Hite: JORN BYOR Asnociste Bdltots f aw QunELy WI MoGHT HENRY GANNOTT. t HART MERRIAM ELIZA RUHAMAH SCIDMORE 7 . if CONTENTS a AMERICAN GHOGRATHIC MDVCATION Woy one a3 ORIGIN OF THE PHYSICAL PHATURES OF THE UNITUD ¢ sTar 4 OK Crna son,” _ GEHOGHAFHIC DnVOLOPMENT Yor EH orsTaIeT OF COLUMBIA. r WS MeGeE _ wiaronicaL DEVELOPMENT or ran RATIONAL | Capiran: MARCUS SAKER, © GHOGRAPHIC WORK OF TH GENEHAL GoveRN unr , 1eNRY Gaxunes: WHE OBOLOGIC ATLAS OF THE UNITED STAT: ; 9 WwashiNenys : HR LAND HY THE NA TIG; ABMAAPHIC SOOrRTE = Fo it jake Bacio a ei oe i STIs: Bgianiidl Nal Ye UWA AWK AW Amrniitidin 5 i seat AK, Price 25 Cents ‘ar Memetedh 4), them Hemtettiion itp WWaaitterg ith Dg. me site Mall Mone : fi iE eo ote of ea eee TeTHE Picnics Vice-Pucoronsr Wd Meike Peston ow Map auene tee teil” ELSES J. WEL MARCUS HAKER WILLIAM HODM MENEY i, HLOUNT DAVID DAY ov) oovitine E FVEWEIY TA SORES ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Vational Geographic Society eta AL GHAHASL BELL, HENRY GANNETT A, WO GREELY. JOURS TESDE Wd SHEER 4G. GGNEN Giger MEIRREDGE ie SOTO MORE Wok POWELL Toei HENRY GANNETT ‘Conntsrosine Secunia ELIZA RUTAMAL SO MORIS Flmiiuuete Recrer air Fok, SAV RIA, * SECRETARY'S OFFICE Rtoont sg, Ohio Bank Tiyilding, Twellth and G Ste N.W.. Washington TREASURER'S OFFICE U.S, Gealogical Survey, 4330 F StNOW,, Washington “the Natlinil Gediraphile Shelve, the ahjoct af which ie the ineromseand diflusion! Jf gooeraplibe kenawbochen, fea a Kotal amenalewhipe al Ta. Te snerelretti ie ia, not re wiitiedes] tu) preatiitiel keoghiphiors, hot ja open tr ang person Knegoel) qtarning: who roy ‘ae ia Mhah title Titan on ihe ab {The ann ‘actly likedtilhene, SoH) pote arronnt SX cetiiieall Gebeteinay Macanexy i eont esgalurty teal i : x rNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE veriefy of green knwen io the mixer of colors can be set, mille the tives ln aia fatige from tira to mcatlet “These (ats chant ive henne in inind by the troeier between the Heatand the Weet, H.W. FULLER, oni, Fa eee CALIFORNIA... OF course you expect to go there this sinimer. Let hisper something in your ear. Be sre that portion of your ticket reads via the Northern Pacific-Shasta Route. Then you will sce amtake on afl INE Agest, Washington, 2. C. + the grandest mountain scenery in Juding Mt, Hood and ft. Rainier. 14,000 feet high, Mt. St. Helens, atid oth Vou will slso be privileged into the Kootenai Country, where acoverion have been made, chnd not only of in) Union Station, Pertland, for Pnget Sound cities and the east, via Northern Pacific. CHAS. 5. FEE, General Pavasager Age, St. Paul, Minn, LAAT ASSIA AISA SS PS,NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE SOUTHERN RAILWAY GREATEST SOUTHERN SYSTEM. EY cA With it f the Olle e Wit its fr povercial cen DOUBLE DAILY VESTIBULED LIMITED TRAINS BETWEEN . woslchaa _ Nashville via (stone in ‘Atlanta, Birmingham and KR. 3 via Adanta, ™ aid Mobile. Norfolk and Chattanooga vin Salisbury, Asheville nnd Kuoxvills, Pats wn Sleeping Cars—Dining Cars—Day Conches, Add | Trains for local travelers... a ae The direct line to the J FLORIDA, GULF COAST. and TEXAS, Winter Resorts of | - + « » MEXICO and CALIFORNIA, —aNo THe best Theaugh Cor tine to and from Ashovilfa at Mot Sorings—~ The Land of the Sky. Write for Map Foldere. of Agent. 271 Hroadway, Rew York, 5. ¥ Usitimore Street, Paltimnes, Me W_ Washingion, 1, © & Hy Hamriwson. ae i w ‘t 1 Pinsent The Mutual Life Insurance Co. OF NEW YORK, RICHARD A. McCURDY, President, Is the Largest Insurance Company in the World. The Records of the Insurance Department of the State of New York SHOW THAT The Mutual Life Has a Larger Premium Income - - ~- ($89,000,000) More Insurance in Foree - - - - - ($918,000,000) A Greater Amount of Assets - - - - ($235,000,000) A Larger Annual Interest Income - - = - (39,000,000) Writes More New Business - - - = ($136,000,000) And Pays More to Policy-holders - - ($25,000,000 in 1896) THAN ANY OTHER COMPANY, Tt has paid to Policy-holders since | its Se ieatiane bs 1843, ; > > $487,005,195.29 ROBERT A, GRANNISS, Vice-President. WALTER & GILLETTE. General Munager. FREDERIC CROMWELL, IBAAC F. LLOYD, Secu -Prevident. EMORY McCLINTOCK, Act WILLIAM }. EASTON, Secretary.NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Fa STPAUL pest LINE MINNEAPOLIS Ripans Tabules cure beaduche. The Fastest and Finest Train in the West... . The he Overland Limited oF). UTAH and CALIFORNIA. Coe pero TT ay Sa FHOM 16 TO 20 HOURS SAVED BY USING "THE OVERLAND ROUTE.” Double Drawing-Room Pullman Sleepers. Free Reclining Chair Cars. Pullman Dining Cars Buffet Smoking and Library Cars, gee an OMAHA, NEBNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE THE CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE AND ST. PAUL RAILWAY -RUONWS.. Electric Lighted and Steam Heated Vestibuled Trains between Chicago, Mil- waukee, St. Paul and Minneapolis «aly. Through Parlor Cars on \lay trains between Chicago, St, Paul and Minneapolis. Electric Lighted and Steam Heated Vestibuled Trains hejween Chicaga and Omaha and Sioux City daily. ” ‘Through Siecigg « Cam, Feee Reclining Chair Cars and Coaches between Chicago and Kansas Cis ‘Quly two hours from Chicago to Milwatikee. Seven fist traf each wiry, dally, with Parlor Car Service. Solld trains between Chicago and principal poluts i Northern Wisconsin atl the Peninsula of Michigan. Through Traits with Palitce Sleeping Cars, Bree Reclining Chuir Cars and Coaches bovwver Chicago and points in lowa, Minnesota, Southern and Ceatral Dakota. The finest Dining Cars in the World, The best Sleeping Cars, Electric Reading Lamps in Berths. ‘The best aiid latest type of private Compartment Cars, Free Reclining Chair Cars, and buffet Library Smoking Cars. Everything First-class. First-class People patroniée Pirstolass Lin Wicket Agents everpwitere sell tickets over the aukes und St. Paul Ry, ayo, GEO. H. HEAFFORD, Geiveal Passenger Agent, Chicdigi, I. WHENEVER YOU VISIT WASHINGTON yOu AgE INVITED TO INSECT TTR SSSSSSHSOOS HEOOEE OPS IHISES OSE 4 MAMMOTH DRY GOODS ESTABLISHMENT SOF te 5 : WOODWARD & LOTH ROP SSGTSSTSTSES HET IDHRDOOOH Where the LATEST PARIS NOVELTIES ure alivays on ‘The attestion of those who anticipate purchasing BRIDAL TROUSSEAU 1x Invitei! especially to extreme Pams Novenries in matched sets of French Handmade Lingerie, including Gowns, Chetitises, Direwers, Corset Covers, ke. These can be fiamishel in any muaber ‘of picces ilesired. MAND-MADE BRIDAL TROUSSHAUN, persinally fekected In) Paris il exclusive In style and 10 to $250. Abaya: Thive or nate pieces CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED, NAIL DRDERS RECEIVE PANMPT AND CAAEFDL ATTENTIOW. TENTH, ELEVENTH, AND F STREETS KW. . . . . WASHINGTON, D. C.NATIONAL GHOGRAPHIO MAGAZINE Shortest Line St. Paul and Minneapolis and the Northwest | _ GHICAGO : | GREAT | uw WESTERN RAILW Che Smith... =| Premier Cypewriters Superior on This Point as Well ag.on All Others, ity eae vb lb wy ub baby bir ba hath ea PERLLERLELL ELLE ED ELL IY The Smith Premier Typewriter Co., BYAKOUBE) 6%, 65 8 3 ul s SaNTNTDTATDRADHDRDTRDTRERRDERORET® Catalogues and Information at Washington Office, No, G19 Eleventh Street.NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST. The only American magazine devoted to the science af Anthropology in branches is THe EMICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, published at the mal’ Capital, This journal is now in its efweth year of increasing No megaxine ever published on the Western continent is such a storehouse of anthentie information concerning ARcHROLOoy, Erasor- OGY, Fobk-loxe, LOGY, Sucia.ocy, History, SoMaro y Pavcnnis and Pito.ocy, Its contributions to our knowledge subjects, especially in so far as they relate to the American Indians, post and present, are of world-wide anthority. Its contributors are America’s foreminat scholars, Is year tame on the subscription list of the AxtuworoLoarT? If not, it should be. No one interested in anthropology in any of its branches can, afford to be without it. Swdscride today, A new volume begins with the Jannary number. A bibliography of the anthropolagic fiterature of the world in-one of ite featurus Handsomely Printod—ab Published Tiastrated, —Twe Dollars a Year. Volime Xf Begins with January, ISDS. Abveyss: THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, 1804 Columbia Road, Washington, D. €. COMMENCED JANUARY, 1888. TWO VOLUMES PER YEA THE AMERICAN GEOLOGIST, 180: The Oldest Exclusively Geological Magazine Published in America TERMS. To. Subscribers in the United States, Canada and To other Suberibers ii the Postal Union, ‘The AMERICAN GEOLOGIST |x ised monthly from tite atfioe of sabllea ita, Cited States of Amin Twenty volumesa: i the uote far January, 184 "The magazine ha received m condial Weltome ands peneoER FApport from loxdinie geologhis everywhere anil it Ha rink reognimed ns t the continent of where world powbor else are rewnlt= attainnd of ited Btatom and Moni ited on 4 nore oxteneiy lor economic ond seientitie. Importance, The AMERICAN GEOLOGIST Inys Iwoh frown month to month the latent frewulta of geological work. Th addition to te longer papers it gives spnopues uf peda genlogical publications and brief nates on earrent geological events, THE GEOLOGICAL PUBLISHING Co., Mrewearont, Mins, au ian tNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MONOGRAPHS (iu the Paveicat Featoann ur thm Masra's 4) Mudenteof geogrephyy (veal ani Interestitig ra! ‘Aum. desliclied ebpeciatly Wo supply ie Lene with srhich to expplement the Tews LIST GF MONOGHAFNS COMPRISING VOLUME I GrveKat Prnibcrarnic Processes ) Gasireae Piva ain Wearcurn ~ a os Jo. Poseett FEvSddna ric teniowe up tee Ucn dame = = = I Heavens ants Timat Mamaties oF THE ATEARTIC < PUERENT AND HAMrincy LAKE od 1G, asset RCHEK SHIN = Duttey: Willis as MUA — FTIR SECTION witand Hayes Mtr, Suasta—a Trica, Eau 1S pier Yun New %rotanh Prarsar ibrof, W. aE tiavian Miagams Faiis asp irs Hivreay Ge Giinert Price for oueset of ten miohiogrepin, $1.0. Five sets Louse anliress @4.00, Mlitgle mranomraphe, dime Lode AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, New Yerk - Gincinnstl . Chicago Remit 1 Rivans "Tabules nselit digestion. TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM An International Quarterly Journal Edited by Ia A. BAUER With the Co-operation of Eminent Magneticlans aa darth Cureeitty, ‘ratefededd hey tlie wart am fr bei) eateted it ity tien i fil tnvestigatiia ua H ug {be coat mmaniler taivia, Fsuken hag Watt ATO anne +The Investigation of Hidden Perlodicities in Terrestrial Magnetism and Meteorolagy,"” by aor MUTIIUE SCIUSTEE, PALS “The Relation of Terrestrial Magnetivm to Cealogy, * hittin ty repeny itreestigations of varios AWptera) “Descriptions of Magnetic Observatories Tiltestra ter} fy fuk DIRKCTORS OF THK Oust NTRS hn alae of this Journal ts poral) otuad a wuluald eiithaiilie ated a6 pajeek, Disieesl price. Twu dollars single uumbers Gly cents, Psreig sulieription pelor: Nine buirks, or leven tenes Addrewe whacription nga, nine TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM, The Liniversity of Claclanatl, Cincineati, Obie,NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE LLL OL PLL LL LLL ALA ALLL A ALA ALAA EGR ‘ a OPLE like to read about the great tat 5 5 and wonderful country of the a S Southwest; of its quaint and curious = a ae base oe tree acta b lel the & towns, its ancient civilizations, its = « tanh PASSENGER DEPARTMENT ® natural marvels. They Tike to get ac- é oF rm i curate information abotit California $ Southern Pacific Railway, {and the Pacific Coast. This is because @ "7G Moree moe ee XS: most people want to some day see these SS. things for themséives.. 0.0. ae > Ceetosesenoosesoneonnsosonsrnenced i i THE BOOK IS ENTITLED «Through Storyland to Sunset Seas,” Fepeeeenogmeenne debe s x ‘ x x g ha * PLT LSPA A ILA AE edhe te ee pee Deedee CPR a teeta artettete Fe x oe ¢ AND IS A WONDERFULLY HAND- & SOME VOLUME OF 205 PAGES, You com git scopy tr writing ta 4 Bo eet ‘ 5: Fo By MORSE, WITH 160 ILLUSTRATIONS. -.. 8 General Passenger Agent, 4 The paper used is FINE PLATE } Southern Pacific, 3 New Orta, x 1 10 ets. touetty x PAPER, and e we. & tail is artistic. It is a story of what dry. typographical de- unt be four people saw on just such a trip as ee x S < - x x s x z s 5 S s » x x B » ELA SL TELETHE National Geographic Magazine AMERICAN GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION Ry WJ Motine, Vibes Phenidevit if the Nidtibiisil’ Geeiytopiltle Siebety The Capital of the Nathon vives wroetiny to the National § ueational Assoolation, The American Republic, more than any other tuition, owes character to knowledge diffused mmong lis peoplé: and in ho other tation ié the diffusion of knowledge *o broad anil general, This diffusion of knowledge involves edus ¢ation, and the development and maintenance of eduestional institutions. Du accordance with the plan of government hy the people, of the people, and for the people, our adneational faoit- ities are bronght within reach of overy citizen, our educational mutheds adapted te the needs af the ainie Some governs nents strive to Wild jitellectual structures fon 4 p down ward, only to find their lower bricks an a foundation af sand; die systou ix founded un the rock of popular education, and the upper portions of the structute aro left fue, Thervin liex ad fundamental distivetion, the dintietrically oppised nattiry of ménarchic policy and republican poi educational minttors. ior the republican system: the twig is bent—the youthful mind, is started aright; thenceforth it grows: and strengthens spontanentsly. and in good time gives strength tothe Itepubtio. Qiher nations cramp thought and enslave minds by Procrastean systems baved on the knowledge of proyious venurations, while ournation plunts the aveds of knowledge to be supporte i fruits, and au rises constantly te highor and higher planes with a mipidit¥ unprecedented in history ; our stite does not'se much shape sducation aa enr education shapes the date Yet the in- 2S00 AMERICAN GEOGRAPHIC: ED mi TiON terest of the stile in the progress of eduention ih not din: hut ouly inerensed by this national polley 5 and sothe National Capital welcomes the eduentors af the nation mote wartaly than the wise mien of any athor nation would. he weluomud in their capital; ‘nnd the weledme is only the warmer still because the ofganization of educators is voluntary and spontaneous. The National Capital is not without educational facilities and agencies, As the nation grew, inauities concerning resources and the conditions of material develdpracnt beckmt necessary and offices of iuyniry were ereited, Several of thee offers shave grown into burtaus and departments, constantly at work. not only in inerensing but lao in diffusing: knowledge—i o,,° they have bevome educational institutions of the highest order. As the offices gre exports and makers of kuowledge were ne sembled until the National Capital bucame a center af practical learning. Tn time the exports vobuntarily met for routed ben efit. and grouped themselves in unofficial organizations. which now stond in the front ranicof learned societies of the world; and official burenns and nuofticial societies are one in purpyee, and that the bighest within human reach—the inereise anid dit: fusion of knowledge for humm weal, The unprociderted growth of Gur national institutions of yu tien! learning has bee due ty Severn! causes, but especially to two—the Freedom and spontaneity of koowledye under ropub- Fean conditions, and the vast extent atid varied resources: of tlie national domain. Particularly influential hax been our nae tional bigness. In the firit place geographic ideas are daily de valopod Uirough that cureent news whieh is one of the features: of Amerienn life; in the-second place engineers and surveyors have found full scope for their talents, and hare come to lead the world in railway-lnying, InidgeWuilding, snd the tion of innumerable wttemant (levies, Then the resources our rocks have stimulsted geolatiste, and the weience hus ad- vanced with such giant etride: that today the geology of the work is shaped im Amerien, AL the sume time our broad terri tory fe xo conditioned with respect to contivental fntures and gourees of aqudots Vapor that our tieteorologists have been in- spired to lead the world inweather seienoe. So, too, our. eth~ nologists and anthropologists have profited by the unequalled opportunities found in the assemblage of peoples and in the range of culture-grades from sayagery to enlightenment, which it is theirs alone to survey, aud have reconstructed the scienoeAMERICAN GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION OT of main ona ligher plane than ts kuown abrond. Thow Amoricis, has outstripped the rest of the world in selentifie develuprent, especially during the lant quarter-century, and while the pros gregs lik gaud forward at equil rate in every part of the lind ite conter ie the National Capital, where the federal otfices and severn| of the scientific societies are located; and tie assembling of our educators in our Capital City is «fitting conjunction which minat bopefit both, ‘The Jamest learned hod; domiciled in the Capital City athe National Geagraphic Soviet, Although the major portion of its niembers are residents of the District of Columbia, it hana membership distributed over all of thy state and territories, especially iit the leniling edaeational Institutions ‘The express function of the Society ia “the increase sind diffusion of goo- gniphie knowledge.” These ends are attained by titans of public mevtings for the presentation and disoussion of commu. nications. by the publication of a magaxing, and in othor appro printe ways, 1} is, i) the best sense of the term, an educational institution; and the suceess-of its work is attested by its unpre- codentedly rapid growth in metbership) aed influence. ; ‘The National Goograplie Soviety is among the institutions of the National Cajital striving to rendue the ineeting of the Na- tignal Ealucitional Association agreeable atid profitable. It's sociired the codperation of the scientific bureaus in the prepara- tion of an oxhibit Mvetrating the work of the federal goverment in knowledge-muking, and indicating the eduentional fuilities of thi Capital; thisexhibit is installed in the Central High Sehool building, and will be in immediate charge of custodians able to, explain the maps, apparatus, and other objects exhibited, and. to deserlbe the work of the bureaus. It has armanged a. field- meeting in the interest of the Aseocintion, at which the methods. aod purposes of the Society will be Mustrated by addresses on phases of geography hy the leading living apociilists. Lt his tlevoted 4 special number of Tae Navioxan Guoanarmie Mag- seni to the Associntion, and provided for its snle to members nt a frction of the customary price. Finklly it was ane of the institutions of the National Capital to cordially invite the edus vators of the country to Washington; ite officers aad menibers are serving on loeal qnmurittees and ontrihuting in other ways to the conyention; and it stunds second to no-inetivution, in wel- coming the educators of America to the faircity by the Potomac which line become the world’s ceuter of enlightetiment,ORIGIN OF THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE UNITED STATES * By G. K. Gremuce, Uivtied Sten Geregiond Sueceyy Fifteen years azo, on a September morning, [stood on ahouse- top in Auf, waiting for the rising of the sun. On other howse- top here and there were other watchers, sitting orstanding with their fanes townrd the east, ard abnoy side atc a vener- able priest of the Sun, oblivious of all else and gazing intently on the spot where the sun should appear. From his neck hung a srl!) bag containing sacred meal. When the first striak af Tight nppleared above the eastern mosa his lips began to move, aod he repeated slowly and with low voice an invocation to the Sun. Then, taking from the hag-n small offering of the conse- eruted flour, le breathed upon it and cast it toward the east. Cushiig, who beoame a Zuni Indian that he might learn thelr Tore, tells m4 that this sac-rise ritual contains archaic words off whieh few modern Zanis know the meaning —words related to the mudern Zu6i tongue as Norman Frenoh to modero English, and showisy that the Zui sun-worshiy began in remote thines, fr betond the possibility of historical determiinatio ‘The Aufii's réverente for thesun-god isshared | tribes. and bulongs te the oarly ized pouples, To Inter stages af culture iv is onde hy the worship of ani- tmals,of the personified powers of nature, and. of personified mental power, so that with civilized man the old sun-worehip hasdisappeared; but thory i¢a now stin-worship, introduced and fostered by scienue, for science line discovered in the sun a. ureator. of wonderful versatility and power Geographers worship also another natare-god, the or the uderround, a croates alse anil co-worker with th These two gods of physical geography were known to the Greeke na Helios and Hades, to the Rotman as Apolloand Pluto. Tn unhy savage od mpring af Tin me Lestat ieepareel al) ral prinetplaePHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE UNITED STATES 0 willy, 3 the stimulator of Life, ad pt into the e: butto carly tradition heis the sun, a tature-zod codrdinate with Pluto, the underground. Geology tis long recognized Plato, but has made him cofirdinate with the #ea- ephine, naming ber rocks (intwo yreat wrotips, the plutouia and heptunian, Neptuno has place alo in the pantheon of geography, but only ne a vassal of thé mightier Apollo, Apollo gives to the-enrth light, lest, frost, storm, and Hives, and isdaily the ereatoref motionand life. Pluto isan unknown god, hidden and mysterious. The Greeks named him Hades, the His-only attribute of which we are altogether sure i Inagination pictures hin in various ways, but imogina- differ, and their conflicting sketches need not claim our ion tuday, Ale made the coutinont and is nevar tired of renaking IL Butfor him the globular earth would be envelopt dian widjes: comin, and life would be far different from the life we know, By ridging the otter rind of the earth he created the Tand ond-set a limit to the dea, and from age to.age he terns, dogmdation and subsequent aggradation, When a considerable aren of carth-crnst rise in euch Tanner as to tromform smooth sea-bettom to dry land, cortain changes are wrought on the surk When the rine fill,.a prurtof the water lies Jong on the level surface and forms marshes, but here aid there rivulets form and Now down the gentle slopes toward the 4ea; the rivulet out rille and, as the waters gather strength with jucrased volume, dig pallies; eventually the rilld uite in dtrenuibets and brooks, and the gullies ¢xpaud into ravines and valleys; atid in time streams and rivers are formed, each flowing fh wi ito or valloy of ig ownmaking. [n thisway the suriiee of the uplifted sea-bottom is carved into valley-aysteme, and the forms of the vallnyy deters the formsof the lille anc divides by which they are bounded, It is in this way that the lands of the earth are senlptured; anid the sculpture of running water produces a charattoristie typography.THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA so The darth-matter ont out of the rilis, gullies, mvines, aud tal levs is transported by the manning water inte the adjacent Iikee or sen, where it is dropped, swept hore and there by the wares, amd eventually Wilt inte shoots of aedinent, or formations, So long we land and. sen maintain their relative position, the sed ments ure nocnmulated continuously and constitute a single formation; but if the eurth-crust rises or sinks, the formation changes? 1 the earth-crast rises, th in withdraws and sen- bottom is converted inte land to hesetl ptured inte land-forn fit sinks, the ocean advances and sediments ure laid down vir the Inud-forms sculptured by the rtaning waters, and an oneon- formity ik produced, ‘Thus it regions like the Coastal province there are tw portant clases of prodnuts, (a) Iand-forms, and (4) formations; and the auqonfornities soparating the formations are old land- surfaces, ‘Thedlevelopment of the region is recorded in land-forms, forma tions, nnd Wnomtfurmities produced in this way. THE LANPnHSS Above the moath of Hoek crock, Potamae tiver Hows in a steep-bluffed gorse eat sharply ia the Piedmont plateau; Rodk tree, te jes Wnarrow xtd rigred villay cut in a pliin— a plain ap definite that the ateles its continuity and fils tonote the galley gave whee near its brink, ‘The lesser tril tories of the Potumne and of Rock creek flow ii Harrower val- love, queges, anid ravities, each: proportionate to the leugth and its #trmai. ‘Thus the western part of the district ta wland of sharp-out gorges and favines, with mugued hille Te tween; while toward the main divides. the waterways diminish in depth and the aurface- homomess a pee nalslies plateau, Anil itis too, that the eltkntcle as deep Leeiuee this gatrt- of the hanel Hands high above the level of tide; and aftera little study of thee st 23 Of the valley-wides, it ie evident aleo that the period of valley-cuttiny Wad not very long—for the steep slope is a sign of rapid stteam-work. - Below Rock ereck, Potomac river expands in a tidal edtuary flanked tw moderately steep bhafis nnd fined with alluvium or Fivermud, Anaevstia river ocoupics a similar but smaller trough, relatively broad and shallow us that of the Potomac;