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Introduction to Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary Biology
 Is the study of patterns of organic diversity and the process that generates those
patterns.
Evolution
 The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have
developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
Behavior
 It is a response of an organism to a stimulus.
Causes of Behavior
Proximate Causation
 mechanistic;
 it explains “HOW” actions occur.
Ultimate Causation
 explains “WHY” actions occur.
Evolution
FACTS
 Fossils
 Bacteria in your intestine
 Apes to human
 Your parents to you
 Splitting
THEORY
 Evolution by Natural Selection
Evolution as a process and
Natural Selection as a mechanism
History and Evidence of Evolution

The Evidence of Evolution: An Overview
Diversity and Adaptation
 Genetic basis
 Creationism – organism originated from divine creation
 Intelligent Design Theory – organisms were created in their present forms.
Change over time
 Fossil horses
 Extinct/Extant mammals
 Industrial melanism
Resistance to pesticides and antibiotics
Micro/macroevolution
Descent with modification
 Homology – in chromosomes, same structural patterns of genes. In organs,
similar position but not necessarily in function
Embryo
 Look alike
Vestigial organs
Artificial selection
Homologous Structure Comparative Embryology
POPULATION STRUCTURE AND GENETIC DRIFT

POPULATION STRUCTURE
 is defined by the organization of genetic variation and is driven by the combined
effects of evolutionary processes that include recombination, mutation, genetic
drift, demographic history, and natural selection.
 is the number of males and females in different age groups.
 The common method to show the structure is by a population pyramid.
POPULATION PYRAMID
 This diagram is made up by putting two bar graphs (one for male, one for female)
side by side.
 From this you can read off what percentage of a population is of a certain gender
and age range.
Types of population pyramids
EXPANSIVE POPULATION PYRAMID
 Population that have larger percentage of people in younger age groups.
 Population with this shape usually have high fertility rate with lower life
expectancies.
EXPANSIVE PYRAMID EXAMPLE
CONSTRICTIVE POPULATION PYRAMID

 Are used to describe populations that are elderly and shrinking.
CONSTRICTIVE PYRAMID EXAMPLE
STATIONARY POPULATION PYRAMID

 Used to describe populations that are not rowing. They are characterized by their
rectangular shape, displaying somewhat equal percentages across age cohorts that
taper off toward the top.
STATIONARY PYRAMID EXAMPLE
What is genetic drift?

 Any random changes in allele frequency over generations.
HOW GENETIC DRIFT RESULTS EVOLUTION?
 Evolution is a change in allele frequency in a population over generations.
 Genetic drift changes the allele frequency through random situations that results
evolution.
EXAMPLE OF GENETIC DRIFT
Types of Genetic drift

 Bottleneck Effect – The bottleneck effect is an
extreme example of genetic drift that happens when the
size of a population is severely reduced.
 Founder effect - A founder effect, as related to
genetics, refers to the reduction in genomic
variability that occurs when a small group of
individuals becomes separated the large population.
Heterozygotes
 The presence of two different alleles at a particular gene locus.
GENOTYPES
 AA – Homozygous dominant
 Aa – Heterozygous
 aa – Homozygous Recessive
INBREEDING
 the mating of individuals or organisms that are closely related through common
ancestry, as opposed to outbreeding, which is the mating of unrelated organisms.
SO WHAT IS THE CONNECTION OF INBREEDING IN GENETIC DRIFT?
 Inbreeding results from drift because alleles become identical by descent.
MOLECULAR EVOLUTION
 is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such
as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations. The field of molecular evolution
uses principles of evolutionary biology and population genetics to explain
patterns in these changes.
Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA )
 Is a polymer made up of units called nucleotides. The nucleotides are made of
three different components a sugar group a phosphate group and a base. There
are four different bases Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
 Is a nucleic acid present in all living cells that as structural similarities to DNA.
Unlike DNA, however, RNA is most often single-stranded. An RNA molecule has
a backbone made of alternating phosphate groups and the sugar ribose, rather
than the deoxyribose found in DNA.
PROTEINS
 the building blocks that carry out the basic functions of life.
 Protein structure is defined as a polymer of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Why Study Evolution?

 Thirst for knowledge
 Understanding of evolution has been essential in finding and using natural
resources.
 To explain diversity of life.
 Evolution is in our daily lives.
 It helps us solve biological problems that impact our lives.
BASIC GENETICS
Genetics
 is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and
heredity in organisms.
TWO KINDS OF GENETICS
Molecular Genetics
 is a scientific discipline concerned with the structure and function of genes at the
molecular level and includes the technique of genetic engineering, which can be
defined as the direct manipulation of an organisms genome.
Mendelian Genetics
 refers to certain patterns of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
3 LAWS OF GENETICS
Law of Independent Assortment
 says that genes for different traits segregate independently of each other.
Law of Dominance
 says that there are dominant and recessive traits.
Law of Segregation
 says that everyone has two versions (called alleles) for each trait, one from each
parent and that these alleles segregate randomly during meiosis.
Principles of Genetics
 Mendel’s studies have provided scientist with the basis for ,mathematically
predicting the probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring of a
genetic cross.
FITNESS AND ADAPTATION II
Adaptation
 is a central issue or concept in evolution, but one must be very specific when
defining or deciding that one is actually "looking at" an adaptation or that
something is adapted.
FITNESS AND ADAPTATION I

FITNESS IN BIOLOGY
 is an indication of an individuals ability to be successful both at surviving and
reproducing.
2 TYPES OF FITNESS
Absolute fitness
 the ratio of frequencies of a particular genotype from one generation to the next.
Relative fitness
 the ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with other genotypes.
MUTATION AND MIGRATION

MUTATION
 is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from
errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral
infection.
Types of Gene Mutations
Substitution Mutations
 A single nitrogen base in substituted for another in a codon.
 It may or may not affect the amino acid or protein.
Insertion Mutation
 A nitrogen base in inserted/ added to sequence.
 It causes the triplet “ frames” to shift
 It always affects the amino acids and consequently, the protein.
Deletion Mutations
 A Nitrogen base is deleted/ removed from the sequence.
 It always affects the amino acids and consequently, the protein.
Mutagens
 Are commonly in the form of toxic chemicals and harmful radiation.

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Reviewer in Evo Bio

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Introduction to Evolutionary Biology

History and Evidence of Evolution

POPULATION STRUCTURE AND GENETIC DRIFT

CONSTRICTIVE POPULATION PYRAMID

STATIONARY POPULATION PYRAMID

What is genetic drift?

Types of Genetic drift

Why Study Evolution?

FITNESS AND ADAPTATION I

MUTATION AND MIGRATION

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