INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER 5: HUMAN/CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Characteristics of the Life-span Perspective (PAUL B. BALTES, 1987)

• Development is Lifelong
− Each period has unique characteristics and value. No period is more or less
important than any other.
• Development is Multidimensional
− It occurs along multiple interacting dimensions – biological, psychological,
and social – each of which may develop at varying rates.
• Development is Multidirectional
− Language, socioemotional and cognitive development increase or decrease
through time.
• Development is Multidisciplinary
− Various experts like psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists,
neuroscientists, and medical researchers all study human development and
share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life
span.
• Development is Plastic
− Plasticity involves the degree to which characteristics change or remain
stable.
• Development is Contextual
− The individual continually responds to and acts on contexts, which includes
a person’s biological makeup, physical environment, cognitive processes,
historical contexts, social contexts, and cultural contexts.

Periods of Development

Life Starts since the time of conception. The moment the sperm fertilizes the egg
cell, Life has already begun.

− 0 – 2 weeks: zygote
− 2 weeks – 3 months: embryo
− 3 – 9 months: fetus (unborn child – 270 days)
− cephalic position – the baby is head-down, facing the mother’s back, ideal position
for a baby
Amniotic sac – thin lining around the fetus; inside this sac is the Amniotic fluid
(resembles seawater which is warm.
 Types of Childbirth and Delivery Methods
1. Normal Vaginal Delivery
2. Caesarian section Delivery (rumored to be based on Julius Caesar)
− Birth Trauma/Birth Cry
o Physiological – need to breathe
o Psychological – due to environmental adjustments; William James –
being born is like a big buzzing of confusion
− Infant’s Reflexes
o Rooting: stroking of the infant’s cheek – head turns in the direction of the
touch, and the infant opens his or her mouth for feeding; leads to Sucking
reflex
o Gripping or Grasp or Palmar: something that is placed in the infant’s hand
– the infant grasps the item and can hold on very well, almost enough to
support his or her own weight
o Toe curling or Babinski: stroking of the inner or outer sole of the infant’s
foot – if the inner sole is stroked, the infant curls his or her toes; if the outer
sole is stroked, the toes spread out
o Moro or Startle: sudden noise or movement – the infant throws his or her
head back and arms and legs out (and then cries)
o Smile: social smile – when a baby starts to appreciate the people around
him/her (from 3 months old up)
o Walk: ever since in the womb, the unborn child is “kicking” in preparation
for walking
− Stages
o Infancy
o Early Childhood
o Middle/Late Childhood
o Adolescence
o Early Adulthood
o Middle Adulthood
o Old Age
− Various Aspects of Holistic Development
o Spiritual
o Mental
o Emotional
o Physical
o Social

1. Physical/Motor Development
o Proximodistal direction – the process in proximodistal from center or
midline to periphery direction; development proceeds from near to far –
outward from central axis of the body toward the extremities
 o Cephalocaudal direction – the process of cephalocaudal direction from
head down to tail; this means that improvement is structure and functions
come first in the head region, then in the trunk, and last in the leg region
2. Language Development
o Cooing and Babbling
− the earliest use of speech-like sounds has been described as cooing;
− create sounds similar to the consonants (k) and (g) and high vowels
similar to (i) and (u)
3. Emotional Development
o Hypothetical Stages of Love
− Auto-erotic stage
− Narcissistic stage
− Parental stage
− Latency stage
− Homosexual stage
− Heterosexual stage
o Marshmallow Test – a longitudinal study to see who can postpone the
gratification in children (those where the ones who can regulate their
emotions)
4. Cognitive Development
o Thoughts – Emotions – Behavior
o Jean Piaget’s (considered as no.1 child psychologist) Stages of Cognitive
Development
− Sensorimotor Stage (Birth – 2 years): sensory and motor; no idea of
object permanence; below 5 months old – “out of sight is out of mind”
− Preoperational Stage (2 – 7 years): developed abstract thinking but
not yet the concept of Law of Conservation of Mass
− Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)
− Formal Operational Stage (12 and up)
5. Moral Development
o At birth, the child is amoral (lacking the distinction between right or wrong)
 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
LESSON 6: THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

• persona – means mask

• Gordon Allport
o Father of Personality Psychology
o Personality – as a “pattern of habits, attitudes and traits that determine an
individual’s characteristics, behavior and thoughts”
• Public Personality – the “you” that you present to the world; the “you” that is
known by your friends and family
• Private Personality – consists of thoughts, dreams, motives and feelings that you
will not dare telling anybody else maybe because it’s too childish or embarrassing
• the basic unit of personality is traits
The Person-Situation Debate: Three Issues
1. Does the personality of an individual transcend the immediate situation and
provide a consistent guide to his actions, or is what a person does utterly
dependent on the situation at that time?
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
• by Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) (died due to cancer of the mouth)
• It is both a theory of personality and a system of treating mental disorders
• Psychotherapy – “talking cure”
• Psychoanaytic – refers to the perspective and theoretical ideas that were
originated by Sigmund Freud
• Psychodynamic – refers to the ideas and perspective that came from Sigmund
Freud and his followers
• analogized human mind to iceberg; conscious is 1/10 while the unconscious is
9/10
• unconscious mind consists of repressed thoughts; parapraxis – any faulty action,
blunder, or lapse, as a slip of the tongue, failure of memory, etc.
• libido is the one who motivates the behaviors of a human
• 3 Structures of Personality
o Id – basic impulses and the 2 basic instincts: sex (life - Eros) and
aggression (death – Thanatos); seeking immediate gratification, irrational
and impulsive; operates at unconscious level
o Superego – ideals and morals; striving for perfection; incorporated from
parents, becoming a person’s conscience; operates mostly at
preconscious level
 o Ego – executive mediating between id impulses and superego inhibitions;
testing reality (reality principle); rational; operates mainly at conscious
level but also at preconscious level
• Common Defense Mechanisms
o Denial – hiding or forgetting unpleasant truths; refusing to admit the truth
about something
o Rationalization – using excuses to explain away threatening
circumstances, e.g., “I did poorly on the test because the questions were so
tricky.”
o Displacement – transferring thoughts and feelings toward one person or
object onto another person or object, e.g., A person who is angry with a
boss comes home & yells at the spouse.
o Sublimation – transforming unacceptable thoughts or needs into
acceptable actions, most positive of all defense mechanisms, e.g., A person
may turn to boxing to deal with aggression.
o Repression – keeping unacceptable thoughts or traumatic events buried in
the unconscious, an act of restraining something, e.g., A person who was
raped cannot recall the event.
o Regression – returning to a previous level of development, e.g., An adult
has a “temper tantrum” when stuck in traffic.
o Projection – occurs when an individual project their own unacceptable
thoughts, feelings or impulses onto another person, e.g., a thief resents a
fellow thief
o Reaction Formation – behaving in a manner or expressing a feeling
opposite of one’s true feelings, e.g., A parent who is resentful of an
“unplanned” child becomes overprotective of that child.
o Compensation – people overachieve in one area to compensate for
failures in another
• Sigmund Freud’s famous book “The Interpretation of Dreams” – filled with
Freudian symbols (sexual)
• Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development (each stages have erogenous
zones – part of the body that gives pleasure)
o Oral (0-2) – infant achieves gratification through oral activities such as
feeding, thumb sucking and babbling; EZ: mouth, Fixations: smoking, gum-
chewing, nail-biting
o Anal (2-3) – the child learns to respond to some of the demands of society
(such as bowel and bladder control); EZ: anal, Fixations: orderliness,
obsessiveness, rigidity
o Phallic (3-7) – the child learns to realize the differences between males and
females and becomes aware of sexuality; EZ: genitals, Fixations: vanity,
exhibitionism, pride
o Latency (7-11) – the child continues his or her development, but sexual
urges are relatively quiet
 o Genital (11-adult) – the growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies
and learns to deal maturely with the opposite sex
• Catharsis – the process of releasing and thereby providing relief from strong or
repressed emotions
• Freud introduced the proverbial couch
THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF ERIK ERIKSON or ERIKSON’S STAGES OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Erik Erikson – first to study the lifespan approach up until old age
1. Trust vs. Mistrust – if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic
trust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt – toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for
themselves, or they doubt their abilities
3. Initiative vs. Guilt – preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or
they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
4. Industry vs. Inferiority – children (grade-schooler) learn the pleasure of applying
themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
5. Identity vs. Confusion – teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles
and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about
who they are
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation – young adults struggle to form close relationships and to
gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation – the middle-aged discover a sense of contributing
to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
8. Integrity vs. Despair – when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel
a sense of satisfaction or failure

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
LESSON 7: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
(ab)Normal - away from normal
Abnormal Reaction - expected behavior; normal behavior
THE HISTORY OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
- Ancient peoole regarded mentally-ill peoold as being possessed by evil spirits, and
apparently used "trephining", piercing a hole in the skull of the afflicted person , in an
attempt to "release" these spirits.
- Later in Ancient Greece, Hippocrates viewed abnormality as the result of imbalance
among 4 fluids, or bile in the body. Excess in one of the bile caused the person to
display some particular behaviors.
DEFINITION OF MENTAL HEALTH
- Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his
or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively
and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community.
- Everyone moves up and down the continuum to varying degrees.
- We all have mental health, some of us have mental problems.
TYPES OF CONFLICT
1. Approach-approach conflict - occurs when you must choose between two desirable
outcomes
2. Avoidance-avoidance conflict - occurs when you must choose between two
unattractive outcomes
3. Approach-avoidance - exists when in event or goal has both attractive and
unattractive features
4. Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts - you must choose between two or more
things, each of which both desirable and undesirable features
BODY'S RESPONSE TO STRESS AND ANXIETY
- Our programmed "fight-or-flight" (sympathetic nervous system) reaction increases
colon contractions, sometimes resulting in diarrhea.
1. ANXIETY DISORDERS
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Symptoms
- increased muscle aches or soreness
- impaired concentration
- irritability
- difficulty sleeping
- restlessness
- fatigue
- excessive anxiety and worry
SIGNS OF PANIC ATTACK
- sweating
- trembling or shaking
- numbness and tingling
- dizziness
- hyperventilation
- heart palpitations
- nausea
- chills or hot flashes
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)
- doing what you always think
- people may experience obsessions, compulsions, or both, and that cause a lot of
distress
- 90% of OCD causes experience both obsessions and compulsions
2 PARTS:
• Obsessions - thoughts
- fear of contamination
- thoughts of doubt
- fear of accidentally harming self or others
- need for exactness
- repugnant obsessions
• Compulsions - action
- you keep on checking things
- checking compulsions
- ordering/arranging compulsions
- mental rituals
- hoarding
Common Affected Areas:
- school/sports
- recreational attendance and participation punctuality
- organization and focus
- friendships
- meal times
- bedtime
- personal hygiene
TRICHOTILLOMANIA (hair pulling disorder)
- a mental disorder that involves recurrent, irresistible urges to pull our hair from your
scalp, eyebrows, or other areas of your body despite trying to stop
PTSD SYMPTOM CATEGORIES
1. Intrusive thoughts - repeated, involuntary memories; distressing dreams; or
flashbacks of the traumatic event. Flashbacks may be so vivid that people feel they are
re-living the traumatic experience or seeing it before their eyes.
2. Avoiding reminders - avoiding people, places activities, objects and situations that
bring on distressing memories. People may try to avoid remembering or thinking, may
resist thinking about what happened or how they feel about it.
3. Negative thoughts and feelings - ongoing and distorted beliefs about oneself or
others; ongoing fear, horror, anger, guilt or shame; much less interest in activities
previously enjoyed; or feeling detached or estranged from others.
4. Arousal and reactive symptoms - being irritable and having angry outbursts; behaving
recklessly or in a self-destructive way; being easily startled; or having problems
concentrating or eating
SEPARATION ANXIETY
- birth trauma
SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD)
- type of depression that comes and goes with the seasons, typically starting in the late
fall and early winter, and going away during the spring and summer. Depressive
episodes linked to the summer can occur but are less common than winter episodes of
SAD.
2. PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS
soma = body
Somatic Symptom Disorder
A. One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption
of daily life
B. Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or
associated health concerns as manifested by at least one of the ff:
a. Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one's symptoms
b. Persistently high level of anxiety about health or symptoms
c. Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns
C. Although any one somatic symptom may not be continuously present, the state of
being symptomatic is persistent (typically more than 6 mos.)
EFFECTS OT STRESS (Psychosomatic Disorders)
psychological reactions of stress:
- colds and flu
- cancer
- depression
- eczema and other skin disorders
- post-traumatic stress disorder
- stomach ulcer
- heart disease
- asthma
- headache
3. AFFECTIVE (MOOD) DISORDERS
Signs of Bipolar
• Mania
- extremely high energy
- grandiose levels of self esteem
- loud, rapid-speech
- very little need for sleep
- engaging in risky behaviors, like unprotected sex
• Depression
- feelings of lethargy, both physically and mentally
- a sense of personal worthlessness
- eating too much or too little
- overwhelming sadness
- thoughts of suicide
4. DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (multiple personality disorder)
- a psychobiological response to traumas suffered in a specific time window in early
childhood
- a dissociative disorder, and a complex posttraumatic stress syndrome
How does DID develop?
- an important step in child development—the forming of a central, integrated
consciousness—is impeded or prevented by chronic trauma
- the child uses radical denial and splitting to cope with the traumas, imagining that the
traumas happened to "someone else"
- the child's capabilities and imagination give the different personality states their
individual characteristics
- figures and their denial of the traumas suffered by the child additionally faster the
dissociative coping strategy
5. SCHIZOPRENIA DISORDER
- highest form of psychosis
- called "split-personality" because they cannot tell what is real and what isn't
neurosis - manageable disorders
psychosis - severe disorders
Symptoms:
- 2 or more of these symptoms must be present for at least one month (can be less if
being successfully treated); and at least 1 symptom must be either (1), (2), or (3)
(1) Hallucinations
(2) Delusions - disorder of thoughts (can be either bizarre or non -bizarre)
a. delusion of grandeur - the person has wrong belief that they are somebody who's
famous and powerful; and they act that way
b. delusion of persecution - paranoia (praning); they interpret innocent gestures as cruel
act
Symptoms of Paranoia:
- suspicion
- aggression
- anger
- fear
- impulse
- panic
example: A thought B is going to kill him/her and the former saw the latter gets
something inside their bag so inunahan na ni A 'yung naisip n'yang gagawin ni B
sakaniya. (defense mechanism: projection)
• amorous paranoia - interprets simple thing as amorous
ex. interprets something someone did to you that they like you
(3) Disorganized speech (e.g. frequent derailment or incoherence)
(4) Grossly organized or catatonic behavior
• Common Catatonic Behavior:
- rigidity or stupor that lasts for hours or even days
- performing strange movements
- staying in uncomfortable positions without shifting
- erratic and extreme movement
(5) Negative symptoms (e.g., affective flattening, alogia, or avolition)
6. PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Cluster A:
a. Paranoid - excessive distrust and suspiciousness of others; pathologically jealous;
interprets actions as demeaning, malevolent, threatening, or exploitative; ideas of
reference (believes coincidences of innocuous events have strong personal
significance)
b. Schizoid - detachment from social interactions without a desire for close interpersonal
relationships; restricted affect
c. Schizotypal - eccentric beliefs without frank delusions; cognitive and perceptual
disturbances; impaired social interactions
Cluster B:
a. Antisocial - lack of empathy, with disregard for right of others; deceitfulness,
impulsivity, irresponsibility
- psychopath
b. Borderline - unstable self-image; chronic feelings of emptiness; instability of
interpersonal relationships; affective instability; self-harm behavior; hypersensitivity to
rejection and fear of abandonment
c. Histrionic - excessive attention-seeking behavior and emotionality; often excessively
impressionistic and shallow
d. Narcissistic - need for admiration; grandiosity in speech and behavior; lack of
empathy for others, interpersonally exploitative; arrogant and haughty
Cluster C:
a. Dependent - inability or extreme difficulty making own decisions; overly reliant on
others; submissiveness; feelings of inadequacy; avoidance of confrontation
b. Avoidant - feelings of inadequacy; hypersensitivity to rejection; social inhibition
despite a desire to form close interpersonal relationships
c. Obsessive-compulsive - preoccupation with details and rules; excessive organization;
perfectionism, orderliness, miserliness; rigidity an d stubbornness
d. Phobia - irrational fear of something because of past experiences
7. SLEEP DISORDERS
Common sleep disorders:
a. Insomnia - cannot sleep
b. Somnolence - can't wake up
c. Restless leg syndrome
d. Sleep apnea - can't breathe while in the middle of sleeping
e. Sleepwalking (somnambulism) - occurs when people walk or do new activity while
they are still asleep
somnambulist - people who are sleepwalking
f. Sleep eating - eating while asleep
g. Night terrors - nightmares
• Sleep paralysis - half asleep, half awake; you want to move but you can't
h. Somniloquy - act of talking or singing while asleep
8. TREATMENTS
• Pharmacotherapy - works of psychiatrist; gives medicine
• Psychotherapy - talking cure method
• Systematic Desensitization - cure for phobias
• Electric Shock Therapy - to pacify

Philippine Mental Health Law (RA 11036)

- mental health services will now be integrated into our health care system