This document discusses the concept of ethics and provides an introduction to some key terms and theories in ethics. It defines ethics as matters of determining good and bad behavior. It also discusses sources of moral authority such as law, religion, culture, and the self. The document outlines descriptive and normative approaches to ethics and examines reasons people may act in certain ways. Overall, the document serves as a broad overview of the field of ethics.
This document discusses the concept of ethics and provides an introduction to some key terms and theories in ethics. It defines ethics as matters of determining good and bad behavior. It also discusses sources of moral authority such as law, religion, culture, and the self. The document outlines descriptive and normative approaches to ethics and examines reasons people may act in certain ways. Overall, the document serves as a broad overview of the field of ethics.
This document discusses the concept of ethics and provides an introduction to some key terms and theories in ethics. It defines ethics as matters of determining good and bad behavior. It also discusses sources of moral authority such as law, religion, culture, and the self. The document outlines descriptive and normative approaches to ethics and examines reasons people may act in certain ways. Overall, the document serves as a broad overview of the field of ethics.
This document discusses the concept of ethics and provides an introduction to some key terms and theories in ethics. It defines ethics as matters of determining good and bad behavior. It also discusses sources of moral authority such as law, religion, culture, and the self. The document outlines descriptive and normative approaches to ethics and examines reasons people may act in certain ways. Overall, the document serves as a broad overview of the field of ethics.
of Human Existence Kenn Daniel R. Montecillo COS Instructor YMOTLIAR MORALITY SOPPOHHILY PHILOSOPHY LVAEU VALUE SCIETH ETHICS Introduction to Ethics • The word "Ethics" is derived from the Greek word "ethos", which means "custom" or "habit". • Ethics is about matters such as the good thing that we should pursue and the bad thing that we should avoid; the right ways in which we could or should act and the wrong ways of acting. VALUES an individual's accepted standards of right or wrong.
For example: Courage - I will express courage by standing up for moral principles, while being true to myself and everyone around me. ● Obligations that we are expected to fulfil
● Prohibitions that we are required to
respect
● Ideals that we are encouraged to meet
Aesthetics ● Derived from the Greek word aesthesis (which means “sense” or “feeling”) ● Refers to the judgments of personal approval or disapproval that we make about what we see, hear, smell, or taste. ETHICS & MORALS MORALS
- This term may be used to refer to specific beliefs or
attitudes that people have or to describe acts that people platform.
ETHICS
- Ethics can be spoken of as the discipline of studying
and understanding ideal human behaviour and ideal way of thinking. Thus, ethics is acknowledged as an intellectual discipline belonging to philosophy. DESCRIPTIVE & NORMATIVE A descriptive study of ethics reports how people, particularly groups, make their moral valuations without making any judgment either for or against these valuations. A normative study of ethics, as is often done in philosophy or moral theology, engages the questions: what could or should be considered as the right way of acting? MORAL ISSUE
- It is when people are called to to
distinguish a situation that calls for moral valuation.
- Refers to those particular situations
that are often the source of considerable and inconclusive debate. MORAL DECISION
- The result when one is placed in a
situation and confronted by the choice of what act to perform. MORAL JUDGMENT
- It is when a person is an observer who makes an assessment on the actions or behaviour of someone. MORAL DILEMMA
- The matter of choosing right over
wrong, or good, over bad, and considering instead the more complicated situation wherein one is torn between choosing one of two goods or choosing between the lesser of two evils What reasons do we give to decide or to judge that a certain way of acting is either right or wrong? Possible Reasons for people to act a certain way:
1. Person’s fear of punishment
2. Desire for reward
A moral theory is a systematic is attempt to establish the validity of maintaining certain moral principles SOURCES OF AUTHORITY LAW
In the Philippines, Filipinos are constrained to obey the
laws of the land as stated in the country’s criminal and civil codes.
Positive Law refers to the different rules
and regulations that are posited or put forward by an authority figure that require compliance. “Ethics is simple. Just follow whatever the law says.” The law does not tell us what we should do; it works by constraining us from performing acts that we should not do.
The law cannot tell us what to pursue,
only what to avoid. For instance, a company that pads its profits by refusing to give its employees benefits may do so within the parameters of the law. The company can do so by refusing to hire people on a permanent basis, but offering them six-month contracts. Constrained to work under this contractual system, the employees are thus deprived not only of benefits, but also of job security. RELIGION
Divine Command Theory
- a foundation of ethical values wherein it expresses a claim that many people of a religious responsibility find appealing and immediately valid; the idea that one is obliged to obey her God in all things “Thou shall not kill,” Thou shall not steal,” “Thou shall not commit adultery” “One may be called to forgive those who sinned against him or be charitable to those who have less” RELIGION is providing us with not only a set of commands but also a Supreme Authority that can inspire and compel our obedience in a way that nothing else can. “Ethics is simple. Just follow what your religion says.”? ● Multiplicity Of Religion - Each faith demands differently from its adherents, which would apparently result in conflicting ethical standards.
● More Conceptual Level
- Further problem where one requires the believer to clarify her understanding of the connection between ethics and the Divine. CULTURE
One’s exposure to different societies and
their cultures makes them aware that there are ways of thinking and valuing that are different from our own, that there is in fact a wide diversity of how different people believe it is proper to act. Cultural Relativism
- Refers to what it is ethically acceptable or
unacceptable is relative to, or that is to say, dependent on one’s culture. “Ethics is simple. Just follow what your culture says.”? ● Cultural Relativism is premised on the reality of difference. ● Under cultural relativism, we realize that we are in no position to render any kind of judgment on the practices of another culture. ● We realize that we are in no position to render judgment on the practices of even our own culture. SENSES OF SELF Theories about Ethics that Center on the Self A. SUBJECTIVISM - it is the recognition that the individual thinking person (the subject) is at the heart of all moral valuations.
“No one could tell me what is right and wrong.”
“No one knows my situation better than myself.” “I am entitled to my own opinion.” “It is good if I say that it is good. Theories about Ethics that Center on the Self B. PSYCHOLOGICAL EGOISM - a theory that describes the underlying dynamic behind all human actions. - As a descriptive theory, it does not direct one to act in any particular way. Instead, it points out that there is already an underlying basis for how one acts. - The ego or self has its desires and interests, and all our actions are geared toward satisfying these interests. Theories about Ethics that Center on the Self
C. ETHICAL EGOISM - egoism prescribes that we should make our own ends, our own interests, as the single overriding concerns. - We may act in a way, that is beneficial to others, but we should do that only if it ultimately benefits us. Thank You for listening!
