2021

It’s a Gusher...
Nay it’s a BLOWOUT

OIL & GAS - PRODUCTION

Acknowledgment
API’s primer “Introduction to Oil & Gas Production”
Pictures from many sources, projects, internet

Terminology

 GOR - Gas : Oil Ratio

 High GOR = Light Oil. Easy identifier of reservoir type
 WOR - Water : Oil Ratio
 High at end of reservoir life
 CGR - Condensate : Gas Ratio
 Surface samples in a Test Separator are better
over that collected downhole
 In simulation, have as many pseudo cuts as possible,
rather than C7+
 Gas or water coning, due to excessive production rate,
can change composition during production

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Oil & Gas Processing

Gas Compression
 LLP/ LP / MP Compressors
 HP/ Gaslift/ Export/ Injection Compressor
 Centrifugal/ Recip Compressor

Separation Gas Treatment

 Inlet Manifolds Acid Gas Removal or GSU
 Slug Catcher Gas Dehydration
 Wellfluid Heater Gas Dewpoint
 Inlet/ HP/ Production Sep

Oil Treatment/ Pump Out

Oil Heater Water Treatment/ Disposal
LP/LLP Sep. Surge Vessel Hydrocyclones
Desalter/ ES Coalescer Degasser/ Caisson
Condensate Stabilizer Pumped/ Dumped/ Injected
Centrifugal/ Recip Pumps out

Oil & Gas Processing

 Wellfluids flow via flowlines and headers to Gathering or

Separation Stations
 Onshore wells are spaced apart. Flowlines run to a manifold
in a Gathering Station
 Offshore Fixed Platform wells are grouped together
 Offshore subsea wells are spaced apart

Test Header Gas Compression

Flowline Header A
Treatment
Header B
Separation
Xmas
Tree Water
Pump/
Well Treatment Oil Storage
Rejection
Injection

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Simple PFD

HP Sep A

Header A
Glycol Contactor A

Test Header
Test Sep

LP Header
Header B

HP Sep B
Glycol Contactor B

Flowlines - Onshore

 Flowlines transfer wellfluids to a Production

Station

Flowlines - usually
buried

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Flowlines - Offshore - Topside

 Wells are spaced. Wellheads grouped and on

topside
Wellhead

Wellheads + Processing

Many Wellhead Platforms

in a field
Wellhead Only

Single well. Platform

built around it

 WHP Walkthru

Wellheads in a Wellhead Platform

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Wellheads - Subsea in Deepwater

 Individual Flowlines to topsides or via a Subsea

Manifold

Subsea Manifolds
sit on sea floor

Wellheads - Subsea to Shore/ Platform/ Floaters

Subsea: Direct to shore via Riser Platform

Subsea to Platform

TLP FPSO

Semisub

Subsea:
Subsea: FPSO or Semisub

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Process Scheme
 Oil, Gas and Water separated
 Gas: Compressed/ treated. Routed to pipeline
 Oil: Treated, stored and pumped Flare
 Water: Treated and rejected or injected
Gas Compression &
Treatment
Gas Gas Fuel Gas

Header A Gas
Flowline Inlet / HP Separator
Header B LP Separator/
Test Header Oil Surge Vessel
Oil
Xmas Tree
Water Water Storage Tanks
Water Treatment ESP Treater
Well Test Sand
Cyclone Hydrocyclone Water Export Oil
Separator
(FPSO/Semisub)
Heater Treater
for oil – water emulsion
Drain Degassing
Note: Test & Production Sep can be storage OWS
tanks in remote oil gathering stations Sand IGF/DGF

Onshore - Simplified Scheme

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Onshore - Gathering Station

Onshore - Flowlines and Pipelines

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Offshore - Production Facilities

 Jack-up Rig to 150m. Platform to 450m
 Tension Leg Platform 300 to 1,500m. Semisub/ Barge to 1,800m

Bridge connected Integrated Concrete Tension Leg FPSO Semi Sub

Multi-Platforms CPP+LQ Gravity Structure Floaters - Anchored to Sea Floor

Brunei 10-45m North Sea 40-150 m Gulf of Mexico 50-3,000m Brazil 800-1,200m
Bombay High 75m Qatar 50-70m

Fixed Platforms

Kermac , the First

Shallow Water: Multiple Platforms

spread out and bridge connected.
Vertical LQ away from process
Flare Deeper water. Integrated Platforms
LQ close to process

LQ
Process

Jacket or Subsea Structure

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Fixed Platforms
Tripod Mounted
Remote Flare

 Process Facilities (Topsides)

 Structure (jacket) transfers the topsides load to
sea floor. Piles anchor jackets to seafloor
 Oil usually made to spec onshore
 Condensate stabilized
and routed to FSO or
onshore

Central Process Platform (CPP)

surrounded by Wellhead Platforms (WHPs)

 Platform Cluster

Fixed Platforms

Tripod Mounted
Remote Flare

Living Quarters (LQ)

WHP

CPP

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Fixed Platforms

Flare Boom
Helideck
LQ
Subsea Wells  PP  Onshore

Topsides Survival Boat

Integrated - Process + LQ
+ Flare Boom Jacket & Piles

FPSOs
 Process Facilities on deck. Oil stored in tanks below. This one has
LPG processing columns – tricky in a motion-prone vessel
 Oil made to spec onboard
 Ship or Flat Barge Shape. Custom Built or converted old tankers

Note: Need special internals to cope with vessel swings

Heave

Z
Aft, Stern, Astern Yaw

Y
Pitch Roll
X
Bow, Fore

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FPSOs
Modular topsides construction results in faster delivery

FPSOs

FPSO/ Semisub: Flare booms fold on to the side during transport to site

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FPSOs

 FPSOs moored via internal or external turrets

that allow them to drift with sea currents

FPSOs - Hull

 Double hull design

 Protects against oil leak on a dent/ collision

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 Semisub Flyaround

Semisubs
 For Water depths to 1,800m
 Topsides on 4 or more columns built on 2 submersible
pontoons
 Water pumped continuously between the pontoons to
maintain stability

 Spar Visit

Offshore Facilities - Deep Water

Concrete Gravity Structure

Concreate base sits on sea floor Spars and TLP anchored to seafloor via chains/ cables
Storage for Oil

Concrete Gravity Structure Base

on tow to site

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Test Manifold or Header

 Wellfluids to Production and Test Headers

 Test Header/ Test Separator or Tank
 Measures production rate, flow rates of oil, gas and water
 Ensures production at optimum rate. Mandated under law as
fast production damages a reservoir, affecting recovery
 Measures Bottom hole - flowing and shut-in pressure
 Helps well cleaning - routes fluids to flare/ drain
 Instead of Test Separator, MPFM (Multi Phase Flow Meters).
Saves space/ cost
 For ‘dead’ or low GOR crude, Production and Test in Tanks
Header A

Xmas Tree Header B

HP LP

Well Test Header

Tank - Dead/
Low GOR Oil

Production Manifolds or Headers

 2 Production Headers/ Separation trains

 Both may operate at the same pressure or
 One on HP wells bypassing compressors and the
other on LP with compressors
 As wellhead pressure declines over the years both
the trains end up operating at the same pressure

Gas
Dehydration
Header A Export
HP Sep Treatment
Compression Gas
Xmas Tree Header B Compressor
LP Sep
Well HP LP

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Production Manifolds or Headers

 Start-up issues
 Low temperature d/s of choke due to JT effect
Diesel or glycol for initial downstream pressurization
MOC of choke d/s piping. Step by step pressurization + warmup to
avoid low temperature piping/ freezing
 Pressure Equalization: Across SDV or across another downstream
manual valve
 Other issues
 Sand: Erosion. Sand traps u/s chokes in high sand wells. Blind Tees to
trap sand. Sand with high momentum will not change direction
unlike oil & gas
 Wax: Headers - heat tracing + hot water / hot oil flushing
 Usual spec break is at separator inlet SDV

Design Points:
• Sand traps u/s chokes in high sand wells
Flowlines: Steel - Internal and external • Blind Tee, Sand trap. Sand with high momentum will
corrosion issues. Fiber Glass/ PVC pipes OK not change direction unlike oil & gas

2 Phase Vertical Inlet Vapour

Vapour 3 Phase Vertical
Inlet

Separators Inlet
2 Phase Horizontal

Liquid

 Inlet Separators 3 Phase Horizontal

 Three Phase. Vertical or Horizontal. Usually horizontal

 Horiz: More retention time. Large liquid surface. Easy to degas
 Slug Catcher. Catch and hold liquid inventory in incoming pipelines
and random slugs. Finger or barrel type
 Inlet Heaters with low temperature (deep water) and waxy
crudes
 Sand Separators or Desanding Nozzles
 FPSO: Baffle internals to avoid remixing of separated fluids
due to vessel motion

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Vapour
Separators 2 Phase
Vertical
3 Phase
Vertical

 Inlet Inlet

 Simple half pipe or vane type

Schoepentoeter Liquid

 Gas - Liquid separation

 Gravity or internals like mesh pad, cyclones
 Liquid - Liquid separation
 Gravity or coalescer or Electrostatic coalescer
 Others
 Desanding cyclones
 Liquid levels 3 Phase Horizontal
Inlet Vapour
 LALL, LAL, NLL, LAH, LAHH
 Sand pad Inlet

2 Phase Horizontal

Separators

 3 Phase Horizontal Remote Field Separators

PAH PAHH
PT/PIC PALL Vapour
PG PAL PSV

Secondary Demister LAHH Central Facility Separators

Inlet Vane Separation LALL
Primary Separation LAH
Baffle
LT/LIC
LAH
Coalescer Oil LAL
LT/LIC
Interface
LAL Water
LAHH
LALL Water Oil

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Onshore - Separation & Storage

 Separated oil stored in tanks & pumped out

 Tanks act as a final oil : water separator

Most of these are remotely run

Separators - Slug Catchers

 Trap gush of liquids (slugs) from

incoming pipelines - random /
pigging
 Different sizes and shapes
 Smaller: Vessel or barrel type.
Larger are finger types
 Upper pipes: Gas Separation
 Lower Fingers HOLD liquid and
release to d/s process slowly

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Heater Treater

Oil Processing
 Flashed in multiple (2~3) stages and stabilized
 Second stage: Bulk water removal
 Heated if emulsion, to meet RVP and have right
viscosity in ESC. Demulsifier addition
 Electrostatic Coalescer to desalt for on-spec oil as
in FPSO. Salt 10-20 ptb
 Second or LP Separator or Storage tank
removes more water

 Water viscosity << Oil viscosity. Oil rises faster in

water layer. Oil separation easy
 <200μ oil droplet. <500μ water droplet
 Oil in water 500-2,000 ppm (Final: 50-100 ppm)
 Water in oil: 2-10% (Final 0.5-1%)
ESC: Oil passes thru a grid of
Gas charged plates and water
Separation drops to vessel bottom
Well Fluids
Water Oil Treater
Heating? Coalescer Storage
Heating?

FPSO / Semisub Separators

 Vessel motion remixes separated oil & water

 Separators located close to center along
longitudinal axis. Baffle internals High gas velocity and
liquid carry over

FPSO Separator without

and with calming baffles

Caution: Baffles are prone to plugging by sand & debris

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Oil Export - Onshore

 Oil exported via tankers that berth at jetty or near
buoy or via onshore pipelines

Berthing
Jetty

Loading Arms

Moored
to Buoy

Pipeline

Gas Processing

 Associated Gas - that with oil

 Non-Associated Gas - Free gas comes with
condensate
Mole %

Associated Gas

Typical

Non-Associated Gas

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11

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Gas Processing

 Natural Gas Components - LNG, LPG, NGL

 Methane (C1)  LNG
 Ethane (C2)
 Propane (C3)
LPG NGL
 Butane (C4) Gas

 Pentane (C5) and heavier Liquid

 Non-hydrocarbons..CO2, H2S, Water, N2

 LNG Aluminium Exchangers  Mercury Spec

 Ammonia  Tight Sulfur Spec
 Each Joule (Btu) in liquid, worth twice that in gas

Design Points:
• Excess gas in remote field is injected. HP compression

Compression
Gas Processing Dehydration

Compression
 Gas Components Separation
 Based on Sales Gas Spec. Marginal gain if sold as liquid Gas

 Process Steps based on

 Fluid Components. Field / Development Plan
 Water Removal (Dehydration)
 JT, Glycol or Desiccants (Mol Sieve)
 Acid Gas (H2S / CO2) Removal = Sweetening
 Amine, Membrane, Iron/Zinc Oxide, Scavengers.
Sulfur Recovery
 Dewpoint Depression / Liquid Recovery
 Remove/ recover heavier components by chilling gas
 LPG, C2, C3 Recovery
 LTS, LTX, Turbo-Expander, Refrigeration
 Hydrocarbon Extraction
 Lean oil absorption (Obsolete)

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Anti-Surge
Recycle

Gas Compression Compressor

Discharge/
After Cooler

 Boost pressure Suction

KOD Discharge
KOD
 To suit Glycol Dehydration
(60 bar/1,000 psig) or
export pipeline pressure  Anti-Surge Recycle
 During low inflow, compressor
 Compression may surge. Maintains desired flow
 2 Types - Centrifugal and through the compressor
Reciprocating  On trip, suction and discharge
pressure equalize. Settle-out
 Suction KOD: Removes Pressure
liquids (carried over +
condensed)
 After Cooler: Cools
compressed hot gas

Pressure
 Discharge KOD: Removes Centrifugal
liquids formed in cooler
Recip

Inlet Volume Flow

Gas Compression

 Centrifugal
 Constant head. Large flow.
Low head
 Kinetic energy converted
to pressure head

 Reciprocating
 Constant flow. Low flow.
High head
Pressure

Centrifugal

 Trapped volume reduced to

Recip
pressurize gas
Inlet Volume Flow

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Compressor Drives

 Electrical Motors  Common driver for 2

 Constant speed stage compressors
 Hydraulic coupling to  N+1 compressors
vary speed - VSD  Lead/ lag control
 Variable Speed  Base load/ swing load
 IC engines
 Gas turbines Gas Turbine Drive:
• Power delivery based on ambient temperature
 Steam turbines • More load during nights and winter Air Exhaust
 Turbo expanders

Onshore - Compression

 Compressors may be operated remotely

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Centrifugal Compressor Control

 Suction pressure controlled  On reducing flow, speed reduced

with discharge pressure to move away from surge
override  On minimum speed, anti-surge
valve opens to recycle discharge
 Constant Speed flow to suction
 Suction or discharge  Hot gas mixing with recycle if
throttling required. JT chilling
 Inlet guide vanes  Hot gas bypass to suction during
 Variable Speed coast down
 Q α N. H α N². HP α N³

120 105% N PIC SC PIC

PIC
100% N
Head %

Suction 100 Speed

95% N Control
throttling
80
PCV
60 Instead of PIC, GT
M 25 50 75 100 125
FIC can be used
Capacity, %

Dehydration

 To remove moisture
 Dew Point Reduction ≈ 50°C
 To avoid hydrates and water
corrosion
 Molecular sieves for bone-
 Glycol Dehydration dry gas
 Gas contacted with a  Ahead of refrigeration
circulating stream of glycol units as in LPG
(TEG). TEG absorbs water. Rich
glycol regenerated
 Twister with HP Gas
 In low temp application,  JT effect chilling
Methanol or DEG Injection  Inline mixer to boost spec/
instead of Glycol Contactor capacity in FPSO

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Hydrates

 Solid ice like crystals formed by water with light

HC, H2S, CO2 at low temperature
 May block flow + pressurize Low Pressure piping

Dew Point Control

 Heavy ends in gas condense in pipelines, reducing capacity

+ cause slugs
 Dew point control removes heavy ends
 Liquid BTU: more valuable
Cricondentherm
• Natural Gas = 1,000 Btu/SCF
• Lean Gas < 1,050 Btu; 1-2 g/MMSCF. NGL recovery Conditioning Pressure
unlikely
• Rich Gas 1,050-1,400 Btu; 3-4 g/MMSCF. NGL Feed Gas
recovery likely
Sales Gas
• Wet Gas > 1,400 Btu; >4 g/MMSCF. NGL recovery
required Margin
Pressure

• Refrigeration recovers 70% C3 and 100% C4+

• Turbo-Expanders recover 100% C3+
• C4 good to blend in gasoline, limited by vapour
pressure winter/ summer; Cold/ hot regions
Temperature Dew Point
Temp Spec

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Dew Point Control

 Gas is chilled in a Propane Chiller or Expander

Turbine or via JT Valve and liquids recovered
 Propane Chiller requires a Propane Refrigeration
loop (Compressor, Condenser) and Propane
Storage. Propane = Explosive

 Expander Turbine can use part of the power to

recompress the gas
 JT Valve used with high pressure gas and at times
as a standby for Expander Turbine
 Recovered liquids pumped into oil/ condensate

Dew Point Control - Refrigeration

 Propane Refrigeration Condensing

Expansion
Pressure

 Circulating stream of C3 as refrigerant

Chilling
 Requires, liquid C3 storage. “Safety”
Enthalpy

Condenser

Compressor Refrigerant
Compressor
Feed Gas 2nd Stage Accumulator
1st Stage

Economiser

Chiller
Chiller and Propane
Refrigeration Loop

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Dew Point Control - Expander

Turbine
 Expander Turbine with standby JT Valve
 Gas is expanded, work extracted and gets cooled
 Expander drives a re-compressor
J-T Valve
CW Gas/Liquid
Exchanger
Feed Gas Expander
Suction LTS
Scrubber
Pre Cooler Gas/Gas Low
Exchanger Temperature
Separator
Isenthalpic
JT Valve

To Sales Gas
Compressor
Pressure

∆H actual
ReCompressor
∆H Ideal
Suction
Scrubber Turbo ReCompressor
Expander

Enthalpy

Dew Point - LTX Separator

 Gas is let down, chilled producing hydrates and

condensate. Hydrates are melted and removed
 Very old process. Not many units in use

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Acid Gas Removal

 Acid gases - H2S & CO2
 H2S
 Corrosive. On combustion results in SO3, SO4 acid attack
on colder parts and acid rain
 CO2
 Corrosive. Reduces pipeline capacity and gas heating
value. Freezes in low temperature chillers
 Removal Process
 Solvents: Sulfinol, Selexol, Amine or Mol Sieve
For lower levels of H2S & CO2
 Direct Conversion of H2S
 Membrane - higher CO2 levels

Acid Gas Removal

 Selection based on concentration (partial

pressure) in feed gas and product purity
50 50

Solvents Solvents
Feed Gas CO2, partial pressure, bar
Feed Gas H2S, partial pressure, bar

Sulfinol Selexol
10 Selexol 10

Sulfinol
Benfield

1.0 Amines 1.0

Amines
Mol Sieves

0.1 0.1
10 100 1,000 10,000
Direct Conversion PPM CO2 in Product Gas

0.01 Mol Sieves

1 10 1,00 1,000
PPM H2S in Product Gas

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Acid Gas Removal - Amine

(Solvent)
 Feed gas contacted with the solvent. Rich
solvent regenerated in another column
 H2S is rejected to flare or Sulfur recovered

CO2 Removal - Membrane Vs Amine

 In high value feed gas, Amine helps to recover

the maximum gas. Membrane permeate takes
with CO2 some natural gas

Feed Gas: $0.5/MMBtu Feed Gas: $1.5/MMBtu

Hybrid
Feed Gas Flow 

Amine

Amine Hybrid

Membrane Membrane

Feed Gas CO2, mol%  Feed Gas CO2, mol% 

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CO2 Removal - Membrane HP Side Product

Feed Gas Sales Gas

 Separation by gas components LP Side

diffusion rate Permeate
CO2 + H2S + H2O+ HC
 Small size gases (H2O, H2, He) move
faster. Bulk end up in permeate Large & slow CO, N2, CH4..
 Medium size gases CO2, O2, H2S also
go to permeate Small size FAST
 Larger and slow moving CO, N2, CH4 gases H2O, H2, He
(HC) end up in product Medium size
CO2, O2, H2S
 Membranes are not filters, that
separate molecules by size
 CO2 gets dissolved in the thin non-
porous layer on top and diffuses thru
the porous layer below.

Pictures from a UOP paper.

Pictures from a UOP paper.

CO2 Removal - Membrane

 Membrane elements in tubes. Bank of tubes
 Smaller foot print. Preferable over amine system in offshore plants

 HP feed gas. Permeate at LP (near atmospheric)

 Liquids form due to JT effect. Can cause swelling and membrane
destruction
 Gases become heavier as light HC permeate. Heavy HC coat the
membrane surface and particles can block flow area
 Membrane pre-treatment chills feed gas and removes potential JT
liquid

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Condensate Processing
Multi Stage Light Ends
Flash
Light Ends Light Ends
Unstabilized
Condensate Light Ends
Unstabilized
Condensate Condensate
Stabilized Condensate
Single Stage
Condensate
Flash Stabilized
Condensate

 Condensate stabilized to avoid light

end emissions in storage and to meet Light Ends

spec
 Stabilization Unstabilized
Condensate
 Single Flash .. 25% yield
 Multi Stage Flash .. 30-40%
 Distillation .. 50-55%. Widely used Distillation
Condensate

Condensate Stabilization
Unstabilized To Compressors
Condensate
Stabilizer
Feed/ Bottom Condenser CM
Exchanger Reflux
Drum
Condensate
Surge Drum
Reflux
Stabilizer Pumps
Produced HM
Water
Reboiler
 Condensate is
stabilized in a column Stabilized
Reboiler CM
 Vapor compressed Circulation Pumps
Condensate

Condensate Condensate
 Stabilized condensate. Cooler Pumps
RVP = 10~ 12 psia

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Water Processing
 Water deoiled in FWKO drums, tanks, hydrocyclones or centrifuges
 Water - onshore injected. Offshore injected or dumped
 Injection is away or below reservoir

 Injection: Take care of compatibility, deoxygenation and scale issues

Design Points:
• Oxygen and Bacteria are
removed from Injected water

Hydrocyclones
Velocity Profile

 De-oil produced water

 Good to remove >10μ droplets.
Single Element
 When located downstream of a
LCV or pump, their efficiency is
reduced, as LCV/pump shears oil
to smaller droplets that will
pass-thru
 Centrifuges are also used to de-
oil difficult to separate
condensate-water Group of Elements & many
bundled into a shell

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IGF/ DGF Separators

 Oil fields: Water is saline. Oil

droplets coalesce well.
Hydrocyclones separate oil easily
 Gas-condensate fields:
“Condensed” (less saline) water.
Does not promote oil
agglomeration
 IGF (Induced Gas Floatation) or
DGF (Dissolved Gas Floatation)
 Gas bubbled thru water collects oil
droplets on water surface from
where they are skimmed

Oily Water Separators

 OWS separate traces of oil from water

 Internal baffles with over and underflow skim
oil
 Sludge collected at
bottom

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Pipeline Cleaning - Pigging

 Pipelines are cleaned with ‘Pigs’, mechanical devices

propelled by oil or gas
 Pigs internally clean and gauge periodically pipelines
 Pipelines are provided with a launcher and receiver
 Launcher: To launch a pig. Receiver: To receive a pig

Gauging Pigs
Launcher/ Receiver

 Launcher Receiver Pigging

Pigs

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Chemical Injection

 Chemicals injected into oil, gas and water

 For better separation, minimize corrosion and
operational issues
 Chemicals
 Oil Antifoam
 Oil Emulsion Breaker
 Oil Scale Inhibitor
 Gas Hydrate Inhibitor
 Gas Corrosion
 Received in tote tanks
 Storage tanks, injection pumps

Field Development Studies

Wellheads
 Subsea/ Surface
 Free Flow or Pumped
 Gas lift/ Water/ Gas
Injection Oil Storage or to Pipeline
 FPSO/ FSO
Separation Gas Treatment Gas Disposal
 Oil, Gas and Water  Dehydration Gaslift
 Acid Gas Removal Injection
 Dew Point Control Export

Facility Water Treatment Water Disposal

• Onshore or Offshore  Mix with export oil Overboard
• Fixed Platform  Hydrocyclone Injection
• FPSO, Barge , TLP?  Desanding Cyclones
 IGF/DGF

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Field Development Studies

Expert Systems - 1,000 + Options
combinations. Quickly Evaluate
 Process Scheme  Drilling: Leased Vs Own
 Layout, Deck Size etc  Completion: Subsea or
Surface wells
 Global fabrication and  Facilities: Wellheads +
installation costs to give + Central Process + Satellites.
25% Capex and Opex Jackup Early Production
 Database for drilling,  Platform (Conventional,
Tension Leg) Vs Floater
facilities, barges, pipelines
(FPSO, Barge; Semisub)
etc. + Wind/ wave  Mooring configuration
conditions, soil strength,  Pipeline Vs Storage (FSO
reservoir depth, GOR etc. shuttle)

Field Development - Options

Given Likely
 Oil. Reservoir 50 MMbbl  If first facility
 Water depth 250’ depth  Converted barge
 Shuttle Tanker
 Production 20,000 bpd
 Surface Wellheads
 50 miles offshore  Gas by Pipeline
 Other facilities existing
 Assumptions  Fixed Wellhead and Process
 Reservoir 6,000’. GOR 100 Platform
 20° API oil. 40,000 blpd  Oil & Gas by Pipeline
 2 stage separation
 Wave 22’. Wind 40 mph etc.

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Typical Oil & Gas Fields

Typical Oil & Gas Fields

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Unknowns

 Composition and flow rate from a well/ reservoir

change over its life
 Wells are drilled simultaneously with EPIC. Actual
composition and flow on Day 1 be different from
design data
 Some facilities get moth-balled as Day 1 flow too low

 Gas: Oil Ratio; Water: Oil Ratio changes

 Contaminants like CO2, H2S, Sand, Mercury
 Design should be flexible to cater to changes over
the years

Unknowns

OGIP (Bscf) including CO2

Case P10 P50 P90 MEAN
Low 1,333 2,363 4,190 2,611
Base 2,242 3,901 6,791 4,284
High 2,677 4,665 8,129 5,124 Gas Flow over Years
All 2,746 4,787 8,344 5,258

Condensate Flow over Years

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 2021

Thank
You

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