorius, 2019).
The initial type of curfew is the Juvenile Curfew Law, it was set by state and local
governments to restrict minors, specifically those who are 18 years old and below to be out in
public at a specific time unless they are being accompanied by their parent or guardian,
attending religious and school activities, instructed by an adult, experiences emergency, and
on their way or from their work. Its purpose is to prevent and protect the minors from
criminal activities, threat, and harm. If a juvenile happen to violate the curfew law, the
following may be given as reciprocal action: monetary fees, mandatory community service,
revoking of driving privileges, and confinement to a juvenile detention center (usually for
repeat offenders). But are also instances where parents are accountable for their children’s
violations wherein they can be fined. If crime rate increases on a local government, officers
activate curfew laws like issuing tickets or arresting violators, otherwise, officers escort the
violator’s home and give verbal warning. The second type is the Emergency Curfews, these
are being imposed during times of crisis, catastrophe or natural disaster such as to prevent the
spread of Covid-19, hurricanes, blizzards, wildfires, public riots, and other dangerous
fugitives. When emergency curfews are implemented, the local government typically
specifies certain conditions. For instance, on these days of pandemic, local governments
allow those who work in the medical field, BPOs, and other essential fields to go outside but
certain time where people may gather especially in places with high level of crime, loitering,
and otherwise disorderly conduct (LawFirms, 2021). Ruffle and Reynolds (1995) reviewed
more than 160 newspaper stories about curfews which appeared during 1993 and part of
1994. They found that the rationale for adoption of curfews in most cities was to reduce
juvenile crime and crime victimization. Several cities were reported to have adopted curfews
both as a hedge against the geographical displacement of juvenile crime to their cities from
other areas and as part of a domino effect when surrounding cities and municipalities passed
them. At the time of the survey, three major American cities (Denver, Phoenix, Orlando) had
adopted city-wide curfews that had specific application to hot spot high crime areas.
According to Adams (2003), the logic of juvenile curfews is to keep people home
during late evening and early morning hours and this will prevent them from committing
crimes and to become crime victims. Reduced opportunity to commit crime should translate
into fewer crimes. Furthermore, the potential for fines or other sanctions is presumed to deter
people from being out in a public place during curfew hours. It is also argued that curfews
provide police with a useful tool for managing people in public places during curfew hours.
Finally, curfews may make it easier for parents to enforce a rule for when a youth must be
home in the evening (Ruffle and Reynolds, 1995). The statement above has been questioned.
Gottfredson and Soule (2005) argued that most of the crimes committed by juveniles
happened in the hours before and after school. This means that only few proportion of crimes
were committed during curfew hours. Additionally, it is rare for curfew ordinances to be
associated with increased law enforcement resources, reducing the likelihood of effective
enforcement. Studies have shown that overstretched and under-resourced police departments
may forego the enforcement of a curfew law in favor of focusing on more urgent demands.
Thus, having a curfew ordinance in place does not always translate into vigorous
enforcement, further limiting any potential effect (Bannister and Reynolds, 2001).
Curfew is an order specifying a time throughout that positive rule apply. The main
purpose of the study is to determine the effect of the curfew hour implementation as to the
perception of the Barangay Official, Barangay Police, and Police Officer of Nasipit, Agusan
Del Norte. A descriptive correlational research design was used in the study. The result
shows that the curfew hour was implemented regularly by the continuous efforts rendered by
the Barangay Officials, Barangay Police, and Police Officers. The result proves that the
safety and security needs of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs are essential, including the
security of our body, employment, resources, the morality of the family, and health. It was
recommended that communities living in the Barangay cooperate and participate in the
curfew implementation (Ruffle and Reynolds, 1995). According to Galabin (2018), studies of
curfews conducted by municipalities may have severe methodological flaws of which does or
may not necessarily prove that these ordinances do not work. Analyzing such impacts is
important because curfew policies can be thought of as constituting treatments. Indeed, if, as
basic economic models, crime is a purposive activity, then curfew should only reduce
This study aims to explore the lived experiences of Law Enforcers in the
b. Population
c. Number of informants/implementers
3. What are the challenges encountered by the informants in the curfew implementation?
The research study focused on the level of implementation of curfew hours and the
formulation of action plan for its effective implementation. The study investigated the
curfew hours, and the problems encountered in its implementation. The results of the survey
were the bases for the crafting of the Action Plan for the Effective Implementation of Curfew
Hours. The respondents of the study were the Barangay Officials and residents of selected
Papan, Barangay Manatad, Barangay Tubod, and Barangay Poblacion, Sibonga, Cebu.
Significance of the study
Barangay Public Safety Officer (BPSO). The study’s findings might add to our knowledge
Philippine National Police (PNP). The findings of this study are helpful not just to the
police in Sibonga, Cebu, but also to other organizations with comparable missions. With the
information from the study, they may be able to create effective regulations that would not
only enhance the current curfew system but also prevent learning about child criminality,
Local Government Unit. The findings of this study would be beneficial to the province in
general and its officials in that they would provide a wealth of information regarding the
number of residents who violate curfew hours and the possibility that they would be familiar
Residents. The study can give a complete grasp of the value of curfews to the community as
Researchers. As aspiring criminologists, they could gain from this study by weighing the
benefits and drawbacks of instituting curfew hours. With the study’s findings, they will be
able to judge not just the importance of the law but also how it promotes peace and order,
helping people avoid victimization and guarding them against potential dangers because the
state has a moral obligation to give its people a better future. They will benefit greatly from
this research in the future, particularly when coping with similar situations.
Future Researchers. It has been anticipated that the study will be used as a resource when
Research Design
phenomenology study deals with personal experiences, and views of people and BPSO in
curfews violation and interpretation of the phenomena are investigated. This study includes
observation and exploration of the experiences and viewpoints of chosen individuals and
from semi-structured interviews. Participants can share their extraordinary encounters, which
can be used to gather information for a phenomenological study. Participants in this study
were chosen residents of Sibonga, Cebu, as well as informants. who has spent more than five
Research Environment
151,002 residents. The 2020 Census showed that this made-up 4.50 percent of Cebu's total
population. Over the span of 117 years, Sibonga population increased by 140,484 from
10,518 in 1903 to 151,002 in 2020. From the previous population of 132,135 in 2015, the
most recent census results in 2020 show a positive growth rate of 2.85 percent, or an increase
of 18,867 persons.
The age group in Sibonga with the population, 14,398 people, is 15 to 19 years old,
according to the 2015 Census. In contrast, the age category with the lowest population has
744 people in it: 80 and older. Over the course of 117 years, Sibonga's population increased
The study's informants are BPSOs and residents of Sibonga who have been there for
at least five (5) years and who are accurate and knowledgeable about curfew implementation.
They are purposively selected as the respondents of the study as they are the law enforcers
who implement this curfew within the municipality of Sibonga, Cebu, Philippines.
Research Instrument
The phenomenological method was used to collect the personal experiences and
opinions of the chosen staff members on juvenile delinquency and curfew violations in order
Phenomenological study designs, according to Ho, L., and Impeacher, presuppose that people
use a common structure or essence to make sense of their experiences. To ascertain the
essence of the event under investigation, they examine the individuals' emotions, perceptions,
and beliefs. When performing phenomenological research, the researcher must put aside any
designs to comprehend its universal nature. This method is frequently used to study lived
experience, learn more about how people think, and increase a researcher's understanding of a
phenomenon. The study instrument is split into two parts: the positive experiences and
perspectives of the residence and BPSO in juvenile delinquency; curfews violation; and the
negative experiences and perspectives of the residence and BPSO in juvenile delinquency;
curfews violation.
Research Procedure
The members were chosen through purposeful ad hoc inspection. Before the meeting,
the analyst informed the participants about the purpose of the investigation and the procedure
for wrapping up the discussion. As the witnesses will sign the informed assent form prior to
interaction with the field conditions that frequently reflect the ordinary everyday living and
the express and acknowledged rules that govern that existence. (1994; Miles and Huberman)
Data Collection
The information was obtained through interviews and the use of a voice recorder. The
participants were requested to answer the questions truthfully and thoroughly, and they were
given a letter and an informed consent form stating that they were aware of the study. Semi-
structured interviews were utilized to refine and establish a knowledge of how participants
view Juvenile Delinquency; Curfews Violation as the primary data gathering approach in this
study. The survey method that is designed and used to get information is referred to as data
collecting. Structured interviews with residence and BPSO who were experience Curfews
Violation, using close-ended and open-ended questions will be used in this study;
observations were conducted by the researcher during the interview and trips to the regions.
A schedule with the following columns was used to keep an accurate record of the
observation: time (days, weeks, and months, etc.), place kind of occurrence, and subjects. The
researcher used periodicals, books, government records, legislation, policy reports, presented
extract discrete, key themes that are significant and distinctive to certain categories from
recorded interview replies. The content presented through the interview will be examined and
analyzed, revealing messages within the content. Thematic code analysis was utilized to
examine themes that emerged during the research in order to determine their frequency and
The first step was to transcribe the information from the tape onto paper. The goal is to
clean and edit the manuscripts by removing typographical errors and contradictions; verify
and edit transcripts; and prepare data for further research. Analysis and interpretation
categories were defined, coding and data reduction was performed, and data trends were
found. During this step, the researcher took all of the information gathered, including field
notes and interview transcripts, and began to make sense of it. The researcher coded data and
performed content analysis by looking for certain terms that may be used to identify themes.
Individual interview findings were generalized, and differences and similarities were
observed, allowing for the creation of typologies. Verification During this step, the researcher
went over the transcripts again to double-check the correctness of the interpretations. This
Ethical Considerations
Throughout the research study, the researchers make sure to follow the ethical code of
practice when dealing with the respondents considering ethical issues during the evaluation
having the option to participate voluntarily and to continue or withdraw from the evaluation
at any time. Furthermore, respondents who choose to quit their participation are not under
any obligation to do so. When dealing with the evaluation, the researchers ensure that the
respondents are well-informed and completely aware of the study's crucial aspects, such as
the study's aim, how the findings will be used, and who will have access to it. By utilizing
this method, respondents can choose whether or not to participate in the evaluation. The
researchers acknowledged the privacy of their respondents, and as a result, they ensure that
the information obtained from them, remains confidential. The respondents' identifying
information is kept private; it is not made public and cannot be accessed by anyone other than
the researchers. The researchers ensure that the evaluation process does not do any harm
typically from the respondents of the study. This study is primarily academic in nature, and
the findings will aid in determining the Juvenile delinquency; community views on curfews
violation.
Trustworthiness of Research
describe subjective research. This is due to the fact that it is concerned with the study of
personal experiences and emphasizes the value of personal viewpoints and interpretations.
The majority of data for subjective research comes from unstructured or semi-structured
of the method for obtaining and displaying data, as well as the conclusions drawn from it.
Prior to the outlining of inquiries, escalating writing investigation was conducted to ensure
the significance, authenticity, and unswerving quality of the inquiries. Furthermore, after the
sessions, the specialist conducted hands-on work perception to check and confirm the
outcomes.
The three analysts led the meeting, which was taped and notes taken throughout. The
outcomes of this investigation will be used to achieve a higher level of objectives, and it has
leeway by providing data or proof to support or demonstrate its similarity, and it is prepared
to assist the exercises in which the specialist understood the standard of value, genuine,
genuine, or legitimate
examination.
Steadfastness ensures that the findings of the research are consistent and repeatable. This is
made aware by the standard by which the examination is organized and exhibited. Every
system in the exam should be detailed enough for an external master to go over the
Comparability similarity refers to how the data gathered maintains the examination
disclosures. This is a system for determining whether the investigator was uneven during the
examination; it is based on the assumption that abstract research allows the exploration of
whether this is the case by considering the data gathered during the primary inquiry.
The term "transferability" refers to the degree to which an investigation can be used to a
different situation; investigators define this segment. The pursuers notice the subtleties of the
exploring situation and approaches and compare them to a comparable situation that they are
familiar with. If the points of interest were equal, the first study would be considered
progressively valid. It is critical that the first specialist gives a detailed account of their
The following terms are defined to give further clarifications and understanding
Curfew. A curfew is a government order specifying a time during which certain regulations
apply. Typically, curfews order all people affected by them to not be in public places or on
roads within a certain time frame, typically in the evening and nighttime hours
Delinquency. Delinquency implies conduct that does not conform to the legal or moral
standards of society; it usually applies only to acts that, if performed by an adult, would be
termed criminal.
Juvenile. The terms young person, youngster, youth, and child and adolescent are used
synonymously with juvenile. For many of the analyses of crime trends in Chapter 2, juvenile
refers to those between the ages of 10 and 17, because those under the age of 10 are seldom
arrested.
Law enforcers. Most law enforcement officers are uniformed personnel. They carry out
patrols and answer calls for service or help. They may direct traffic at the scene of a fire,
investigate a burglary or give first aid. Urban police agencies are focusing more on
community policing.
Chapter 2
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
Presentation of Data
Curfews have reemerged recently as a popular option for policymakers in the Philippines
in their efforts to deter juvenile victimization and delinquency. Specifically in Cebu, this is
Hence, in this study, law enforcers were asked as to the current status of the
implementation of curfew. With this, the following themes were promulgated: 1) the need for
the implementation of curfew; 2) the challenges of the implementation of the said policy; and
3)the informants reaction towards curfew implementation. Also subthemes were presented to
specify the details on each themes that emerged from the findings coming from the taken raw
Further, this is the outline of the emerging themes and subthemes of this
phenomenological study.
2. Deter delinquency
COMMUNITY
1. Protect youth from juvenile victimization. This first theme centers on one of
possession, robbery, rape, murder, and any other crime that can be
these crimes can be punished under juvenile law (Snyder and Sickmund,
2020).
rampant everywhere and the involved ones, either the victim or the
curfew which is to ensure that no young individual can commit any form of
crime.
Further, delinquency implies conduct that does not conform to the legal or
station, he said,
teenagers and to the whole community, the next theme focused on the challenges these law
enforcers met in ensuring the safety and the proper implementation of the said act.
COMMUNITY
1. Resentment towards the law enforcers. The first theme highlighted the feelings
every 10 pm to 4 am.
our young generation has- that they tend to retaliate when given with a law.
Hence, the laws made may not be at all times applicable because some or most
Informant 3 also stated the same experience with these teenagers when
being strict on the implementation of curfew in a certain area. He said,
Daghan ang dili ganahan pirmiro kay kana lagi mosokol so dli
jod na nato malikayan pero kadugayan noon maanad rani sila
kay syempre ang mga ginikanan mo tabang sad og badlong sa
ilang mga anak kay syempre mahadlok sad ang mga ginikanan
maunsa ilang anak or madakpan ba ilang mga anak.
There are many who really don’t like this curfew. Some of
them fought back, which is inevitable, but later on, they get
used to this curfew system because of the help of the parents.
On parents’ view, they are only looking after the safety of their
children that’s why they cooperate in the implementation of
curfew.
All the statements from respective law abiding officers, justified the
idea that teenagers are not totally open in accepting curfews as it is new to
them and that it seemed to violate their freedom. However, the sole purpose of
curfew is to safeguard everyone against crime and possible violence made by
juvenile delinquents.
2. Disobedience from the teenagers who are subject to curfew. The second
theme is highly connected to the previous one as this focuses on the behaviors
of the teenagers through disobeying the law enforcers who are only executing
their job of protecting the country, the teens, through the implementation of
curfew.
As informant 1 cited,
Need gyud na silag curfew kay kahibaw ka sa panahon kusog
na kaau ang kawat hold-up panglugos labi na sa mga kabatan
onan kusog na kaau ang mga tao nga mapahimuslanon.
It can be translated as,
It is in dire need to execute curfew because we know the trend
in today’s world where thieves are present almost everywhere
and that most of these perpetrators are the young ones.
Remarkably, it shows that in curfew implementation, serious problems
may arise due to the lack of resources and attitude of the people towards it as
they are suspected to the most common perpetrators of crimes in our society
(Patalinghug, 2021)
Upon understanding these challenges, the researchers realized that the law enforcers’
role are critical ones to properly deliver the purpose of curfew. Further, the next set of themes
are centered on the informants’ reactions towards the implementation of curfew in the whole
community of Cebu.
towards this curfew is that it ensures safety to them. Curfews reduce the
opportunities that young people have to commit crime because they spend less
It can be translated,
90 % of the community really liked this curfew. Most of the
parents want this curfew for their children so that they can no
longer roam around at computer shops.
Informant 2 also shared same sentiments he got from some parents,
Naa mi feedback ana kay ang usa anang gi nindotan kay ang
ilang mga ginikanan para ilang mga anak dli na mag laag²
safety na. Oh maka secure gyud na kay amoa mana silang gi
pugngan nga dli mag laag² para dili sila maka cause ug gubot.
It can be translated as,
One of the good feedback we got from the parents is that their
children are safe. They feel secured when their children are no
longer going out from their residences every night.
Informant 3 and 4 added also their feedbacks on their experience as
law enforcers and how curfew made a difference to the lives of the teenagers
they handled.
Nindot ang palibot hilom, way samok peaceful kaayo mao nay
positive experience. Peaceful jod kaayo siya basta naay curfew
walay mga menor de edad mang gawas basta motung-tong na
sa alas 10pm sa gabie.
This can be translated as,
Because of curfew, we had peace in our community. This is the
positive outcome of curfew. We can really say that it is indeed
peaceful with the implementation of curfew as minor ages are
no longer allowed to go out beyond 10 pm.
Although some believe that curfews do not infact keep teens out of trouble, it
is clear that it keeps them from getting in trouble, keeps them safe, and
contributes to healthy habits. Night time is the usual time when people start to
party. But because of curfew, and of the law enforcers doing their jobs well,
peace and order is maintained in our community.
2. Develop important time management skills. Setting curfew for teenagers
Curfews help teens to become used to setting a schedule which they routinely
follow, and become able to develop important time management skills which they
will carry out into adulthood. Being able to manage time effectively is useful in a
Analysis of Data
In these times of where crimes and violence is rampant and the perpetrators and
criminals are almost everywhere, the use of a curfew has ensured safety and control for “the
people” and also those in authority. Putting a curfew in place for children and young adults
serves a similar purpose. This topic, while controversial, is one that parents and guardians
still find merit in, despite the popular, modern trend to be more lenient rather than restrictive
(Pretorious, 2019).
With the law enforcers doing the best of their capabilities in executing their job
descriptions, the whole community is ensured of peace and order and safety against violence
and unrest.It is obviously important to ensure that the curfew is reasonable, manageable and
This chapter presents the summary, findings, and implications. The summary is
composed of the main problem and the sub-problems and methodology used in this study
while the findings highlighted the results derived from the raw information and its emerging
themes after meticulous analysis. The implications on the other hand unravel the
recommendations for the indicated people in this study and how this study can help as future
reference to other research endeavors.
Summary
This study aims to explore the lived experiences of Law Enforcers in the
b. Population
c. Number of informants/implementers
3. What are the challenges encountered by the informants in the curfew implementation?
phenomenology study deals with personal experiences, and views of people and BPSO in
curfews violation and interpretation of the phenomena are investigated. This study includes
observation and exploration of the experiences and viewpoints of chosen individuals and
from semi-structured interviews. Participants can share their extraordinary encounters, which
can be used to gather information for a phenomenological study. Participants in this study
were chosen residents of Sibonga, Cebu, as well as informants. who has spent more than five
The study's informants are BPSOs and residents of Sibonga who have been there for
at least five (5) years and who are accurate and knowledgeable about curfew implementation.
They are purposively selected as the respondents of the study as they are the law enforcers
who implement this curfew within the municipality of Sibonga, Cebu, Philippines.
Findings
Findings 1. The first theme focused on the needs for the implementation of curfew wherein it
enables to protect youth from juvenile victimization and deter delinquency among young
generation.
Findings 2. The researchers also found out the challenges met by the law enforcers in
implementing curfew such as they encountered resentment from the teenagers and they met a
lot of disobedient teenagers who are very much against curfew and its rules.
Findings 3. The last theme highlighted the informant’s realizations towards the
implementation of curfew such that teens become used to setting a schedule which they
routinely follow and that they develop important time management skills in order to meet the
curfew schedule.
Conclusion
Thus, it can be concluded that these law enforcers had encountered both positive and
Based from the findings of the study, the following implications are promulgated:
To Barangay Public Safety Officer (BPSO). These mighty public servants have served the
community well. It can be observed that they have done their responsibilities beyond the
salaries given but still they executed their jobs well in order in ensure the safety of these
To Philippine National Police (PNP). The study have proved the great power of PNP or the
law enforcers to ensure the safety of the public against the threat in the society we live in.
May the results of this study encourage the officers to continue their job well and be able to
continually serve the nation to achieve peace and order through the implementation of
curfew.
Local Government Unit. The findings of this study would be beneficial to the province in
general and its officials in that they would provide a wealth of information regarding the
number of residents who violate curfew hours and the possibility that they would be familiar
Residents. The study can give a complete grasp of the value of curfews to the community as
Researchers. As aspiring criminologists, they could gain from this study by weighing the
benefits and drawbacks of instituting curfew hours. With the study’s findings, they will be
able to judge not just the importance of the law but also how it promotes peace and order,
helping people avoid victimization and guarding them against potential dangers because the
state has a moral obligation to give its people a better future. They will benefit greatly from
this research in the future, particularly when coping with similar situations.
Future Researchers. It has been anticipated that the study will be used as a resource when
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