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▪ GREEK CITIES
▪ Composed of :
▪ Agora
▪ Acropolis
▪ Town

▪ TOWNS : Made up of only

residential houses.
: Had an irregular
street pattern.

▪ AGORA : was a central public space in

ancient Greek city-states
: “gathering place” or “assembly”.
: was the center of the athletic, artistic,
spiritual and political life of the city.
▪ ACROPOLIS : defensively oriented district in
ancient Greek cities, located on the
highest ground and containing the
chief municipal and religious
buildings.
: “city at the top”
: Athens has the best known acropolis.

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▪ HIPPODAMUS : The first noted planner.

Introduced the grid system and
Agora.

▪ Neopolis : when a town reaches its

maximum size, a “new town” is
built.
▪ Paleopolis : old town
other examples: Miletus, Priene
and Alexandria

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▪ ROMAN FORUM
: is a rectangular forum surrounded by the
ruins of several forum surrounded by the
ruins of several important ancient
government buildings at the center of the
city of Rome.
:Citizens of the ancient city referred to this
space, originally a marketplace
: “ Forum Romanum”

▪ Roman cities : adopted Greek forms but with

different scale- monumental, had a
social hierarchy.
▪ Romans as engineer : Built aqueducts, public
baths, utility systems and fountain.
Developed housing variations and other spaces:
▪ Basilica- covered markets; later, law courts.
▪ Curia- the local meeting hall; later, the capitol.
▪ Domus- traditional Roman house; with a central
atrium
▪ Insulae- 3 to 6- storey apartments with storefronts.

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“Plaza is the beginning of urban life. Is the place where people meet.

And the mix experience, ages… In some way, you create the essence of

the city.” -Renzo Piano

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▪ URBAN DESIGN
▪ Greek : sense of the finite.
▪ Romans : political power and organization
▪ USE OF SCALE
▪ Greek : uses of scale is based on human measurements
▪ Romans : used proportions that would relate parts of
building instead of human measure.
▪ MODULE
▪ Greek : use of house as module for town planning
▪ Roman : use of street pattern as module to achieve a
sense of overpowering grandeur made for military
government
▪ THE STREET
▪ Greeks : as a leftover space for circulation
▪ Romans : street are built first; buildings came later
▪ PLACE OF ASSEMBLY
▪ Greeks : market (agora)
▪ Romans : market, theater, and arena

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▪ DECLINE OF ROME : “Dark Ages”, but not

for urban design
▪ URBAN SETTINGS : Military strongholds, castles,
monasteries, towns
▪ MILITARY STRONGHOLDS : Acropolis and
Capitoline Hill
▪ CASTLES : built atop hills, enclosed by circular
walls; radiocentric growth
▪ MONASTERIES : citadels of learning, laid out in
rectilinear pattern

▪ MEDIEVAL CITIES
▪ Are called Burghs
▪ were protected by high walls. Inside the walls,
the streets were narrow and unpaved.
▪ lacks geometry
▪ There was usually a square in the centre of the
city. This square had the most important public
buildings: the cathedral, the town and the
marketplace.
▪ growth and population created the need for
marketplaces.
▪ Around the city center were houses. There
were also hospitals, schools and inns.

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▪ IDEAL CITIES
▪ 1440 (beginning of Renaissance)
▪ Leon Battista Alberti – foremost theoretician
▪ Alberti’s De Architectura – treats architecture and town design as single
theme (just like Vitruvius)
▪ ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF EARLY RENAISSANCE
▪ Public Works
▪ Civic improvement projects

▪ REBUILDING FERRARA
▪ Palazzo Diamenti : most famous structure
▪ Biaggio Rossetti : architect and town planner regarded as one of
the world’s earliest modern urban designers

Rossetti’s plan:
1. Street widening, new buildings, wall
improvement
2. Enlarge the town
3. Carry on with the plan
LESSONS FROM ROSSETTI’S EFFORT
▪ Repair an existing city
▪ Plan for enlargement
▪ Decide which to concentrate effort
▪ Lay down a plan that is logical and realizable
▪ Provide framework for others to build upon

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LEONARDO DA VINCI - Sketched a city straddling a river. “The ideal City”

THE IDEAL CITY – A city that would be more united, with greater
communications, services and sanitation to prevent the
future spread of such diseases.
- integrated a series of connected canals, which would be
used for commercial purposes and as a sewage system.
RIVER STREAMS – supply water and carry away waste
MULTILEVELS (lower and upper areas) – the lower being canals for
tradesmen and travelers and the
upper being roads for
"gentleman".

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▪ CAMPIDOGLIO (modern name “Capitoline Hill”)

▪ One of MICHELANGELO’s finest works seen at a
distance as a whole composition
▪ EQUESTRIAN STATUE of Marcus Aurelius serves as
Centerpiece or Guidepost
▪ ENTRANCE RAMPS – widen toward the top
▪ perspective effect and stairs appear shorter
▪ similarly, SIDE BUILDINGS are not parallel

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LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
PARKS and GARDENS : tie the city together connecting the palace and the
town
VILLA & GARDEN : rural counterpart of PALACE & PLAZA
ITALY : gardens are never too large, built as
TERRACES because of hilly land
FRANCE – elaborate system of landscape design roots from large HUNTING
FORESTS

ROND POINTS : high ground intersections

RICHELIEU : application of “rond points” idea
: 1630, landscape design of palace started
: Jacques Lemercier – architect
ANDRE LENOTRE : landscape architect of Richelieu
: Western world’s master of landscape architecture
: Most notably, he was the landscape architect who
designed the park of the Palace of Versailles, and his
work represents the height of the French formal
garden style, or jardin à la française.

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GREAT PLAGUE – 1666 GREAT FIRE OF LONDON – 1667

SEVERAL DESIGNERS PROPOSED PLANS
Christopher Wren -- Robert Hooke -- John Evelyn -- Valentine Knight
1707-1709– laws banning use of combustible materials, led to extensive use of
bricks.

Christopher Wren’ plan John Evelyn’s plan Valentine Knight’s plan

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JOHN GWYNN : produced plan for London 1766

: “London & Westminster Improved” heralded
the “Golden Age” of building
GOLDEN AGE : encompassed a 30-year period
ADELPHI TERRACE : work of the Adam’s Brother
: built along the River Thames
END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA : coming of industrial era
CLAUDE NICOLAS LEDOUX : French architect late 18th and
early 19th century, a new era
in urban design
CHAUX, France (1776) : principal work
LEDOUX’S DESIGN :an ideal plan where
“everything is motivated by necessity”

▪ Greek created, Romans discarded

▪ Medieval Era expression, RENAISSANCE discarded
▪ New breed of design theorist
▪ Utopian ideas
▪ Practical thinking
▪ Mechanical concoctions
▪ Main emphasis – needs of working class

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▪ IDEAL TOWN : the concept of a plan for a city that has been
conceived in accordance with a particular rational
or moral objective.
▪ WORKERS TOWN : a city or town in which most of the workers are
employed by a single organization.
▪ INDUSTRIAL TOWN : is a city that builds its economy and develops on
commercial production (buying and selling of
goods) and sales of goods.
: an area planned for factories.

▪ An organizied grouping of human

habitation. It can be a single home or a
bustling metropolis.

▪ Ekistics : was coined by Constantinos

Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942.
▪ The science of human settlements,
including regional, city, community
planning and dwelling design.
▪ The study involves every kind of human
settlement, in particular attention to
geography, ecology, anthropology, culture
politics and occasionally aesthetics.

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▪ Anthropos – 1 ▪ small metropolis – 500,000

▪ room – 2 ▪ metropolis – 4 million
▪ house – 5 ▪ small megalopolis – 25 million
▪ housegroup (hamlet) – 40 ▪ megalopolis – 150 million
▪ small neighborhood (village) – 250 ▪ small eperopolis – 750 million
▪ neighborhood – 1,500 ▪ eperopolis – 7.5 billion
▪ small polis (town) – 10,000 ▪ Ecumenopolis – 50 billion
▪ polis (city) – 75,000

▪ To distinguish between different types of

settlements, people often classify
settlements as either urban or rural.

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▪ Nucleated :
▪ ones where the houses are grouped
closely together, often around a central
feature like a church, pub or village
green. New settlements that are planned
often have a nucleated pattern.

▪ Dispersed :
▪ are ones where the houses are spread out
over a wide area. They are often the homes
of farmers and can be found in rural areas.

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▪ Linear :
▪ a (normally small to medium-sized) settlement or
group of buildings that is formed in a long line. Many
follow a transport route, such as a road, river, or
canal though some form due to physical restrictions,
such as coastlines, mountains, hills or valleys.

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▪ Barangay – basic socio-political

unit of 30-100 families
composing a tribe ruled by
kinship; arable land was held in
common; decentralized; located
along coastlines and riverbanks,
stratified class system Ex.,
Manila, Cebu.
▪ Muslim coastal settlement in Jolo
– seat of Sultan of Sulu remained
as large villages but untouched
by colonialists, strong political
and cultural structures.

▪ Manila became capital and designated as ciudad with a population of 2000 and
became dominant due to the galleon trade
▪ A few years later became the “Walled Cuty of Manila or Intramuros” due to
insurrections and Chinese attacks
▪ Cebu, Naga Lallo, Panay and Vigan were designated as ciudades (cities) and villas
(towns) which acted as urban control points for the colonial gov’t; priests founded
their missions here to provide support and protection to the encomiendas; so they
had ecclesiastical, military and political function;
▪ Introduces concept of “Private Property Ownership” and the Regalian Doctrine (all
uncultivated lands reverted to the Crown)

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▪ Manila became capital and

designated as ciudad with a
population of 2000 and became
dominant due to the galleon trade
▪ A few years later became the
“Walled City of Manila or
Intramuros” due to insurrections
and Chinese attacks
OLD MANILA

INTRAMUROS

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▪ July 3, 1573:
▪ Laws of the Indies pronounced by King
Philip II – Spanish town planning
influenced by the Romans and the piazza
planning of Italian Renaissance.
▪ The Law of the Indies decreed, among
other things, that all new towns must
have a central plaza surrounded by
important buildings with portales or
arcades, and from which the principal
streets, laid out in a grid pattern, shall
begin. Smaller secondary plazas were
also called for as well as narrow streets,
in hot climates, in order to provide
shade.

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▪ The Plaza Complex

▪ A Result of several ordinances of the Laws of
the indies.
▪ The plaza is surrounded by important buildings
such as the:
▪ Catholic Church : at the center
▪ Municipal Hall
▪ Marketplace and Merchants store
▪ Elementary school
▪ The homes of the “principalia”
▪ Other Government buildings

▪ Social Stratification (society ranks

categories of people in a hierarchy.)
▪ Spanish friars became biggest
landholders), native principalia
who were coopted by colonialists
into civil administration due to
shortage of Spaniards, Chinese,
landless masses and other
foreigners.

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▪ Spatial segregation along racial and social

lines
▪ separate districts outside the ciudad for
Indios and Chinese developed in the
environs of Manila and other cities.
▪ Ex. Binondo – last Parian site for Urban
Chinese.
▪ Parian or Market – spatial concentration of
merchants and artisans to regularize the
exchange of goods.

▪ These regional centers (ciudades

and villas) remained in control
throughout the period with the
natives living on the unplanned
outer fringes of the city
▪ Process of Hispanization (control,
conversion and labor pool)
through the founding of cabeceras
(poblaciones) and visitas (barrios)
– hundreds of concentrated
mission settlements organized by
the religious in the lowlands;

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▪ These regional centers (ciudades

and villas) remained in control
throughout the period with the
natives living on the unplanned
outer fringes of the city
▪ Process of Hispanization (control,
conversion and labor pool)
through the founding of cabeceras
(poblaciones) and visitas (barrios)
– hundreds of concentrated
mission settlements organized by
the religious in the lowlands;

▪ The American Agenda:

▪ Put more emphasis on the other values such as education, health
and sanitation, public works, housing, transportation and
communication and aesthetic improvements.
▪ Seen in the establishment of provincial capitols, post offices, civic
buildings, as well as university campuses.
▪ 1890s- port cities became regional urban centers; bridges were
built along postal routes facilitating transport in Luzon.

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▪ The most significant projects

were the remaking of the
existing capital city of Manila
and the creation of an entirely
new summer capital at
Baguio,.
▪ Daniel Burnham was
commissioned to prepare
plans for the two cities.

Burnham and Anderson

found that Manila had
mostly level land with a
surface a few feet above
mean high tide, and the
Pasig River running
through it.

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The Arrabales
• Quiapo – The illustrado territory.
• Tondo – Coastal town adjacent to the main city.
• Binondo – trading port developed by the Chinese and
Arabs.
• San Nicolas – commercial town built by the Spanish with
streets of specialized categories. (i.e. ceramics, soaps, etc.)
• Sta. Cruz – main commercial district with swirls of shops,
restaurants, etc. Also known as the First University town.
• Sampaloc – centered two (2) churches: Our Ladu of Lorento
and At. Anthony of Padua.

Later Suburbs

• San Miguel (Malacanang) – where rest-house were built

for the Spanish government.
• Malate – the early “summer resort” of wealthy and cultured
Filipinos. The became the first fishing and salt-making town.
• Ermita – early tourist belt (red-light district)
• Paco – First town built around a train station.
• Pandacan – town built by the Americans for Oil depots.

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New Capital
• In 1939, Commonwealth Act. No. 457,
Authorized the transfer of the capitol to
an area 1572 hectares.
• A Master plan of Quezon City was
completed in 1941 by Architect Juan
Arellano, Harry T. Frost, Louis Croft, and
Eng. A.D. Williams.
• “City Beautiful” plan reflected the
aspirations of an emerging nation and
the visions of a passionate leader.

Constitution Hill
• After the interference of WWII, a search
committee was formed in 1946 to find a new
site.
• A 158-hectate land in the Novaliches
watershed was selected and called
Constitution hill and National Government
Center.
• The three seats of Government were to form a
triangle at the center of the complex.
• It include a 20-hectare civi space referred to as
a Plaza of Republic.

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Philippine Homesite and

Housing Corporation.
• Precursor of the National
Housing Authority.
• Built homes for the masses
• (“the projects”, i.e. proj.4,
prok.6, etc.

PhilamLife Homes
• Icon of middle class suburbanization
• Master Plan designed by Architect and Planner Carlos P.
Arguelles, based on suburban developments in
California with modification.

BLISS (Bagong Lipunan Site and Services)

• Walk-up developments for government employees.

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Manila CBD
This traditional CBD is a center of
business and commerce, has population
nucleus, and seats the national government.

Makati CBD
A business, financial commercial, convention,
and recreational center of the Metropolitan
Region covering an area of 979 hectares. Begun
by the Ayala conglomerate in 1948.

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Ortigas CBD
another business, financial, convention, shopping and recreation node.
Developed by the Ortigas conglomerate in the 1650’s it’s present configuration
fully developed only in the late 80s. The area covers 600 hectares.

Cubao CBD
Developed in the 1960s by the
Araneta Family, it was intended as an
alternative business center in the
Eastern side of the metropolis.

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Fort Bonifacio Global City

500 hectares of prime
land intended to be the first
intelligent and ecological
city in the country.

Bay City: Aseana City

The Bay City has seen rapid
developments over the years,
as major developers have
seen the potential of the area
for residential, retail and
commercial opportunities.
One of them is Aseana City, a
master-planned community in
Metro Manila.

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Filinvest Corporate City

A joint venture of the
government and private
sector. Accessible to
industrial estate and
technological parks.

• National Housing Authority (NHA)

• Housing and Land use Regulatory Board (HLURB)
• Housing and Urban Development Coordination Council (HUDCC)
• National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
• National Home Mortgage Financing Corporation
• Department of Public Works and Highways
• Philippine Estate Authority (PEA)

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