విజయమోహన్ రెడ్డి.

గద్వాల
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 12 WûË 2005

Oªô¢ª ÔÙ àŸC-Nû¦
OªÚÛª ÓÙêŸ êµL-ú‡û¦
Oªö˺ ÓÙêŸæ¨ ûµjí£±éuÙ Ñû¦o
Oª þ§nô³ Ôëµjû¦
Oª ví£AòÅ¡ìª Ó÷ô¢ª ÞœªJhÙà¦õû¦o
Oª ÷uÚ¨h-ÞœêŸ N÷-ô¦-öµjû¦
÷ª¸ô Nù£óŸª Nø™x-ù£é Íô³û¦...

#ìo #ìoN êµLóŸª¸Ú #ÚÛª\õª!

OªÚÛª Oªô¢ªÞ¥ àµí£±p-ÚÁ-î¦L!
ÏÙvšíú‡îËÂÞ¥ ÑÙè¯L!
ÏÙvçµ-ú‡dÙÞ¥ àµð§pL!
ÏÚÛ\è¶ ÎÙÞœxí£J-â°cìÙ Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù!
ÍÙë]ªÚÛª þ¼p·ÚûËÂ ÏÙTxùÃ
ú£·ôjì ÎóŸ³ëÅ]Ù!
Oª õ¤Ûu-þ§-ëÅ]-ìö˺ OªÚÛª êÁè[p-è¶Ù-ë]ª¸Ú
‘Ðû¦-è[ª–-ví£-AòÅ¡’ ôÁV Nè…# ôÁV Spoken English Conversational English
ú£ªõòÅ¡ø˜jLö˺ þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ
û¶ ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.
÷ªÙ# Career ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛªû¶ Në¯u-ô¢ªn-õÙ-ë]-JÚ© Í÷-ú£-ô¢-iì
î¦uþ§õìª ÍÙC-þ¼hÙC.
Sentence-1ö˺ verb is, Sentence-2 ö˺
Communications Skillsö˺ ÷³Üu-iì òŰޜ٠Spoken English. verb 'do speak', Sentence-3, 4 õö˺ 'is'.
Spoken Englishö˺ ÖÚÛ Sentence Subject,
÷ªÙ# ÑëÁuÞ¥ö˺x, ÚÁô¢ªqö˺x ví£î¶-ø‹-EÚ¨ Eô¢y-ÙචInterviews, group Verb ÞœªJhÙ-àŸÞœõÞœè[Ù à¦ö° Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. î¦æ¨E
I discussions, presentations, self sketches ö˺ NáóŸªÙ þ§CÅÙ-à¦- ÞœªJh›úh NªÞœ-ê¦-÷Fo à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù.
Kavita : How did you do in yesterday's
õÙç¶ Spoken English Oªë] í£åªd Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. a) Andhra Pradesh is the biggest state in
South India
exam?
(Eìo í£K-¤Ûõª Óö° ô¦ø‹îËÂ?) (ÕÕ-Ó-îªö˺ â°ô³ûË ڥ÷-è¯-EÚ¨ Ú¥uæËÀ (î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙTxùà ÷«æ°x-è[ô¢ª) b) The Eenadu was published first from

ô¦ø‹ìª ÚÛë¯! íÆ£L-ê¦õ ÚÁú£Ù 3. Where is Ramesh?

Vizag.
Suji : Well, I think. How did you do ?
(ò°Þ¥û¶ ô¦ø‹-ì-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª. ìªîµyö° àŸ«ú£ªhû¦o. ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]û¶ Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o) (ô¢î¶ªøÉ ÓÚÛ\è[?) Ð ·ôÙè[ª Sentences ÖÚÛ Nù£-óŸ«Eo ൛ípN.
ÍÙç¶ Statements Íìo-÷«å.
ô¦ø‹îËÂ?) Suneetha : I wish I had appeared for CAT 4. How beautiful the Taj is!
c) Is AP the biggest state in South India?
too. It's too late now. I think I'll (ê¦âÉÀ-÷ª-öËÀ ÓÙêŸ ÍÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙC)
Kavita: Not bad. I could have done better. d) Was the Eenadu first published from
(í£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª. ÏÙÚ¥ú£h ò°Þ¥ ô¦ú‡ ÑÙè[- do MCA. I am preparing for the šíj Sentencesö˺ ví£AD
Vizag?
ֈٻa) entrance tests of all MCA
courses. I may also take PG
ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ Nù£-óŸ«Eo ÞœªJÙ#
àµñª-êÁÙC. îµ³ë]æ¨ (c), (d)õª Questions ÚÛë¯. (a), (b) õÚÛ« (c),
Suji: What group are going to study in entrance tests and do MSc Sentence (d) õÚÛ« ê¶è¯ àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
Inter? Computers or Electronics. 'Vijayawada'ìª, Englishö˺ (a), (b)õö°Ùæ¨ StatementsÚÛª,
(ÏÙå-ôÂö˺ Ô vÞœ«íà Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oîËÂ?)
·ôÙèÁC
(û¶ì« ô¦ú‡ ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C. Íô³ê¶ 'They'ìª, ÷´èÁC (c), (d)õö°Ùæ¨ QuestionsÚÛª ví£ëů-ìÙÞ¥ ê¶è¯
Kavita : MPC. What about you ? Ïí£±pè[ª Íìª-Ú•E ÔÙ ö°òÅ¡Ù? û¶ìª 'Ramesh'ìª, û¦õªÞÁC î¦ÚÛu-E-ô¦téÙ (sentence structure)ö˺ ÑÙåªÙC.
(ÓÙíˆúˆ. ìª÷±y...!) ÓÙú‡Ó à¶þ§hìª. í‡> ví£î¶øŒ í£K-¤Ûõª 'Taj'ìª ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-꟪- (sentence structure ÍÙç¶ Ô ÷«å ÷³Ùë]ª, Ô
Suji : Not sure yet, though dad wants me ÚÛ«è¯ ô¦óŸ«-õE ÑÙC. Ótúˆq û¦oô³. Ïö° Sentence M. SURESAN ÷«å êŸô¦yêŸ Íû¶ Í÷ªJÚÛ.)
to do MPC. ÚÛÙí£²u-åôÂq ö¶ë¯ Óõ-Ú¥Z-EÚÂq Ú¥F ൛íp Nù£-óŸ«Eo ë¯E Statement : AP is the
(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔNª Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. ÷« û¦ìo à¶þ§h) 'Subject' ÍÙæ°Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d îµ³ë]æ¨ Sentence
Structure ) Subject + Verb
ÓÙíˆúˆ Íû¶ ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª)
(DE
Subject Vijayawada, ·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject

Kavita : Which college? (Ô Ú¥ö¶@?) Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-é-õFo Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯...! biggest state in south India.

Question : Is AP the biggest

Suji : No idea as yet. What's going to be Spoken Englishö˺ Grammar ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª-ÚÁ- Verb + Subject
your college? ÷è[Ù Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. Íô³ê¶ Grammar êµLú‡-ìÙêŸ state in South India!
(ÔNª Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª... ìª÷±y!) ÷«vê¦ì English ò°Þ¥ ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÁ- ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 1 Statementö˺ Subject ÷³Ùë]ª, Verb êŸô¦yêŸ
Kavita : Same here. Not decided yet.
÷è[Ù ð»ô¢-ð§åª. Í÷-ú£-ô¢îµªiì ÚÛFú£ grammar êµõª-
÷þ¼hÙC.Questionö˺ DEÚ¨ ÷uA-¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ verb
(û¶ìª ÍÙê¶. ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙ Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª.) ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ÷³Ùë]ªÞ¥...
They, ÷´èÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject Ramesh, û¦õªÞÁ ÷³Ùë]ª subject êŸô¦yêŸ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô³. ÏC English
VOCABULARY î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject The Taj.
II Íö°¸Þ ví£A SentenceöËºì« 'Subject'ìª
ö˺ à¦ö° ví£ëů-ì-iì ê¶è¯.
Vocabulary ÍÙç¶ òÅ°ù£ö˺ ÑÙè¶ ÷«å-õ-Foì«. Statement : The Eenadu was published first
Spoken Englishö˺
ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp òŰޜ٠ÖÚÛæ¨ ÑÙåªÙ-ë]E Þœ÷ª-EÙà¶
Supriya : Hi, Suneetha, What a relief! The
Í÷-ú£-ô¢-iì ÷«åõª þ§÷«- structure : Subject + Verb
ìuÙÞ¥ ëµjìÙ-Cì @N-ê¦-EÚ¨, ÚÛFú£ Í÷ú£-ô¦õÚÛª, ÏêŸ- ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. šíjì 1st sentenceö˺'.... is on the
final degree exams are over. But banks of the Krishna' Î Sentence subject from Vizag.
What next for you?
ô¢ªõêÁ Ñìo ú£ÙñÙ-ëůõÚÛª, ÚÁô¢ªÚÛª-û¶-î¦-æ¨Ú©, ð»Ùë¶-î¦-
Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ ÞœªJÙ# àµñªêÁÙC. Question : Was the Eenadu published first
(Í÷ªtóŸªu! í£K-¤Û-öµj-ð¼-óŸ«óÀª ú£ªFê¦. æ¨Ú© ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ìîµj ÑÙæ°ô³. à¦ö° ÷ªÙCÚ¨ ÏÙTx-
êŸô¦yêŸ ÔÙ à¶þ§hîËÂ) ùÃö˺ šíë]l-šíë]l ÷«åõª êµõªþ§hô³. Ú¥F #ìo-#ìo 'She sings well' structure : Verb + Subject ( Verb)

from Vizag?
Suneetha : Not yet decided. What are your
Nù£-óŸ«-õÚÛª ÏÙTxùà ÷«åõª, î¦æ¨ î¦è[ªÚÛ êµL-óŸªë]ª. Ð Sentenceö˺ 'She' Subject. 'Sings well'
Íö°¸Þ Listening. ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõª ÷«æ°xè¶ English Íû¶C Subject She ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp òÅ°ÞœÙ. 'sings Ð Ú¨ÙC Statements ìª quesitons Þ¥ ÷«Ja
plans? Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-Þœ-õ-Þœè[Ù. DEÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ daily lifeö˺ þ§ëů- practice
(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙ Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. F ú£ÙÞœ- well'ö˺ 'sings' ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ sentence ö¶ë]ª. (She à¶óŸªÙè….
ô¢-éÙÞ¥ î¦è¶ ÷«åõª, î¦æ¨ Pronunciation ÚÛ«è¯
ê¶Ùæ¨?) well - ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ö¶ë]ª. Sentence ö¶ë]ª). ÍÙç¶ Statements Questions
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. 'She sings well' - Ð sentenceö˺ Subject a) (Yes), They are students -----?
Supriya : Well, You know I've taken the Ð î¦Ú¥uõª í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. 'She' êŸô¦yêŸ 'Sings' Íû¶ ÷«å SentenceÚÛª b) (Yes), Rani is the leader -----?
CAT for joining in IIM. Waiting for 1. Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishna à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åû¶ 'VERB' ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. c) (No), I am not happy -----?
the results. If I make it, I'll join
(Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ ÚÛ'ù£g Öè[ªfì ÑÙC) Subject, Verb êµõªú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù à¦ö°-÷³ÜuÙ. d) (Yes), He was here last night -----?
one of the IIMs. Hope I shall be
2. They do not speak English îµ³åd-îµ³ë]å Ï#aì û¦õªÞœª Sentencesö˺ Verbs e) (No), She is not hungry ? -----?
fortunate.
àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 14 WûË 2005

÷ªìÙ ôÁW ÷«æ°xè¶ ÎÙÞœxÙ ú£·ôjìë¶ ÍEí‡Ù#û¦, ÚÛ«õÙÚÛù£ÙÞ¥ àŸ«›úh

êŸí£±põª ñóŸªåí£è[ê¦ô³. NìoëÁ, ú£·ôjìë]E òÅ°NÙàÁ ú£ÙòÅ°ù£éö˺x
Ñí£óµ«Tþ§hÙ. ÚÛ·ôÚ¥d Ú¥ë¯ ÍE Îö˺#Ù# ÷«æ°xè[Ù. Ú¥F ìõªÞœªôÁx
÷«æ°xè¶åí£±pè[ª þ§ëÅ]uiìÙêŸ ÷ªÙ# òÅ°ù£ Í÷ú£ô¢Ù. ÷ªìÚÛª êµLú‡Ùë¶
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd ÍìªÚÛªÙç¶ êµõªú£ªÚÁ÷è¯EÚ¨ íÆ£±öËÀþ§díà í£è…ìç¶d.

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
❐ English pronunciation confusion
Ú¥ô¢éÙ Ö¸Ú Í¤Ûô¢Ù ·ôÙè[ª ôyô¢ª øŒò°l-õÚÛª
ú£Ù¸Ú-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù.
Ñë¯: Car ö˺ c-ÚÛ, centre ö˺ c-ú£
ÚÛª

❐ Ö¸Ú øŒò°l-EÚ¨ ·ôÙè[ª ôyô¢ª ͤÛ-ô¦õª î¦è[è[Ù.

í£õªÚÛªö˺ R ÞœõxÙ꟪! 3. They are happy 5. ÷« êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª ôÁW 10 ìªÙ# 4 ÷ô¢ÚÛª
Ñë¯: centre - c ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£, sentry - s ÏÚÛ\è[ VERBS 4. Are you happy?
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
ú£). Kranthi: Was anything special in the sun-
5. Why are you here?
6. They are our relatives 6. Oªô¢ª ôÁW Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?
day Eenadu?
Óö° í£õ-Ú¥L? (ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ‘Ðû¦-è[ª’ö˺ Ôëµjû¦ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛêŸ ÑÙë¯?) am, is, are Ïí£±pè[ª (now) ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
(present) ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. ÍÙê¶ Ú¥ë]ª–
English ÷«åö˺x ÓÚÛª\÷ õÙ-ê¦õª. ÍÙç¶ 7. ٠ڥö¶@ö˺ 10 ìªÙ# 4 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙæ°Ù?
Karuna: Yes. There was the first lesson in
am, is, are regular Þ¥ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-è¯-
#÷-ô¢-ð»-õªxêÁ ÑÙè¶ øŒò°lõª ÓÚÛª\÷. Pen - šíûËÂ; Spoken English.
(Í÷±ìª. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà ë]æ¨ ð§ôÈ¢Ù ÑÙC.) EÚ¨ Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª. ÍÙç¶ Ôëµjû¦ ÓÚÛ\èµjû¦ vÚÛ÷ªÙ ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Book- ñªÚÂ, Watch - î¦àÂ; Phone - ðƼûËÂ; Take êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ÚÛ«è¯ am, is, are
- ç¶óÀªÚÂ. Ïö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x #÷J ð»õªxìª ð»õªxÞ¥
Kranthi: Was anything important in it?
(ÍÙë]ªö˺ Ôiû¦ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛêŸ ÑÙë¯?) êµõªí£±ê¦ô³. Ú¨ÙC sentencesìª practice Answers:
í£L-򬐦 ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. šíìªo, ñªÚÛª\, î¦<, ðƼìª, à¶óŸªÙè…. 2. When is your father at office?
ç¶ÚÛª ÍìÙ. Englishö˺ ÷«æ°x-è¶-åí£±pè[ª ð»õªx Karuna: Yes. Very important point was
Oª Ú¥xú£ª-öµ-í£±pè[ª? (ví£A ôÁW – ÏC regular)
3. His pen is always in his pocket.
#÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ ÷«åõª ð»õªxÞ¥ í£L-Ú¨-ê¶û¶ ÍÙë]Ù. there- the difference between the
statement structure and question
4. When are your classes (every day)?
When are your classes every day? 5. Our classes are from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
structure.
ÏC ÷³ÜuÙ! (Í÷±ìª. à¦ö° ÷³Üu-iì Nù£óŸªÙ... ÏÚÛ\è[ 'are' ÓÙë]ªÚÛª î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ? ÏC ví£A 6. When are you at college (every day)?

ÏÙTxùà ÷«åö˺x #÷J 'r'ìª í£õÚÛÙ. Ñë¯--ô¢é ›údæËÀ-ÙæËÀ ú£ZÚÛa-ôÂÚ¨ Ú•ø˜aûË ú£ZÚÛa-ôÂÚ¨ ê¶è¯ ôÁW vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£pE Nù£óŸªÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d. 7. We are at college from 10 to 4 (every

(è¯ÚÛd), car (Ú¥), for (ðƼ), paper àµð§pô¢ª.) ÷ªSx àŸ«è[Ùè…. day)?
1st show Óí£±pè[ª? 6, 7î¦Ú¥uö˺x every
Doctor
(šíóÀªí£). Kranthi: Is it so important?
1st show Óí£±pè[« Ö¸Ú çµjîªÚÛª ÑÙåªÙC ÚÛë¯? day Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. (are
Ô ÷«å #÷ô¢ 'r' Ñû¦o ë¯Eo í£õ-ÚÛ-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷C- (ÍC ÍÙêŸ ÷³Üu÷«?)
ÍÙç¶ regularÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d is î¦è[è[Ù ÍÙç¶û¶ ·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥
ö¶þ§hÙ.ÍÚÛ\è['r' silent. Ô ÷«åõ ÷ªëÅ]uö˺ Karuna: Very. The statement has the sub-
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ÑÙè[è[Ù.)
Íô³û¦ a, e, i, o, uõö˺ ë¶E êŸô¦yêŸ 'r' ÷#aû¦ ject first, and the verb next. The
ÍC silent. ë¯Eo í£õÚÛÙ. ë¯E êŸô¦yêŸ a, e, i, o, question has verb first and the
VOCABULARY
u, õö˺ Ôëµjû¦ ÷›úh êŸí£p. subject next.
(à¦ö°... ›údæËÀ-Ùæ˺x îµ³ë]å ú£òµbÚÛªd êŸô¦yêŸ þ§÷«-ìu-iì Íû¦-ôÁ- M. SURESAN
Ñë¯: form (ðƧÙ); Card (Ú¥èÂ); Fur (íÆ£); sir îµôÂs ÑÙæ°ô³. Ú¥F Ú•ø˜a-ûËÂö˺ ÷³Ùë]ª îµôÂs Þ¥uõª, î¦æ¨Ú¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì
(ú£), her (); information (ÏûËÂ-íÆ£-- êŸô¦yêŸ ú£òµbÚÛªd ÑÙæ°ô³.) ÷«åõª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù–
óÀª-ù£ûËÂ). ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 2
1. áõªñª– Cold. 2. ë]Þœª_ Cough (Ú¥íÆÃ). 3.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! ÏÙë]ªö˺ vÚ¥ÙA-÷Fo
ví£øŒoõª. ÚÛô¢ª-é-÷Fo ›údæËÀ-Ùåªx. ꟪÷³t– Sneeze (úˆoâÉÀ– ‘âÉÀ’ sizeö˺ #÷J
When is the first show?
øŒñlÙö°Þ¥ í£õ-Ú¥L.) 4. <ë]è[Ù– blow the nose.
ÏO Í÷ú£ô¢î¶ª!
Ð î¦Ú¥uõª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…... Oª·ô-í£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª Collegeö˺ (ví£A ôÁV)
Oæ¨-êÁ-ð§åª I am here- verb: 'am'
5. Ú¥¸ô ÷³ÚÛª\ – running nose. 6. ûË•í‡p – ache
Conversationö˺ Í÷- You are in class- verb: 'are'
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ 'regular' Ú¥ñæ¨d, (ÓóÀªÝËÀ), ò°ëÅ] – pain, suffering;
ú£-ô¢-iì Ú•Eo ÷«åõª My pen is in my pocket- When are you at college (every day)? ë¶ï£° òÅ°Þ¥õ ûË•í£±põª: ÚÛè[ª-í£±-ûË•í‡p, êŸõ-ûË•í‡p,
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. îµ³ë]å verb: 'is' ÏÚÛ\è[ every day ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-ô³û¦ íÆ£ô¢-î¦-ö¶ë]ª. ìè[ªÙûË•í‡p Oæ¨Ú¨ Î òÅ°Þ¥õ ›íô¢ª êŸô¦yêŸ 'ache'
parts of the human
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ 'are' ÍÙç¶ regularÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d. î¦è[ªê¦Ù.pain î¦è[Ù.
body- øŒKô¢ òÅ°Þ¥õÚÛª
šíj
sentencesö˺ Ñìo Verbs stomach ache- stomach pain Ú¥ë]ª.
ÏÙTxùà ÷«åõª 'am', 'is', 'are. Oæ¨ Íô¢nÙ Íö°¸Þ ‘û¶ìª þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ÏÙæ˺xû¶ ÑÙæ°ìª’
àŸ«ë¯lÙ. ‘ÑÙè[è[Ù’ Íû¶ ë¯EÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#- Íìè[Ù Óö°? head ache, back ache etc.
head, face,
ìN. Ð Ú¨ÙC êµõªÞœª ví£øŒoõª, 'I am at home in the evenings'.
áyô¢Ù (fever) ÷à¶aåªx, ÷#a-ìåªx 'feel' Íô³ê¶
eyes, ears, neck,
Statements Englishö˺ prac- Evenings ÍÙç¶ ví£A evening- regular.
'feeling feverish'.
shoulder, hand,
legs, fingers ö°Ùæ¨
tice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ú¥ñæ¨d regular states of being (vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p- ë]ªô¢ë] itch (ÏàÂ) ÞÁÚÛåÙ scratch (vþ§\àÂ),
÷«åõ Íô¦lÄõª ÍÙë]JÚ© 1. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ÓÚÛ\è[ ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[è[Ù) àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ am, is, are î¦è[è[Ù Þ•Ù꟪ ûË•í‡p – sore throat; ò°ëÅ]êÁ Íô¢-÷è[Ù
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú¨ English àµí£pÙè…. prac- groan; Î÷±-LÙ-àŸè[Ù yawn, î¦í£± – swelling,
êµõªú£ª. thumb (ò˹å- Ñû¦oô¢ª?
ì-î¶õª), forefinger tice à¶óŸªÙè…. ÚÛÙC-ì-î¦í£± – inflammation. Ï÷Fo practice à¶ú‡
(àŸ«í£±-è[ª-î¶õª), middle
English: Where are you?
1. Ð çµjîªö˺ Óí£±pè[« Oª·ôÙ-ë]ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°-J-ÚÛ\è[? ÷«æ°x-è¶-åí£±pè[ª î¦è[Ùè….
2. (Ïí£±pè[ª) û¶ìª Ú¥xú£ªö˺ û¦ÚÛª êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ ÑÙC.
(÷ªëÅ]uî¶õª), (Regular ÚÛë¯?)
finger
Ñû¦oìª.
ring finger (ÑÙÞœô¢Ù
I have a head ache.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Answer: Why are you here at this time ÷« Í÷ªtÚÛª áõªñª.
î¶õª), little finger every day?
(#æ¨-·Úì î¶õª). toe 3. (Ïí£±pè[ª) î¦üŒ‰x ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ 2. Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª Îíƈ-ú£ªö˺ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?
My mother has a cold.

(Ú¥L-î¶õª), big toe Ñû¦oô¢ª. Ïö°Ù-æ¨N ÷ªJÚ•Eopractice à¶óŸªÙè….

(Ú¥L ò˹å-ì-î¶õª), nail (ÞÁô¢ª), waist (ìè[ªÙ), ––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
wrist (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd), arm (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd ìªÙ# òÅ¡ªáÙ
––––--––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
3. î¦è… šíûË Óí£±pè[« î¦è… â¶ñªö˺ ÑÙåªÙC. ÏÙTxùà Consonant ending øŒò°lõª ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥
÷ô¢ÚÛª), forearm (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd ìªÙ# à¶ô³ 4. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£-ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oô¦?
(elbow) ÷ô¢ÚÛª), back arm (elbow ìªÙ# òÅ¡ªáÙ
––––--––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Ñìo òÅ°ù£. ÍÙç¶ ð»õªxõª #÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ øŒò°lõª
––––--––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ÓÚÛª\÷. #÷ô¢ ð»õªxõìª ð»õªx-õª-Þ¥û¶ í£õ-Ú¥L.
÷ô¢ÚÛª), buttocks (í‡ô¢ª-ë]ªõª), Knee (ڥõª). 4. ôÁW Oª êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Óí£±pè[ª?
Knee ìªÙ# ð§ë]Ù ÷ô¢ÚÛª Ú¥L ÷³Ùë]ô¢ òŰޜ٠5. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛª-û¦oô¢ª? Ñë¯: book, ñªÚÂ, ñªÚÛª\ Ú¥ë]ª.
––––--––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– šíûËÂ, šíìªo Ú¥ë]ª. Tub - åòËÀ, åñªs Ú¥ë]ª.
shin, Ú¥L-îµ-ìÚÛ òŰޜ٠calf (Ú¥íÆÃ), Ú¥LÚ© ð§ë¯-EÚ¨
––––--––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Hotel- É˹ç¶öËÀ (‘綒 ûË•ÚÛ\Ùè…). mag-
÷ªëÅ]u joint (Ú©õª)– ankle, ð§ë]Ù Íè[ªÞœª–Sole,
í‡è…-Ú¨L– fist, Íô¢-à¶ô³– Palm, ÚÛìª-ò˹-÷ªõª– eye- 6. (Ïí£±pè[ª) î¦üŒ‰x ÷« àŸªæ°dõª. Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! azine- Ïö° #÷ô¢ 'ine', 'ile' ÑÙç¶
brows, ìªë]ªô¢ª – forehead. cheeks - àµÚ¨\üŒ‰x,
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª ÐûËÂ, ÐöËÀö° í£õ-Ú¥L. Magazine -
pupil - ÚÛÙæ¨-ð§í£, eyelid- ÚÛìª-·ôí£p, nostril-
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, ޜ-@ûË (@, ÏÚÛ\è[ easyö˺ #÷J øŒñlÙ-
÷³ÚÛª\ ô¢ÙvëÅ]Ù, gums - í£Ùæ¨-#-ÞœªüŒ‰x, skull-í£±v·ô, ö°Ù-æ¨C) Automobile- Îæ˹-îµ³-HöËÀ,
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
Answers:
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
scalp- Våªd Ú¨ÙC êŸõ-šíj-òÅ°ÞœÙ. 2. I am in class intestine (›íÞœª) ÏÙçµ-ú‡dûË etc.
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 16 WûË 2005

Ô í£ë]Ù ÓÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª Óö° í£õÚ¥ö˺ Íö° í£LÚ¨ê¶û¶ òÅ°ù£ þ»Þœú£ªÞ¥

ÑÙåªÙC. êµLúˆ êµLóŸªE ví£óµ«Þ¥õª Óë]ªæ¨ î¦JE Íóµ«÷ªóŸªÙö˺ڨ
ûµç¶dóŸª÷àŸªa ö¶ë¯ Nú£ªÞœª ÚÛLTÙàŸ÷àŸªa. ÷«êŸ'òÅ°ù£ Ñà¦aô¢éêÁû¶
ÎÙÞ¥xEo í£õÚÛè[Ù ÚÛ«è¯ Ú•ÙêŸ ÚÛ'êŸÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC. ÍÙë]ª¸Ú ÷ªìÙ
û¶ô¢ªaÚÛªû¶ òÅ°ù£ö˺E ú£ï£°áiì í£ë]lÄ꟪õìª Íìªú£JÙàŸè[Ù Í÷ú£ô¢Ù.

the- ÓÚÛ\è[ ‘C’, Óí£±pè[ª ‘ë]’?

ðƼûË à¶óŸªè[Ù– phone, ringup, give a ring,
call- Oå-Eo-æ¨ö˺ Ïí£±pè[ª ò°Þ¥ î¦è[ª-ÚÛö˺ Ñìo ÷«å,
'call', phone to a person, phone a person
í£²JhÞ¥ ð§êŸ-ñ-è…-ð¼-óŸ«ô³. ring up, give a ring
ÏÙÚ¥ î¦è[ª-ÚÛö˺ Ñû¦oô³.
1) Oªô¢ª û¦ÚÁ-þ§J ðƼûË à¶óŸªÙè….
Please call me.
Please give me a ring.
Please ring me up.
WAS, WERE ÑÙè¯L. 6. I was at College. êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ à¶þ§hìª.
Ram: Were you there yesterday? 7.Eìo ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙë]ªÚÛªû¦o÷±? 7. Are you at college at this time every day? I will certainly call you.

(Eìo ìª÷±y ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oî¦?) Why were you here yesterday? 8. Yes, I am (at college... every day - conver- Sure, I will call you.
÷ªSx OªÚÛª ðƼûË à¶þ§hìª.
Raghav: I was there, of course. 8. ÷« ›úo-꟪è[ª ÞœêŸ ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª. sationö˺ Ð òŰޜ٠÷C-ö¶-óŸª-÷àŸªa.)
(Í÷±ìª ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª) 9. When are you at home usually? (÷«÷´-
I will get back to you.

Ram: When were you there?

My friend was here last Sunday.
Ú¥ñæ¨d ÞœêŸÙ (past)ö˺ ÑÙè¶ Nù£-óŸ«õìª õªÞ¥ Ú¥ñæ¨d 'are') 2) û¦Ú¥ Nù£óŸªÙ ϖ-ô³öËÀ à¶óŸªÙè….
(Óí£±p-è[ª-û¦oîËÂ?) Óí£±pè[« was, wereõö˺ àµñªê¦Ù. 10. I am at home in the evenings (Regular,
Please mail me the matter.

Raghav: I was there exactly at 6 when the Ú¨ÙC sentencesìª englishö˺ practiceà¶óŸªÙè…. therefore, am) but I was not (wasn't) at
Please mail the matter to me at
[email protected]
function began. 1. Praveen: Oªô¢ª Eìo ÏÙæ˺x Ñû¦oô¦? home last evening. Ú•JóŸªô ë¯yô¦ í£Ùí£Ùè….
(ú£JÞ¥_ íÆ£ÙÚÛ{ûË ë]-öµjì 6 ÞœÙå-õÚÛª 2. Pranav: Í÷±ìª, ÏÙæ˺xû¶ Ñû¦oìª. (Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ, Eìo ô¦vA – last evening,
3)

ÍÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦oìª) 3. Praveen: Oª Íìo ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙæ˺xû¶ Ñû¦oè¯? last night). 4)

Send it by courier.
÷«÷´õª ð¼úÃd ë¯yô¦ í£Ùí£Ùè….
Ram: Who else was there yesterday?
4. Pranav: ö¶è[ª. 11. Where else were you? (Eìo Ú¥ñæ¨d)
(Eìo ÏÙÚ¥ Ó÷-ô¢ª-û¦oô¢ª?) Post it.
5. Praveen: Eìo Oªô¢ª ÓÚÛ\è[ª-û¦oô¢ª?
12. I was at a meeting. Send it by ordinary post.
➠ Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£éìª Oªô¢ª, Oª friendêÁÞ¥F, Oª
Raghav: Anil, and Sunil were also there.
(ÍEöËÀ, ú£ªFöËÀ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¢ª) 6. Pranav: û¶ìª Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ Ñû¦oìª. ÏÙæ˺x Ó÷-J-êÁ-Þ¥F practice à¶óŸªÙè….
Sent it by snail mail.
'snail mail' ÍÙç¶ ìêŸh-ö°Þ¥ à¦ö° Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ram, Raghav Eìo ➠ îµ³ë]å Oªô¢ª practice à¶ú‡ êŸô¦yê¶ answers îµü™x post ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
ÍÙç¶ ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo was, wereö˺ àµí£±p-ÚÛª- àŸ«ú£ªÚÁÙè….
û¦oô¢ª. English ö˺ çµjÙìªñæ¨d Verb forms
➠ Ïí£±pè[ª àŸ«ø‹ô¦? ÖÚÛ\ am, is, are, was,
÷ªJEo ÷«åõª!
÷«ô¢ªêŸ« ÑÙæ°ô³. Ïí£±pè[ª, Óí£±pè[ª, êŸô¢-àŸªÞ¥ ÑÙè[- chew (àŸ«u) - ì÷ªõè[Ù
è¯Eo am, is, areö˺ àµñªê¦Ù. Íö°¸Þ ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ñìo wereõêÁû¶ ÓÙêŸ English ÷«æ°x-è[-÷àÁa?
3 swallow (þ§yö˺)- NªÙÞœè[Ù
î¦æ¨E Óí£±pè[« was, wereõö˺ àµñªê¦Ù.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE swallow in a gulp - ÖÚÛ ÞœªÚÛ\ö˺ NªÙÞœåÙ
trim (væ¨îª)(mustache, beard)
was- singular
7. Praveen: ví£A ôÁW Ð çµjîªö˺ Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ pure sounds ö¶÷Ù-æ°ô¢ª. ÍÙç¶
- (Oªú£Ù, Þœè[fÙ) ÚÛAh-JÙ# ú£Jà¶óŸªè[Ù
were- plural
Ïí£±pè[ª û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª. ÑÙæ°ô¦? (Regular) ÓÚÛ\èµjû¦ 'a' ͤÛô¢Ù–
clench (·ÚxûËÂàÂ)- GTÙ-àŸåÙ (í‡è…-Ú¨L – fist)
1.
➠ bake, cake, case, date, face, game, hate,
I am here 8. Pranav: Í÷±ìª. injure (ÏûËÂáôÂ) - Þ¥óŸªí£è[è[Ù
Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª. lane ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª ë¯Eo ‘ÓóÀª’Þ¥
9. Praveen: Oªô¢ª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÏÙæ˺x Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-
2.
í£õ-Ú¥L. injury (ÏûËÂáK)- Þ¥óŸªÙ
I was here yesterday
3. Oªô¢ª Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¦? ÏC Question.
æ°ô¢ª? bake- òµóÀªÚ twist (æ¨yúÃd)the arm - à¶ô³ L-A-í£pè[Ù
Ú¥ñæ¨d verb ÷³Ùë]ª ô¦î¦L 10. Pranav: þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ÏÙæ˺xû¶ ÑÙæ°ìª. Eìo cake- ·ÚóÀªÚ snap the fingers - #æ¨ÚÛ î¶óŸªè[Ù
Were you here yesterday? þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷«vêŸÙ ÏÙæ˺x ö¶ìª. case- ·ÚóÀªúà shatter (›ùåôÂ)- ñë]lõª Ú•ådè[Ù
4. Eìo î¦èµ-ÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oè[ª? (Question) 11. Praveen: ÷ª·ô-ÚÛ\è[û¦oô¢ª? face- šíÆóÀªúà swelling (šúyLÙÞÂ)- î¦í£±
game- ·ÞóÀªîª inflammation (ÏûËÂíÆ£xóÀªî¶ªù£ûËÂ)- ÚÛÙCì î¦í£±
Where was he yesterday? 12. Pranav: Oªæ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺
5. òÅ°ô¢-êŸ-ë¶øŒÙ vGæ¨ùà ð§õ-ìö˺ ÑÙè¶C. hate- šï°óÀªæËÀ
fracture(vðƧÚÛa)- Ó÷³ÚÛ Nô¢-Þœè[Ù
lane- öµóÀªûËÂ
Answers:
sprain(všúpóÀªûËÂ)- òµéªÚÛª
India was under British rule.
6. 1947 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªì ð§õ-ÚÛªõª (rulers) Ó÷ô¢ª? date- èµóÀªæËÀ
1. Were you at home yesterday?
2. Yes, I was at home. M. SURESAN
(I hate you- ÍóÀª itch(ÏàÂ)- ë]ªô¢ë], scratch(vþ§\àÂ)- ÞÁÚÛè[Ù
Who were our rulers till 1947?
šï°óÀªæËÀ óŸ´). abscess (ÎòËÀšúúÃ)- ÚÛªô¢ªí£± (<÷³êÁ)
ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ çµjîª êµLóŸª-⶛ú ÷«åõª ÍÙç¶ ê¶D, ú£Ù÷- 3. Was your brother too/also at home?
boil (ò°óÀªöËÀ)- Þœè[f
êŸqô¢Ù, ûµõ, çµjîª Óí£±pè[« sentence #÷ô¢û¶ 4. No, he was not at home. Íö°¸Þ NªÞœê¦ ÷«å-õö˺ Ú۫诖
(ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ No, he wasn't. ÍE Λí-þ§hô¢ª) tale, tail pronunciation ÖÚÛ\ç¶ – çµóÀªöËÀ. pimple (í‡ÙíÃöËÀ)- îµ³æ¨÷ª
(wasn't = was not) ➠ Óí£±pè[ª 'a', Óí£±pè[ª 'an' Íû¶C šíë]l ví£ø™o. scar (þ§\)- Þ¥óŸªÙ ÷õx ÷ªàŸa
5. Where were you? 'a, e, i o, uõêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Íó¶ªu ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª, pus (í£úÃ)- <÷³ blister (Gxú£d)-í£±Ùè[ª
'an' ÍE, NªÞœê¦ î¦æ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' ÍE ÍÙåªÙ- ÷ªSx Verbs: ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ, Óí£±pè[« ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN–
ví£øŒo: Had, would ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ short forms Íô³ì I had/would - I'd æ°ô¢ª. Ú¥F ÍC Óí£±pè[« ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. a univer- am, is, are. ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN– was,
sity, a European ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù. Íë¶ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. were. òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN– shall be,
ÕèÂ. We had/would -We'd OèÂ, Ö¸Úö° Ñû¦oô³. I'd ö¶ë¯
We'd ìª àŸ«ú‡ ú£òµbÚÛªd êŸô¦yêŸ had ÑÙë¯, would ÑÙë¯ Óö° 'the' E ‘C’ ÍE Óí£±pè[ª, ‘ë]’ ÍE Óí£±pè[ª will be
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L? í£õ-Ú¥L? ¸ôí£± û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª.
– ë¶÷ìx ÍEêŸ, ìª-÷ª-Ú•Ùè[ Í, Î, Ï, Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Õ, Ö, ×, Ø– Ð êµõªÞœª I shall be/will be there tomorrow.
áî¦ñª: 'd ìª Oªô¢-ìoåªx had ÚÛª î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. êŸô¦yêŸ ing form ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª, Oæ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'd øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Íó¶ªu English ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª ٠ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°-ÞÂö˺ ÑÙæ°Ù.
would ÚÛ« î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. Íô³ê¶ ÓÚÛ\è[ had ÓÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[« had Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Do, go, come ö°Ùæ¨ 'an' î¦è¯L. Ð øŒò°lõ ÷³Ùë]ª ÷à¶a 'the'E ‘C’Þ¥ We shall be/we will be in Vizag on Sunday.
would Íû¶C ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d ÷«vêŸî¶ª êµõªq-ÚÁ- verb forms ÷³Ùë]ª, be + ing ÷³Ùë]ª 'd Óí£±pè[« í£õÚ¥L. NªÞœê¦ øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡÷ªó¶ªu ÷«åõ ÍêŸè…E àŸ«è[è[Ù û¦ÚÛª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£î¶ª.
ÞœõÙ. would Í÷±-꟪ÙC. ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' î¦è¯L. I shall be happy to see him.
A) He'd gone before I saw him. Example: They'd done it. Íö°¸Þ 'the'E ‘ë]’Þ¥ í£õÚ¥L. ¸ôí£± ÍêŸìª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª.
ÏÚÛ\è[ He'd = He had (done past participle Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = had) a University (‘óŸ´’êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d 'a')
an example (‘Ó’êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù, Ú¥ñæ¨d 'an')
He will be here tomorrow.
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ 'gone' ö°Ùæ¨ past participles They'd been doing it. (ÏÚÛ\è[ been + ing
÷³Ùë]ª would Óí£±pè[« ô¦ë]ª. had ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÷³Ùë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = had). the egg (ÏÚÛ\è[ ‘C’, egg, 'a'êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù
÷ú£ªhÙC. She'd marry him. 'd êŸô¦yêŸ marry ÍE ÷#aÙC Ú¥ñæ¨d) Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
B) I thought he'd do it. Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = would the tree (‘ë]’ væ©. ÏÚÛ\è[ ‘Í’ ìªÙ# ‘Ø’ ÷ô¢ÚÛª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
ÏÚÛ\è[ 'd êŸô¢-î¦êŸ past participle ö¶ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d She'd be going. ÏÚÛ\è[ be + ing form ÷³Ùë]ª ÑÙè¶ øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ö¶ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d). þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
would Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ÖÚÛ Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªh-ší- Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = would. ➠ Communications/informationÚÛª
Have been + ing ÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛ«è¯ 'd = would. ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Ð ÷«åõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. #ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
åªd-ÚÁ-î¦L. Past participles ÷³Ùë]ª, 'been'
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 18 WûË 2005

êµõªÞœª î¦ÚÛu Eô¦té°Eo óŸªëǯêŸëÇ]ÙÞ¥ Íìyô³ú£«h ÎÙÞœxÙ ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù

þ§ëÅ]uÙ Ú¥ë]ª. ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ î¦uÚÛô¢é°õ« í£²JhÞ¥ î¶ô¢ªî¶ô¢ª. ·ôÙè[ª òÅ°ù£õÚÛ«
÷ª¾LÚÛÙÞ¥ Ñìo ê¶è¯õª êµõªú£ªÚÛªÙç¶ êµõªÞœªêÁ ú£÷«ìÙÞ¥ ÏÙTxùÃE
ú£ÙòÅ°ù‡ÙàŸè[Ù šíë]l ÚÛù£diì í£E ÚÛ«è¯ Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÙë]ªö˺ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ú¥õÙ

î¦ÚÛuÙ #÷¸ô Ú¥õÙ!

ÞœªJÙ# àŸ«›úh ÎÙÞœxÙö˺ Ú¥ö°EÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ#ì í£ë¯õª #÷ô¢o ÷þ§hô³.

7. NT Ramarao could be the CM because he

was an actor.
8. If it is comfortable here, I can be here for
as long as possible.
9. It was very cool yesterday.
Yesterday was very cool.
10. How long can you be here?
'Be' forms (ÍÙç¶ am, is, are, was, were,
shall be, should be ö˺ 'be' #÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ í£ë¯õª,
SHALL BE, WILL BE 3. Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ¸ôí£± Oª ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙ-åªÙë¯? Þ¥xú£ª – tumbler (åîªñx) 'been' #÷ô¢ ÷à¶aN – have been, has been,
Kiran: Will you be here tomorrow? 4. û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[ìª. ÷´êŸ – lid (LèÂ) had been, should have been ö°Ùæ¨N) ÑÙè[è[Ù
¸ôí£± ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙåª-û¦oî¦? 5. ÷ªÙ-ë]ô¢Ù ¸ôí£± šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ ÑÙæ°Ù. šíìÙ– pan (ð§ûËÂ) Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷à¶a Verbs. ÏN Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ í£EE êµL›í
6. Ð î¶è… ÏÙÚ¥ ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÙ-åªÙC. ÞœÙÞ¥üŒÙ – cauldron (Ú¥öËÀ-vè[ûËÂ) ÷«åõª ÚÛ«è¯ Verbs. Ú¨Ùë] A ö˺ Ï#aì î¦æ¨E B
Kranthi: What for?
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? 7. í£C ENª-ÿ§-õÚÛª û¶ìª CÇó¶ª-å-ôÂö˺ ÑÙæ°ìª. ÷ªJ-TÙ-àŸè[Ù– boil (ò˺óÀªöËÀ) ö˺ Ï#aì î¦æ¨êÁ ð¼õaÙè….
8. F êŸô¦yA àŸô¢u ÔNªæ¨?(next step) î¶í£±è[ª– fry (wšíÆj) A
Kiran: All our friends will be here tomor-
9. ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ Ó÷ô¢« ÑÙè[ô¢ª. Ú¥õaè[Ù (Aû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª) = bake (òµóÀªÚÂ) I am a teacher (Ñû¦oìª).
row. Will you not be (won't you be).
10. Î ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›ú-í£±Ù-åªÙC? Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÙÚ¥ Ú•Eo 'be' forms (ÍÙç¶ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo She is a player (playerÞ¥ ÑÙC).
÷ªì ›úo-꟪-õÙ-ë]ô¢« ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-åª- êµL›í Verbs): They are singers.
û¦oô¢ª. ÷ªJ ìª÷±yÙ-è[î¦? can be - ÑÙè[ÞœõÞœè[Ù (Ïí£±pè[ª, òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺) B
Kranti: I shall be very happy to be with all of
could be - ÑÙè[ޜޜõè[Ù (ÞœêŸÙö˺) I teach (à¶þ§hìª).
you. What will be the programme?
may be - ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa (Ïí£±pè[ª, òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺) She plays (Îè[ªêŸªÙC).
Oª ÍÙë]-J-êÁì« ÑÙè[è[Ù û¦ÚÛ« ú£ÙêÁ- might be - ÑÙè[÷àŸªa (ÞœêŸÙö˺) They sing (ð§è[-ê¦ô¢ª).
ù£î¶ª. vð¼vÞ¥îª ÔÙæ¨?
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 4
should be, must be = ÑÙè¯L
Kiran: Let's decide when we meet. Answers: 1. He can be here in five minutes.
÷ªìÙ ÚÛL-ø‹ÚÛ Eô¢g-ô³ë¯lÙ. 1. When will he be here? ÍêŸè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ Íô³ë]ª ENª-ÿ§ö˺x ÑÙè[-Þœ-õè[ª.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! ¸ôí£± ÑÙè¶ Nù£- 2. How long will you be in Hyderabad? 2. She could be the Prime Minister.
óŸ«Eo ÞœªJÙ# ÷«æ°x-è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª. will be, shall 3. Will the book be with you tomorrow? Î ví£ëů-EÞ¥ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-TÙC.
be î¦è¯ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! 4. I shall not be here for long? 3. She may be there now.
I shall be there tomorrow. Î Ïí£±è[ª ÍÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[÷àŸªa
(¸ôí£± û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª.) (ÑÙë¶îµ«?).
She is a player.
ví£øŒo: The machine is out of service.
He will be a graduate soon. 4. They might be happy. The machine has out of service.
(êŸyô¢ö˺ ÍêŸè[ª vÞ¥è[ªu-ó¶ªæËÀ Í÷±-ê¦è[ª.) î¦üŒ‰x ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙè… ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa (ÞœêŸÙö˺). šíj î¦æ¨ö˺ ú£·ôjìC ÔC? î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ has
÷›úh Íô¢nÙ Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙC? has ô¦ÚÛð¼ê¶
The train will be here in five min-
utes. She plays. 5. You should be here at 10 a.m.
ìª÷±y Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L.
Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙC?
(ÏÙÚÁ Íô³ë]ª ENªÿ§ö˺x ·ôjõª India won the match.

ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷ú£ªhÙC.) 6. Ravi must be in office

from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
India has won the match.
Ïö° has à¶J›úh Íô¢nÙ Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙC.
How long will you be here?
ô¢N Ñë]óŸªÙ 10 ìªÙ# B›ú›úh Óö°Ùæ¨ Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC?
(ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ 5 ÷ô¢ÚÛª Îíƈ- – Îó¶ªÿ§, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂ
ÑÙæ°÷±?) ú£ªö˺ ÑÙè¯L.
shall be, will be ÍÙç¶ òÅ¡N- ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Ð 'be' forms áî¦ñª :
ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù (A future (ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµL›í 'verb- M. SURESAN The machine is out of service. Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙ
state of being) s'ìª àŸ«ø‹Ù. correct.
êµõª-ÞœªÚÛª ÷uA-¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ 'Time words' Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª ÏÙTxùÃö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. The machine has out of service Íû¶C
ÍÙç¶ Ú¥ö°Eo êµLóŸª-⶛ú ÷«åõª Englishö˺ 1. ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± ÑÙè[-Þœ-õ÷±? English Ú¥ë]ª.
sentence #÷ô¢ ÑÙæ°ô³. 2. Eìo î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª Ñû¦oô¢ª? Has êŸô¢-î¦êŸ Óí£±pè[ª out ö°Ùæ¨ prepositions
3. ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\è[ Ú•ÙêŸ ÏñsÙC ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa. ô¦÷±.
India won the match. Ð ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ ú£J-
eg: He will be here tomorrow.
4. Ú¥ú£h ×ô¢ªpêÁ ÑÙè[-ö¶î¦?
They were here yesterday.
5. ÍÚÛ\è[ ٠ÓEoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÑÙè¯L? Ú¥ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ ·ÞL-#ì ôÁVÞ¥F, ê¶DÞ¥F ൛íp-åx-
The meeting will begin at 6 this
6. ÍêŸè[ª Eìoû¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-Þ¥è[ª. ô³ê¶ won correct.
India won the match last week. ÏC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
evening.
7. ÓûËÂ.æ¨. ô¦÷«-ô¦÷± ÷³Üu-÷ªÙ-vAÞ¥ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-Þ¥ô¢ª
Order: time, day, date, month, year
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ ÎóŸªì ìåªè[ª Ú¥ñæ¨d. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ last week ÍE çµjîª àµñª-꟪û¦oÙ
eg: The meeting will be at 6 PM (Time)
8. ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£ªÜÙÞ¥ ÑÙç¶, û¶ìª ÓÙꟛúšíjû¦ ÑÙè[-Þœ- Ú¥ñæ¨d.
on Monday (day), the 28th (date)
õìª. India ·ÞL-#Ùë]E, Óí£±pè[ª ·ÞL-#ÙëÁ çµjîª àµí£p-
May (month) 2005 (year)
9. Eìo à¦ö° àŸõxÞ¥ ÑÙC. ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷C-ö¶›úh India has won the match Íû¶C
ÏC Englishö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. 10. Oªô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± ÑÙè[÷àŸªa? correct. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè….
(÷ªSx Question order Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…– 5. We shall all be in Hyderabad tomorrow. A. He has gone out.
Vb+Sub/1st Word of the Verb+Sub+the other 6. It will be hot for another two days.
Answers:
ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£±– How long? Óí£±pè[ª îµRxÙD çµjîª àµí£p-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d
words of the verb.) 7. I will be in the theatre in another 10 min- ÓÙêŸ ë]«ô¢Ù – How far? ÓEo-þ§ô¢ªx – How often? has + past participle correct.
Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E Englishö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. utes. B. He went out this morning.
1. ÍêŸìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°è[ª? 8. What will be your next step?
1. How long can you be here? ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸª-æ¨Ú¨ îµRxÙD, this morn-
2. Oªô¢ª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ ÓEo-ôÁ-V-õªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? 9. Nobody will be here tomorrow. 2. When could they be here yesterday? ing ÍE çµjîª àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ. Ú¥ñæ¨d past
10. How long will she be here? 3. There may be some trouble there tomor- simple tense correct.

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! VOCABULARY

row. C. She has bought a car.
has + past participle (çµjîª àµí£pè[Ù ö¶ë]ª
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª ð§vꟖ dish (è…ùÃ), bowl (ò®öËÀ)
4. Can't you be patient? (Can you not = Can't
Ú¥ñæ¨d).
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, ÏÙæ˺x ð§vêŸõª – Vessels (îµú£öËÀq),
you)
D. She bought it yesterday.
utensils (óŸ³çµ-EqöËÀq)
5. When should we be there? (bought - past simple- yesterday ÍE
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa. (Eìoû¶). çµjîª àµñª-꟪û¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d).
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
àµÙñª – ewer (óŸ´îËÂ) 6. He could be here yesterday itself
I Ðû¦è[ª- þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 20 WûË 2005

í£ë¯õ î¦è[ªÚÛö˺ ú£ªEoêŸîµªiì ê¶è¯ êµLóŸªÚÛ ð¼÷è[Ù ÷õx ÖÚÁ\þ§J ÷ªì

ú£ÙòÅ°ù£é Íô¢nÙ ÷«¸ô ví£÷«ë]Ù ÑÙC. DEÚ¨ ÷«êŸ'òÅ°ù£ ví£òÅ°÷Ù ÚÛ«è¯
Ú¥ô¢éÙ Ú¥÷àŸªa. Ö¸Ú í£ë¯Eo ÖÚÁ\àÁå ÖÚÁ\ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ î¦è¯Lq ÑÙåªÙC.
ÔC ÓÚÛ\è[ Óö° ví£óµ«TÙà¦ö˺ êµõªú£ªÚÛªÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ ÷«æ°xè¶ òÅ°ù£
Óë]ªæ¨î¦JE ÎÚÛåªdÚÛªÙåªÙC.

5) A cricketer (He/She) plays cricket

Cricketers (They) play cricket
Ð ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙè¶ verbs, vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ
í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÍÙç¶ regular actionsÚÛª.
Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶ Ú¥F...! Óí£±pè[« áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Oæ¨E Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ.
I go to college at 10 AM (ví£A-ôÁW)
My mother cooks for me (Óí£±pè[«)
Ïö° Oªô¢ª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo sentences ô¦óŸªÙè….
÷ªS} ÖÚÛ\-þ§J àŸ«è[Ùè…:
Ram: Where is your brother? to Guntur - ÞœªÙå«-ô¢ªÚÛª. 2) A doctor --- patients (I) am; (he, she, it) is; they (are).
Oª þ¼ë]-ô¢ªè[ª ÓÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª? Ð Nù£óŸªÙö˺ ÷ªìÙ ÏÙTxùÃö˺ ÷«æ°x-è¶-å-í£±pè[ª Doctors --- patients (treat) ÏÚÛ\è[ am, is, are ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[åÙ, Óí£±pè[«
Raghav: He is watching the t.v. at home â°vÞœ-êŸh-í£-è¯L. Ú¨ÙC verbs ×þ§J àŸ«è[Ùè…. 3) A lawyer --- cases ÑÙè[åÙ. Íö°¸Þ was, were- ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ;
ÍêŸìª ÏÙæ˺x æ©O àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. A B Lawyers --- cases (argue) shall be / will be futureö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ
Ram: Where does he study? 4) Pens --- I. I am in class
ÍêŸìª ÓÚÛ\è[ àŸë]ª÷±êŸªû¦oè[ª?
come comes
go goes A pen --- (Write) (Ïí£±pè[ª Ú¥xúÃö˺ Ñû¦oìª)
Raghav: He is a student of Learn well school 5) A cricketer --- cricket My friend (he/she) is in the next room
ÍêŸìª öµôÂo-îµöËÀ ú£«\öËÀ Në¯uJn write
take
writes
takes Cricketers --- cricket (÷« friend, í£ÚÛ\ ÞœCö˺ Ñû¦o-è[ª/-ÑÙC
Ram: Which class is he in?
(Play) –Ïí£±pè[ª)
ÍêŸìª ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ÓûËÁo êŸô¢-ÞœA àŸë]ª-÷±- My parents (they- î¦üŒ‰x) are at home
꟪-û¦oè[ª? Answers:
1) Wrist watches (ÏÙæ˺x Ñû¦oô¢ª– Ïí£±pè[ª)
Raghav: He is doing the 8th class
ÓE-NªëÁ êŸô¢-ÞœA àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oè[ª. (They) show the Ú¥ñæ¨d am, is, are ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[åÙ
time II. I was/he was here yesterday.
M. SURESAN
Ram: What games does he play?
ÍêŸìª Ôó¶ª Îåõª Îè[-ê¦è[ª?
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 5 A Wrist Watch (It) (ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦o쪖 Ñû¦oè[ª – Eìo)
shows the time My friends were in Hyderabad last week
Raghav: He plays cricket and hockey.
vÚ¨·ÚæËÀ, ک Îè[-ê¦è[ª. sing sings 2) A doctor (He/She) treats patients (û¦ ›úo-꟪õª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ Ñû¦oô¢ª,
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éìª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. teach teaches Doctors (They) treat patients ÞœêŸî¦ô¢Ù) -was, were, ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ
III. Shall be/will be- future (òÅ¡N-ù£u-êÂö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ)
verb ÍEo àÁæ°x ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñª-꟪ÙC. speak speaks 3) A lawyer (He/She) argues cases
is is
watching, does study ( = studies), is doing, AÚ¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú©, Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú© Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶. Ú¥F
B
Lawyers (They) argue cases 1. India will be a great country by 2010
(2010 ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-EÚ¨ òÅ°ô¢ê ޕí£p ë¶øŒÙÞ¥
(does play = plays) plays Ï÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ à¶êŸ-õìª I, We, You, TheyêÁ Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ.
A
4) Pens (They) write
ÑÙåªÙC)
(actions) êµL›í
Verbs. A pen (It) writes
2. Anil will be here next week
A
(÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÍEöËÀ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª)
The girl is
The teacher is in class.
(æ©àŸô ڥxúÃö˺ ÑÙC)
He was on the playground.
(Play ground ö˺ Ñû¦oè[ª ÞœêŸÙö˺) reading They have had two cups of coffee so far.
B (Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛ« ·ôÙè[ª ÚÛí£±põ Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þ¥ô¢ª)
The teacher is teaching (Verb) Present perfect tense ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£E,
(ò˺CÅ-þ¼hÙC) Óí£±pè[ª (Ô ôÁV, Ô ê¶D, Ô çµjÙ) áJ-TÙD àµí£p-ÚÛ-
He was playing have í£ÚÛ\ì had ìª ÖÚÛ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ Ñí£-óµ«- ð¼ê¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
(Îè[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª ÞœêŸÙö˺) I have had my lunch. (û¦ òÅ˺áìÙ Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
ví£øŒo:
TÙ-àŸ-÷à¦a? Íö° ô¦›úh Î î¦ÚÛuÙ Íô¢nÙ
B Ú¨Ùë] verbs ÍFo à¶êŸõìª êµL›í ★ had had- ÏC past perfect tense of 'have'.
(Actions) ÔNªæ¨? ÍC Ô tense Í÷±-꟪ÙC? Íö°¸Þ
Verbs. î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ had êŸô¦yêŸ í£ÚÛ\û¶ ÷ªSx had Past perfect ö˺ verb form: had + past par-
A Ú¨ÙC verbs ÑÙè[-æ°Eo êµõª-í£±-ê¦ô³. Ð à¶êŸ- ÷ú£ªhÙë¯? ë¯E Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨? ticiple
õìª àµ›íp verbs, action words. ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ êµL-›íC: ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì
– êŸêŸhJ ô¢î¶ªøÉÂ, ìt-Ú•Ùè[
Past perfect
eg: go, come, eat, talk, run, sleep, read, ·ôÙè[ª í£ìªö˺x îµ³ë]-æ¨-í£-EE.
dance. áî¦ñª: 'have' í£ÚÛ\ì 'had'___ have had_ ÏC He told me that he had passed
1. The boys are playing present perfect tense of have. present perfect (had + pp of pass)
2. The girl is reading ö˺verbform: have/has + past participle (pp); ð§ú£-óŸ«u-ìE û¦êÁ àµð§pè[ª.
3. These students talk in class eg: have seen, have gone etc. pass Í÷åÙ, àµí£påÙ, ·ôÙè[« ÞœêŸÙö˺ í£ìªö¶.
4. The cheetah runs fast Present perfect tense ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ êµL-›íC Ïí£p-æ¨- pass Í÷åÙ ÷³Ùë]ª, àµí£påÙ êŸô¦yêŸ. ÷³Ùë]ª,
5. A dog barks He, she, itêÁ Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E î¦è[ê¦Ù.
B ÷-ô¢ÚÛª áJ-Tì í£E. DEÚ¨ for the past, for the last, 'pass' Í÷åÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d had passed ÍE past per-
êµõª-ÞœªÚÛ«,
English ÚÛ« Ñìo ê¶è¯ ÏÙÚÁæ¨ Þœ÷ª- I/We/You/Andhras (they) speak Telugu since ÷þ§hô³.
fect î¦è[ê¦Ù.
EÙ-àŸÙè…. My father (he) a) I have studied (have+ pp of study) here for
Ð Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•ìÚÛ ÷³Ùë]ª ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ ú£«\åô ÑÙè¶C.
ÏÚÛ\è[ ·ôÙè[« past actions. ú£«\åô ÑÙè[åÙ
Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ç¶ñªöËÀ Oªë] ÑÙC
The book is on the table.
÷ªìÙ, ‘Oªë]’ ç¶ñªöËÀ êŸô¦yêŸ î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺
}
My Mother (she) speaks Telugu
This class (it)
the past two years-
·ôÙè¶üŒ‰x àŸC-î¦ìª.
û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª
÷³Ùë]J past action. ‘ú£«\åô ÑÙè[åÙ’ ÍÙç¶
'have a scooter.' Ú¥ñæ¨d past perfect of have =
I/We/you/these trains (they) go there b) He has worked (has + pp of work)
Oªë] Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ, on 'table' ÷³Ùë]ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. My mother (she) here since 2004 = 2004 ìªÙ# Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª had + past partciple of have (=had) = had
ÍEo Nù£-óŸ«-õöËºì« ÍÙê¶.
from school -
at home -
ú£«\õª ìªÙ#
ÏÙæ¨ö˺
This train
}
My friend (he/she) goes there every day ÎóŸªì ÏÚÛ\è[ í£E-à¶-ø‹è[ª.
Ïí£±pè[ª û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª ÑÙC ÍE àµð§põÙ綖
I have a car ÍÙæ°Ù. ·ôÙè¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ û¦ÚÛª Ð Ú¥ô¢ª
had.
He had had a scooter before he bought the
car.
In the bag - ú£Ù#ö˺
Fans (they) give air
A Fan (it) gives air ÑÙC ÍE Íû¦õÙç¶, 'have' ÚÛª present perfect (Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¶ ÷³Ùë]ª, ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ ú£«\åô ÑÙè¶C)
tense, ÍÙç¶ have + past participle of have
★ He had had his breakfast when his friend
Dogs (they) bark
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! A dog (it) barks
ÏN Oªô¢ª í£²Jh-à¶ú£«h à¶óŸªÙè…
(=had) î¦è¯L ÚÛë¯! Íí£±p-è¶-÷ªÙæ°Ù?
I have had this car for the past two years
came in.
(î¦üŒx všíÆÙè ÷à¶aåí£p-æ¨Ú¨ ÍêŸE
breakfast
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª practice
ÍÙæ°Ù. ÚÛLT Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, ö˺ Ñìo
(Brackets verb êÁ í£²Jh à¶óŸªÙè…) have + had (pp of 'have'_
1) Wrist watches --- the time Ñû¦oìª) ÍE. She has had (has + pp of 'have')
★ She had had the information before I told
her of it.
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa. this job for the last one year.
(û¶ìª ൛íp ÷³Ùë¶ Î ë]Þœ_ô¢ Î ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ÑÙC)
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
A Wrist watch --- the time (show)
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net (ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¢ÙÞ¥ ÎN-è[Ú© ÑëÁuޜ٠ÑÙC)
I Ðû¦è[ª- ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 22 WûË 2005

7. ÏÙêŸ-›úí£² ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦o÷±? before?

Where have you been all this time? Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª Oæ¨Ú¨ English practice à¶óŸªÙè….
8. Oªô¢ª ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\è[ª-û¦oô¢ª? 1. Oª·ôÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¢ª?
How long have you been here? 2. çµÙè[«-õ\ô ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ vÚ¨·Ú-å-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª?
9. í£²á ÏÙêŸÚ¥õÙ ÓÚÛ\-è[ªÙC? 3. ÎóŸªì 2001 ìªÙ# ÚÛöµ-ÚÛd-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª.
Where has Pooja been all these days? (since, for the past ·ôÙè[« Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ#
ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ have been / has been ÚÛª à¦ö° àµí£pÙè….)
vð§÷³ÜuÙ ÑÙC. ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÖÚÛ-í£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨ 4. ÎóŸªì 2001 ìªÙ# 2003 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ æ©àŸ-ôÂÞ¥
÷ô¢ÚÛª Þ¥F, ÏÙÚ¥-Þ¥F Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶ Î ÑÙè[-è¯Eo I, Ñû¦oè[ª.
We, you and theyêÁ 5. à¦ö°-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ èÅ…Mx ÏÙè…óŸ«ÚÛª ô¦á-ëůEÞ¥ ÑÙC.
Íô³ê¶ 'have been'êÁ Þ¥F 6. ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ÎóŸªì Fô¢-ú£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª.
he, she, it êÁ Íô³ê¶ 'has (Fô¢Ùú£Ù– Weak)
Pooja: Are you happy? It is an ox. etc. been' êÁÞ¥F ú£«#þ§hÙ. 7. Oªô¢ª î¦ô¢Ù ôÁV-õªÞ¥ G@Þ¥ Ñû¦oô¦?
(ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oî¦?) Ð ÏÙUxù£ª ÷«å-õêÁ Questions ÚÛ«è¯ prac- ÏÙÚÁ-N-ù£óŸªÙ... 8. ÎóŸªì ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ áñªsêÁ Ñû¦oô¢ª? (áñªs–
Durga: Certainly I am. tice à¶óŸªÙè…. ÞœêŸ Ú•Eo ôÁV-õªÞ¥/ Ú•Eo ill/sick)
(Í÷±ìª) eg: Is he happy? ÞœÙå-õªÞ¥/ Ú•Eo ûµõ-õªÞ¥/ 9. ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ îµjÓúà ÷³Üu-÷ªÙvAÞ¥ Ñû¦oô¢ª?
Pooja: Why are you happy? Are they clever? etc. Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ ÍÙç¶ for 10. Oªô¢ª à¦ö° Ú¥õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¦?
(ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦o÷±?) šíjì àµí‡pì ÷«å-õ-EoÙæ¨Ú¨ English ÷«å- the past (The last)... days/ Answers:
Durga: My cousin Saraswathi is here for õö˺ question practice à¶óŸªÙè…. ... hours/ ... months / ... M. SURESAN 1. How long have you been here?
vacation. We shall be happy in each Question structure Þœªô¢ªhÙC ÚÛë¯? years (Ý°Sö˺x ôÁVõª, 2. How long has Tendulkar been a cricketer?
other's company. a) vb+Sub [Are (verb) you (sub) happy?] ÞœÙåõª, ûµõõª, ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õ ú£ÙÜu.) 3. He has been a collector since 2001/ for the
(÷« ÚÛ>ûË ú£ô¢-ú£yA šúõ-÷±-õÚ¨ ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ b) first word of the verb + sub + other words eg: for the past (The last) 2 days / 2 hours/ 2 past (last) 4 Years.
÷#aÙC. ٠ÚÛõ-÷è[Ù Ïë]l-JÚ© ÓÙêÁ of the verb. months / 2 years 4. He was a teacher here from 2001 to 2003.
ÎìÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.) [Has (first word of the verb) he (sub) been helping ö¶ë¯ for 2 days / hours / months / years 5. Delhi has been the capital of India for a
Pooja: What will be your plan? (other words of the verb) you?] now ÍÙæ°Ù. long time.
(F ð§xûË ÔNªæ¨?) 1. ÍêŸè[ª ò°Þ¥ ð»è[ªÞ¥? íÆ£ö°û¦ ôÁV/ ÞœÙå/ ûµõ/ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ìªÙ# 6. He has been weak for two days now (for
Druga: Come home tomorrow. You will know. the past/ for the last two days)
(¸ôí£± ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ô¦. F¸Ú êµõª-ú£ªhÙC.) 7. Have you been busy for the past (last) one
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛ믖 week?
am, is, are; was, were; shall be, will be êŸô¦yêŸ 8. How long has he been ill?
happy, plan ö°Ùæ¨ Ô ÷«åöµjû¦ î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ð 9. How long has YS been the Chief Minister?
Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E ÷«æ°xè[ªêŸ« practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Îû¦æ¨ ìªÙ<... 10. Have you been here for long?
Blanks ìª Brackets ö˺ Ï#aì ÷«å-õêÁ šíj Sentencesö˺ have been/ has been
EÙí£Ùè…. î¦è[ÚÛÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…. Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨
I am ________ ÷ô¢ÚÛª Þ¥F, ÏÙÚ¥-Þ¥F ÑÙè[-è¯Eo have been/ has
(Oª ›íô¢ª àµí£pÙè…. Ñë¯:
I am Pavan) been êµL-óŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. Question structure
I am _____ Ðû¦æ¨ ë¯Ú¥..! Óí£±pè[« verb + subject Þ¥F, verb ö˺ ·ôÙè[ª-
He is _______ ÷´è[ª ÷«å-õªÙç¶, Ist word of the verb +
They are ________ Subject + other words of the verb Þ¥F
My friends will be ______ ÑÙåªÙC.
šíjì Ï#aìN sampleÞ¥ ÷«vêŸî¶ª. 2. Î ÍÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙë¯? Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ since ÍÙæ°Ù.
ú£«dèµÙæËÀ, ú£«dèµÙæËÀq, ð»è[ªÞœª, ð»æ¨d, ö°÷±, ú£ìoÙ 3. Î ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙë¯? (futureö˺) ✫ I have been here for the past (last) two
ú£ÙêÁ-ù£Ù-Þ¥/-ë]ªÌ-ÜÙÞ¥, ë]óŸª-Þœõ, vÚÛ«ô¢-iì, ÷ªÙ#, 4. î¦üŒ‰x Eâ°-óŸªBÞ¥ ÑÙè¶ î¦ü‹x? (past) years.
5. î¦ü˜xí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª??
àµè[ª, þ¼÷ªJ, àŸªô¢ªÚÛª, ÚÁí£Ù Þœõ, ×ô¢ªp-Þœõ, êµL-îµjì, 6. ¸ôí£± Oª·ô-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª?
I have been here since 2003
êµL-N-ö¶E, î¦Þœªè[ª, ÷³òÅ°÷Ù Þœõ, Eâ°-óŸªB Þœõ, 7. î¦è[ª Eâ°-óŸªB Þœõî¦-è[E OªÚÛª ì÷ªtÚÛÙ
✫ She has been here for the (last) past two
months.
ÑÙë¯? She has been here since February end.
8. ÍêŸè[ª â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ ÑÙæ°è¯?
(futureö˺)?
9. Oªô¢ª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¶-î¦ü‹x? ví£øŒo: áì-ô¢-öËÀÞ¥ ‘Í÷ªt-ñ-è[ªìª’ – ‘à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ªìª’ –
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 6 10. ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª Î ö°÷±Þ¥ ÑÙè¶ë¯?
Answers: I am a student ‘û¶JpÙ-àŸ-ñ-è[ªìª’ Íû¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x verb v3 E
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? Ñë¯--ô¢-éÚÛª–
Eâ°-óŸªB ö¶E, ì÷ªt-ë]Þœ_, ì÷ªt-ö¶E– Ð í£ë¯õÚÛª, 1) Is he very tall?
Milk 'sold' here; Job work 'done' here;
ÏÙÚ¥ Oªô¢ª àµí£p-Þœõ í£ë¯õÚÛª ú£·ôjì English ÷«å- 2) Is she beautiful?
'Spoken' English Institute - Ïö°
verb
õìª ô¦óŸªÙè…. am, is, are; was, were; shall be, 3) Will she be happy?
ìª Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ E ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Ñí£-óµ«-T-
v1 v3
will be í£ÚÛ\ì î¦æ¨E à¶Ja ÷«æ°x-è[Ùè….
4) Were they honest?
ú£ªhû¦oôÁ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª.
šíj ÷«å-õÚÛª ÏÙTxùà ÷«åõª– 5) Where are they now?
6) Where will you be tomorrow?
– ¸ôÿ§t, òµõxÙí£Lx
tall, short, fat, slim, happy, sad/sorrowful,
7) Are you sure that he is honest?
kind, cruel, good, bad, lazy, active, patient, áî¦ñª :
clever/intelligent/wise, foolish, talkative,
8) Will he be careful?
9) Were you happy?
1. verb v3 ÍÙç¶
past participle: done, spo-
reserved, honest, dishonest, reliable, unreli- ken, seen etc.
able
10) Was she fat once?
passive form ö˺
verb Óí£±pè[«,
'be' form +
ÏÙTxùÃö˺ ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙç¶, was, were. past participle.
ÏÙÚÁ ÍÙøŒÙ... Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙç¶ am, is, are ÞœêŸÙ ìªÙ# Íû¶C,
öµÚÛ\-ší-ç¶d-î¦-æ¨E English ö˺ countables Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª Ú¥F, ÏÙÚ¥ Ú¥F ÑÙè[è¯Eo
'Milk sold here'
ÚÛª
'Milk is sold here'
ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ have been, has been î¦è[ê¦Ù.
short form.
ÏÚÛ\è[
Ñë¯: man, book, student, pen, town, village I, we, you, they Íô³ê¶ have; he, she, it ✫ India has been independent for the past
verb 'is (be form) + sold (past par-
ÚÛª Íô¢nÙ– Í÷ªt-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC.
etc. Íô³ê¶ has î¦è[ê¦Ù. (last) 57 years.
ticiple of sell)'
Íö°¸Þ ÍÙç¶
Oæ¨Ú¨ singular, plural ÑÙæ°ô³. Íô³ê¶ Oæ¨ 1. ÍêŸè[ª û¦õª¸ÞüŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª. 'Job work done here' 'Job
singular ÷³Ùë]ª Óí£±pè[« 'a' Ú¥F, 'an' Ú¥F
India has been independent since 1947.
Ð for the past (last)ÚÛª, since ÚÛª ê¶è¯ à¦ö° work is done here' ÍE Íô¢nÙ.is done,
ô¦î¦-õû¶C Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.
He was here four years ago.
2. ÍêŸè[ª Ïí£±p-è…-ÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª. ÷³ÜuÙ. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. (passive) ÍÙç¶ à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ªìª ÍE.(is - be
I am a student. He is here. ë]ªô¢_ Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC. form + done - past participle).
ÚÛª ÏÙÚÁ Íô¢nÙ ‘ñè…ì’,
He is an engineer. 3. ÍêŸè[ª û¦õª-¸Þ-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦oè[ª. Durga was here yesterday.
2. past participle (p.p.)
‘ñ趒 ÍE.
She is a doctor. He has been here for the past four years. ë]ªô¢_ Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC. ÏÚÛ\è[
She is an eye surgeon. 4. ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ò°Þ¥ ÓÙè[Þ¥ ÑÙC. Durga is here.
eg: The man seen here every day -
àŸ«è[-ñè¶ ÷uÚ¨h. #Ùí£-ñ-è…ì
He is an uncle of mine. It has been very hot for the past two days. ë]ªô¢_ Eìoæ¨ ìªÙ# ÏÚÛ\è¶ ÑÙC. torn paper -
5. òÅ°ô¢ê 1947 ìªÙ# ú£yêŸÙ-vêŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙC. Durga has been here since yesterday. Ú¥TêŸÙ. Íö°¸Þ
spoken english ÍÙç¶
÷«æ°x-è[-ñè¶ ÏÙTxùà ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! India has been independent since î¦üŒ‰x îµ³ìo ÓÚÛ\è[ªû¦oô¢ª?
÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ ÷ªìÙ ôÁW ÷«æ°xè¶ êµõª-Þœªö˺
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª 6. ٠í£ë¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ Ñû¦oÙ.
1947 (for the past 57 years) Where were they the day before?
î¦üŒ‰} Ïí£±p-èµÚÛ\è[ªû¦oô¢ª? passive voice î¦è[Ù.
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, We have been in Hyderabad for the Where are they? ‘Í÷«t, ÍìoÙ ÷Ùè[-ñ-è…Ùë¯?’ ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯!
î¦üŒ‰x îµ³ìoæ¨ ìªÙ# ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¢ª? Íö°¸Þ ‘#Ùí£-ñè[f Ú¥TêŸÙ’ ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ ÍìÙ.
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa. past ten years (since 1995)
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
Where have they been since the day ‘#E-Tì Ú¥TêŸÙ’ ÍÙæ°Ù.
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 24 WûË 2005

countable, singular). Ú¨ÙC regular actions ìª English ö˺ àµí£pÙè….

2) I have an idea (idea - countable, singular).
3) An umbrella is useful in rain (umbrella- 1. ÎÚÛª Ð vèµúà à¦ö° Ïù£dÙ.(like î¦è[Ùè…)
countable, singular). 2. û¶ìª ôÁW ‘Ðû¦è[ª’ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª.
4) A pen is for writing (pen- countable, singu- 3. ÷« êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£C-ÞœÙ-å-õÚÛª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù
lar) Í÷±-ê¦ô³.
'a'Óí£±pè[ª? Óí£±pè[ª?
'an' 4. ÷« Í÷ªt æ©O úˆJ-óŸªöËÀq àŸ«ú£ªhÙC.
Í, Î, Ï, Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Ö, ×, Ø– Ð êµõªÞœª (watch - úˆJ-óŸªöËÀq, ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[è[Ù)
øŒò°lõêÁ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡÷ªó¶ªu î¦æ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'an' î¦è¯L. 5. ÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª ôÁV ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ AJ-T-÷-
NªÞœê¦ ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¦L. þ§hô¢ª. (return, come back; ÏÙæ¨Ú¨– 'home')
an umbrella (ÍÙvòµö° – Ú¥ñæ¨d an)
an hour (Í÷ô – an)
Sudha: I meet Padmaja here everyday. I Íö°¸Þ Ð Ú¨ÙC Íô¦nõª ÷à¶a NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ ÷«åõª an honour (Îìô – an)
miss her today. àµí£pÙè…. an idea (Õè…óŸ« – an)
(ôÁW ÏÚÛ\è[ í£ë]t-áìª ÚÛõª-þ§hìª. Ð an owl (ØöËÀ –an)
ô¦óŸªè[Ù, Îè[è[Ù, ìè[÷è[Ù, í£ô¢ª-·Þ-êŸhè[Ù, ÷Ùè[è[Ù, an egg (ÓÞ – an)
ôÁV ÚÛE-í‡Ù-àŸ-ö¶ë]ª.)
Valli: Yes. She comes here everyday. I
v›íNªÙ-àŸè[Ù, EvCÙ-àŸè[Ù, ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸªè[Ù, Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ- Ð ú£«vêŸÙ ð§æ¨›úh a, an Nù£-óŸªÙö˺con-
too see that. àŸè[Ù, Þœªô¢ªhÙàŸªÚÁ÷è[Ù, ÷ªô¢#-ð¼-÷è[Ù– ÏÙÚ¥ Oªô¢ª fusion ÑÙè[ë]ª.
(Î ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è[ÚÛª ÷ú£ªhÙC. û¶ìª
ÚÛ«è¯ àŸ«ø‹ìª (ví£A-ôÁV))
Sudha: I remember now. Today is Sunday.
She does not come here on sun-
day.
(û¦ÚÛª Þœªô•h-þ¼hÙC. Ð ôÁV ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù.
Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª ÏÚÛ\-è[ÚÛª ô¦ë]ª.)
A, AN...
Valli: I do not know that.
(û¦ÚÛª êµL-óŸªë]ª.)
Sudha: She goes to her aunt's place every
sunday. I too visit my cousin every
sunday evening.
(Î ÎCî¦ô¦õª î¦üŒx ÍêŸhóŸªu ÏÙæ¨Ú¨
îµüŒ‰-꟪ÙC. û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÞœÙë]ô¢ÞÁüŒÙ? NªÞœê¦ øŒò°lõ ÷³Ùë]Ùê¦ a î¦è[Ùè….
6. ví£A-ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ ÞœÙå-›úí£± àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª.
(study; for an hour, every morning)
7. ÷« Í÷ªt Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœª-꟪ÙC.
ÓEo í£ìªõ ÷«åõª àµí£p-Þœ-L-Tê¶ ÍEo-æ¨êÁ prac-
(ví£A-ôÁW – Íõ-î¦åª – regular)
þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷« ÚÛ>ûË ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒ-ê¦ìª.) countable singular ÓÚÛ\è[ ÷#aû¦ ë¯E ÷³Ùë]ª a
ticeà¶óŸªÙè…. Ú¥F an Ú¥F ÑÙè¯-LqÙë¶.
be forms ö°Þ¥ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµõ-í£è[Ù Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ šíj
Answers:
Answers :
î¦Ú¥uö˺xE meet, comes, remember, does Mother loves her child (wrong) 1. She likes this dress.
I write sleep
come, goes, visit í£ë¯õª í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-
2. I read the Eenadu (every day).

}
A Mother (countable singular) loves her child.
We play waste
þ§hô³. You walk use f) Uncountable ÷³Ùë]ª a Ú¥F an Ú¥F Óí£±pè[« 3. Our classes (They) begin / start at 10 a.m.

The boys run remember ô¦ë]ª. 4. My mother (She) watches TV serials.

(They) cook forget ÷ªSx ÖÚÛ-þ§J 1st RDW (1st Regular doing 5. My father (He) returns / comes back home

word ÍÙç¶ come, go, walk), 2nd RDW (2nd

at 6 a.m.
love
Regular doing word ÍÙç¶ comes, goes,
6. I study for an hour every morning.
Hemant (he) writes cooks uses

} walks) õìª í£J-Q-Lë¯lÙ.

7. My mother (She) takes coffee (every day).
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 7 Sarala (she) plays loves remembers
I, We, you, they Íô³ê¶ 1st RDW;
It(Íô¢nÙ walks sleeps forgets
ú£J-ð¼-ó¶ª-åªxÞ¥) runs wastes he, she, it Íô³ê¶ 2nd RDW î¦è¯L.
í£ìª-õìª êµL›í Ð Ú¨ÙC ÷«åõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. Oæ¨E í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. Ð ·ôÙè[ª Regular doing words vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-
I Regular Doing II Regular Doing ÚÛªÙè¯, EêŸuÙ áJ¸Þ í£ìªõÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– ÍÙç¶
Words Words
a) Pens (They) write. Regular actions ÚÛª. Óí£±pè[« áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª
A B A pen (It) writes. ÚÛ«è¯ Oæ¨û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
eat eats (eat+s) b) Wrist watches (They) show the time. 1) û¶ìª ôÁW ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ Evë]-ö¶-þ§hìª.
take takes (take+s) A wrist watch (It) ÏC regular action. Ú¥ñæ¨d I get up at 6 a.m.
give gives (give+s) shows the time. ÏÚÛ\è[ every day ÍE àµí‡pû¦, àµí£p-ÚÛ-ð¼-ô³û¦ ví£øŒo: Oxford advanced dictionary ö˺
wash washes (Wash+es) c) Doctors (They) treat ÖÚÛç¶. get Íû¶ 1st RDW ö˺û¶ regular Íû¶C í£ÚÛ\ì Ïú£ªhìo pronunciationö˺ letters
word

like likes (like+s) patients. Íô¢n-÷ª-÷±-꟪ÙC. Ú•Eo Íè[fÙÞ¥, Ú•Eo êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥ ÑÙæ°-
sing sings (Sing+s) A doctor (He/She)
treats patients.
2) ٠ê•NªtCÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÚÛü‹-ø‹õÚÛª ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ê¦Ù. óµªÙ-ë]ªÚÛª? Oæ¨E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L?
dance dances (dance+s)
d) Fans (They) give air.
We start for college at 9 a.m. ÍÙë]ª-¸Ú-iû¦ EóŸª-÷«-õªÙ-æ°óŸ«?
go goes (go+es)
A fan gives air.
(Regular action - start - 1st RDW) Dictionary page bottom line Ú¨Ùë] ÚÛ«è¯
'A' Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª I Regular Doing Words, B e) Teachers (They) 3) ÷« ›úo-꟪õª ò°Þ¥ Îè[ê¦ô¢ª. Ïö°¸Þ ÑÙæ°ô³. Oæ¨ ÞœªJÙ# êµL-óŸª-â¶-
Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª II Regular Doing Words ÍÙæ°Ù. M. SURESAN ÏC regular action. óŸªÙè….
– ô¢÷«-ë¶îËÂ, šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂ.
teach.
I Regular Doing Words ÚÛª (A Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õÚÛª)
's' Ú¥F 'es' Ú¥F à¶J›úh II Regular doing words
A Teacher (He/She) teaches. Ïö° ÍEo Our friends (They) play well.

÷þ§hô³. verbs ÚÛª

practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 4) Oª·ô-í£±pè[« Îõú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hô¢ª. áî¦ñª : ÏÙTx-ùÃ-ö˺E ͤÛ-ô¦õª (alphabet), ÏÙTxùÃ
A Ú¨ÙC ÷«åõª [I Regular Doing Words
(Óí£±pè[« áJ-¸Þ-í£E). Ñà¦a-ô¢-éö˺ ÷à¶a øŒò°l-õ-EoÙ-æ¨Ú© ú£J-ð¼÷±. ÍÙë]ª-
(I RDWs)], I, We, you and they êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù. B
COUNTABLES, UNCOUNTABLES You always come late. ÷ö¶x pronunciationö˺ ÍÙêŸ confusion. Ñìo
Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª [II Regular Doing Words a) countables ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\ šíç¶dN. 5) ÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª Ñë]óŸªÙ 9Ú¨ ÎíƈúÃÚÛª ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢- ͤÛ-ô¦õª ÍEo øŒò°l-õìª ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨ ú£J-ð¼÷±.
ê¦ô¢ª (Regular- ví£A-ôÁV). Ú¥ñæ¨d êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥, Íè[fÙÞ¥ Ñìo ͤÛ-ô¦-õìª
(II RDWs)] He, She, itêÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
book, pen, teacher, boy, dog etc.
b) uncountables ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\-šíådö¶EN. My father (He) starts for office at 9 a.m.
Ú•Eo øŒò°lõ ÚÁú£Ù î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. Íö° ÑÙè¶ Í¤Û-ô¦õª
I Ú•Eo øŒò°l-õÚÛª Þœªô¢ªhõª.

} ÍE àµð§pLqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.

milk, sugar, rice, water etc.
'v'E veryö˺ ‘îµ’ øŒò°l-EÚ¨ î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥
(everyday
We
c) countables ÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª singular (ÖÚÛæ¨), ÍÙç¶û¶
You like milk
(ÖÚÛæ¨ ÚÛÙç¶ ÓÚÛª\÷) ÑÙæ°ô³.
starts regular)
Ñìo v = ‘∧’ E but, shut, cut ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x
My parents
plural
book (singular) books (plural)
6) ÷« Í÷ªt ÷Ùè[ª-꟪ÙC (Óí£±pè[«). ÷à¶a ‘Í’ øŒò°l-EÚ¨ î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. but- DE pronunci-
(They)
pen (singular) pens (plural)
My mother (She) cooks for us. ation, dictionary ö˺ Ïö° ÑÙåªÙC. b∧t; cut =
7) 1st show Îô¢ªÙ-ò°-÷±ÚÛª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Í÷±-꟪ÙC k∧t etc. è…ÚÛ{-vFö˺ key to Pronunciation ö˺

}
My father (he)
teacher (singular) teachers (plural)
My mother (she) likes milk (ôÁW ÚÛë¯). àŸ«›úh Ô Þœªô¢ªh Ô øŒò°l-EÚ¨ Íû¶C N÷-ô¢ÙÞ¥
The Cat (it)
boy (singular)
ÚÛª
boys (plural)
ÑÙè[ë]ª. The 1st show (It) starts at 6.15 p.m. ÑÙåªÙC. î¦æ¨-êÁ-ò°åª pronunciation
casettes, CDs Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-í£-è[-ê¦ô³.
d) uncountables plural milks, sug-
šíjì àŸ«í‡ì NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ A group ÚÛª í£C Verbs, B ars, rices ÍìÙ.
group ÚÛª í£C verbs àµí£pÙè…. ví£øŒo: ‘Óí£±p-èµjû¦ ›ú-î¦J Oªë]û¶ ÏÙÚ¥ú£h òÅ°ô¢Ù
eg: ê¦Þœè[Ù
e) Very Important: countable singulars
(ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\-šíç¶dN– ÖÚÛ-ë¯Eo, ÖÚÛJE ÞœªJÙ# Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! í£è[ª-꟪ÙC’ ÍE àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ú£÷«-ì-
൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª) ÷³Ùë]ª Óí£±pè[« 'a' Ú¥F þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª îµªiì proverb ÑÙç¶ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè….

} }
I He
We drink coffee She drinks coffee 'an' Ú¥F ô¦î¦-LqÙë¶. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, – ÓÙ. -ûËÂ-ô¦÷±, ìt-Ú•Ùè[.
You It eg:
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82 áî¦ñª : Oªô¢-ìo-ë¯-EÚ¨ ú£÷«-ì-iì proverb ÔD
They 1) A doctor treats patients (doctor - Englishö˺ ö¶ë]ª.
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 26 WûË 2005

4. û¦ÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªú£ª. 3. î¦ü˜xö° ð§è[ê¦ô¢ª?

û¦ÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµL-óŸªë]ª. How do they sing? (How = Óö°?)
OªÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªþ§? Ans: ò°Þ¥ ð§è[ê¦ô¢ª.
5. Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¢ª. They sing well
Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅÙ-àŸô¢ª. 4. Oª·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Óí£±pè[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hô¢ª?
Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¦? Why do you always come late?
6. ٠ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«þ§hÙ. Ans: I miss the bus.
٠ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[Ù. 5. Oªô¢ª ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸªö¶lô¢ê¦ô¢ª?
Oªô¢ª ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«þ§hô¦? (ôÁW)
7. ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. When do you start for college? (every
(îµjë]uÙ à¶óŸªè[Ù = treat) day)
ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª. Ans: I start at 9 AM.
Ramu: Do you know Mr. venu? They know English. ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶þ§hô¦? 6. ÓÙë]ªÚÛª çµjÙ î¶úÃd à¶þ§h÷±?
(FÚÛª î¶éª êµõªþ§?) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµL-óŸªë]ª. 8. î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨-þ§hô¢ª. Why do you waste time?
Vasu: Of course, I know him. They do not know English. î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨Ù-àŸô¢ª. Ans: û¶û¶Ù î¶úÃd à¶óŸª-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª.
(Í÷±ìª û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªþ§? î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨-þ§hô¦? I do not waste time.
Ramu: How do you know him?
(ÍêŸìª FÚÛª Óö° êµõªú£ª?)
Do they know English?
Þœªô¢ªhÙC ÚÛë¯ – Answers: Ð Ú¨ÙC questions English ö˺ practice
Vasu: We work in the same department.
(Question Structure
Óí£±pè[« ÷³Ùë]ª)
'verb'
1. They come here daily. à¶óŸªÙè….
But he works in another section. 2. ìªîµy-í£±è[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§h÷±. They do not come here daily. 1. î¦üŒ‰x ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷þ§hô¢ª?
(î¶ªÙ Ö¸Ú è…ð§-ô¢ªd-Ùæ˺x ÷ôÂ\ à¶ú£ªhû¦oÙ. You always come late. Do they come here daily? 2. Oªô¢ª ÍEo ú‡E-÷«-öµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª àŸ«þ§hô¢ª?
Ú¥F ÍêŸìª ô šúÚÛ{ûËÁx í£E-à¶-þ§hè[ª) ìªîµy-í£±pè[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ô¦÷±. (not) 2. You meet him every day. 3. Oªô¢ª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ í£±ú£h-Ú¥-öµ-ÚÛ\è[ Ú•Ùæ°ô¢ª?
Ramu: Which section does he work in? You do not come late. You do not meet him every day. 4. î¦üŒ‰x Ô í£vAÚÛ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª?
(ÍêŸìª Ô šúÚÛ{ûËÁx í£E à¶þ§hè[ª?) ìªîµy-í£±è[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hî¦? Do you meet him everyday? 5. Óí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Oª šúõ-÷±õª?
Vasu: Why do you want to know all this? Do you always come late? 3. We sing well. 6. Oª·ôÙêŸ ú£Ùð§-C-þ§hô¢ª?
(ìª÷±y Ð N÷-ô¦õª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦- 7. î¦üŒ‰x ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óí£±p-è•-þ§hô¢ª?
õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?) 8. ví£A ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ìªîµy-÷-JE ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°÷±?
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Question õö˺ do, 9. Óö°Ùæ¨ ú‡E-÷«õª FÚ¨ù£dÙ?
does ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô³. Oæ¨ î¦è[ÚÛÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù 10. Oªô¢ª í£à¦K ú£ô¢ª-ÚÛªõª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÓÚÛ\è[
Englishö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. Ú•Ùæ°ô¢ª?
Regular doing words (1st RDW, 2nd RDW) šíj questions ÚÛª ví£A-ë¯-EÚ© ú£÷«-ëů-û¦õª ÚÛ«è¯
- come, comes; go, goes- Ïö°Ù-æ¨N
not ö˺, í£åªd êµL›í í£ë¯õª! ô¦óŸªÙè….
questionö˺ î¦è¶-å-í£±pè[ª à¦ö° â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ ÑÙè¯L. Answers:
÷ªìÚ¨ ÏÙTxùÚíj í£åªd ÑÙë¯ ö¶ë¯ Íû¶ Nù£óŸªÙ 1. Why do they come here every day?
Ïö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x êµõª-ú£ªhÙC. Ans: They come here to see me.
û¶ìª ÚÛü °ø‹õÚÛª ví£A ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ 2. Why do you watch so many movies?
ê•NªtCÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒê¦ìª. Ans: I watch them because I like them.
I go to college at 9 AM. 3. ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. We do not sing well.
3. Where do you buy books usually?
û¶ìª Ñë]óŸªÙ ê•Nªt-CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ îµüŒx쪖 Íû¦-õÙç¶ His friends help him. Do we sing well?
Ans: I buy them at that stall.
I do not (don't) go to college at 9 AM. ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª. 4. I know English.
4. What newspaper do they read?
ví£A ôÁV î¦üŒ‰x ììªo ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª. His friends do not help him. I do not know English.
Do you know English?
Ans: They read the Eenadu.
They meet me every day. 5. When do your holidays begin?
î¦üŒ‰x ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁô¢ª. 5. These teachers teach well.
These teachers do not teach well. Ans: They usually begin in April 3rd week.
They do not meet 6. How much do you earn?
Do these teachers teach well?
me every day.
î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª (÷uA-
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 8 6. We watch English movies. Ans: Why do you want to know?
'not'
We do not watch English movies. (Oª·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª?)
¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨),
question Íè…¸Þåí£±pè[ª
ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¦? Do you watch English movies? 7. When do they come here every day?
Do his friends help him? 7. The doctors here treat well. Ans: They come here at 7 PM
1st RDW (come, go
The doctors here do not treat well.
ö°Ùæ¨N)êÁ 'do'
know = do know
Do the doctors here treat well?
8. Whom do you meet every sunday?
÷ú£ªhÙC. come = do come
8. They act well.
Ans: I meet my friend.
help = do help
Ú•Eo Ïö°Ùæ¨ î¦Ú¥uõª– M. SURESAN
Í÷è[Ù šíj î¦Ú¥uö˺x Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. They do not act well.
9. What kind of movies do you like?
Ans: I like suspense movies.
1) I go there every Sunday. Ð Ú¨ÙC êµõªÞœª î¦Ú¥u-õìª Englishö˺ practice Do they act well?
10. Where do you buy provisions usually?
a) I do not go there every Sunday. à¶óŸªÙè…. English ö˺
what, where, when, which,
Ans: I buy them at that shop.
b) Do I go there every Sunday? 1. î¦Rx-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¢ª. whose, whom and why êÁ ÚÛ«è¯
questions
2) They speak Telugu. î¦RxÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ô¦ô¢ª. Íè[ª-Þœªê¦Ù ÚÛë¯? Oæ¨E ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
'wh' words
a) They do not speak Telugu. î¦Rx-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¦? Oæ¨êÁ Íè…¸Þ questions 'wh' questions. Ð
b) Do they speak Telugu? 2. ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°÷±. 'wh' ÷«å-õêÁ ÍÙç¶ 'wh' questions 1 ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯
(1) ö˺ go not êÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª 1 (a) ö˺ do ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ÷±. êÁ
st RDW do + 1 st RDW ÷ú£ªhÙC. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
go Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Question 1 (b)ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ do ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦? 1. Oª¸ÚÙ êµõªú£ª? þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
go Í÷±-êÁÙC. 3. ٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[ê¦Ù. What do you know? þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
Íö°¸Þ (2)ö˺ Speak notêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª ٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[Ù. 2. Oª·ô-ÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? #ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
2(a)ö˺, questionÞ¥ 2(b)ö˺ do speak Í÷±- ٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[-ê¦÷«? Where do you live? email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
êÁÙC.
3) We like mangoes ví£øŒo: standard è…ÚÛ{vFE Óö° JíÆ£ô ô³ê¶ í£ë]Ù ë•ô¢-ÚÛë]ª. Íö°Ù-å-í£±pè[ª ví£ê¦u- è…ÚÛ{vFö˺ Ïà¶a ÷«åÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì N÷-
a) We do not like mangoes à¶óŸ«L? Ôëµjû¦ ÖÚÛ Word ìª êŸyô¢Þ¥ ÷«oóŸª Spellings ìª ÒÙàŸªÚ•E îµêŸ- ô¦õª. ÍN–
b) Do we like mangoes? îµAÚ¨šíç¶d ø‹úˆYóŸªí£ë]lÄA êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè…. Ú¥L. existence Íû¶ í£ë]Ù spelling ìª ★ Î ÷«å Pronunciation
Íö°¸Þ Key to dictionary entries ÷ªìÙ ð»ô¢-ð§-åªÞ¥ existance ÍìªÚÛªE ★ parts of speech
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ like notêÁ Ú¥F questionö˺ ÍÙç¶ ÔNªæ¨? îµA-Ú¨ê¶ Ð í£ë]Ù Dictionary ö˺ ë•ô¢-ÚÛë]ª. ★ Ôó¶ªparts of speech ö˺, Ôó¶ª ô¢ÚÛ-iì
Ú¥F î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª do like Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ- – ø˜jõá, ÚÛKÙ-ì-Þœô Íö°Ù-å-í£±pè[ª a ñë]ªõª e ví£ê¦u-÷«o- Print ö˺, ͤÛ-ô¦õ
Type ö˺ ÑÙC.
àŸÙè…. óŸªÙêÁ îµêŸ-ÚÛè[Ù êŸô¢ª-î¦A ë]øŒ. ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ õª
Ú¥ñæ¨d 1 RDW + not/?= do + 1st RDW. áî¦ñª: Ô Standard dictionary ö˺ ➻ Word ìª îµA-Ú¨-šíç¶d ø‹úˆYóŸª í£ë]lÄA ÑÙC.
★ Parts of speech Noun, Verb
Íô³ê¶ î¦æ¨ö˺ Ô ô¢Ú¥Eo Óö° ú£«#þ¼hÙC.
ÍÙç¶1st Regular Doing Words (come, Íô³û¦ ÖÚÛ Word ìª îµAÚ¨-šíç¶d í£ë]lÄA ÖÚÛç¶. ÷ªìÚÛª ͤÛô¢vÚÛ÷ªÙ Þœªô¢ªhÙ-è¶-ë¯Eo ñæ¨d ★ Íë¶ ÷«åêÁ ÷à¶a IdiomÚÛª Ïà¶a Þœªô¢ªh,
go ö°Ùæ¨-N)E not êÁ questionö˺ î¦è…-ì-
Íë¶ Alphabetical order ö˺ refer à¶óŸªè[Ù. êŸyô¢Þ¥ í£ë]Ù ë•ô¢-ÚÛè[Ù Îëů-ô¢-í£è… î¦æ¨Ú¨Synonyms, antonyms Óö°
í£±pè[ª do + 1st RDW Í÷±-꟪ÙC. ê¶LÞ¥_ refer à¶óŸ«-õÙç¶ Ð Ú¨ÙC ÍÙø‹õìª ÑÙåªÙC. êµLð§ô¢ª.
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ➻ îµ³ë]å ví£A ›í@šíjì Ñìo Lead Word ...êŸCêŸô¦õª. Oæ¨E Key to dictionary
Ð Ú¨ÙCî¦-æ¨Ú¨ not êÁ ÷uA-¸ôÚ¥õª, questions ➻ English alphabetö˺ ͤÛô¢ vÚÛ÷ªÙ a-z
practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢éõª... ÷ô¢ÚÛª êµL-óŸ«L. àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. entries N÷-J-þ§hô³.
1. î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªú£ª. ➻ ÏÚÛSpelling ìª ñæ¨d îµêŸ-Ú¥L. Ð NëůìÙ è…ÚÛ{vF NE-óµ«-Þ¥Eo ÍêŸuÙêŸ ú£ô¢-
➻ îµA¸Ú í£ë]Ù Spelling ÚÛ«è¯ ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥
Key to dictionary entries ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ üŒ-êŸô¢Ù à¶ú£ªhÙC.
êµLú‡ ÑÙè¯L. ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ ÷ªì šúpLxÙÞ êŸí£p-
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 28 WûË 2005

Raghu: Does your friend meet you regular- He does not

ly?
(Oª všíÆÙè Eìªo ·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥ ÚÛõª-þ§hè¯?) move out of home
Ramu: Which friend? (Ô všíÆÙèÂ?) on sunday.
Raghu: Seshu (ø™ù£ª)
Ramu: Yes, he meets me regularly. But
he does not meet me on sundays.
(Í÷±ìª. ·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥ ÚÛõª-þ§hè[ª Ú¥F
ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ÷«vêŸÙ ÚÛõ-÷è[ª.)
Raghu: Why does he not (doesn't he) meet
you on sundays?
(ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛõ-÷è[ª?)
Ramu: He does not move out of home on Does Usha play well? ANSWERS:
sunday. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. 1. a) Mr Ananda Rao teaches well.
(ÍêŸìª ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù Ïõªx ÚÛë]-õè[ª.) 1. a) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¢ª. b) Mr Ananda Rao does not teach well.
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! 2nd RDW meets b) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅÙ-àŸô¢ª. c) How does Mr Ananda Rao teach?
question ö˺ not êÁ does meet Í÷±-êÁÙC. c) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¦? 2. a) They help others.
Íö°¸Þ does move ÍÙç¶ moves (not êÁ ÷#a- 2. a) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. b) They do not help others.
ì-í£±pè[ª). b) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª.
c) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¦?
c) Do they help others?
Come, go, Walk ö°Ùæ¨ 1st RDWs
(Regular Doing Words)ìª notêÁ, 3. a) ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¢ª.
3. a) Mr Rao comes here every day.

questionsö˺ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª do ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]E b) Mr Rao does not come here every day.

êµõªú£ªÚÛªû¦oÙ. c) Does Mr Rao come here every day?

eg: 4. a) We watch the TV for an hour every
1) They come here everyday. morning.

Does Óí£±pè•ú£ªhÙC?
a) they do not come here every day. b) We do not watch TV for an hour every
b) Do they come here every day? morning.
2) You come here often. c) When do you watch the TV every day?
a) You do not come here often. 5. a) The paper comes every day at 6 AM.
b) Do you come here often? b) The paper does not come here at 6
Ïö°¸Þ Ïí£±pè[ª2nd Regular Doing Words- AM.
comes, goes, walks, talks ö°Ùæ¨
verbs not ìª c) When does the paper come?
êÁÚ¥F, question ö˺ڥF î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª
'does' 5. a) We get the paper at 6 AM
÷ú£ªhÙC.2nd RDWs- he, she, it êÁû¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. b) We do not get the paper at 6 AM
Ú¥ñæ¨d
'does' ÚÛ«è¯
he, she, it êÁû¶ Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ- Q: Does (Sunil) find?
à¦L. 4) goes (+ not) = does not go; b) ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ô¦ô¢ª. c) When do you get the paper?

1) Sunita (She) sings well. Q: Does (Sita) go? c) ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¦? 6. a) They understand his teaching well.

2nd RDW
Ïö° Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…. 4. a) ٠Ñë]óŸªÙ ÖÚÛ ÞœÙå æ©O àŸ«þ§hÙ. b) They do not understand his teaching
a) Sunita does not sing well. takes = does take (with not/?) b) ٠Ñë]óŸªÙ ÖÚÛ ÞœÙå æ©O àŸ«è[Ù. well.
2nd RDW
c) Oªô¢ª ôÁW æ©O Óí£±pè[ª àŸ«þ§hô¢ª? c) How well do they understand his teach-
ÏÚÛ\è[verb 'does sing' - not êÁ. comes = does come (with not/?)
writes = does write (with not/?) . ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ 6 ÞœÙåõÚÛª ›íí£ô ÷ú£ªhÙC.
5 a) ing?
b) Does Sunita sing well?
Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E à¶óŸªÙè…. b) ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ 6 ÞœÙå-õÚÛª ›íí£ô ô¦ë]ª. 7. a) You read the paper every day.
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ verb 'does sing' - question ö˺. ÏN
practice
·ôÙè…Ùæ¨Ú© ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#- c) ôÁW ÓEoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ›íí£ô ÷ú£ªhÙC? b) You do not read the paper everyday.
ÍÙç¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ sings + not/?
1st RDW, 2nd RDW
ìN. ÍÙç¶ Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x 'do',÷ªJ Ú•Eo 6. a) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ò°Þ¥ Íô¢n÷ª÷±-꟪ÙC. c) What paper do you read everyday?
= does sing
ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è¯Lq ÑÙåªÙC. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ b) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ò°Þ¥ Íô¢nÙ Ú¥ë]ª. 8. a) She goes to her friends' on Sundays.
sings ìª not êÁ Ú¥F, 'does'
c) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ÓÙêŸ ò°Þ¥
question ö˺ Ú¥F î¦è…-ì- Íô¢n÷ª÷±êŸªÙC?
b) She does not go to her friends' on

í£±pè[ª 'does sing' 7. a) Oªô¢ª ôÁW ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª.

Sundays.

Í÷±êÁÙC. b) Oªô¢ª ôÁW ›íí£ô àŸë]-÷ô¢ª.

c) How often does she go to her friends'?
9. a) She likes him.
2) Kumar (he) knows c) Oªô¢ª ôÁW Ô ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª?
9
8. a) Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨
English.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é b) She does not like him.
a) Kumar does not
M. SURESAN Þœ÷ª-EÙ# practice à¶óŸªÙè…. îµüŒ‰êŸªÙC. c) Why does she like him so much?

b) Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒxë]ª.

know English. 10. a) He goes to Vizag every week.
eg:
b) Does Kumar know English?
û¶ìª 11 í‡.ÓÙ. Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª. c) Î î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÓÙêŸ êŸô¢-àŸªÞ¥ îµüŒ‰- b) He does not go to Vizag every week.
(Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯!
knows + not/? = does know)
1. a)
I go to bed at 11 PM. ꟪ÙC? c) Why does he go to Vizag every week?
3) Hari likes music.
b) û¶ìª 11 í‡.ÓÙ. Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÁìª. 9. a) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ Ïù£dÙ. 11. a) We take coffee.
a) Hari does not like music.
I do not go to bed at 11 PM. b) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ Ïù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª. b) We do not take coffee.
b) Does Hari like music?
Oª·ô-EoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? c) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙêŸ Ïù£dÙ? c) What do you take, coffee or tea?
Ïö° êÁ
'not' questions ö˺ ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo
2nd RDWs
c)
10. a) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ îµüŒê¦è[ª.
ô¢«ð§õª àŸ«è[Ùè…. 2. a)
When do you go to bed?
Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ª-꟪ÙC. b) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ îµüŒxè[ª.
1) works (+ not) = does not work;
Q: Does (he) work?
b)
Usha plays well.
Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ë]ª.
c) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª îµüŒê¦è[ª?
11. a) ٠ڥíƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙæ°Ù.
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
2) takes (+ not) = does not take;
Usha does not play well. b) ٠ڥíƈ Bú£ªÚÁÙ. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
Q: Does (she) take?
c) Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ª-꟪Ùë¯? c) Oª¸ôÙ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª, Ú¥íÆˆóŸ« æ©óŸ«? þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
3) finds (+ not) = does not find;
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
NªÚÂqè çµûËÂq î¦è¯Lq ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª Óö°Ùæ¨ my book. simple present ÚÛª
present perfect email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
ví£øŒo: â°vÞœ-êŸhõª Bú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. 5. I know (that) you stolen my book combination ú£·ôj-ì-ë¶û¦? Íö°¸Þ
simple
1. I know you've stolen my book. yesterday. pastÚ¨ past perfect ú£·ôj-ì-ë¶û¦? tion ú£·ôj-ìë¶. Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦ÚÛuÙ Íë¶.
Ïë¶ î¦Ú¥uEo Ïö° ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a? 6. I knew that you had stolen my book Ú¨
simple past simple past ú£·ôj-ìë¯?
just I Know (simple present) you've stolen
2. I knew you had stolen my book. yesterday. ÷Ùæ¨ Ú¨
recent actions present perfect +
3. I Knew you stole my book šíj î¦Ú¥uõª Ô ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ î¦è¯L. Ð present perfect ú£·ôj-ìë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª.
(present perfect).
simple past, past perfect combination Ñìo
4. I have just Know (that) you've stolen î¦Ú¥uõª ú£·ôj-ìî¦ Ú¥î¦? – óŸªÙ. ÎÚ¥Ù¤Û, 궸ôo-ÚÛöËÀ, ÚÛô¢«oõª ·ôÙè[ª, Íô³ë]ª î¦Ú¥uõª ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
áî¦ñª: I know you have stolen my book F÷± û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ë•ÙT-LÙ-à¦-÷E û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª. î¦Ú¥uEo Ïö° ô¦óŸª-÷àŸªa– û¦õªÞÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ú£·ôj-ìë¶.
DE Íô¢nÙ– ìª÷±y û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ë•ÙÞœ-LÙ-à¦-÷E ÏÚÛ\è[ ë•ÙT-LÙ-àŸ-è[÷´ ÞœêŸî¶ª. êµL-óŸª-è[÷´ I knew you had stolen my book. eg:
û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª. ÞœêŸî¶ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ ·ôÙè[ª í£ìªõ« past ö˺ ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª, I have just noticed that he has not attend-
ÏÙë]ªö˺ ë•ÙT-LÙ-#ÙC ÞœêŸÙö˺ Íô³û¦ êµLú‡ÙC I Knew you stole my book. ÏÙÚÁæ¨ êŸô¦yêŸ áJ-Þ¥ô³ Ú¥ñæ¨d knew, had ed class for the past two days.
Ïí£±pè[ª. ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d DEÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ ô¦÷-à¶a stolen î¦è¯L. have noticed, have attended ·ôÙè[« pres-
I knew you had stolen my book. Ú¥F ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶ Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ êŸí£±p. Ð Simple Present, Present perfect combina- ent perfect ö¶ ÚÛë¯! Ïö° ·ôÙè[« î¦è•àŸªa.
I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 30 WûË 2005

vÚÛ ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ, ඛú í£ìª-õÚÛª

ö°Ùæ¨N, 2nd RDW (Regular Doing
Words- comes, goes)
1st
RDW (Regular Doing Words- come, go)

ö°Ùæ¨N î¦è[ê¦Ù.
1st
(Past Doing Word- PDW).
ÚÛ«ôÁa-÷è[Ù, Eõñ-è[è[Ù, EvCÙ-àŸè[Ù, ÚÛõ-Þœ-ìè[Ù, Íô¢nÙ
à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù, Ú•ìè[Ù, ê¶÷è[Ù, ú‡ë]lÄ-í£-è[è[Ù,
îµªàŸªaÚÁ÷è[Ù, û¦åuÙ à¶óŸªè[Ù, ìæ¨Ù-àŸè[Ù, Îè[è[Ù,
RDW ìª
'not' êÁ Þ¥E,
question ö˺ Þ¥F î¦è…ê¶ Nvø‹ÙA Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù, í£E-à¶óŸªè[Ù, ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸªè[Ù,
'do', 2nd RDW ìª
'not' êÁÞ¥E,
question ö˺ޥE î¦è[è[Ù, ð§è[ª à¶óŸªè[Ù, ÚÛådè[Ù, E÷-ú‡Ù-àŸè[Ù,
î¦è…ê¶ 'does' ÷ú£ªhÙC ÍE êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. ñêŸÚÛè[Ù.
Ravi: Hello Ramana when did you return
from Vizag?
ÔÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ?
(ô¢÷ªé, îµjâ°Þ ìªÙ# Óí£±pè[ª AJ-Þ•- Let's go over what we've learnt so far.
à¦aô¢ª?) ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛ« û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛª-ìoC ×þ§J àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
Ramana: I returned yesterday. am, is, are; was, were; have/has been; shall
(Eìo AJ-Þ•-à¦aìª.) be/will be;1st Regular Doing Words (go, Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ›í@õª. come - came
Ravi: Why did you go to Vizag? come, walk ö°Ùæ¨
verbs), 2nd Regular Doing The pages of the book (book's- î¦è[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª) like - liked
(îµjâ°Þ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª îµü‹xô¢ª?) Words (goes, comes, walks ö°Ùæ¨
verbs) ç¶ñªöËÀ Ú¥üŒ‰x. talk - talked
Ramana: I went there to attend a marriage Oæ¨êÁ 'not' êÁ,
question ö˺
do, does î¦è[è[Ù legs of the table (table's êŸí£±p) smell - smelt
the day before. êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. ÏÙæ¨ êŸõª-í£±õª–Doors of the house. kill - killed
(ÖÚÛ šíRxÚ¨ á-ô¢-ó¶ªuÙ-ë]ªÚÛª îµ³ìo Ïí£±pè[ª Oæ¨E Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ú¥ô¢ª-àŸ-vÚ¥õª–
Wheels of the car. etc.
ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµü‹xìª.) Ó÷-J/-Ó-÷-JC = whose Ïí£±pè[ª Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«è[Ùè…. Oæ¨E çµjîª êµL-ú‡ì past actions ÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Ravi: How did the marriage go off? Ó÷-J-E/-Ó-÷-JÚ¨ = whom Ramu: I went to my uncle's place last Ïí£±pè[ª àŸ«è[Ùè….
(šíRx Óö° áJ-TÙC?) a) Whose book is this? evening. 1) He comes on time everyday, but he came
Ramana: Oh, it went off very well. late yesterday.
(šíRx à¦ö° ò°Þ¥ áJ-TÙC.) (ví£AôÁW çµjîªÚÛª ÷þ§hè[ª, Eìo Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. return ÷à¦aè[ª – yesterday - came)
before)
Óí£±pè[ª(yesterday, day before)
÷ªìÚÛª êµõªú£ª.
(yester-
day), went (day before), went (also day
Ï÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£ìªõª.
áJÞ¥óµ« ÚÛ«è¯
past actions ÚÛª (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-T-ð¼-ô³ì í£ìª-õÚÛª Ô
ôÁV, Ô ûµõ, Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ÍE ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥ êµL-ú‡-ì-
í£±pè[ª) î¦è¶ verb - past doing word. Ð Ú¨ÙC
î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè….
A
1) He comes here every day.
Íà¶êŸû¦õÚÛª of 2) My mother goes to bed early (regular-
goes). She went late to bed yesterday
(yesterday
went).
ÍE çµjîª àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d –
3) India became independent in 1947.
(òÅ°ô¢ê 1947ö˺ ú£yêŸÙvêŸ ë¶øŒÙ Íô³uÙC.)
4) The movie flopped on the first day of its
release last week (flopped - last week).
5) She passed Intermediate 2 years ago.
Ð Ú¨Ùë] Ï#aì I & II Regular Doing Words
(ví£A-ôÁW) regular action ÏC Ó÷J í£±ú£hÚÛÙ? (Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷« ÷«÷ªóŸªu ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ Ú¨ past formsàµí£pÙè….
2) I go to movies every sunday. b) Whose is this book? îµü‹xìª.) eg: buy/buys (regular) - bought (past- Ú•ìåÙ
ÏC regular Ú¥ñæ¨d
'go' Ð í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ó÷-JC? Raghu: What was the matter? áJ-T-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
B c) ìª÷±y Ó÷-JE ÓÚÛª\÷ Ïù£d-í£-è[-ê¦÷±?A û¦, B û¦? (ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?) sing/sings (regular) - sang (past- ð§è[è[Ù
1) He came here yesterday. Whom do you like more, A or B? Ramu: My cousin returned from the states Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
(ÍêŸìª Eìo ÷à¦aè[ª) the day before. He wanted to see Oæ¨E vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè….
(past action ÚÛë¯, Eìo ÍÙç¶? Eìo ÍE çµjîª me. Aìè[Ù (Regular), Ú•ìè[Ù, ìè[-÷è[Ù, û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÁ÷è[Ù,
ÚÛ«è¯ àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d came) (îµ³ìoû¶ î¦üŒx-ò°sô³ Í-JÚ¥ ìªÙ# ô¦óŸªè[Ù, ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù, Íô¢÷è[Ù, Ôè[÷è[Ù, ÚÛådè[Ù,
2) He went to a movie last night. AJ-Þ•-à¦aè[ª. ÍêŸìª ììªo ÚÛõ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛª- ê¦Þœè[Ù, ÚÛë]õè[Ù, ÷«ô¢è[Ù
ÏC Eìo ô¦vA ÍÙç¶ ÞœêŸÙö˺ × íÆ£ö°û¦ çµjîªö˺ ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 10 û¦oè[ª.) Answers:
áJ-TÙ-ë]E àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d went. Raghu: I tried to get you over phone this eat/eats - ate;
Ð Ú¨ÙC í£æ¨dÚÛ àŸ«è[Ùè…. morning; but your people told me buy/buys - bought;

Regular actions d) ìª÷±y Ó÷-JÚ¨ ú£ï£„-óŸª-í£- you were out. walk/walks - walked;

(vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ-¸ÞN) è[-ê¦÷±? (Ð ôÁV ð»ë]ªlì ÚÛ«è¯ Oª ÚÁú£Ù learn/ learns - learnt;

Regular Doing Words Whom do you help? ðƼûË à¶ø‹ìª. Ú¥F Oª î¦üŒ‰x ö¶ô¢E write/writes - wrote;

e) ÎÚÛª Ó÷ô¢ª êµõªú£ª? àµð§pô¢ª.) talk/talks

shout/shouts
-
-
talked;
shouted;
Whom does she know? Ramu: Yes, I spent the whole of last night
I RDW II RDW ÏÙÚ¥– û¦;
my- mine- û¦C. at my uncle's.
weep/weeps - wept;

(I, We, You & they) (He, She & It) a)ÏC û¦ ÚÛõÙ. M. SURESAN (Í÷±ìª. Eìo ô¦vêŸÙê¦ ÷« ÷«÷ªóŸªu build/builds - built;

î¦üŒx-êÁû¶ Ñû¦oìª.)
drink/drinks - drank;
go goes This is my pen.
move/moves - moved;
see sees b) Ð ÚÛõÙ û¦C. Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é í£J-Q-L›úh ÞœêŸÙö˺ î¦JÚ¨ êµL-ú‡ì change/changes - changed.
come comes This pen is mine. ú£÷ª-óŸªÙö˺ áJ-Tì ú£ÙíÆ£ª-å-ì-õìª ÞœªJÙ# ÷«æ°x-è…-
know knows our - ÷«;
ours - ÷«C ìåªx êµõª-þ¼hÙC. Î verbs: went (last evening),
tell tells your- F/Oª returned (the day before), wanted (after he
teach teaches yours- FC/-OªC came), tried (this morning), told (this morn-
write writes This is my book; Where is yours? Oæ¨E
ing). went, returned, wanted, tried, told -
sing sings (ÏC û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ; Fëµ-ÚÛ\è[?) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨
past tense past
keep keeps his- ÍêŸ-E/-Í-êŸ-EC; verbs- ìª ÷ªìÙ Past Doing WordsÍÙë¯Ù.
learn learns her- Î óµ³ÚÛ\ Oæ¨E ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£ìªõª, Ô ôÁV, ví£øŒo: present tense, past tense, future
walk walks hers- ÎC Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù, Ô çµjîªö˺ ÍE êµL-ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª tense õìª Ô NëÅ]ÙÞ¥, Ôó¶ª Ú¥ö°ö˺x Ñí£-
Past actions, Time stated
her ÍÙç¶ Îîµªìª ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC. î¦è[ê¦Ù. óµ«-TÙ-à¦ö˺ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª.
(ÞœêŸÙö˺ × çµjîªö˺ áJ-T-ìN) This is Ramesh's shirt. I met him yesterday. – ú‡. ò°ñª, ÷³ë]l-ì«ô¢ª
ÏC ô¢î¶ªùà à•Ú¥\. ÍÙç¶ ô¢î¶ª-ùÃC, ô¢î¶ª-ùÃÚÛª àµÙCì (Eìo û¶ìª ÍêŸè…E ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª)
Past Doing Words
ÍE êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ 's (Apostrophe- s) áî¦ñª: ÏÙTxùà ÷«æ°x-è¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª tenses ›íô¢ªx êµõª-
went saw
î¦è[ê¦Ù.
They lost a lot of money last year.
ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. Time of action (í£E-
(ð¼ô³ì ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x à¦ö° è[ñªs ð¼Þ•-åªd- á-J¸Þ Ú¥õÙ) ñæ¨d î¦è¯-Lqì verb ô¢«í£Ù (verb
came knew
÷« û¦ìo Þ¥J ë]ªú£ªhõª. ÚÛª-û¦oô¢ª)
told taught form) êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙç¶ à¦õª. Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª Ð QJ{-ÚÛö˺
wrote sang
My father's cloths.
÷« Í÷ªt ìÞœõª ÍÙç¶ çµjîª êµL-ú‡ì past actions ìª (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ- ÷#aì ÍÙø‹-õFo tense ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#-ìî¶. î¦æ¨E
kept learnt Tì í£ìª-õìª) past doing words ö˺ (past sim- vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè….
ple ö˺) êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸ«L. past doing words (past
My mother's jewels
walked
ÖÚÛJ ÍE Þ¥E, ÖÚÛ-JÚ¨ àµÙCì ÍE Þ¥F àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ ûËÁæËÀ: ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù (WûË 28ì) Q&A ö˺
Ïö°¸Þ Ð Ú¨ÙC Íô¦nõª ÷à¶a English verbs Ú¨, English ö˺ 's (apostrophe- s) î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶
simple) Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª– ví£àŸªJÙ#ì ví£øŒoö˺E û¦õªÞÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ
Regular Doing Words, Past Doing Words
vð§éÙ ö¶E Íà¶-êŸ-ì-iì î¦æ¨Ú¨ ‘àµÙCì’ Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ 's go - went ú£·ôjìC Ú¥ë]ª. Î î¦ÚÛuÙ Ïö° ÑÙè¯L–
practice à¶óŸªÙè…. î¦è[Ù. ë¯E ñë]ªõª 'of' î¦è[ê¦Ù. see - saw I have known (that) you've stolen my
eg: Aìè[Ù –
eat (I RDW), eats (II RDW), ate write - wrote book.
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 2 Vöµj 2005

Sridhar: Where were you last Evening? à¶óŸªÙè….) ÷« ÚÛ>ûË áÞœ-Dùà ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÚÛ\-
(Eìo þ§óŸªÙêŸÙ ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦o÷±?) è[ªÙ-æ°è[ª. ìªîµ\-ÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-æ°÷±?
Srikanth: I was at Sankar's. We spent the Ramesh: Ô û¦ÚÛª êµMë]ª. ÓÙë]ªÚÛª êµõªq-ÚÁ-î¦-
evening together. õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?
(û¶ìª øŒÙÚÛô î¦RxÙæ˺x Ñû¦oìª. Naresh: Eìªo ÷« ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ í‡õ-î¦-õE (want to
þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ïë]lô¢Ù ÚÛL›ú Ñû¦oÙ.) î¦è[Ùè…).
Sridhar: Do you see him everyday? Answer:
(ôÁW ìª÷±y ÍêŸEo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦?) Ramesh: Hi Naresh? How are you?
Srikanth: No. He is out some evenings. He (Ð í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ-í£±õª ò°Þ¥ practice
attends music classes two or three à¶óŸªÙè…)
evenings a week. Naresh: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
(ö¶ë]ª Ú•Eo-ôÁ-Võª ÍêŸìª þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ramesh: Fine too. Thank you. Why are you Ð ÷«å ÚÛ«è¯ ò°Þ¥ î¦è[Ùè… õ. ÍÙê¦ ÷ªì practice Oªë¶ ÑÙC.
ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè[è[ª. î¦ô¦-EÚ¨ ·ôÙè[ª, ÷´è[ª here? Ramesh: Do you read a lot?
VOCABULARY
þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ú£ÙUêŸÙ û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª.) (How is it you are here?/What brings you (Have you/do you have the habit of reading?)
Sridhar: When did he start learning? here?/How do I see you here now?- Oå-Eoæ¨ Naresh: Yes, I read a lot. Reading interests Sentence structures ÏÙÚ¥ ò°Þ¥ practice
(û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù Óí£±pè[ª îµ³ë]õª šíæ°dè[ª?) Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶. Ð î¦Ú¥u-õìª ò°Þ¥ practice me/ I am interested in reading. à¶óŸ«-õÙç¶ vocabulary (í£ë¯õª ÍÙç¶ ÏÙÚ•Eo
Srikanth: I don't know. I think he has been à¶óŸªÙè….) Ramesh: Don't you (Do you not) watch ÷«åõª) êµõªú£ªÚÁ-î¦L.
at, is for at least 6 to 7 months Naresh: I bought some books in this shop movies? climb up = ÓÚÛ\è[Ù
now. here this morning. One of them is (ÏÚÛ\è[ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. àŸ«þ§hî¦? Do you watch? climb down = CÞœè[Ù
rush = êŸyô¢êŸyô¢Þ¥

êÁ
(û¦ÚÛª êµLóŸªë]ª. Ú¥F θôè[ª ûµõ-õªÞ¥ îµüŒxè[Ù/ è¯-N-è…Þ¥
ë¯E Oªë¶ Ñû¦o-è[-ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°.) îµüŒxè[Ù/urgentÞ¥ ë¶Eûµjû¦ í£Ùí£è[Ù.
Sridhar: How about a movie tomorrow? Will

Do you?
Hurry up, please = êŸyô¢Þ¥ Ú¥FóÀª.
you be free? Why are you in a hurry?
(¸ôí£± ú‡E÷«Ú¨ îµüŒë¯÷«? ¸ôí£± ìª÷±y ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙêŸ ê•Ùë]ô¢ FÚÛª?/-ê•Ù-ë]ô¢ í£è[ª-꟪-û¦oîËÂ?
Ý°Só¶ªû¦?) hurry(J) = ê•Ùë]ô¢

í£ë¯õª Îë¯!
Srikanth: I will be away tomorrow. I will be Crawl (vÚ¥öËÀ) = ð§ÚÛè[Ù
free the day after tomorrow. ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ú¥üŒ‰x ö¶E áÙ꟪-÷±õª, ÷ªK ÓÚÛª\÷
(¸ôí£± û¶ìªÙ-è[ìª. ÓõªxÙè… Ý°SÞ¥ Ú¥üŒ‰xìo âµvô¢ªõª, ê¶üŒŠx ö°Ùæ¨N, ÏÙÚ¥ ìè[÷-ö¶E î¦üŒ‰x
ÑÙæ°ìª.) ò˺ô¦xí£è… ð§ÚÛè[Ù, í‡õxõª, û¦õªÞœª Ú¥üŒx áÙ꟪÷±õª
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. ð§ÚÛè¯Eo creep (vÚ©íÖ-vÚ©íÃq, v·ÚíÃd) ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. Íô³ê¶
Timeìª ñæ¨d î¦è…ì verb forms àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª Þœë¯? ·ôÙè[ª ÷«åõÚÛª ð¼LÚÛ à¦ö° Eë¯-ìÙÞ¥ ÚÛë]õè[Ù.
Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Oª friends êÁ Ú¥F, OªêÁ ú£ï£°- not in a good condition / is in a bad àŸ«è[î¦ – Do you not watch / Don't you Creep-ô¢ï£°-ú£uÙÞ¥, ë•ÙÞœ-êŸ-ìÙÞ¥ ÚÛë]-õè[Ù Íû¶
ÚÛ-JÙචî¦ü˜x-÷-J-êÁ-ûµjû¦ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ïí£p-æ¨-÷- condition. I want to return it. watch? Íô¢nÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÑÙC.
ô¢ÚÛª Ð Spoken English Columns ö˺ Ï#aì Ramesh: What's (=What is) wrong with the Naresh: Do you? ÚÛõêŸ = worry (÷J);
N÷-ô¦õª Oªô¢ª follow Íô³ ÑÙç¶, Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é book? ÏÚÛ\è[ Do you watch movies ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ ê¦íˆÞ¥ ìè[-÷è[Ù =amble (ÎÙñªöËÀ)
OªÚÛª à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù. (Ð Ú¨ÙC ›íô¢xÚÛª ñë]ªõª OªOª (What's wrong- ÏC ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ú£ô¢y-þ§-ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥ Íû¦Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. / Do you sea a lot? (campö˺ am ö°Þ¥ ‘ÎÙ’ í£õ-Ú¥L)
friends ›íô¢xêÁ practice à¶óŸªÙè….) Ramesh: Oh, yes. I ê•Ùë]-ô¢-ð§åª = haste (šï°óÀªúÃd)
Ramesh: óÀª ì¸ôùà Óö° Ñû¦o÷±? watch at least
Naresh: ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o, ëǯuÙÚÛ«u. PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
ìª÷±y Óö° one movie a
Ñû¦o÷±?
Ramesh: û¶ìª ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o. ëǯuÙÚÛ«u. ÔÙæ¨
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 11 week. / I watch
movies at least
1) English ö˺ hitting, betting, selling, hum-
ming, cunning ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«å-õö˺ ÷à¶a ·ôÙè[-¤Û-
Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oîËÂ? once a week. ô¦õ« Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÖÚÛ Í¤Û-ô¢î¶ª í£õ-Ú¥L.
Naresh: Ð í£±ú£h-Ú¥õ ÿ§í£±ö˺ ð»ë]ªlì Ú•Eo í£±ú£h- î¦è[ê¦ô¢ª– Íô¢nÙ: ÔÙæ¨ ð»ô¢-ð§åª?, ê¶è¯ ÔÙæ¨?, ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ Oªô¢ª Íõ-î¦åª hitting = æ¨ÙÞÂ
Ú¥õª Ú•û¦oìª. î¦æ¨ö˺ ÖÚÛæ¨ ú£JÞ¥ ꟛíp-÷ª-û¦oû¦?) à¶ú£ªÚÁ-Þœ-L-T궖 Oh, yes, I M. SURESAN betting = òµæ¨ÙÞÂ
ö¶ë]ª. ë¯Eo AJT Ïà¶a-óŸ«-õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ- Naresh: Some pages are missing. do. At least once a weak. selling = šúLÙÞÂ
åªû¦o. Ramesh: Didn't you (did you not) notice it ÍE clipped sentences (ÚÛªCÙ-#ì î¦Ú¥uõª) î¦è[- humming = NªÙÞÂ
Ramesh: ÔÙæ¨ Î í£±ú£h-ÚÛÙö˺ ö˺í£Ù? this morning when you bought it? ÷àŸªa. ÍÙç¶ I do= I watch. cunning = ÚÛEÙÞÂ,
Naresh: Ú•Eo ›í@õª ö¶÷±. þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ à¦ö°-÷ªÙC Ú•ìè[Ù Íû¶ í£ë¯-EÚ¨, pur- Naresh: Tomorrow is/will be a holiday for (æ¨dÙÞÂ, òµæ¨dÙÞÂ, šúLxÙÞ etc ÍìÚÛ«è[ë]ª)
Ramesh: Ñë]óŸªÙ Ú•ìo-í£±è[ª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸ-ö¶ë¯? chase(s) past doing word 'purchased' î¦è[ª- us. My cousin Jagadish also will 2) Looked, booked, talked, pressed, jumped
Naresh: Ú•ClÞ¥ ê•Ùë]-ô¢ö˺ Ñû¦o! ꟪Ù-æ°ô¢ª– ÏC ð§Ùè…êŸuÙ. ÷«÷´õª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-é-ö˺- be here tomorrow. Where will you - Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x #÷J 'ed'E t Þ¥ í£õ-Ú¥L.
Ramesh: FÚÛª í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª àŸCî¶ Íõ-î¦-åªÙë¯? Þ¥E, ô¢àŸ-ìö˺, buy, buys, bought etc. ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Ú•ìª- be? Looked= Lookt; talked=talkt etc.
Naresh: à¦ö° ÓÚÛª\÷ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª. àŸë]-÷åÙ ÞÁõª Íû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª purchase î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ramesh: I don't (do not) know. Why do you
û¦ÚÛª Îú£¸Úh.
Ramesh: ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[î¦?
I have a few purchases to make.
Ú•Eo ÷ú£ªh-÷±õª Ú•ìª-ÞÁõª à¶óŸ«L.
want to know?
Naresh: I wish to/want to invite you to my
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
Naresh: ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ àŸ«þ§hî¦? OöµjìÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª buy, buys, boughtû¶ î¦è[Ùè…. ú£ï£°- place. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
Ramesh: Î. ÚÛFú£Ù î¦ô¦-E-ÚÁ-þ§J. áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC. àŸ«ø‹ô¦. ÷ªìÙ ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Spoken English ö˺ þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
Naresh: ¸ôí£± ÷«ÚÛª šúõ÷± (tomorrowêÁ begin Naresh: I was in a little hurry êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªìo Ú•Cl ÍÙø‹-õ-êÁû¶ ÓÙêŸ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù‡Ù-àŸ-Þœ- þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
ví£øŒo: 'She has had this job for the last 'She has been this job for the last one year ÷«vêŸî¶ª's' / 'es' à¶ô¢ªþ§hÙ.
one year' , 'She has been this job Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. She has been in this ví£øŒo: ‘û¶ìª Î í£E à¶ô³-þ§h쪒. DEE ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ áî¦ñª: I got married, I was married ·ôÙè[«
for the last one year' Ð ·ôÙè[ª job Íû¦L (in ÑÙè¯L). Óö° ÍÙæ°ô¢ª? ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íô¢nÙö˺ ÷«vêŸÙ Ú•ClÞ¥ ê¶è¯ ÑÙåªÙC.
î¦Ú¥uõÚÛª ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? ví£øŒo: Simple present tenseö˺ subject's – âµ.·Ú ví£þ§ëÂ, ÚÛè[í£ got married = û¦ÚÛª šíüŒx-ô³ÙC ( Ô ôÁV, Ô
I
– Ná-óŸª-õ¤¨t, Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ singularö˺ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª verbÚÛª 's' Þ¥E, áî¦ñª: I will make him / her / them / you ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù êŸC-êŸô¢ N÷-ô¦õª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d
'es'Þ¥E à¶ô¢ª-þ§hô¢ª. Subject - 'I' Ñìo- do it. clearÞ¥ ÑÙç¶).
áî¦ñª: 'She has had this job for the last
one year' She has been in this job
í£±pè[ª verbÚÛª 's', 'es' à¶ô¢a-·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª? ví£øŒo: I got married, I was married Ð Ex: I got married (on Monday last/ last
– ÓÙ. òÅ°ìª-àŸÙ-ë]ôÂ, ÷ªCl-î¦-E-ð§öµÙ
Íû¦o, year / in 2004 / 22nd June etc.)
for the last one year' Íû¦o Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶. ·ôÙè[ª î¦Ú¥uõª ú£·ôj-ì-î¶û¦? Ô ú£Ùë]-
ÎÚÛª Ð ÑëÁuޜ٠ÖÚÛ ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¢ÙÞ¥ ÑÙë]E áî¦ñª: Simple presentö˺ Singular sub- ô¢sÄÙö˺ Óö°Ùæ¨ î¦Ú¥uEo Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ- I was married = DE Íô¢nÙ Íí£p-æ¨¸Ú û¦ÚÛª

jects ÍEoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ VerbÚÛª 's' / 'es'à¶ô¢aÙ. III à¦L? šíüŒx-ô³-ð¼-ô³Ù-ë]E.

– ÓöËÀ. û¦¸ÞøŒyô¢ô¦÷±, Þœªè…-î¦è[ Q: Were you married (at the time)?
îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ. ·ôÙèÁ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ–
Î Ð ÑëÁu-ÞœÙö˺ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ìªÙ< ÑÙC. Person singular subjects- He, She, It ÚÛª
A: yes, I was married.
I Ðû¦è[ª- þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 4 Vöµj 2005

Pranav: How is everybody, Praveen? ÑÙè[è[Ù.

(ví£OéÉÂ! ÍÙë]ô¢« Óö° Ñû¦oô¢ª, children (plural) - child (singular)
ÚÛªøŒ-õ÷«?) child
ÚÛª ñë]ªõª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ he/she Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ It
Praveen: Not bad, I suppose. How is it with ÍÙæ°Ù.
you? 6. Do snakes lay eggs?
(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o-÷ª-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. ìªîµyö° (ð§÷³õª Þœªè[ªx šíè[-ê¦óŸ«?)
Ñû¦oîËÂ) pron: lay : (öµóÀª) = Þœªè[ªx-ö°Ù-æ¨N šíådè[Ù
Pranav: Fine. Thank you. 7. These hotels do good business.
(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o) do good business = î¦uð§ô¢Ù ò°Þ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù
šíj÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙí£± ÷«åö¶. Oª všíÆÙèÂqìª, 8. Why do students waste time?
ú£Eo--꟪-õìª ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìo-í£±pè[ª Ïö° í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙí£± (Në¯u-ô¢ªnõª ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷'ëǯ à¶þ§hô¢ª?)
÷«åõª î¦è[ª-꟪Ù-è[Ùè…. 9. How well they swim!
Praveen: How about practising the following (î¦üŒ‰x ÓÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ Ðë]ª-ê¦ôÁ!) ★ ★ ★ ô¦÷³: Î à¦ö° ò°Þ¥ Uú£ªhÙC. ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù ñ-
exercise? (How about Íû¶ ÷«å ÏC ÎøŒa-ô¦u-ô¢nÚÛÙ (exclamation )!. question Ú¥ë]ª. Pranav: Well, how was that exercise? ÷ªA ÚÛ«è¯ êµàŸªa-ÚÛªÙC. (get î¦è[Ùè….)
English
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ°-EÚ¨ ö˺ 10. Do I look ill? exercise?
(Óö° ÑÙë¯ ) ô¢íÆ£³: UóŸªè[Ù ÓÚÛ\è[ û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙC?
exercise
êŸô¢àŸª î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. ÍÙç¶ Ð ìª (û¶ìª Íû¦-ôÁ-ÞœuÙÞ¥ ÚÛE-í‡-ú£ªh-û¦oû¦?) Praveen: Which exercise do you mean? ô¦÷³: þ»ÙêŸÙ-Þ¥û¶ û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙC.
practice à¶ë¯l÷«? ÍE Íô¢nÙ) 11. Where do they work? (Ô ÓÚÛq-ôÂ-šújâÉÀ ÞœªJÙ# ìª÷±y ÷«æ°x-è[ª- Answer:
Pranav: It suits me fine. ꟪-û¦o÷±?)
(î¦üŒ‰x ÓÚÛ\è[ í£E-à¶-þ§hô¢ª? / î¦üŒx ÑëÁuޜ٠Raghu: Who drew that picture?
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ êŸô¢àŸª ÷ªì ú£÷ªt-AE êµL-óŸª- Pranav: The last exercise about rewriting
Ramu: Lata
ÓÚÛ\è[?)
12. Do you go to movies often? sentences after changing the sub-

÷«å ÖÚÛç¶
â¶-óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Raghu: Does she draw so well?
Let's (= let us) see what it is.
(
ÔÙæ˺ àŸ«ë¯lÙ/àŸ«è[F) Ramu: She draws very well. She got even
Exercise -1: a prize last week.
Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-ö˺xE subject
ìª, He/she/It Þ¥ (even a prize = ñ-÷ªA ÚÛ«è¯)
sen- Raghu: Where did she learn it?

Íô¦nõª î¶ô¢ªî¶ô¢ª!
÷«Ja, ÍÙë]ªÚÛª êŸTì ÷«ô¢ªpõª NªÞœê¦
tenceö˺ à¶ú‡practice
à¶óŸªÙè…. Ramu: She learnt it on her own.
eg:
(on her own = þ»ÙêŸÙÞ¥, on my own = û¦
I know the subject well.
ÍÙêŸ-å- û¶û¶, on their own = î¦üŒxÙêŸå î¦ü™x,
(û¦ÚÛª Î ú£òµbÚÂd êµõªú£ª) on his own = ÍêŸ-ìÙ-êŸå ÍêŸû¶)
ÏÚÛ\è… subject 'I'. I Ú¨ ñë]ªõª, He/She (ÏÚÛ\è[ ÷ªSx draw Íû¶ ÷«åìª Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù.
it šíè…ê¶ ú£·ôjì Íô¢nÙ ô¦ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d ÷C-ö¶-óŸªÙè….)
ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ Ô ›í·ôjû¦ Shravan ÍûËÁ, Anjali ÍûËÁ DEÚ¨ ·ôÙè[ª Íô¦nõª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ ÚÛë¯.
3) draw = Ôëµjû¦ ÓÚÛ\-èµjû¦ regular Þ¥ supply
î¦è¯-÷ª-ìª-ÚÁÙè…. Íí£±pè[ª I know the subject well
Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙ He/She/Shravan/Anjali knows the ð»Ùë]è[Ù.
subject well. Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ª-꟪ÙC. (Oªô¢ª êŸô¢àŸª ú‡E-÷«-õ-·Ú-ü‹hô¦?) ject? û¶ìª Ð ñ«êÂ-ö˺û¶ ð§õª Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª.
13. What do they think of this plan? (ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]-JC. sentences ö˺ I draw milk from this booth.
eg2:
(î¦üŒ‰x Ð í£ëÇ]ÚÛÙ ÞœªJÙ# Ô÷ª-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª?) subject ÷«Ja ô¦óŸªè[Ù) People of this area draw milk from this
These books give a lot of information.
14. What do they do in the evenings? Praveen: It helps us to know when to use booth.
the 1st RDW- Regular Doing
(Ð í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª à¦ö° ú£÷«-à¦-ô¦Eo Ïþ§hô³.)
4) draw= bank ö˺Ù# þ»÷³t Bú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù.
Ð sentenceö˺ subject 'These books'. Words (come,
'These books' ÚÛª ñë]ªõª He/She/Ó÷J He drew Rs. 5000 from the bank.
go ö°Ùæ¨N),
›í·ôjû¦(Ramu/Sita) / this book/it, subject Þ¥ withdraw ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íì-÷àŸªa.
2nd RDW
5) draw=
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 12
î¦è…ê¶ (comes, goes
ð»Ùë]è[Ù
These books give a lot of information Íû¶ Freedom fighters drew inspiration from
do,
ö°Ùæ¨N),
Gandhi.
does.
î¦ÚÛuÙ
He/She/Ram/Sita/This book/ It gives a lot of þ§yêŸÙvêŸu ú£÷ª-ô¢-óµ«-ëÅ]ªõª Þ¥ÙDÅ ìªÙ# ú£«pÄJh
(î¦üŒ‰x þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ÔÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª?) (ÏN 1st RDW, 2nd RDW,
information Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ª-꟪ÙC.
sentence sub-
15. Do you like tea? What do they prefer, cof- do, does ö°Ùæ¨N êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ- M. SURESAN ð»Ùë¯ô¢ª.
Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ Ï#aì Ú•Eo ö˺E fee or tea? è¯-EÚ¨ Ñí£-óµ«Þœè[ê¦ô³) pron: Inspiration ÏûËÂ-ú‡p-·ô-óÀª-ù£ûË = ú£«pÄJh
ject He/She/It/Any name
Ð Ú¨ÙC ÷«åõª vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. 6) ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ð»Ùë]è[Ù = draw information
ìª (Ô ÷uÚ¨h ›íô¢-ô³û¦, (FÚÛª æ© Ïù£d÷«? î¦üŒxÚÛª ÔC ÓÚÛª\÷ Ïù£dÙ,
practice
Ô ÷ú£ªh÷± ›íô¢-ô³û¦) šíæ¨d à¶óŸªÙè…. The police were unable to draw informa-
ú£«àŸì: 'pron' –ÍÙç¶ pronunciation ÍE.
æ©û¦ Ú¥íƈû¦?)
Answers:
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x î¦è[ªêŸ« ÑÙè[Ùè…. tion from the accused.
1. I think I am right. turn on the tap/turn the tap on= í£Ùí£± ÷ë]-õè[Ù
1. He/She/any name thinks he/she is right. (ð¼M-ú£ªõª EÙC-êŸªè… ìªÙ# ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ð»Ùë]-
turn off the tap/turn the tap off= í£Ùí£± ÚÛç¶d-
(û¶ìª ·ôjæËÀ Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª). 2. He/She/any name helps their/his/her ö¶ÚÛ/ ô¦ñ-åd-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª.)
2. They help their father quite often. father quite often.
óŸªè[Ù
Ram: Turn on the tap please, I need some accused (ÍÚÛ«uúÃd) = EÙC-꟪è[ª (àŸåd í£J-òÅ°ù£).
(î¦üŒ‰x î¦üŒx û¦ìoÚÛª êŸô¢àŸª ú£ï£„-óŸª-í£-è[-ê¦ô¢ª.) 3. My dog/It/He/She often troubles my/ his/
pron: often ÎíÆ£-ûËÂ/-Î-íÆ£dûË water.
her neighbours.
3. My dogs often trouble my neighbours. 4. He/ She/any name goes to temple on fri-
(Ú¥ú£h í£Ùí£± Aí£pÙè…. û¦ÚÛª FüŒ‰x Ú¥î¦L.)
Shyam: As soon as you draw enough water,
(û¦ ÚÛªÚÛ\õª ÷« ð»ô¢ªÞœª î¦üŒxìª êŸô¢àŸª days.
please turn it off. Don't waste water.
ÏñsÙC šíè[ª-꟪Ù-æ°ô³.) 5. He/ She/ A good child/ It/ any name obeys
ÏÚÛ\è[ subject 'My dogs' - DEo Oªô¢ª his/her/its/ any name's parent.
(OªÚÛª Ú¥î¦-Lq-ìEo FüŒ‰x Bú£ªÚÛªìo êŸô¢-î¦êŸ
His/Her/any name šíæ¨d àµí£pÙè…. 'My dog'êÁ 6. Does a snake/It lay eggs?
í£Ùí£± Λí-óŸªÙè…. FüŒ‰x ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛÙè….)
ÚÛ«è¯ àµí£pÙè…. 7. This hotel/It does good business.
ÏÚÛ\è[ draw Íû¶ ÷«å àŸ«è[Ùè….
4. I go to temple on fridays. 8. Why does a student waste his/her/any
draw:
1) FüŒ‰x ö°Ùæ¨N êÁè[è[Ù, à¶ë]è[Ù
ví£øŒo: WûË 24 ‘ví£AòÅ¡’ þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà Q&A QJ{-
5. Good children always obey their parents. name's time? ÚÛö˺ ÓÙ. -ûËÂ-ô¦÷±, ìt-Ú•Ùè[ ìªÙ#
9. How well he/she /any name/ It We draw water from the tap/ the well/ the
parents
(ñªClÄ-÷ªÙ-꟪-öµjì í‡õxõª î¦üŒx ÚÛª NëŶ- (áÙ꟪÷± ‘Óí£±p-èµjû¦ ›ú-î¦J Oªë¶ ÏÙÚ¥ òÅ°ô¢Ù
óŸªÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª.) Íô³ê¶) swims? river etc., í£è[ª-꟪ÙC’ Íû¶ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ ú£÷«-ì-iì eng-
pron: obey ÖòµóÀª = Íé-ÚÛª-÷Þ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù, ÷«å 10. Does he/she/any name look ill? 2) draw ÚÛª ·ôÙèÁ Íô¢nÙ ÷ªìÙ-ë]-JÚ© êµõªú£ª. lish proverb ÑÙç¶ àµí£p-÷ªE Íè…-Þ¥ô¢ª.
Nìè[Ù, NëŶ-óŸªêŸ ÚÛLT 11. Where does he/she/any name work? ò˹÷ªtõª î¶óŸªè[Ù. ë¯EÚ¨ ú£·ôjì proverb ö¶ë]E àµð§pô¢ª. Ú¥F
12. Does he/she/any name go to movies Bapu draws beautiful pictures Íë¶ Íô¢nÙö˺ ÖÚÛ saying ÑÙC ÚÛë¯?
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
often? (ò°í£± ÍÙë]-iì ò˹÷ªtõª Uþ§hô¢ª) 'All lay loads on a willing horse'
13. What does he/she/any name think of this 1st RDW= draw, 2nd RDW = draws, Past
– âµ. òµEê¦ è¶NèÂ, ÚÛô¢«oõª
Doing Word = drew.
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª plan?

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,

14. What does he/she/any name do in the Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Englishö˺ vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. áî¦ñª: Í÷±ìª. Thank you very much òµEê¦
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82.
evenings? ô¢íÆ£³: Î ò˹÷ªt Uú‡Ù-ëµ-÷ô¢ª? è¶NèÂ. One is never too old to learn (ÓÙêŸ
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa. 15. Does he/she/any name like tea? What ô¦÷³: õêŸ
ô¢íÆ£³: Î ÍÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ Uú£ªhÙë¯?
÷óŸªú£ª ôjû¦ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-Lq-ìN ÑÙæ°ô³)
does he/she prefer?
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net Íû¶C Óí£±pè[« ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 6 Vöµj 2005

Ajitha: Hi Naresh, how goes Life? î¦è[-÷àŸªa.

(à¦õ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙí£± ÷«åö˺x ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ eg:
ÖÚÛæ¨. Practice à¶ú‡ î¦è[Ùè…. Dìô¢nÙ, 1)
Óö° Ñû¦o÷± ÍE) Laxman: Did you meet Ram yesterday?
Naresh: No regrets. Getting on. Bharat: Yes, I did.
(ò°ëÅ]-ö¶Oª ö¶÷±. ÔëÁ áJ-T-ð¼-êÁÙC.) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶, Yes I met him ÍÙæ°Ù.
Ajitha: Did you go through the Eenadu this Conversational
Þ¥ Íô³ê¶ 'Yes I did' à¦õª.
morning? 2)
(Ð ôÁV ð»ë]ªlì ‘Ðû¦è[ª’ àŸC-î¦î¦?) Divya: Does she sing well?
Naresh: No, I didn't. What's new? Deepika: She does, very well.
(ö¶ë]ª. Ôiû¦ Nø™ù£Ù ÑÙë¯?) conversational
Þ¥ She does ÍÙç¶ à¦õª.
Ajitha: Don't you (Do not you/Do you not) ÷«÷´õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶, Yes, she sings very well
read the newspaper? ÍÙæ°Ù.
(ì«uúÃ-›í-í£ô àŸë]-÷î¦?) 3) (šíj áî¦-ñªö˺x 2 ö˺ No, she is not a good Suman: ÍC Þ•í£pëÁ Ú¥ëÁ û¦ÚÛª êµMë]ª, Ú¥E one
Naresh: I do, of course. But this morning I Champa: Do you practice the game regu- singer ÍE Ú¥E, 3 ö˺ No, we are not students of the hottestÍE ÷«vêŸÙ êµõªú£ª.
was in a hurry. I just ran through the larly? ÍE Ú¥F í£²JhÞ¥ Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª) 6)
headlines. My sister reads the Charan: Oh, yes, I do. Ú•ÙàµÙ ›ï°üŒ-ìÞ¥ áî¦-G-÷y-è¯-EÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ Ð clipped Madan: ìª÷±y à¦ö° ÷ªÙ#-î¦-è…ö° ÚÛE-í‡-ú£ªh-û¦o÷±.
paper in detail. I practice the game regularly ÍE îµ³êŸhÙ Íì- responses- ÚÛªCÙ-#ì ú£pÙë]-ìõª– î¦è[ª-꟪Ùæ°Ù. (seem; a good fellow î¦è[Ùè…)
(àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª. Ú¥F ð»ë]ªlì è¯-N-è…ö˺ ÚÛªÙè¯,'I do' ÍÙç¶ ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC. Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«è[Ùè…. Manoj: Í÷±û¦? ÍC F ÷ªÙ#-êŸìÙ ÷õx
šï°èÂ-öµjûËÂq ÷«vêŸÙ àŸCî¦. ÷« àµöµxõª 4) Govind: I play better than Sachin. 7)
›íí£ô êŸhÙ àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪ÙC.) Prameela: Does Kranthi meet you often? Mukund: î¦üŒ‰x òÅ°ô¢-B-óŸ³ö°?
(û¶ìª ú£#ûË ÚÛÙç¶ ò°Þ¥ Îè[-ê¦ìª.) Murari:
Ajitha: Does she? Prasanthi: No, she doesn't (= does not) Ú¥ô¢ª/ Í÷±ìª.
Govardhan: Oh, do you? People don't know
(Í÷±û¦?) 8)
ÏÚÛ\è[answer, 'no' she doesn't
Ú¥ñæ¨d ÍÙæ°Ù. that, unfortunately
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ 'do, does, did' Óö° î¦è¯ôÁ Nelson: Ð í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª Oªî¦?
No, she does not meet me often ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ (×É˺, Íö°Þ¥?ví£á-õ-ÚÛC êµLóŸªë]ª,
àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛ«è¯ Oæ¨E Neeraj: Í÷±ìª. Í÷Fo û¦î¶/-Ú¥÷±.

í£²JhÞ¥.... àµí£pÚÛ\¸ôxë]ª!
Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª. ë]ªô¢ë]'ù£dÙ – ÏC ›ï°üŒì) 9)
N÷JÙà¦Ù. ÷ªSx ÷ªô¢#ð¼ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª Ð
Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. Taruni:Oªô¢ª æ©O úˆJ-óŸªöËÀq àŸ«þ§hô¦?
eg: Sania: Í÷±ìª àŸ«þ§h-ìª/-àŸ«-è[ìª.
1) Taruni:ÍN Îú£Ú¨hÞ¥ ÑÙæ°óŸ«.
Pavan: Eìo Oª Ú¥ô¢ª-¸Ú-÷ª-ô³ÙC? Sania: Í÷±-ìª/-Ú¥ë]ª ('are' î¦è[Ùè…)
(Í÷è[Ù– happen. what, who êŸô¦yêŸ Ú•Eo 10)
ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x questionsö˺ 'do', 'does', 'did' Bhaskar: î¦Rx-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¶-î¦ü‹x? (were î¦è[Ùè…)
ô¦÷±. eg: Oª·Ú-÷-J-à¦aô¢ª Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ? Who Bhanu: Í÷±-ìª/-Ú¥ë]ª (were î¦è¯L)
gave you the book?) 11)
(What happened to your car yes- Teacher: Ð ví£øŒo ÚÛù£d÷«?
5) OªJ-í£±pè[ª do, does, did, am, is, are etc...
terday?) Pupil: Í÷±-ìª/-Ú¥ë]ª (is ô¦î¦L)
Sekhar: Did you talk to Kalyan yesterday? î¦è[ªêŸ« Ð Ú¨ÙC conversation English ö˺ Oª
Prakash: ÍC ë¯Jö˺ ÎT-ð¼-ô³ÙC. Chandra: No, I didn't (= did not) Answers:
friends êÁ practice à¶óŸªÙè…:
(It broke down yesterday.) No, I did not talk to him.
í£²JhÞ¥ Íû¦Lqì í£E-
- break
(Ú¥ô¢ª, óŸªÙvê¦õª í£E-à¶-óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù Ú¨ÙC Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. 1)
ö¶ë]ª. Krishna: OªÚÛª ÙD êµõªþ§? Pratima: Do you speak Tamil?
down) 6)
Pavan: (Do you know Hindi?) Pratibha: Yes, I do / No, I don't.
ÍC êŸô¢àŸ« ÎT-ð¼-꟪Ù-åªÙë¯? Mallik: Do you like cricket?
(Does it break down frequently?) Srinivas: êµMë]ª 2)
Prakash: êŸô¢àŸ« áô¢-Þœë]ª. Eìo ÷«vêŸÙ Ñìo- (No, I don't)/ Janaki: Does Venu like Tennis?
åªxÙè… ÎT-ð¼-ô³ÙC. êµõªú£ª (yes, I do). Jayanthi: Yes, he does / No, he doesn't.
(No, it doesn't (does not)). 1) 3)
Pratima:
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 13
No clear
êÁ ÚÛ«è¯ ÎT-ð¼-÷àŸªa. Ú•ÙàµÙ Þ¥ Íô³ê¶, Oªô¢ª êŸNªüŒÙ Shyam: I want to become the CM
No, it doesn't
ÍÙç¶ à¦õª. ÷«æ°x-è¯-ê¦ô¦? Sundar: Oh, do you? Is that enough?
Pratibha: ÷«æ°x-è[ª-ê¦-ìª/- 4)
No it doesn't breakdown frequently ÍE í£²JhÞ¥
àµð§pLqì í£E-ö¶ë]ª. Madhav: No, I don't (= do not)
÷«-æ°x-è[ìª. Prabhat: Kamal left for/went to Mumbai
2) yesterday
2) I don't like cricket M. SURESAN
ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª. Janaki: î¶éªÚÛª çµEúà Praveen: Did he? Why?
Pradeep: Sreenivas sings well.
Ð Ú¨ÙC conversation í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. Do, does Ïù£d÷«?(like î¦è[Ùè…) 5)
(XE-î¦úà ò°Þ¥ ð§è[-ê¦è[ª). did ö°Þ¥û¶ am, is, are, was, were õêÁ ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ Jayanthi:
Prasanth: Does he?
Ïù£d-/-Ú¥ë]ª Sukumar: Our city is the best in A.P.
responses Ï÷y-÷àŸªa. 3) Suman: Oh, is it? which city is it?
(Í÷±-û¦?/-ð§-è[-ê¦è¯?) 1) Shyam:
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ does he sing so well ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ û¶ìª ÷³Üu-÷ªÙvAE Ú¥î¦õ-ìª-Ú•Ù-åª- Sukumar: Vijayawada
Padma: Are you a teacher? û¦oìª. Suman: I don't know whether it is the
Íû¦Lqì í£E-ö¶ë]ª. Sundar:
3)
(Oªô¢ª æ©àŸô¦?) ×É˺ Íö°Þ¥? ÍC à¦ö°? best, but I know it is one of the
Prakash: Yes I am. 4)
Vinai: She scored the highest marks in last
(Í÷±ìª) hottest places.
Yes, I am a teacher Prabhat: (go /
6)
week's exam.
Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª. Eìo ÚÛ÷ªöËÀ ÷³Ùò°óÀª îµü‹xè[ª
2) leave î¦è[Ùè…)
(ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù í£K-¤Ûö˺ ÎÚÛª ÍÙë]J ÚÛû¦o Madan: You seem/appear to be a good fel-
Sita: Is Uma a good singer? Praveen: Íö°Þ¥? ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?
ÓÚÛª\÷ ÷«ô¢ª\õª ÷à¦aô³.) low
Alivelu: No, she isn't (= is not) 5)
Varun: Did she? Manoj: Do I? That's because of your good-
(Î Ú¥ë]ª) Sukumar:÷« Òô¢ª ÎÙvëÅ]-ví£-ë¶øÉ êŸhÙö˺
(ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ Did she score... ÍE ness.
í£²JhÞ¥ Íû¦Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.) 3) Þ•í£pC (best î¦è[Ùè…) 7)
Ramesh: Are you students? Suman: Íö°Þ¥? Ô Òô¢Ùè† ÍC?
Íö°¸Þ Í÷±ìª, Ú¥ë]ª í£ë¯õÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ do, does, did Jagan & Naresh: No, we aren't/yes, we are Sukumar: Ná-óŸª-î¦è[
Mukund: Are they Indians?
Murari: No, they aren't / yes, they are
8)
ví£øŒo: ÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª First, second, next áî¦ñª: îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦ÚÛuÙ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. was
'Best' áî¦ñª: This stone was laid by somebody Nelson: Are these books your's?
Íû¶ í£ë¯õª Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-àŸ-÷à¦a? êŸô¦yêŸ, ÍÙç¶ Ô 'be' form êŸô¦yêŸ ÚÛ«è¯, do, ÏÚÛ\è[ stone ÍÙç¶ í£±û¦-C-ô¦ô³. ÍÙç¶, Neeraj: Yes, they are all mine / No,they
– >.N.-X-ë¶N, Î÷ª-ë¯-õ-÷-õú£ go, come, walk ö°Ùæ¨ 1st RDW (1st Dams, GLfÙ-ÞÂq-ö°Ùæ¨ Eô¦t-é°õª vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ-à¶-å- aren't. (= are not)
Regular Doing Words) ô¦÷±. ÏÚÛ\è[ was í£±pè[ª VIPõª í£±û¦-C-ô¦ô³ î¶óŸªè[Ù / øŒÙÚÛª-þ§n-
áî¦ñª: 'First best' ÍE ÍìÙ. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶, do Íû¶C English Ú¥ë]ª. ·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ 'What í£ì à¶óŸªè[Ù.
9)
Taruni: Do you watch TV serials?
'best' ö˺û¶ first Íû¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÑÙC. next best, did he do?' ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ÏÚÛ\è[ verb: did do = did. The CM laid the foundation stone for the Sania: Yes, I do / No, I don't (=do not)
second best, third best... Íì-÷àŸªa. Answer: He played / sang; He did not do bridge. Taruni: Are they interesting?
ví£øŒo: Interrogative sentences ö˺ helping anything ö°Þ¥ ô¦÷àŸªa. (÷³Üu-÷ªÙvA ÷Ùêµ-ìÚÛª í£±û¦-C-ô¦ô³ î¶ø‹ô¢ª / Sania: Yes, they are / No, they aren't
verbsìª Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¶-å-í£±pè[ª was ví£øŒo: This stone was laid by somebody øŒÙÚÛª-þ§n-í£ì à¶ø‹ô¢ª.) 10)
ö¶ë¯ did Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è¯L? Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ 'laid' ÞœªJÙ# N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ- lie (present tense) (Íñë]lÄÙ àµí£pè[Ù), lied (past Bhaskar: Were they here?
Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uö˺x ÔC ú£·ôj-ìëÁ êµõ-í£Ùè…. õô¢ª. Íö°¸Þ lying Íû¶, lie Íû¶ verbs tense), lied (past participle).
Bhanu: Yes, they were / No, they weren't
1) What was he do? ÚÛª, laid Íû¶ verb ÚÛª present, past, lie (present) (í£è[ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù, Nvø‹ÙA Bú£ª-ÚÁ- 11)
2) What did he do? past participle êµõ-í£Ùè…. lay (past), laim(past participle).
Teacher: Is this question difficult?
÷è[Ù...),
–ÓúÃ.-îµj.·Ú., õ·Úq-æ¨d-›íå – Xìª, òÅ¡vë¯-àŸõÙ lay (present)
(ÑÙàŸè[Ù, Þœªè[ªx-ší-ådè[Ù, øŒÙÚÛª-þ§n- Pupil: Yes, it is / No it isn't
í£ì à¶óŸªè[Ù), laid (past), laid (past participle).
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 8 Vöµj 2005

eg: Ram: ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ wèµjîË à¶þ§hî¦? (Good at eg:

1) What gives light and heat to the driving/well ·ôÙè[« î¦è[Ùè…) 1) ú‡E-÷«·ÚüŒë¯Ù í£ë].
world? Rahim: ìª÷±y àŸ«þ§hî¦ Óö° à¶þ§hûËÁ? ô¦, Let's (= Let us) go to a movie
(ví£í£Ù-à¦-EÚ¨ îµõª-Þœªìª, î¶è…E Ïà¶aC ÔC?) Ú¥ú£h ë]«ô¢Ù îµü‹lÙ. 2) Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœªë¯Ù
2) What happened yesterday? (Ú¥ô¢ª, ñúà ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ö˺x îµüŒxè[Ù – ride) Let's have Coffee
(Eìo ÔÙ áJ-TÙC?) 3) ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒë¯Ù í£ë].
Ð ·ôÙè[ª î¦Ú¥uö˺x what êŸô¦yêŸ does Let's go home
give ÍE Ú¥E, did happen ÍE Ú¥F 4) ÏÙTxùÃö˺ ÷«æ°x-è[ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 14
ÍìÙ. Íö°¸Þ, 'who' êŸô¦yêŸ ÚÛ«è¯. Let us (Let's) converse in English
eg: 5) ÏÙTxùà û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù
Let's (Let us) learn English.
1) Who knows the answer?
Answer: II.
(ú£÷«-ëůìÙ Ó÷-JÚ¨ êµõªú£ª? 'Who
'Let' ÍÙç¶ ÏÙÚÁ Íô¢nÙ à¶óŸªE÷±y, AìE÷±y,
does know?' ÍìÙ.) Ram: What happened yesterday?
2) Who gave you the book last night? Rahim: My car broke down.
àŸ«è[E÷±y-ö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°÷Ù (= ú£÷ªt-AÙ-àŸè[Ù)
1) î¦è…E ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ô¦FóŸªÙè….
(Eìo ô¦vA FÚÛª Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ó÷-J- Ram: Does it breakdown often?
Let him come here
Let's go to a movie

ô¦F...ô¦F... ÷›úh ô¦F!!

à¦aô¢ª?– Who did give you? ÍìÙ.) Rahim: No. It doesn't usually. Only yester-
2) î¦üŒxìª îµüŒxFóŸªÙè….
Let them go
3) ììªo ÷«æ°x-è[FóŸªÙè….
Venkat: Someone wants to see you. Let me talk
(Ó÷ôÁ Nª÷ªtLo àŸ«è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª.) 4) ÎN-è[ìª ð§è[FóŸªÙè….
Venu: Let him come in. (ö˺í£-LÚ¨ ô¢÷ªt-ìÙè….) Let her sing
Venkat: He wants to talk you sir. 5) ììªo NìFóŸªÙè….
(ÎóŸª-ì OªêÁ ÷«æ°x-è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª.) Let me hear M. SURESAN
Venu: Ok, what does he want to talk to me? III.
(ú£¸ô, ÎóŸªì û¦êÁ ÔÙ ÷«æ°x-è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ- Let ÍÙç¶ ÏÙÚÁ Íô¢nÙ ú£÷ªt-AÙ-àŸè[Ù (allow)
åª-û¦oô¢ª?) 1) ÷ªSx î¦è…E ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦F-óŸªìª
Venkat: I do not know.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é practice à¶óŸªÙè…. day. I don't let him come here again.
(û¦ÚÛª êµL-óŸªë]ª.) Ram: Who repaired it? 2)
Venu: Ok, let him talk. First of all let him Ram: Eìo ÔÙ áJ-TÙC? î¦è…E çµjîª î¶úÃd à¶óŸªE÷yÚÛª
Rahim: û¦ Ú¥ô¢ª ð§èµjð¼ô³ ÎT-ð¼-ô³ÙC Rahim: A nearby mechanic. Don't let him waste time/ Let him not waste
come in.
(break down î¦è[Ùè….) Ram: Do you drive? time.
(ú£¸ô, ÍêŸ-è…E ÷«æ°x-è[-F-óŸªÙè…. ÷³Ùë]ª Rahim: Oh, Yes, I do.
ö˺í£-LÚ¨ ô¦F-óŸªÙè….) (break down ÍÙç¶ Ú¥ô¢ª, ö°K, ñúÃ, Ôëµjû¦ 3) DEo î¦è…Ú¨ êµLóŸª-E-÷yÚÛª
Ram: Have you/ Do you have a driver, or Don't let him know it / Let him not know it.
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ let î¦è[ªÚÛ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. DEo ÷ªì óŸªÙvêŸÙ àµè…-ð¼ô³ ÎT-ð¼÷è[Ù)
do you drive it yourself?
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ ú£ô¢y-þ§-ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥ î¦è[ª-꟪Ùæ°Ù. Ram: êŸô¢àŸ« àµè…-ð¼ô³ ÎT-ð¼-꟪Ùë¯? 4) ÎN-è[êÁ î¦è…E ÷«æ°xè[E÷yÚÛª
Rahim: ö¶ë]ª, ö¶ë]ª. Eìo ÷«vêŸî¶ª áJ-TÙC. Rahim: I don't have a driver. I drive it
English ö˺ I RDW (Regular Doing Words- Don't let him talk to her.
Ram: myself.
go, come ö°Ùæ¨ verbs)ìª notêÁ questions ö˺
ë¯Eo Ó÷ô¢ª J›íô¢ª à¶ø‹ô¢ª? 5) î¦è…E ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[E÷yÚÛª
Rahim: ë]Þœ_-ôÁxû¶ Ñìo ڥ-EÚÂ. Ram: Do you drive well? / Are you good
î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª 'do'; II RDW (goes, comes ö°Ùæ¨ Don't let him stay here/ Let him not stay
(nearby= ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo) at driving?
verbs) ÚÛª questionsö˺ 'not' êÁ î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª Rahim: (Do you) Want to see how I drive? here.
Ram: ìª÷±y wèµjîË à¶þ§hî¦?
'does'; Past Doing Words (PDW- went, came Come, let's have a ride. 6) ٠í‡õx-õìª ÷«æ°x-è[-E÷yÙ
Rahim: à¶þ§hìª.
ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) 'not'
ÚÛª questions
êÁ ö˺ We don't let children talk.
'did'
Ram: FÚÛª wèµj÷ô¢ªû¦oè¯? ìªî¶y wèµjîË ÏÚÛ\è[ 'let' Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# àŸ«è[Ùè….
î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]E êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Íô³ê¶ Ð î¦Ú¥u-õ-EoÙ-æ¨ö˺ let allow
ÍÙç¶ ÍE
what, who
Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x do, does,
êŸô¦yêŸ à¶þ§hî¦? Ïö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x 'let' ÍÙç¶ Ôëµjû¦ í£E à¶ë¯lÙ
Rahim: wèµj÷ô ö¶è[ª. û¶û¶ wèµjîË à¶þ§h.
êµõªþ¼hÙC ÚÛë¯.
did Íû¶N ô¦÷E Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦L. ÍE ú£«#Ù-àŸè[Ù.

ví£øŒo: Being ìª þ§ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥ passive will be your plan? am having, is having, are having Íû¶N
ví£øŒo: î¦uÚÛ-ô¢é ú£«vê¦-õìª Íìª-ú£-JÙ#
ÍêŸè[ª à¦ö° ÚÛJÈ-ìÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ. ÍÙæ°Ù.
ö˺ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ú¥F He is being
voice ví£øŒo: having ìª Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è[- Aìè[Ù, Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù Íû¶ Íô¦nE¸Ú î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª.
î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ being ìª ÔN-ëÅ]ÙÞ¥
difficult What will you be? ê¦ô¢ª? Ð í£ë]Ù ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª verb ÚÛLT ÑÙè[è[Ù Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è[ô¢ª.
î¦è¯ôÁ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª.Actually Where will you be? ÚÛ«è¯ past participle ö˺û¶ î¦è¯ö°? I am having a car ÍÙç¶ û¶ìª Ú¥ô¢ªìª AÙåª-
being êŸô¦yêŸ verb past participle ö˺ What will your plan be? Ñë¯--ô¢-é-õêÁ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè…. û¦o-ìû¶ Ní£-K-ê¦ô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC.
ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯! being ìª Ô ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ How will your plan be? – Ú¥·ô ô¢N-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂ, òÅËºÞ¥í£±ô¢Ù û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ªÙC– Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ I have a car.
î¦è[-ê¦ôÁ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª. ÍE ví£øŒo î¦Ú¥uõª ÑÙè¯L. ví£øŒoö˺ áî¦ñª: I, We, You, They Íô³ê¶ have û¦ ›úo-꟪-è…Ú¨ ÖÚÛ Ú•è[ªÚÛª, ÖÚÛ Ú۫꟪ô¢ª
– óŸªÙ. ú£ô¢pÄ-ô¦âÉÀ ìî¦âÉÀ, ÚÛô¢«oõª ú£òµbÚÛªd ÷³Ùë]ª will be/ shall be/ can ÍÙæ°Ù. He, She, It Íô³ê¶ has ÍÙæ°Ù. Ñû¦oô¢ª.
My friend has a son and a daughter.
áî¦ñª: He is being difficult- ÍÙç¶ ÍêŸìª
be/ may be ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª ÚÛë¯! Ú¥F Ïæ©- a) I/We/You/My friends (they) have the
My friend is having a son and a daughter.
÷õ Oªô¢ª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà ÎôÁ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ book.
Ïí£±pè[ª ú£÷ªú£uÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ. ÏÚÛ\è[ ô¦ú‡ì ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ What will be your b) My friend (He/She) has the book. ÍÙç¶ ÷à¶a Ní£-K-ê¦ô¢nÙ– ÎóŸªì î¦üŒxìª AÙåª-
'is being' ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[è[Ù (continu-
plan? ÍE ô¦ø‹ô¢ª ÍC êŸí£±p ÚÛë¯! c) The fan (It) has three blades. û¦o-ô¢E ÚÛë¯!
ous), is being êŸô¦yêŸ past participle ÑÙç¶ Ú¥ñæ¨d Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨àÁåx am having / is having /
Öí£±p Íô³ê¶ vÞ¥÷ªô ú£«vêŸÙ êµL-óŸª-â¶- have/has ·ôÙè[ª Íô¦nõª:
ÍC passive voice Í÷±-꟪ÙC. are having î¦è[Ù.
1. Ôëµjû¦ ÖÚÛ-JÚ¨ ÑÙè[è[Ù (ÚÛLT ÑÙè[è[Ù).
óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª.
The letter is being written (ô¦óŸªñè[ªêŸ« I am having tea, because coffee is not
ÑÙC I am/We are writing the letter ÚÛª pas- – ÍõxÙ-ô¦V ÚÛ'ù£d-U-ê¦-ô¢ªbì, Eè[-ë]-îËÁõª šíj î¦Ú¥uö˺x have Íô¢nÙ Ïë¶. available. am having correct.
áî¦ñª: What will be your plan? ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.
ÏÚÛ\è[
sive). is being í£ÚÛ\ì difficult ö°Ùæ¨ Þœªé°- 2. Aìè[Ù, ê¦Þœè[Ù (Îô¢Ù) (Ú¥íƈ ö¶ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d æ© ê¦Þœª-꟪-û¦oìª)
õìª êµL›í ÷«å-õªÙç¶ ÍN ÑÙè¶ î¦üŒ‰xÞ¥ Íô³ê¶ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ÚÛ«è¯ ú£·ôj-ìë¶. what êÁ a) I have coffee in the mornings. She is having a beautiful necklace.
Ñû¦o-ô¢E Íô¢nÙ. vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙචví£øŒo-õÚÛª Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x will be, (û¶ìª Ñë]óŸªÙ Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª.) ÏC ·ôjæ˺ Ú¥ëÁ àŸ«è[Ùè…. Ú¥ë]ª-ÚÛë¯. Î ûµ·Úx-
I am being good to you. shall be õª ÚÛL›ú ÷þ§hô³. ÏN 'what ques- b) My mother has breakfast at 8 AM. úÃìª Aìë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d she has a beautiful
F í£åx û¶ìª ÷ªÙ#Þ¥ ÑÙåª-û¦oìª (Ïí£±pè[ª). tions' ÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª. Íô³ê¶ What will your (Í÷ªt Ñë]óŸªÙ ÓE-Nª-CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd necklace Íû¦L.having ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ# ÷ªJEo
He is being harsh. plan be? Íìè[Ù ÚÛ«è¯ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ What à¶ú£ªhÙC.) Nù£óŸ«õª ô¦òËºó¶ª î¦uþ§ö˺x àŸJaë¯lÙ.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 10 Vöµj 2005

Murali: Hi Sravanthi, keeping well? Walk - not êÁ/ question ö˺ do walk
(vú£÷ÙB, ò°Þœª-û¦oî¦?) Walks - not êÁ/ question ö˺ does walk
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ›í. Oª conversation ö˺ (For Regular actions)
î¦è[Ùè…. Íö°¸Þ Past Doing Words (came, walked,
Sravanthi: I am, of course. How about you? talked, sang, stood ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) ÚÛª not êÁ,
(û¶ìª-ÚÛª-ö°-þ§û¶. F ú£ÙÞœA?) question ö˺ 'did' ÷ú£ªhÙC. (÷ªSx Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè….
(How about you?= F ú£ÙÞœA) çµjîª êµL-ú‡ì past action ÚÛª Past Doing Word
Murali: I am OK. I saw you at the park î¦è[ê¦Ù.)
last evening. He sang well yesterday.
(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª. Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ (Eìo ò°Þ¥ ð§è¯è[ª)
û¶ìª Eìªo ð§ôÂ\ö˺ àŸ«ø‹ìª.) Eìo ò°Þ¥ ð§è[-ö¶ë]ª (ÍÙç¶ not êÁ)
Sravanthi: But I didn't (= did not) see you. He did not sing well yesterday. b) They did not come here last week.
c) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ Óí£±pè[ª ÷à¦aô¢ª?
Why didn't you (= did you not) 'did' not c) When did they come here last week?
êÁ ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. d) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷à¦aô¢ª?
talk to me. Eìo ò°Þ¥ ð§è¯è¯? (ÏC question) d) Why did they come here last week?
e) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ô¦ö¶ë]ª?
(û¶ìª Eìªo àŸ«è[-ö¶ë]ª. ÷ª·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Did he sing well yesterday? 6. a) û¶û¦-îµªìª îµ³ë]å û¦õª¸ÞüŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ (ago) e) Why didn't they come here last week?
û¦êÁ ÷«æ°x-è[-ö¶ë]ª?) ÏÚÛ\è[ question ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ 'did' ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ- ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª. (didn't they = did they not / did not they)
àŸÙè…. b) û¶û¦-îµªìª îµ³ë]å û¦õª-¸ÞüŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ- 6. a) I met her first (for the first time) four
Eìo Óö° ð§è¯è[ª? ö¶ë]ª. years ago (back Ú¥ë]ª).

áJTìO.. áô¢ÞœEO!
How did he sing? c) ìª÷±y Îîµªìª Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦o÷±? b) I did not meet her four years ago.
Óí£±pè[ª ð§è¯è[ª? d) Íí£±pè[ª Î FêÁ ÔÙ àµí‡pÙC? c) When did you meet her?
When did he sing? e) Íí£±pè[ª Î FêÁ Ô÷ªû¦o àµí‡pÙë¯? d) What did she tell you / say to you then?
e) Did she tell you / say anything to you?
7. a) We made all these ready yesterday.
b) We did not make all these ready yes-
terday.
c) Did you make all
these ready yes-
terday?
d) Why didn't you
(did you not / did
not you) make all
these ready yes-
Ú¥ñæ¨d Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦-Lqì Nù£óŸªÙ– 7. a) ٠Eìoæ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶ø‹Ù. terday? M. SURESAN
Past Doing Word ìª (past simple form) not êÁ b) ٠Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. e) Why did you
Þ¥E, question ö˺ Þ¥F î¦è…ê¶ did + 1st Regular c) Oªô¢ª Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶ø‹ô¦? make all these ready yesterday?
Doing Word Í÷±-꟪ÙC. d) Oªô¢ª Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶óŸª- 8. a) I studied in Nellore last year.
He sang well yesterday. ö¶ë]ª? b) I did not study in Nellore last year.
How about you? a) He did not sing well yesterday. e) Oªô¢ª Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ú‡ë]lÄÙ c) Where did you study?
b) Did he sing well yesterday? à¶ø‹ô¢ª? d) Did you study in Nellore?
sang + not/? = did sing 8. a) û¶ìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ûµõ«x-ô¢ªö˺ àŸC-î¦ìª. 9. a) I went to a movie yesterday.
Murali: I had a call from home. My Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. b) I did not go to a movie yesterday.
b) û¶ìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ûµõ«x-ô¢ªö˺ àŸë]-÷-
mother wanted me immediate- eg: ÍêŸìª Eìo ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷à¦aè[ª. c) Did you go to a movie yesterday?
ö¶ë]ª.
ly. So I rushed home. He came here yesterday. d) Did I go to a movie yesterday?
c) ìª÷±y ÓÚÛ\è[ àŸC-î¦÷±?
(û¦ÚÛª ÏÙæ¨ ìªÙ# ðƼûË ÷#aÙC. d) ìª÷±y ûµõ«x-ô¢ªö˺ àŸC-î¦î¦? e) Why did you go to a movie yesterday?
Í÷ªt ììªo îµÙåû¶ ô¢÷ªtÙC. 9. a) Eìo û¶ìª ú‡E÷«ÚÛª îµü‹xìª. f) Which movie did I go to, yesterday?
è¯-÷±-è…Þ¥ ÏÙæ¨-·Ú-ü‹xìª.) b) Eìo û¶ìª ú‡E-÷«ÚÛª îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª. 10. a) Hemant bought a car last week.
Sravanthi: I stayed at with my friend
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 15 c) ìª÷±y Eìo ú‡E÷«ÚÛª îµü‹xî¦? b) Hemant did not buy a car last week.
Sudha till 7 PM. c) Did Hemant buy a car last week?
d) Eìo û¶ìª ú‡E÷« ·Úü‹xû¦?
(û¦ ›úo-꟪-ô¦õª ú£ªëÅ]êÁ ô¦vA 7 e) Eìo ìª÷±y ú‡E-÷«ÚÛª ÓÙë]ª-·Ú-ü‹x÷±? d) Which car did Hemant buy (last week)?
ÞœÙåõ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ð§ôÂ\-ö˺û¶ Ñû¦oìª.) ÍêŸìª Eìo ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦ö¶ë]ª. f) Eìo û¶ìª Ô ú‡E÷«ÚÛª îµü‹xìª? Ú¥ñæ¨d past actions, time stated (çµjîª êµLú‡,
Ð conversation ö˺ verbs- saw, had, want- He did not come here yesterday. 10. a) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦oè[ª. ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì) î¦æ¨Ú¨ Past Doing Word (came,
ed, rushed and stayed. Íî¶ Questions ö˺ ÷#a- sang, wrote ö°Ùæ¨N) î¦è[ê¦Ù. áô¢-ÞœE î¦æ¨Ú¨
ÍêŸìª Eìo ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷à¦aè¯? b) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•ì-ö¶ë]ª.
ì-í£±pè[ª did see, did talk Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ð Did he come here yesterday? c) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦oè¯? questions êÁ did + 1st Regular Doing Word
verbs ìª Past Doing Words ÍÙæ°Ù. ÏN 1. a) Î ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Í-JÚ¥ îµRxÙC. d) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ô Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦oè[ª? î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÷ªìÚÛª êµL-ú‡ì ú£÷ª-óŸªÙö˺ (Ô ôÁV, Ô b) Î ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù Í-JÚ¥ îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª. Answers:
ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù, Ô ú£÷ªóŸªÙ, Ô ûµõ êŸC-êŸô¢ N÷-ô¦õª) c) Î ÍJÚ¥ îµRxÙë¯?
áJ-Tì ú£ÙíÆ£ª-åìõìª ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-ê¦ô³. î¦æ¨E 2. a) ÍêŸìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù è…vU í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹è[ª. 1. a) She went to / left for the US last Week.
÷ªSx ÖÚÛþ§J Þœªô¢ªh-êµ-àŸªa-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. b) ÍêŸìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù è…vU í£²Jh à¶óŸª- b) She did not go to / leave for the US last
Past doing Words ÚÛª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª ö¶ë]ª. Week.
àŸ«è[Ùè…. c) ÍêŸìª è…vU Óí£±pè[ª í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹è[ª? c) Did she go to / leave for the US?
Regular Doing Past Doing 2. a) He completed (his) degree last year.
ví£øŒo:
3. a) êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨
Words Words b) He did not complete (his) degree last Standard English ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõ ðƼûËÂ
vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡÷ªóŸ«uô³.
Come, Comes Came b) êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù year. ûµÙñô ÷ªì Ívè[-úÃÞ¥ Ï›úh Ô÷ªE í‡õ-
c) When did he complete (his) degree?
– XëÅ]ôÂ, Aô¢ª-í£A
Sing, Sings Sang
î¦L.
Ú¥ö¶ë]ª.
Like, Likes Liked c) êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-÷ª- ÏÚÛ\è[ 'Complete' ñë]ªõª, 'take', 'pass' î¦è…
practice
Talk, Talks Talked
áî¦ñª:
à¶óŸªÙè….
pp number Íìè[Ù ú£J Ú¥ë]ª. ð§êŸ-ôÁ-
óŸ«uóŸ«?
Smell, Smells Smelt 4. a) Eìo ìª÷±y ÍêŸè…E ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦o÷±. 3. a) The classes began at 10 AM.
b) The classes did not begin at 10 AM.
Vö˺x ðƼìªx à¦ö° Íô¢ª-ë]ªÞ¥ ÑÙè…, STD ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯
b) Eìo ìª÷±y ÍêŸ-è…E ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. Trunk booking Ñìo-í£±pè[ª ðƼûË ûµÙñô¢ª Ï#a
Regular Doing Words not questions c) Eìo ìª÷±y ÍêŸ-è…E ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛª- c) Did the classes begin at 10 AM.?
ÚÛª êÁ ö˺ íÆ£ö°û¦ ÷uÚ¨hÚ¨ (Particular Person -PP) call ÍE
do, does÷þ§hô³. û¦o÷±? 4. a) You met him yesterday. àµGê¶ Î ÷u¸Úh ÷#a ÷«æ°xè¶ ÷ô¢ÚÛª θÞî¦ô¢ª. ÏêŸ-
come - not êÁ/ question ö˺ do come 5. a) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÷à¦aô¢ª. b) You did not meet him yesterday. ô¢ªõ ðƼûËÂ-ûµÙ-ñô ÷ªìE í‡õ-÷-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è…ê¶ ÍC
comes - not êÁ/ question ö˺ does come b) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦ö¶ë]ª. c) Why did you meet him yesterday? CONTACT NUMBER- ÍÙç¶ Î ìÙñô Oªë]
5. a) They came here last week. ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-ê¦ìª ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 12 Vöµj 2005

b) To drive a car in such traffic is difficult. book?

(Ïö°Ùæ¨ trafficö˺car drive à¶óŸªè[Ù à¦ö° 13) Raghava does not want to study.
ÚÛù£dÙ.) Ð ÷«åõª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…
c) To smoke is bad for health. Scold, chide, reprimand = ÚÁí£p-è[è[Ù, ÷ªÙë]-LÙ-
(ð»Þœ íˆõaè[Ù ÎôÁ-Þ¥u-EÚ¨ E-ÚÛô¢Ù.) àŸè[Ù, ¸ÚÚÛ-ö¶-óŸªè[Ù
Ð ÷´èÁ Íô¢nÙ (ô¦óŸªè[Ù, Aìè[Ù ö°Þ¥) ÷#a- crush = ìõ-í£è[Ù, í‡Ùè[è[Ù, ìL-T-ð¼-÷è[Ù
ì-í£±pè[ª infinitive ñë]ªõª 'ing' from (eating, Squeeze = (ô¢ú£Ù ÚÁú£Ù) í‡Ùè[è[Ù
smoking, etc) î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Íô¢nÙ ÷«ô¢ë]ª. Squeeze tooth paste/shaving cream on the
a) To sit in the class for five hours is not a brush.
joke. paste
(vñùà Oªë] î¶óŸªè[Ù).
Sitting in the class for five hours is not a Squeeze dry =
Students go to college to study
ë]ªú£ªhõª ð»è…Þ¥ Íó¶ªuÙêŸ ÷ô¢ÚÛª
joke (to sit - sitting). í‡Ùè[è[Ù.
b) To drive a car is difficult. Ïë¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ ÏÙÚÁ ÷«å wring.
Driving a car is difficult twist = ÷ÙàŸè[Ù, L-ší-ådè[Ù
Prasanthi: Hi Preethi, where were you yes- ✒ (purpose)
c) To smoke is bad for health.
Ñë¶løŒÙ êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù.
terday? twist the arm = à¶ô³ L-ší-ådè[Ù
a) Students go to college to study.
Smoking is bad for health. fold = ÷ªè[êŸ, ÷ªè[êŸ šíådè[Ù
(víˆA, Eìo ìª÷±y ÓÚÛ\è[ª-û¦o÷±?) (àŸë]-÷-è¯-EÚ¨) Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English practice
ö˺ à¶óŸªÙè….
Preethi: I went to Ameerpet to see my b) Suseela came here to join a college.
Ð Ú¨ÙC ›íô¢ªx êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁÙè….
cousin Prema.
1) û¶ìª îµü‹xõ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª. lizard - ñLx
(college ö˺ à¶ô¢-è¯-EÚ¨)
cousin Prema
2) Î ð§è¯õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC. (Dinosaurs ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨E giant lizards ÍÙæ°ô¢ª)
(÷« ìª àŸ«è[è¯-EÚ¨ c) He went out an hour ago to buy vegeta-
Ameerpet
3) ví£A Në¯uJn best college ö˺û¶ à¶ô¦-õ-ìª- giant - òÅ°K øŒK-ô¢Ù-Þœ-õ-î¦è[ª
îµü‹xìª.) bles. (Ú•ì-è¯-EÚ¨)

÷´è[ª Íô¦nõêÁ infinitive

Prasanthi: I called you yesterday to ask you
ÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª. (WWE ö˺ wrestlers ö°Þ¥). giant, gigantic
✒ Want, wish, hope, expect, desire ö°Ùæ¨ ÚÁJ-
for some books. Why is Prema in
Hyderabad now?
(Ú•Eo í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª Íè[Þœ-è¯-EÚ¨ Eìo FÚÛª
ðƼûË à¶ø‹ìª. v›í÷ª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°-ëÂö˺
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛªÙC?)
Preethi: To join a software institute here.
(ÏÚÛ\è[ software institute ö˺ à¶ô¢-è¯-
EÚ¨)
Prasanthi: Which institute does she want to
study in?
4) ÖÚÛ ôÁTE àŸ«è[-è¯-EÚ¨ Eìo Îú£ªí£vAÚ¨ size
ÚÛõª êµL›í verbs í£ÚÛ\ì infinitive ÷›úh ‘à¶óŸ«- (áóŸªÙæËÀ, âµjÞ¥Ù-æ¨ÚÂ) Íû¦o à¦õšíë]l ÍE.
(Ô ÏûËÂú‡d-å«u-æËÀö˺ àŸë]-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ- îµü‹xìª. His is a gigantic figure.
õE’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. 5) î¶éª àŸë]-ô¢Ùޜ٠Îè[-è¯-EÚ¨ ôÁW ú£ªò°s- Giant wheel
a) She wants to sing.
æ˺ÙC?) (òÅ°K ÎÚ¥ô¢Ù); êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯.
Preethi: I don't know. To learn software in
ô¦÷± ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒê¦è[ª. ê¦ò¶õª – tortoise (æ°æ¨úÃ).
(ð§è¯-õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC.)
some good place is all that she
6) Ð vÞœ«íà àŸë]-÷è[Ù chameleon
b) He wishes to go home.
Òú£-ô¢-îµLx – (ÚÛOª-L-óŸªûËÂ)
wants.
v›íîªڨ Ïù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª. ð§÷±ô¢Ù – dove/pigeon
(ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµü‹x-õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.)
(êµMë]ª. ÎÚÛª Ú¥î¦-LqÙ-ë]ö°x ÔëÁ 7) ÍÙêŸ-ë]«ô¢Ù ìè[- #õªÚÛ – parrot
ÖÚÛ ÷ªÙ# institute ö˺ software ÷è[Ù ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ë]ª. ÏüŒxö˺x šíÙàŸª-Ú•û¶ ÚÁüŒ‰x ö°Ùæ¨N – domestic fowl.
û¶ô¢ªaÚÁ÷è[Ù) 8) î¦è[ª Eìo ú£Jd-íƇ-
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ to see, to ask, to join, to learn ·Úåªx êµàŸªa-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨
college Ú¨ îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª.
Íìo ÷«åõª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….
Ï÷Fo Ô ô¢«í£Ùö˺ Ñû¦oô³? ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 16 9) Î Î <ô¢-Ú•-û¦õE
To êŸô¦yêŸ 1st Regular Doing Words (see, ask,
Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺Ùë¯?
join, learn) ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô³ ÚÛë¯. Oæ¨E infinitives
10) FÚÛª àŸë]-÷è[Ù Ïù£dÙ M. SURESAN
c) They hope to pass.
ö¶ë¯? (like
ÍÙæ°Ù. (pass Íî¦yõ-E/-Í-÷±-ê¦-÷ªE ÎP-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.)
ví£øŒo: þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà í£ë]-Ú•ÙèÁ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ ô¢î¶ªøÉÂ,
Englishö˺ infinitive ÚÛª à¦ö° vð§÷³ÜuÙ ÑÙC.
î¦è[Ùè…)
d) Kamala expects to get a prize.
Infinitive ÚÛª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª–
11) Î ÑëÁuޜ٠÷ú£ªhÙë]E ví£Oªõ
✦ to eat
(wšíjâÉÀ ð»Ùë]ª-ê¦-ìE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC.) ÎPþ¼hÙë¯?(hope, get) î¦è[Ùè…. ì¸ô-øÉÂõ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Î ôÁV áJ-T-ìë¶.
✒ ô¦óŸªè[Ù, (to write), Aìè[Ù (to eat) etc Íû¶ Ñë]óŸªÙ í£²ô¢h-ô³ì í£ìª-õÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì
✦ to smoke
12) í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ú•ì-è¯-EÚ¨ Eìo ÓÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµü‹x÷±?
í£ìªõìª infinitive êµL-óŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é present perfect tense ö˺
✦ to buy
13) ô¦íÆ£ª-÷Ú¨ àŸë]-î¦-õE ö¶ë]ª.
a) To sit in the class for five hours a day is ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯. Oªô¢ª past tense ö˺ Ïà¦a-
✦ to sell etc. not a joke . Answers:
¸ô-Nªæ¨? Eìo ö¶ë¯ ÞœêŸÙö˺ Óí£±p-èµjû¦ áJ-
Infinitiveìª ÷´è[ª Íô¦n-õêÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù. šíj ú£ÙòÅ°- 1) I want to go.
(Íô³ë]ª ÞœÙåõª Ú¥xúÃö˺ ÚÛ«ôÁa÷è[Ù Tì Nù£-óŸ«-õÚÛª past tense î¦è¯L ÚÛë¯.
ù£-éö˺ Oªô¢ª Þœ÷ª-EÙචÑÙæ°ô¢ª. êŸ÷«ÿ§ Ú¥ë]ª.) 2) She wishes to sing. ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ bought, didn't you õÚÛª ñë]ª-
3) Every student wants to join the best col- õªÞ¥ have bought, haven't you ö°Ùæ¨
Ð Ú¨ÙC Vocabulary items Oª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x she bought the same necklace as hers. lege. present perfect Ñí£-óµ«-TÙàŸ ÷àŸªa ÚÛë¯
(êŸì-ÚÛªìo ûµ·Úxúà ö°Ùæ¨ë¶ í£Ú¨\Ùæ°Nè[ Ú•ìoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª 4) I went to the hospital yesterday to see a
– ú‡šï°àÂ. ô¦÷ª-àŸÙ-vë]-÷´Jh, Ú¥Ú¨-û¦è[
î¦è[Ùè… N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª.
VOCABULARY

1) Ðô¢{u-í£-è[è[Ù– envy ÎÚÛª Íú£«óŸª) patient.

5) Venu goes to Subbarao's everyday to play
áî¦ñª: Past actions, time known ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-
she envies her sister. 3) gratitude - (vÞ¥æ¨-å«uèÂ) ÚÛ'êŸ-ácêŸ.
(þ¼ë]J Oªë] Î Ðô¢{u-í£-è[ª-êÁÙC) He has gratitude. chess.
2) jealousy- Íú£«óŸª He has no gratitude. 6) Prem does not like to study this group. TìN Ô çµjîªö˺ Ô ûµõö˺, Ô ôÁV ÍE ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥
jealous - Íú£«-óŸªêÁ ÑÙè[è[Ù 4) grateful - (v·ÞóÀª-æËÀ-íÆ£±öËÀ) ÚÛ'êŸ-ácêŸ ÚÛLTì 7) To walk/walking such a distance is not àµí£p-Þœ-L-Tê¶ Íí£±pè[ª ÷ªìÙ past simple ÷«vêŸî¶ª
ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õ-ÚÛª-ìoN ÷ªìÚÛª ö¶ì-í£±pè[ª ÷ªìÚÛª ÚÛL¸Þ I am grateful to you for your help. easy. î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£E Óí£±pè[ª, Ô ûµõ, Ô
ò°ëÅ]– Ðô¢{u (envy). (Oª ú£ï£„-óŸ«-EÚ¨ ÚÛ'êŸ-Vc-è…E) 8) He did not go to college yesterday to get ôÁV, Ô çµjîªö˺ ÍE àµí£pì-í£±pè[ª (ÍÙêŸÚÛª
÷ªì-ÚÛª-ìoC ÏêŸô¢ªõÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ÑÙè… ÷ªì vð§÷³ÜuÙ 5) ë¶÷±è… í£åx ÚÛ'êŸ-ác-êŸ-Þœõ – thankful the certificates. ÷³Ùë]ª çµjîª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄ-ìª-þ§-ô¢ÙÞ¥ êµLú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª
êŸT_Ùë]ìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ ÍC Íú£«óŸª (jealousy). I am thankful that I have such parents. 9) Does she want/wish to buy the sari? êŸí£p) present perfect î¦è[ê¦Ù.
10) Don't you like (Do you not like) to study? a) He has brought a car.
A poor man may envy a rich man. (Íö°Ùæ¨ êŸLxë]Ùvè[ª-õª-ìoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ë¶÷±-è…Ú¨ ÚÛ'êŸ-Vc-è…E)
(ëÅ]ì÷Ù-꟪-è…E àŸ«›úh ›íë] î¦è…Ú¨ Ðô¢{u ÚÛõ-Þœ-÷àŸªa) (grateful - ÷ªEù‡ í£åx ÚÛ'êŸ-ác-êŸ-Þœõ, 11) Does Pramila hope to get that job? (çµjîª êµL-óŸª-â¶óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª)
12) Where did you go yesterday to buy the b) He bought the car this morning.
She is jealous of her neighbour because thankful - ë¶÷±è… í£åx ÚÛ'êŸ-ácêŸ Þœõ)
(çµjîª àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ)
I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 14 Vöµj 2005

Bhaskar: Hi, Bhanu. What are you doing? î¦èµ-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oè[ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).
(òÅ°ìª ÔÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±) f) Are you threatening me?
Bhanu: Don't you see? I am preparing for ììªo òµC-J-ú£ªh-û¦oî¦? (Ïí£±pè[ª).
an exam. g) She is not dancing well.
(àŸ«è[è[Ù ö¶ë¯? í£K-¤ÛÚÛª v퇛í-ô¢-÷±-꟪-û¦oìª) Î û¦åuÙ ò°Þ¥ à¶óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).
Bhaskar: Oh, are you? Where is your h) Am I troubling you?
brother? û¶ìª Nª÷ªtLo ÏñsÙC šíè[ªêŸª-û¦oû¦?
(Íö°Þ¥, Oª vñë]ô ÓÚÛ\è[?) (Ïí£±pè[ª).
Bhanu: He is getting ready to go to college i) Why aren't they (are they not) coming?
(ÚÛü‹ø‹õÚÛª îµüŒx-è¯-EÚ¨ ú‡ë]lÄ-÷ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oè[ª) î¦ü˜xÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ô¦÷è[Ùö¶ë]ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).
Bhaskar: And What about your parents? j) You are wasting time.
(÷ªJ Oª êŸLx-ë]Ù-vè[ªõ ú£ÙÞœê¶Ùæ¨?) ìª÷±y çµjîª ÷'ëǯ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷± (Ïí£±pè[ª).
Bhanu: They are watching the T.V. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verbs ìª Ïí£±pè[ª
(î¦üŒ‰x æ©O àŸ«ú£ªhû¦oô¢ª.) Amala: I think she is going to make tea for b) ÷« ÍÚÛ\ ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷þ¼hÙC.
áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E us. I think my brother is watching an
'What about', 'How about' õìª ‘ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨?’ English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. My sister is coming here next week.
Íû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª î¦è[ª-꟪Ùæ°Ù. practice à¶óŸªÙè…. English movie. c)
Aruna: óÀª Í÷ªõ! ÔÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±? î¦üŒ‰x ·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª ôÁVö˺x Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°ô¢ª.
a) How about my money? Aruna: No. He is watching a Telugu serial. They are buying a car in two or three days.
Amala: Ð ví£øŒo-õÚÛª áî¦ñªõª ô¦ú£ªh-û¦oìª.
û¦ è[ñªs ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨? Aruna: û¶ìª Eìªo disturb à¶ú£ªh-û¦oû¦? à¦ö° ÷³Üuiì Nù£óŸªÙ d) ú£ª÷ªÙê ÷à¶a-ûµõ Í-JÚ¥ îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oè[ª.
b) What about that book? Amala: Íë¶Ù ö¶ë]ª. TV ììªo disturb à¶þ¼hÙC. 1. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing - Ð verbs Sumanth is leaving for the US next month.
Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨? Aruna: Ó÷ô¢ª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª? Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. (future will, shall
ÚÛª î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ çµjîª
c) How about a movie this evening? Amala: Í÷ªt àŸ«þ¼hÙë]ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°. vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£pE, Óí£±pè[« áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª, OªÚÛª ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥ êµL-ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª, áJ-¸Þ-í£E ÚÛ#aêŸ-i-ì-í£±pè[ª,

Ïí£±pè[ª... Ð ¤ÛéÙ!!
Ð þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ú‡E-÷«·ÚüŒë¯÷«? am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing ÓÚÛª\÷ î¦è[ª-꟪Ù-
d) What about the dinner you promised me? æ°ô¢ª.)
û¦Ú¨-þ§h-ììo è…ìoô Nù£óŸªÙ ÔÙ à¶ø‹îËÂ? Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè….
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£éö˺ are doing, am preparing, is a) ÍêŸè[ª ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[Ú¨ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª.
getting, are watching - Ð verbs Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. b) ÷³ Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åö˺ ñóŸª-ö¶l-ô¢ª-꟪û¦oÙ.
Oæ¨ ô¢«í£Ù: am + ... ing, is + ... ing, are + ...ing. c) ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ð§Ú¨-þ§nûË áåªd ÏÚÛ\è[ ·ôÙè[ª ÷«uàÂõª
Ð formö˺ ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo verbs. Îè[ª-꟪ÙC.
am studying / is studying / are studying d) ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù Ó÷ô¢ª ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª?
am walking / is walking / are walking Aruna: Oª brother ÚÛ«è¯ àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯, Regular Doing Words (go, goes, e) è¯ÚÛdôÂE Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛìqöËÀd à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?
am singing / is singing / are singing Amala: î¦è[« àŸ«ú£ªhû¦oè¯? come, comes, sing, sings ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) f) ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù û¶ì-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµüŒxè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. Κíj î¦ô¢Ù
am working / is working / are working Aruna: Í÷±ìª. Oª Í÷ªt Ïí£±pè[ª ÷Ùå-ÞœCÚ¨ îµüŒ‰- ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Every day, very often, fre- îµüŒê¦ìª. (Κíj î¦ô¢Ù = week after the next).
Ð am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verb forms êÁÙC. quent, rarely, never, once, twice, three g) ÷ªÙvA vGèÂbE ¸ôí£± vð§ô¢Ù-GÅ-þ§hô¢ª (inaugura-
(present continuous / present progressive Amala: ÷ªìÚÛª æ© šíåd-è¯-EÚ¨ îµüŒ‰êÁÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°. times etc., a day, a week, a month etc. tion).
tense ÍÙæ°ô¢ª) Ïí£±pè[ª Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo (I think êÁ begin à¶óŸªÙè…) ÷« broth- (ÍÙç¶ regularity E ú£«#Ùච÷«å-õêÁ î¦è[è[Ù h) óŸ´E-÷-Jqæ© í£C ôÁVö˺x íÆ£Lê¦õìª Nè[ª-ë]õ
í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. er english movie àŸ«ú£ªhû¦oè[ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°. Íìo÷«å.) à¶ú£ªhÙC (Nè[ª-ë]õ = release).
★ 'I' êÁ am + ing, Aruna: Ú¥ë]ª. english movie àŸ«è[è[Ù ö¶ë]ª. 2. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing, çµjîª êµL›úh i) î¦üŒ‰x î¦ô¢Ùö˺ AJT ÷þ§hô¢ª.
★ he, she (Ô ›í·ôjû¦ sin- êµõªÞœª serial àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. j) ¸ôí£± û¶ìª ú‡Ó-îÂªìª ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙæ°.
gular ö˺), it (Ô ÷ú£ªhîµjû¦, Answers:
Answers:
áÙ꟪-îµjû¦– singular ö˺) a) He is coming here tomorrow.
Íô³ê¶ is + ing, Aruna: Hi, Amala, what are you doing?
Amala: I am writing answers to these ques- b) We are starting/leaving in half an hour.
★ plural subjects ÍEo-
æ¨êÁ, you êÁ Íô³ê¶ are + tions. ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 17 c) The Pak team is playing two matches here
next week.
Aruna: Am I disturbing you?
ing ÷þ§hô³. M. SURESAN d) Who is coming next week?
a) I am watching the T.V. Amala: Not at all. ( expression practice
Ð à¶ú‡
Oª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x î¦è[Ùè…. ‘Íë¶Ù ö¶ë]ª, Ú¥û¶- ÍÙç¶ Ô çµjîª, Ô ôÁV, Ô ûµõ, Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù, e) When are you consulting the doctor?
û¶ìª æ©O àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª (Ïí£±pè[ª). ÓEo ôÁVõª, ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± Íû¶ N÷-ô¦õª êµL›úh f) I am not going there next week. I am going
b) My mother is cooking. Ú¥ë]ª, ö¶û¶-ö¶ë]ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ) The TV is dis-
turbing me.
áô¢-Þœ-òËºó¶ª í£ìª-õÚÛ« î¦è[-÷àŸªa. there the week after next.
÷« Í÷ªt ÷Ùå à¶þ¼hÙC (Ïí£±pè[ª). a) û¶ìª ¸ôí£± šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oìª g) The minister is inaugurating the bridge
c) Kumar is not studying. Aruna: Who is watching the TV?
Amala: I think my mother is watching the TV
(I am leaving for Hyderabad tomorrow. tomorrow.
ÚÛª÷«ô àŸë]-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).
Aruna: Your brother is also watching.
ÏÚÛ\è[ tomorrow ÍE àµí£pè[Ù ÷õx future h) The University is releasing the results in
d) What is your father doing? action ÚÛª î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ. tomorrow ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ' I
Amala: Is he also watching? ten days.
Oª û¦ìoÞ¥¸ôÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª (Ïí£±pè[ª). am leaving for Hyderabad' ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª i) They are returning within a week.
e) Where is he going? Aruna: Yes, but your mother is going into
the kitchen.
îµüŒ‰êŸªû¦o ÍE Íô¢nÙ.) j) I am meeting the CM tomorrow.

ví£øŒo: All India Radio News NÙåª-ìo-í£±pè[ª Ú•Eo ú£Ùë¶-õª ÚÛL-Þ¥ô³. immediate measures are being taken up to provide drink- ÍE ÷«J›úh (said 'are
ÚÛª ñë]ªõª), Íí£±pè[ª
ing water to the residents of Kurnool. being taken up' ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õšíj û¦ ú£Ùë¶--õìª Bô¢a-Þœ-õô¢ª. Direct speech inverted
1. The Nationalist Congress party headed by Mr. Sarad û¦ ú£Ùë¶---Nª-åÙç¶News reader àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪ìo ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ÖÚÛ Nù£óŸªÙ– ö˺
Indirect Speech. commas îµõª-í£õ ÑÙè¶ verbs- say, tell,
Pawar complained that the congress is not consulting its ÍÙê¦ áJ-T-ð¼-ô³-ìë¶. Ú¥ñæ¨d ÏC
is not consulting was not consult- ask, question ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨E Reporting
constituent parties on important issues. îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ñë]ªõª
ing will not support would not verbs ÍÙæ°Ù. Inverted commas ö˺í£õ
2. The BJP president Mr. Venkaiah Naidu has said that BJP ÍE, ·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ñë]ªõª
support measures are being taken up ÑÙè¶ verbs ìª Reported verbs ÍÙæ°Ù.
will not support Congress at the centre. ÍE, ÎôÁ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺
measure were being taken up Reporting verbs present tense ö˺ ÑÙç¶
3. However, Miss Umabharati contradicted the rumour that ñë]ªõª ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯. Íö°
News reader Indirect Indirect speech Reported
ÚÛª ÷«Ja-ì-í£±pè[ª,
she is disobeying the party rules. ÓÙë]ªÚÛª àŸë]-÷-ö¶ë]ª? ÷ªì vÞ¥÷ªôÂ í£±ú£h-Ú¥ö˺x
Speech present continuous past verbs tense ÷«ô¢a-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
4. The PM Vajpayee said only NDA can provide stability to EóŸª-÷«õ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ìª
continuous will + present verb would + present verb a) "They play well," says Ram to Rahim.
the country. Þ¥, ìª Þ¥
5. The TDP supremo Chandrababu Naidu said that only ÷«ô¦aL ÚÛë¯! Ú¥F News ö˺ Íö° ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷«Ja àŸë]-÷-ö¶ëÁ Íô¢nÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ Quotations ñóŸªå Ñìo reporting
secular parties will play a major role in the elections. Ú¥ö¶ë]ª. ë]óŸª-à¶ú‡ û¦ ú£Ùë¶--õìª Bô¢a-Þœ-õô¢ª. verb 'says' present tense.
Ú¥ñæ¨d
6. The Municipal Commissioner Mr. Raghu Rami reddy said – ìª-÷ªÙ꟪, ví‡óŸ«ÙÚÛ (Þ¥ô¢x-Cûµo) Quotations ö˺í£õ Ñìo reported verb
'play' tense ÷«ô¢a-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. DEÚ¨ Indirect
speech-
áî¦ñª: Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì sentences ö˺ îµ³ë]-æ¨C ÚÛd-ô³ì Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. Ð Ú¥ô¢éÙ ÷õx Oªô¢ª ÑÙç¶ 'is disobeying' correct.
Ram says to (tells) Rahim that they play
'...complained that... is not consulting' ô¦ú‡ì Sentence No (2) ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ÏÚÛ\è[ Sentence 4: '... only NDA could' ÍE well.
reporting verb, 'has said' present perfect ÑÙè¯L. ÏÚÛ\è[ '... only NDA can' êŸí£±p.
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. OªÚÛª ÷#aì ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ú£·ôj-ìë¶. Íö°-Ú¥-ÚÛªÙè¯ "They play well," said Ram to
ÏÚÛ\è[ 'is' ñë]ªõª, 'was' ÑÙè¯L. Íô³ê¶ tense will
Ú¥ñæ¨d, ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íë¶ '...Naidu said' Sentence 5: '... Naidu said that only sec-
Rahim Íìo sentence ö˺ Reporting verb
complain à¶ú‡-ì-í£±pè¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ Î êŸô¦yêŸ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍE vð§ô¢Ù-GÅ›úh Íí£±pè[ª'would' correct. ular parties will play' 'Would play'
êŸí£±p. 'said' past tense. Ïí£±pè[ª quotations ö˺
consult à¶óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù áô¢ª-ÞœªêŸ« ÑÙç¶ Sentence No. 3: '... contradicted... dis- correct.
obeying'ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. 'was obeying' ÍE Sentence 6: '... Reddy said, ... are being
Ñìo play Íû¶ reported verb ìª past tense
Íí£±pè[ª Óö° Íû¶ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ô¦÷àŸªa. ÷«ô¦_Ù- ö˺ڨ êŸí£p-E-ú£-JÞ¥ ÷«ô¦aL. DEÚ¨ Indirect
êŸô¢Ù 'complained' ñë]ªõª 'has com- ÑÙè¯L. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ Uma Bharathi has con- taken up' ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. 'were being taken up'
speech-
plained' ÍE ô¦›úh, 'is not consulting' êÁ ÚÛ·ô- tradicted
ÍE present perfect tense ö˺ correct. ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ '...Reddy has said'
Ram told Rahim that they played well.
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 16 Vöµj 2005

Mohan: Hi, Manoj, How are you getting Regular Doing words (1st RDWs- go, walk
along? ö°Ùæ¨ verbs), 2nd Regular Doing Words (2nd
( óÀª ÷ªûËÁâÉÀ, Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?) RDWs- goes, walks verbs)
ö°Ùæ¨ vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-
practice
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ›í. à¶ú‡ î¦è[Ùè… ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ î¦æ¨Ú¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. am+ing/ is+ing/
Oª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x are+ing Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Manoj: Fine. Thank you. How are you? a) I take coffee (take 1st RDW).
(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª. ìª÷±y Óö° Ñû¦o÷±?) Regular-
(û¶ìª Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª– ví£A-ôÁV
Mohan: Ok too. I am going to a movie. Why ÍC Íõ-î¦åª)
don't you come along? b) I am taking coffee.
(û¶ìª ú‡E÷«·ÚüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oìª. ìª÷±y ÚÛ«è¯ (am + ing - Ïí£±pè[ª û¶ìª coffee Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-
ô¦÷àŸªa ÚÛë¯!) û¦oìª.)
Manoj: Like to. But I am going for a walk now. c) She goes to college at 10 AM.
(goes- 2nd RDW-
÷³Üu ú£«àŸì
Î Ñë]óŸªÙ 10 ÞœÙå-õÚÛª
ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµüŒ‰êŸªÙC– ôÁW) magazine î¦è[Ùè…) àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oô¢ª.
d) She is going to college. c) ìªîµyÙ-ë]ªÚÛª çµjîª waste à¶þ§h÷±? Ïí£±p-èµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Ú•Eo verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
(is going - is ing - + Ïí£±pè[ª Î ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±? ô¢«í£Ùö˺ î¦è[Ù. am + ing/ are + ing/ is + ing -
îµüŒ‰-êÁÙC.) d) ví£A ôÁV Ð çµjîªڨ ìª÷±y ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Ú-üŒ-ê¦÷±? verb Ð ô¢«í£Ùö˺ Ñìoí£±pè[ª Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo
e) They come here on sundays. ÓÚÛ\è…Ú¨ îµüŒ‰-꟪-û¦o÷±? í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ Ú•Eo verbs Nù£-óŸªÙö˺
(come - 1st RDW ÏC ví£A ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù – e) Ô ì«uúà ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦÷±? Ïí£±pè[ª Ô ì«uúà Πverbs ൛íp-í£E Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o î¦æ¨E
Regular Þ¥ áJ-¸ÞC– ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦o÷±? am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms ö˺ î¦è[Ù.
÷þ§hô¢ª.) f) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ô¦vA àŸð§B AÙæ°÷± ÚÛë¯? ÐôÁV ÍÙë]ªÚÛª ñë]ªõª Regular Doing Words (love,
f) They are coming. ÍìoÙ (rice) AÙåª-û¦oî¶Ù? loves, etc.) form ö˺û¶ àµñªê¦Ù.
(are + ing - î¦üŒ‰x Ïí£±pè[ª ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.) g) ÍêŸè[ª ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª všíÆÙèÂqE ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁè[ª. ÐôÁV am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing from ö˺ î¦è[E
Ð ê¶è¯ English ö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. Regular ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.

Ïí£±pè¶ áô¢ªÞœªêŸªû¦o...
actions am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verbs
ÚÛª h) Î Óí£±pè[ª êµõªÞœª ð§åö¶ ð§è[ª-꟪ÙC. Ïí£±pè[ª verbs ÷ªì ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«-õìª
(present continuous tense) Óí£±pè[« ô¦÷±. ÷›úh ÷«vêŸÙ ÙD ð§å ð§è[ª-êÁÙC. êµL›í verbs-
ÍC êŸí£±p. i) ÍêŸìª Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœè[ª. Ïí£±pè[ª ê¦Þœª-꟪-û¦oè[ª 1) like(Ïù£d-í£-è[è[Ù) -am liking, is liking, are lik-
ÖÚÛç¶ Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ('take' î¦è[Ùè…). ing î¦è[Ù. ÏN î¦è¯-Lq-ì-àÁå like, likes
Regular actions ÚÛª Regular Doing Words j) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÍêŸìª ÎêÁ ÷«æ°x-è[è[ª. Ïí£±pè[ª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
(come, comes, take, takes ö°Ùæ¨N) ÷þ§hô³. ÷«æ°x-è[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª. Kumar likes that shirt very much ÍÙæ°Ù.
coffee
û¶E-í£±pè[ª æ© Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Answers: ÍêŸìª Ïù£d-í£-è[è[Ù Ïí£±pèµjû¦ Kumar is liking that
ò°ÞœªÙ-è[ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d. a) He comes punctually (always/usually). He shirt ÍìÙ.
a) Mr. Sen teaches English. 2) dislike (Ïù£dÙ-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù)
is coming late only today.
English
(ÎóŸª-ûµ-í£±pè[« ò˺CÅ-þ§hè[ª. ÍÙç¶ They dislike his class.
b) They usually read India Today, but now
English lecturer/teacher
I am taking Coffee ÎóŸªì Íô³-
they are reading some
î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì Ú¥xú£ª Ïí£±pè[ª Ïù£dÙ ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ô³û¦
ÑÙ-è¯-L/-Í-÷yàŸªa)
other magazine.
Ïö°¸Þ àµñªê¦Ù. are disliking, is disliking, am
disliking Íìo forms ô¦÷±. ÍN-êŸí£±p. î¦æ¨ ñë]ªõª
This is the time when I go for walk c) Why do you waste
dislike, dislikes ÍE ÍÙæ°Ù.
every day. time? Why are you Ïö°Ùæ¨N ÏÙÚ•Eo verbs, (am + ing, is + ing,
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 18
(ô¦î¦-õû¶ ÑÙC. Ú¥F Ïí£±pè[ª î¦Ú¨Ù-ÞÂÚ¨ wasting time? are + ing) ö˺ î¦è[EN.
îµüŒ‰-꟪û¦o. ôÁW Ð çµjîªڨ û¶ìª î¦Ú¨Ù- d) Where do you go at 3) love - love, loves, (am/ is/ are loving
ÞÂÚ¨ îµüŒê¦) this time every day? ñë]ªõª)
Mohan: Do you walk everyday along this b) Mr. Sen is teaching English Where are you going? 4) hate - hate, hates (am/ is/ are hating
road? English
M. SURESAN
(ÎóŸªì Ïí£±pè[ª àµñª-꟪-û¦oè[ª.) e) What news paper do ñë]ªõª)
(ôÁV Ð ôÁèÂ-ö˺û¶ î¦Ú¨ÙÞ à¶þ§hî¦?) Ð ê¶è¯ English ö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. you read? What news paper are you read- 5) hope - hope, hopes (am/ is/ are hoping
Manoj: No. Usually I walk along the college c) Dogs bark.
ing? ñë]ªõª)
road, but now I am walking along (ÚÛªÚÛ\õª Óí£±pè[« îµ³ô¢ª-Þœª-ê¦ô³– ÍC î¦æ¨ 6) want - want, wants (am/ is/ are wanting
f) You usually take chapathis at night. Why
this road because that road is under ûµjáÙ.) are you taking rice (now)? ñë]ªõª)
repair. d) Dogs are barking. 7) wish - wish, wishes (am/ is/ are wishing
g) He does not meet his friends on sundays,
(Ú¥ë]ª. þ§ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥ û¶ìª ÚÛü‹-ø‹õ (ÚÛªÚÛ\õª Ïí£±pè[ª îµ³ô¢ª-Þœª-꟪-û¦oô³– Ú•êŸh-î¦üÉÁx, ñë]ªõª)
but he is meeting them today.
ôÁèÂö˺ îµüŒ-ê¦ìª. Î ôÁèÂÚ¨ ÷ªô¢-÷ªt-꟪õª ë•ÙÞœö˺ ÷#a ÑÙè¯L) 8) desire - desire, desires (am/ is/ are desir-
Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ prac- h) She always sings Telugu songs, but she is
à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.) ing ñë]ªõª)
Mohan: So long (ÍÙç¶ bye ö°Þ¥ OèÁ\õª tice à¶óŸªÙè…. now singing a Hindi song.
9) envy - envy, envies(am/ is/ are envying
÷«å) see you. (÷ªSx ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù) a) ÎóŸªì Óí£±pè[« punctual Þ¥ ÷þ§hè[ª. Ð ôÁV i) He doesn't take (does not take) coffee. He ñë]ªõª)
Manoj: Bye (òµj) ÷«vêŸÙ Ú¥ú£h Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. is taking it now. 10) feel (Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x) feel, feels, (am/ is/
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ am going, go; walk, am b) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙè…-óŸ«-åªè¶ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª. j) He doesn't (does not) usually talk to her, are feelingñë]ªõª).
walking ê¶è¯õª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. ÷ªìÚÛª êµõªú£ª – 1st Ð ôÁV ÷«vêŸÙ ÏÙÚÁ ÷«uÞœ-@ûË (some other but he is talking to her.

ví£øŒo: ÍêŸìª Eìo ÷#a ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª– Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ He when I ask him ÍE àµí£p-÷à¦a?Î AE Íì-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ had áî¦ñª: 'since' ìª 'as' ñë]ªõª î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ð
She had not come
was not come yesterday Íì-÷à¦a? ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª. Î ÷#a ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª (û¶ìª Íû¶ had + pp forms ·ôÙæ¨Ù-è…Ú© êÁè[ª because ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
eaten, had come
û¶ìª îµRx-ì-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸìª ÏÙæ¨ ÷ë]l ö¶ÚÛªÙ- àŸ«ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª). î¦è¶åí£±pè[ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo â°vÞœêŸhÞ¥ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦L. ÷´è…Ù-æ¨Ú¨ Ð ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ ‘ÍÙë]ª÷-õx/ -ÓÙ-ë]ª-
èµìª– Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ He was not at ÍêŸìª Î í£E í£²Jh à¶ú‡ ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª (û¶ìª When I went for him, he was not at ÚÛÙ綒 ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
home, when I went for him ÍE îµRx-ì-í£±pè[ª). home- ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Íô³ê¶ He was not complet- ví£øŒo: How long- ÍÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£±, How far-
ÍÙæ°Ù. Íö°¸Þ û¶ìª Íè…-T-ì-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸè[ª Ïö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°î¦-õìª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Óö° ed the work Íìo sentence ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. ÍÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ ë]«ô¢Ù ö°Þ¥û¶ ÖÚÛ ÷uÚ¨h
í£EE í£²Jh à¶ú‡ ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª– ÍE àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ àµð§pL. ë¯EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ ö¶ë]ª. He had not completed ÓûËÁo î¦è[ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷à¶a-ö°Þ¥ Óö°
He was not completed the work yet – ÓúÃ. ë¯ì-Ú¨-øÉÁôÂ, ÚÛô¢«oõª
Íû¦L. Íö°¸Þ She had not completed ô¦óŸ«L?
Íû¦L. êŸô¦yêŸ î¦uþ§ö˺x DE ÞœªJÙ# ÷ªJÙêŸ Ñë¯: òÅ°ô¢-êŸ-ë¶øŒ ví£ëůì ÷ªÙv꟪ö˺x
áî¦ñª: He was not come yesterday ÚÛ·ô-ÚÂd come Íû¦L. N÷-ô¢é ÑÙåªÙC. ÷ªûËÁt--ûËÂ-ú‡ÙÞ ÓûËÁo-î¦è[ª?
'be' forms (am, is ,
Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Óí£±pè[« Î AE ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª, Î ÷#a ÑÙè[ö¶ë]ª ví£øŒo: Leave letter ô¦›ú-å-í£±pè[ª As I am – è…. ÚÛª÷«-ô¢-þ§yNª, ìõx-Þ•Ùè[
are , was, were, etc.) come, suffering from fever î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ as Ú¨
áî¦ñª: Ð ví£øŒoÚÛª ú£·ôjì î¦ÚÛuÙ ÍÙ綖
êŸô¦yêŸ (û¶ìª àŸ«ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª).
go,ö°Ùæ¨1st Regular Doing Words ô¦÷±. ÏÚÛ\è[ û¶ìª àŸ«ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª When I looked ñë]ªõª since î¦è[-÷à¦a? ÓûËÁo Íìo ví£øŒoÚÛª ú£·ôjì ÷«å English ö˺
Ú¥ñæ¨dHe was not come He did not
êŸí£±p. for him/her Íìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ She had not eaten;
– ÚÛOÙ-ë]ôÂ, ÷ªè…-Ú•Ùè[, ÷ô¢Ù-ÞœöËÀ ö¶ë]ª.
I Ðû¦è[ª- þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 18 Vöµj 2005

Durga: Look at Leela's dress. Isn't it (= Is it ô¦sÄö˺x feel, (feel ÍÙç¶ × Íìª-òÅ¡«-AE, ú£pô¢zìª
not) really wonderful? êµLóŸª-â¶-ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª) prefer -
(Mõ vèµúÃ àŸ«è[ª, à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC ÚÛë¯!) Oæ¨ûµí£±pè[« ÷ªìÙ am + ing, is + ing, are + ing
Valli: Ok I like it really. In fact, I wish now to ö˺ î¦è[Ù Íû¶ Nù£óŸªÙ ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥ Þœªô¢ªh-ší-åªd-ÚÁ-î¦L.
buy one such dress for myself. a) Î ÍêŸè…E v›íNª-þ¼hÙC.
(û¦ÚÛª à¦ö° ì#aÙC. Ïí£±pè¶ Íö°Ùæ¨ She loves him.
vèµúà ڕû¶óŸ«õE ÑÙC.) (She is loving him Ú¥ë]ª. v›íNªÙ-àŸè[Ù Ïí£±pè[ª
Durga: Renuka too likes it. I desire one like áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o ú£¸ô.)
that too. I feel like buying it, but I b) î¦üŒ‰x ð§ú£-÷±-ê¦-÷ªE ÎP-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.
haven't (= do not have) the money. They hope to pass.
(¸ôéªÚÛ ÚÛ«è¯ Î vèµúà ÍÙç¶ Ïù£d-í£-è[ª- (They are hoping to pass Ú¥ë]ª. î¦üŒ‰x
êÁÙC. û¦ÚÛ« Ú•û¦-õE ÑÙC. Ïí£±pè¶ Ú•û¶- ÎPÙàŸè[Ù Ïí£±pè¶ Íô³û¦)
óŸ«-õEí‡þ¼hÙC. Ú¥F è[ñªs ö¶ë]ª.) feel šíj list ö˺ NªÞœê¦ verbs ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Ïë¶ rule.
like +...ing = Ôëµjû¦ à¶óŸ«-õ-E-í‡Ù-àŸè[Ù. Actions of the mind (Îö˺-àŸ-ì-õÚÛª, ñªClÄÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ- ÷àŸªa. Am/ is/ are + knowing î¦è[Ù. Íö°¸Þ sale = Í÷ªtÚÛÙ
feel like going to bed = Evë] ð¼î¦õEí‡- CÅÙ-#ì àŸô¢uõìª) êµL›í verbs ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ am + am/ is/ are understanding Óí£±pè[« ô¦ë]ª. bargain = ò¶ô¢Ù, ò¶ô¢Ù à¶óŸªè[Ù
þ¼hÙC) ing, is + ing, are + ing form ö¶ë]ª. ÍN– Ïö°¸Þ NªÞœ-ê¦-î¦æ¨ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺. (A good bargain, a bad bargain best bargain
Valli: I really envy Leela for the dress. 1) know = êµL-óŸªè[Ù am + ing, is + ing, are + ing forms ö˺ î¦è[E etc.)
(û¦ÚÛª Mõ vèµúà ÍÙç¶ Ðô¢{uÞ¥ ÑÙC. 2) understand = Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo verbs Ñû¦oô³. ÍN êµõª-ú£ª-Ú•û¶ ÷³Ùë]ª, good/ bad at bargaining = ò°Þ¥ ò¶ô¢Ù
Envy = Ðô¢{u/-Ðô¢{u í£è[è[Ù) 3) remember = â°cí£ÚÛÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÞœõÞœè[Ù/ ò°Þ¥ ò¶ô¢Ù à¶óŸªö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù
4) forget = ÷ªô¢-#-ð¼-÷è[Ù bargain- pronunciation – ò°ÞœûËÂ)
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ like, wish, desire, have, à¶óŸªÙè….
envy, feel - Ð verbs ÍFo Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo 5) decide = Eô¢g-ô³Ù-àŸè[Ù 1. ÍêŸìª ð§ôȦEo àŸÚÛ\Þ¥ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.
Nù£óŸ«õû¶ àµñªêŸª-û¦oô³. Ïí£±pè[ª áJ¸Þ Nù£-óŸ«- 6) doubt = ú£Ùë¶-Ù-àŸè[Ù 2. î¦è… ÞœªJÙ# î¦è[ª Ô÷ªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª? (think
õìª êµL›í verbs Óí£±pè[« am + ing, is + ing, 7) think = Îö˺-#Ù-àŸè[Ù î¦è[Ùè…)
3. ìª÷±y Ð ·ôþ§d-·ôÙæËÀö˺ Ú¥íƈ Ïù£dí£è[ªêŸª-û¦oî¦?

ÍEoàÁæ°x ô¦ë]ª!!
are + ing form (present continuous) ö˺ ÑÙè¯- 8) suppose = Íìª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù
õE êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© šíj ú£ÙòÅ°ù£é-ö˺E 9) believe = ì÷ªtè[Ù 4. ÍêŸè… ›íô¢ª û¦ÚÛª Þœªô¢ªh ô¦÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª. (remem-

ing
verbs- like, wish ö°Ùæ¨N ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª, òÅ°î¦õÚÛª 10) imagine = ÒÙ-àŸè[Ù (à¦ö°-÷ª-åªÚÛª
am/ is/ are ber) î¦è[Ùè….
ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì verbs ö˺ Ú•Eo Ú¥ñæ¨d, Íö°Ùæ¨
5. ÔÙæ¨ö° ÍEo Nù£óŸ«õª ÷ªJað¼êŸªû¦o÷±?
ô¦ë]ª)
verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÍÙç¶ Ð verbs ö˺ ë¶Fo am + ing, is + ing, are
+ ing form (why êÁ vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ-àŸÙè…)
î¦è[Ù. Íö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Regular Doing
6. ÍêŸ-è…E ìª÷±y ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Íìª-÷«-E-ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?
ö˺ î¦è[Ù.
Words (like, likes, wish, wishes, desire,
7. û¦ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸë]-î¦-õEí‡ÙàŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. (feel like
î¦üŒ‰x û¦ ÷«åõª Íô¢lÄÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª.
desires, envy, envies) Þ¥û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨ They understand my words. (They are under-
standing my words = ÍE-í‡Ù-àŸè[Ù)
verbs
8. î¦è[ª ììªo ú£JÞ¥ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª.
÷ªJ-Ú•Eo– Ú¥ë]ª)
dislike, love, hate, hope, want, appreciate am/ is/ are understanding
9. Î Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµü‹xõE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺Ùë¯?
ô¦ë]ª.
admire
(J{Ù-àŸè[Ù), (îµªàŸªaÚÁ÷è[Ù) Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]- ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ÏÙÚ¥ û¦ ›íô¢ª Þœªô¢ªhÙC.
He still remembers my name. (He is still (think î¦è[Ùè…).
remembering my name 10. ÍêŸ-ìÙ-ë]-J-ÚÛÙç¶ Þ•í£pî¦è…E Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè¯?
(suppose Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-àŸÙè….)
11. F ví£÷-ô¢hì ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ìàŸaè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. (dislike
ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯)
Íö°¸Þ šíj list ö˺ Ñìo
NªÞœê¦ verbs ìª ÚÛ«è¯ am î¦è[Ùè….)
+ ing, is + ing, are + ing 12. û¦ ÷«åõª ìª÷±y ì÷ªtè[Ù ö¶ë¯? (believe/
form doubt) î¦è[Ùè…)
13. ìª÷±y æ© ÚÛû¦o Ú¥íƈû¶ ÓÙë]ªÚ¨ù£dí£-è[ª-꟪-û¦o÷±?
ö˺ î¦è[Ù.
ví£øŒo: Simple present tense ö˺
a) û¦ Qö°û¶o ú£Ùë¶--ú£ªh-
noun í£ÚÛ\ì (prefer î¦è[Ùè…)
14. FÚÛª F í£Jú‡nA êµLóŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª (know Ñí£-óµ«-
û¦oî¦?
verb ÚÛª s ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯. DEo English ö˺ Óö°
Ñë¯: Rama sells mangoes. M. SURESAN TÙ-àŸÙè….)
15. Ïô¦-Ú©õª Í-J-ÚÛ-ìxìª ë¶yù‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô¦?
àµñªê¦Ù? ÏÚÛ\è[
God bless you ÍÙæ°ô¢ª, God blesses 'doubt' î¦è¯L ÚÛë¯. am doubting/ is
you Íû¦L ÚÛë¯! doubting/ are doubting 'doubt' Answers:
– û¦÷« ú£ÙêÁ-ùÃ-ö°öËÀ,
ÍìÙ.
question do
Íè[y-¸ÚæËÀ, Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ 1. He understands the lesson well.
ö˺ î¦è¯L. ÍÙç¶ ô¦î¦L. Ú¥ñæ¨d
sentence- 2. What does he think of himself? ( is think-
áî¦ñª: simple present ö˺ verb ÚÛª 's' à¶ô¦aL. ing ô¦ë]ª ÚÛë¯!)
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Íô³ê¶ "God bless you" Íû¶ sentence 3. Do you like (are you liking the coffee
ÍìÙ)
statement Ú¥ë]ª. ÍC 'May God bless you' Íû¶ in this restaurant?
Dîµì. Íö° DNÙ-à¶-å-í£±pè[ª 'May God bless you'
ö˺ 'May' ÷C-ö¶ú‡ 'God bless you' ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù. ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 19 4. I don't (= do not) remember (am not +
remembering his name.
êŸí£±p) Look at Leela's dress.
ÍÙë]ª-÷õx ÏÚÛ\è[ 'blesses' ô¦ë]ª. 5. Why do you forget (are you forgetting Ú¥ë]ª) Isn't it really wonderful?
ví£øŒo: Not bad ÍÙç¶ very good ÍE àŸCî¦Ù. Do you doubt my character ?
(Are you doubting my character
things like this?
purchase = Ú•ìè[Ù
Oªô¢ª not bad ÍÙç¶ í£ô¢-î¦-ö¶ë]ª ÍE Ú¥ë]ª.) 6. Why do you doubt him?
b) OªÚÛª ÙD êµõªþ§? 7. I do not feel like studying here.
(Ð Íô¢nÙêÁ purchase Íìè[Ù ÚÛû¦o 'buy' Íìè[Ù
ô¦ø‹ô¢ª. Ð ·ôÙè…Ù-æ¨ö˺ ÔC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Do you know Hindi? (Are you knowing ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC).
– è….ÎôÂ., áT-ê¦uõ 8. He does not understand me properly.
9. Does she think of going home now?
purchase = Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh÷±
áî¦ñª: 'Not bad' ÍÙç¶ í£ô¢î¦-ö¶ë]ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ
Ú¥ë]ª.)
c) My important purchase this week is the TV.
î¦è[ª ììoô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª. 10. Does he suppose that he is the greatest
Ú¥ë]ª. Very good Íû¶. He is not understanding me TV)
(Ð î¦ô¢Ù û¶ìª Ú•ìo ÷³Üu-iì ÷ú£ªh÷±
ÍìÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. of all?
ví£øŒo: The E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L. à¦ö° ÷ªÙC ‘ë]’ am/ is/ are + understanding
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ 11. He doesn't (= does not) like your behav-
return = Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh÷± AJT Ï÷yè[Ù
exchange =
ÍE í£õª-ÚÛª-ê¦ô¢ª. ‘C’ Íì-ÚÛ«-è[ë¯? English He does
Ú¥ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d. ÷ª¸ô-÷ªÙæ°Ù? iour.
Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh÷± ÿ§íÃö˺ ÷«ô¢ªa-ÚÁ÷è[Ù
replace =
– ·Ú.N. ô¢÷ªé, áóŸª-í£±ô¢Ù, ÖJþ§q not understand (= understand + not) me. 12. Don't you (Do you not/ Do not you)
Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh-÷±ö˺ ëÁù£Ù ÑÙç¶ ë¯EÚ¨
d)
áî¦ñª: ÏÙêŸÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª DE ÞœªJÙ# WûË 16ì
ìªî¶y-÷ª-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±? believe my words/ Do you doubt my
ñë]ªõª ÿ§í£± î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙÚ•-ÚÛæ¨ ÷ªìÚÛª
What do you think? words?
Ï÷yè[Ù
ví£àŸª-JÙ-#ì ÷´èÁ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ N÷JÙà¦Ù. Í, Î, Ï, (What are you thinking refund = ÿ§í£± î¦üŒ‰x è[ñªs î¦í£úà Ï÷yè[Ù
ÍìÙ.) 13. Why do you prefer coffee to tea? (prefer
durable = (÷ú£ªh-÷±ÚÛª) ÷ªEoÚÛ Ñìo, ÷ªEo-ÚÛ-Þœõ
÷³Üu Nù£óŸªÙ
Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Õ, Ö, ×, Ø– Ð êµõªÞœª êŸô¦yêŸ 'to' ÷ú£ªhÙC).
øŒò°lõêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Íó¶ªu English ÷«åõ allow a discount = êŸT_Ù# Í÷ªtè[Ù;
14. You do not know your position.
÷³Ùë]ª 'the' E ‘C’ Þ¥ í£õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù. NªÞœê¦ ÷«åõ verbs liking, loving, expensive = ÜKëµjì
šíjì àµí‡pì Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ 15. Do Iraquis hate Americans?
÷³Ùë]ª ‘ë]’ ÍÙæ°Ù. thinking, understanding etc. 'ing' forms cheap = à½ÚÛ Íô³ì
The (C) apple, ant, egg, air, owl, umbrel-
ìª VOCABULARY moderate (price) = ú£ô¢-ú£-iì (ëÅ]ô¢)
ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì ÷«åõª:
ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
cost = ÜKë]ª, ÜK-ë]-÷è[Ù
la etc.
The (ë]) tree, book, shop, college etc. î¦è[-ÚÛ«-è[-EC: Ð 'ing' forms ÷³Ùë]ª, am, is, Shopping

are à¶ô¢aè[Ù. knowing - ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d î¦è[- buy, sell êµL-ú‡ì ÷«åö¶.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 20 Vöµj 2005

Ravi: Hi Pavan, what do I see in that glass belongs, comprises, needs, seems, consists
there? It appears to be some juice. of, live - Oæ¨E- ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª ÷ªìÙ
(í£÷ûË ΠޥxúÃö˺ ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-ìo-ë¶-Nªæ¨? ÔëÁ àŸ«ú‡ì verbs am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
ö°Þ¥
WuúÃö° ÑÙC.) form ö˺ î¦è[Ù (ÍN êµLóŸª-⶛ú í£ìªõª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪-
Pavan: Yea. The glass contains fresh lemon ìoC Ïí£±pèµjû¦). šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é ÷ªôÁ-þ§J vøŒë]lÄÞ¥
juice. practice à¶óŸªÙè….
(Í÷±ìª ÍÙë]ªö˺ ê¦â° E÷ªt-ô¢ú£Ù ÑÙC.)
contain = ÖÚÛ ë¯ûËÁx Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙè[è[Ù
ÔÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ?
the jug contains milk = Î áÞÂö˺ ð§õª Ñû¦oô³ ★ ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-⶛ú
Ravi: A new bike is parked outside. Whose verbs (verbs expressing feelings and
is it? emotions).
(ñóŸªå × Ú•êŸh òµjÚ ð§ôÂ\ à¶ú‡ ÑÙC. ★ ÷ªì ñªClÄÚ¨, Îö˺-àŸ-ì-õÚÛª ú£ñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«õª
Ó÷-J-ë]C?) êµL›í verbs (verbs expressing actions of
Pavan: It belongs to Mahesh. He bought it the mind) Óí£±pè[« am + ing, is + ing, are + ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÷´è[ª-ô¢-Ú¥õ verbs, am + ing/ is + Answers:
the day before. ing forms ö˺ ô¦÷±. î¦æ¨E Íö° î¦è¯-Lq-ì- ing/ are + ing ö˺ î¦è[-EN àŸ«ø‹Ù. ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo 1) Every one likes that movie (is liking Ú¥ë]ª).
verbs ÚÛ«è¯ Ñû¦oô³. ÍN- êµ-õª-ú£ª-Ú•û¶ ÷³Ùë]ª Ð 2) He does not like these classes (is not lik-
(ÍC ÷ª›ï°-ùÃC. Eìo-Ú•-û¦oè[ª.) í£±pè[ª, Regular Doing Words (like, likes,
Belong = àµÙë]è[Ù Ú¨ÙC sentences ìª english ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice ing
think, thinks) form ö˺û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Ú¥ë]ª).
3) Does she love him?
The house belongs to my uncle. ★ ·ôÙè[ª ô¢Ú¥õ verbs êÁ ð§åª šíjì àµí‡pì verbs à¶óŸªÙè….
(appear, belong, comprise, consist of, 1) ví£A-î¦üŒŠx Î ú‡E-÷«ìª Ïù£d-í£-è[ª-꟪-û¦oô¢ª. I don't (do not) know that. But he loves
2) î¦è…Ú¨ Ð Ú¥xú£ªõÙç¶ Ïù£dÙ ÑÙè[-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª (dis-
Î Ïõªx ÷« ÷«÷ª-óŸªuC (ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª àµÙCÙC).
her.
Ravi: What's that fat book on the table? contain, live, need, seem) am + ing/
ÚÛ«è¯
like î¦è[Ùè…). Does she know that?
is + ing/ are + ing form
3) ÍêŸè…E Î v›íNª-þ¼hÙë¯?
(Î ç¶ñªöËÀ Oªë] Ñìo Î šíë]l í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ö˺ ô¦÷±. Íö° Who knows?
ÔNªæ¨?) î¦è¯Lq ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª Regular Doing Words
4) What do you say?/ What are you saying?

... Íö° ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯ !

Þ¥û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð Ú¨ÙC sentences ö˺ î¦æ¨ ÍC û¦ÚÛª êµLóŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. ÍêŸè[ª ÷«vêŸÙ
Why don't you (do you not) understand
î¦è[Ú¥Eo Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. 'not' question
Ú¥F, Îîµªìª v›íNª-ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª.
me?
Ú¥F Íô³ê¶ do, does ÷þ§h-óŸªE êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯? ÎÚÛª Î Nù£óŸªÙ êµõªþ§?

I understand you well. Do I appear (to be)

1) Ó÷-JÚ¨ êµõªú£ª?
4) ÔÙ àµñªêŸª-û¦oîË ìª÷±y?
î¦è[ª ÷ªÙ#î¦è…ö° ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. a fool to you?'
He appears (is appearing Ú¥ë]ª) to be a
You don't (do not) seem to understand my
good fellow. ìª÷±y ìûµoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª?
point.
2) Ð GLfÙÞÂq î¦üŒx-N- Ú¥÷± (= î¦üŒxÚÛª àµÙC-ìN û¶ìª Eìªo ò°Þ¥û¶ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. û¶ìª Why do you think so?
Ú¥÷±). FÚÛª íÆ£²öËÀ-ö°Þ¥ ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh- I feel so.
These buildings do not belong to them û¦oû¦? (appear
You misunderstand me. I am listening to
(are not belonging to them Ú¥ë]ª). î¦è[Ùè…). you carefully. Do you doubt my respect for
3) Î Þ¥xúÃö˺ Ô÷³ÙC? ìª÷±y û¦ ð§ô³ÙæËÀ Íô¢nÙ you?
By the way, where does Ganesh live? What does the glass contain? (What is à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-ìoåªx ÚÛEí‡Ù- 5) Where do they live?
the glass containing ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯?) àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª (seem They live near the townhall.
Pavan: It contains a lot of information about 4) î¦è[Ùè…). Don't they (do they not) live near your
ò°öËÀ-ší-ûËÂö˺ Ô÷³Ù-åªÙC?
the latest versions in computers. It Íö°Þœ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª- place?
comprises ten chapters. û¦o÷±? (think...so M. SURESAN They moved long ago.
(ÚÛÙí£²u-å-ôÂqÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì ê¦â° îµô¢{ìx î¦è[Ùè…. so= Íö°Þœ) Do they own the house?/ Does the house
û¦ÚÛö° ÍEí‡-þ¼hÙC (feel î¦è[Ùè…)
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 20
belong to them?
Íê¦u-ëÅ]ª-EÚÛ ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ÍÙë]ªö˺ ÑÙC.
ÍÙë]ªö˺ í£C Íëůu-óŸ«õª Ñû¦oô³.) ìª÷±y ììªo Íð§ô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±. F (am/ is/ are owning Ú¥ë]ª).
comprises = include = à¶J ÑÙè[è[Ù ÷«åõª û¶ìª vøŒë]lÄÞ¥ NÙåª-û¦oìª (Íð§ô¢nÙ= 6) I want/ need some money.
Ravi: Coming to the bike, does Mahesh misunderstand). F Oªë] û¦ Þ½ô¢-î¦Eo øŒÙÚ¨-
How much do you need?
really need a bike now? He does not What does a ball pen consist of? (What is ú£ªh-û¦oî¦? (doubt....my respect for you I need at at least a thousand rupees.
go about much. a ball pen consisting of î¦è[Ùè…).
5) î¦üŒ‰x ÓÚÛ\è[ªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª? (live î¦è[Ùè…). Why do you need such a big amount/ so
ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯).
( òµjÚ Nù£-óŸ«-E-Ú•ë¯lÙ. ÷ª›ï°-ùÃ-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª òµjÚ 5) Î ÚÛNª-æ©ö˺ ìõªÞœªô¢ª ú£òÅ¡ªu-õª-û¦oô¢ª. much/ such a big sum/ that kind of
EáÙÞ¥ Í÷-ú£-ô¢÷«? ÓÚÛª\÷ Aô¢-Þœ-è[ª- The committee comprises four mem- î¦üŒ‰x æ®ûËÂöËÀ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª (live î¦è[Ùè…). money?
Þœë¯?) bers/Four members comprise the commit- î¦üŒ‰x Oª ÏÙæ¨ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙè[-è[Ù-ö¶ë¯? Do you want to give or not?
Pavan: Yes, he needs it very much now. He tee. (The committee is comprising...; Four î¦ü˜x-í£±pèÁ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷«J-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª (Óí£±pèÁ= I don't want to give/ feel like giving such a
has a new job. Marketing. He has to members are comprising... long ago, Ïõªx ÷«ô¢è[Ù= move).
ÍìÙ. êµõª-ú£ª- big amount.
move about a lot. ÚÛë¯?) Ïí£±p-è[ªìo Ïõªx î¦üŒx-ë¶û¦? (ÍÙç¶ þ»ÙêŸ÷«? 7) When did you buy the book?
6) ÍêŸìª ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª? (E÷-ú‡-þ§hè[ª Íû¶ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ–own/ belong î¦è[Ùè…). No, I didn't (did not) buy it. I borrowed it
6) û¦ÚÛª Ú•ÙêŸ è[ñªs-Ú¥-î¦L (need/want î¦è[Ùè…).
(Ïí£±pè[ª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ òµjÚ à¦ö° Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù.
÷«·ô\-æ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺ Ú•êŸh ÑëÁuޜ٠÷#aÙC. Íô¢nÙêÁ). from Mahesh yesterday.
à¦ö° Aô¢-Þ¥Lq ÑÙåªÙC.) Where does he live? (Where is he living ÓÙêŸ Ú¥î¦L? (How much êÁ vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ- Are you reading it (now)?
Ravi: The bike seems very stylish, doesn't Ú¥ë]ª). àŸÙè…). Why are you asking that question?
it? 7) î¦Rxí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙåª-û¦oô¢ª (E÷-ú‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª). ÚÛFú£Ù îµô³u ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª Ú¥î¦L. (í£²Jh î¦ÚÛuÙ I want to read it.
( òµjÚ à¦ö° ÎÚÛ-ô¢{-é©-óŸªÙÞ¥ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯!) They live here (They are living here Ú¥ë]ª). àµí£pÙè…). But I don't want to give/ lend it to you.
Pavan: It comes with a package. The pack- 8) î¦Rx-í£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª. ÍÙêµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Ú¥î¦L FÚÛª? Why do you feel so/ think so?
age consists of a CD Player and a They do not live here any more (They are FÚ¨-î¦y-õE ÑÙë¯, ö¶ë¯? (want î¦è[Ùè…). Because you don't give books to me.
set of CDs. not living ÍìÙ). ÍÙêŸ šíë]l-îµ³êŸhÙ û¦Ú¨-î¦y-õE ö¶ë]ª. (ÍÙêŸ šíë]l
(Î òµjÚ ڕÙç¶ ÖÚÛ ð§u¸ÚâÉÀ ÷ú£ªhÙC. 9) û¦ÚÛª Ïí£±pè[ª F ú£ï£„óŸªÙ Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. îµ³êŸhÙ– such a big amount/ sum/ that kind
I need your help now (am needing of money).
7) Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Óí£±pè[ª Ú•û¦o÷±?
ÍÙë]ªö˺ ÖÚÛ ú‡è… ›íxóŸªôÂ, Ú•Eo úˆè†õª Ú¥ë]ª).
ÑÙæ°ô³.) 10) î¦üŒx-Ú¨í£±pè[ª ÏC Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.
consists of = ÚÛL-T-ÑÙ-è[è[Ù They do not need it now (They are not Ú•ì-ö¶ë]ª. Eìo ÷ª›ï°ùà ë]Þœ_ô¢ ìªÙ# êµàŸªa-
The fan consists of three blades and a motor. needing Ú¥ë]ª). ÚÛªû¦oìª (í£±ú£hÚÛÙ, è[ñªs, ÏÙÚ•-ÚÛJ ë]Þœ_ô¢ êµàŸªa-
(ðƧuûËÂÚÛª ÷´è[ª ò¶xèÂõª, ÖÚÛ îµ«æ°ô ÑÙæ°ô³.) 11) ÍC ÎÚÛª Ïí£±pè[ª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù? ÚÁåÙ– borrow from).
Ravi: By the way, where does Ganesh live? Why does she need it now? (Why is she ìªNy-í£±pè[ª ë¯Eo àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oî¦? ví£øŒo: ÖÚÛ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ He wants to talk you,
(÷ªJ Þœé¶ùà ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª?) needing it Ú¥ë]ª). ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Íè[ªÞœªêŸªû¦o÷± Î ví£øŒo? Sir. ÍE àŸC-î¦ìª. Ú¥F He wants to
(By the way - Ð ÷«åìª topic ÷«ô¢a-è¯-EÚ¨ 12) î¦è[ª ë]ªô¦t-ô¢ª_-è…ö° ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. talk to you, Sir ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯!
û¶ìª àŸë]-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª.
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ î¦è[ê¦Ù. êµõª-Þœªö˺ ÷ªJ, Í÷±ìª ÍE
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ topic ÷«¸ôa÷³Ùë]ª î¦è¶ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥.)
He seems (is seeming ô¦ë]ª) to be a bad
fellow.
Ú¥F û¶ìª FÚÛª Ïî¦yõìª-ÚÁ÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª (í£±ú£hÚ¥Eo – ¸ôÿ§t ô¦âÉÀ, Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ
Pavan: He lives quite nearby. 13) ÍêŸè[ª ë¯Ùæ˺x Îú£-Ú¨hÞ¥ ö¶è[ª. Ï÷yè[Ù= lend). áî¦ñª: 'talk' êŸô¦yêŸ 'to' Ú¥F 'with' Ú¥F êŸí£pÚÛ
(ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ë]Þœ_-ôÁxû¶ ÑÙæ°è[ª.) He does not seem to be interested in it (is
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Íö° Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±? ÑÙè¯L. 'talk you, Sir' êŸí£±p. talk to you, Sir
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ verbs- see, appears, contains, not seeming ô¦ë]ª). ìª÷±y í£±ú£hÚ¥õª û¦Ú¨-÷y÷± Ú¥ñæ¨d. ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 22 Vöµj 2005

ÑÙC. Î Íô¢nÙêÁ am seeing/ is seeing/ are 9) ÷ªì-¸ÚëÁ Ú•Eo NÙêŸ (strange) ë]'ø‹uõª ÚÛEí‡-
seeing î¦è[è[Ù ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. ú£ªh-û¦oô³. Ú•Eo NÙêŸ øŒò°lõª NEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô³.
ÚÛõª-ú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪-ìo-åx-ô³ê¶– 10) ÷ªì-¸ÚëÁ Ú•Eo NÙêŸ ë]'ø‹uõª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù
She is seeing the CM today. ö¶ë]«, Ú•Eo NÙêŸ øŒò°lõª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]«?
Î ú‡Ó-îªE ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC. Answers:
I am not seeing the Governor today.
I really don't see how he is able to stand still for so long? (û¶ìª Ð ôÁV Þœ÷-ô¢o-ôÂìª ÚÛõª-ú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª.) 1) Look at those two pictures. Do you see
any difference (between the two) (Are you
Am hearing/ is hearing/ are hearing ö¶ë]ª ÚÛë¯.
seeing ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯?).
Sudha: What are you looking at so Íô³ê¶ 'see' Ú¨ ñë]ªõª 'look' am + ing/ is + ing/ 2) Look there! Don't (= do not) you see a
àŸ«ø‹ô¦?
steadily? Do not see/ does not see; do not hear/ does are + ing form ö˺ î¦è…-ìç¶x,
deer?
(ÔNªæ©, êŸë¶-ÚÛÙÞ¥ Íåª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?) not hear, do not observe/ does not observe am hearing/ is hearing/
Madhuri: I see an interesting sight over are hearing ÚÛª ñë]ªõª,am
>ÙÚÛ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙë¯?
Do you see a deer?
ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d ÷ªìÙ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-î¦-LqÙC–
there. Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ì am/ is/ are + ing listening to/ is listening to/
are listening to
>ÙÚÛ ÚÛìí£-è[è[Ù ö¶ë¯?
(ÍÚÛ\èÁ Îú£-Ú¨h-ÚÛ-ô¢-iì ë]'øŒuÙ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC.) forms ö˺ î¦è[E verbs êÁð§åª, see, hear, î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Don't (Do not) you see a deer?
Sudha: What is it you see there? I do not observe ö°Ùæ¨ verbs ìª ÚÛ«è¯ am/ is/ are + see Ú¨, look at Ú© ê¶è¯ Are you not seeing? Don't you
ñë]ªõª,
see any thing. Saritha, do you see ing forms ö˺ Ñí£-óµ«-TÙàŸÙ. Íö° î¦è¯-Lq-ì-í£±pè[ª Ñìoç¶x, hear ÚÛª listen to
ÚÛª see?
any thing? see, sees, hear, hears, observe, observes Íô¢nÙ ê¶è¯ ÑÙC. 3) What do you see there?
not question do/ does see, 'hear' ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÚÛª Nì-í£-
(ÔÙ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙ-ë]-ÚÛ\è[? û¦¸ÚÙ ÚÛEí‡Ù- ÍE, êÁ ö˺ Íô³ê¶ M. SURESAN (What are you seeing ô¦ë]ª)
àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. ú£Jê¦, F¸Ú-iû¦ ÚÛEí‡- do/ does hear, do/ does observe è¶C. You are looking so much at the tree.
ÍE î¦è[ê¦Ù.
þ¼hÙë¯?) a) I see a picture on the wall. 'listen to' ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ (ví£óŸªêŸoÙ) à¶ú‡ Nìè[Ù.
4) Don't look now. I see someone coming for
Saritha: No. Nothing unusual. Listen carefully. You hear footsteps.
you.
Î ÞÁè[ OªC ò˹÷ªt û¦ÚÛª ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC.
(ö¶ë]ª. ÍÙê¦ ÷«÷´õªÞ¥û¶ ÑÙC.) b) She sees what he is doing. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ Nìª. Íè[ª-Þœªõ àŸí£±pè[ª NEí‡-ú£ªhÙC 5) Whom do I see there?
unusual = ÷«÷´õª Ú¥EC, Ú•êŸh Nù£óŸªÙ (FÚÛª). (Whom am I seeing?
î¦è[ª à¶ú£ªh-ìoC ÎÚÛª ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC. ô¦ë]ª)
Sudha: Do you hear Madhuri? Saritha c) They are standing on the balcony. They ÷ªìÙ Ú¥xúÃö˺ ÔÙ à¶þ§hÙ? Isn't (is it not) Michael Jackson?
sees nothing unusual. Come on, see the Sunrise. Do we hear the teacher or Do we listen to the
(Michael Jackson It is Michael

ÚÛEí‡Ù-à¶N... ví£óŸªAoÙ# àŸ«›úN...

What attracts you there? teacher? OªÚÛª êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯ ÷ªÙ# students
ÚÛë¯ =
Jackson)
î¦üŒ‰x ò°õ\-Fö˺ Eõñ-è¯fô¢ª. ú£«ôÁu-ë]óŸªÙ î¦üŒxÚÛª
(÷«ëÅ]ªK NEí‡Ù-#Ùë¯? ú£J-êŸÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Óí£±pè[« listen to the teacher. (ÍÙç¶ æ©àŸô¢ª 6) We hear some sweet music from some
ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC.
Ú•êŸhë¶Oª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. ÍÚÛ\è[ ÔÙ am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing ÚÛª ñë]ªõª, ൛ípC î¦üŒ‰x vøŒë]lÄ šíæ¨dNÙæ°ô¢ª).
ÎÚÛ-J{Ù-#ÙC Eìªo.)
Madhuri: Don't you observe that man there?
All made up like Gandhi, and
standing still like a statue?
(ÍÚÛ\è[ Î ÷ªE-ù‡E Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë¯
ìª÷±y? Þ¥ÙDÅö° ÚÛíà î¶ú£ª-Ú•E, NvÞœ-
Ù-ö°Þ¥ Eõñè… Ñû¦oè[ª.)
Made up = û¦åÚ¥ö˺x ÚÛíà à¶ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù
where.
still = àŸõìÙ ö¶E am looking at/ is looking at/ are looking at Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè… 7) He never listens to good advice. He does-
Sudha and Saritha: Yes, We see now see look at
î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ú¥F Ú¨ ÚÛª Íô¢nÙö˺ ê¶è¯ a) As we walk along the road, we hear the n't (does not) like advice.
Saritha. I really don't see how he is able to ÑÙC. noise of the traffic. never= Óìo-æ¨Ú© Ú¥ë]ª/-ö¶ë]ª.
stand still for so long? see = ÷ªìÚÛª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ôÁè[ªf Oªë] ìè[ª-ú£ªh-ìo-í£±pè[ª væ°íƇÚÂ îµ«êŸ NEí‡- Advice plural
ÚÛª singular.
ö¶ë]ª. Óí£±pè[«
(ÍÙêŸ-›úí£± ÚÛë]-LÚÛ ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯ Óö° Eõ-ñè… look at = ÷ªìÙ (ví£óŸªêŸoÙ à¶ú‡) àŸ«è[è[Ù ú£ªhÙC. Advice ÷³Ùë]ª a/an î¦è[Ù.
ÑÙè[ÞœõªÞœª-꟪û¦oèÁ Íô¢nÙ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙC.) I see the picture on the wall. b) We switch on the CD player/ the two-in- 8) Hello! I hear some noises over the phone.
See = understand. ÞÁè[ Oªë] ò˹÷ªt ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC. one to listen to music. Do you hear me What I say ? I don't (do
Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[ª, Ó÷-ô¢û¦o Ôë]û¦o àµGê¶ "I see" I am looking at the picture on the wall. (÷ªìÙ ú£ÙUêŸÙ Nìè¯-EÚ¨ ú‡è… ›íxóŸªôÂ/ åªÏ-ûËÂ- not)/am not able to hear what you say.
ÍÙæ°Ù. ë¯ìô¢nÙ ‘Íô¢lÄ-÷ª-÷±-êÁÙC’ ÍE. ÞÁè[ Oªë] ò˹÷ªtìª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª. ÷ûË ÎûË à¶þ§hÙ) 9) We see some strange sights and we hear
Sudha: But don't you hear some thing too? Look at the sky, you see the stars. c) û¶ìª ൛ípC FÚÛª NEí‡-þ¼hÙë¯? some strange sounds.
(OªÚÛª ÔOª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë¯?) Do you hear me? 10) Don't (do not) we see some strange
Madhuri & Saritha: What is it?
û¶ìª ඛípC ìª÷±y NÙåª-û¦oî¦? sights and hear some strange sounds?
(ÔNªæ¨ ÍC?) Are you listening?
Sudha: The gibber of the monkey there It's
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é
. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice
performing to the boy's commands. 21 à¶óŸªÙè….
(Î Íò°sô³ Îè…-ú£ªhìo Î ÚÁA Ú¨àŸ-Ú¨-àŸõª
NE-í‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë¯?) 1) Î ·ôÙè[ª ò˹÷ªtõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. Ôiû¦ ê¶è¯ ÚÛEí‡-
gibber - pronunciation : >ñ
þ¼hÙë¯?
performing = à¶óŸªè[Ù, ví£ë]-JzÙ-àŸè[Ù (see).
(look).
ÎÚ¥øŒÙ îµjí£± àŸ«è[Ùè… ì¤Û-vê¦õª ÚÛEí‡-þ§hô³ 2) ÍÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè…. ÖÚÛ >ÙÚÛ ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]«?
(deer - >ÙÚÛ)
Madhuri and Saritha: What's new about it?
(ÔÙå÷«t ÍÙë]ªö˺ NÙêŸ?)
When you look up, you see the blue sky.
3) ÍÚÛ\è[ FÚÛª ÔÙ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC? Î àµåªd îµj›í
ví£øŒo: Housewife ñë]ªõª
šíjÚ¨ àŸ«›úh Fö°-Ú¥øŒÙ ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªhÙC.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ see, hear, observe î¦è[ÚÛÙ Þœ÷ª- àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦o÷±.
EÙ-àŸÙè…. ÏÚÛ\è[ see, hear, observe Ð verb ìª
ÍêŸè[ª Îîµªìª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª.
He is looking at her.
4) Ïí£±pè¶ àŸ«è[ÚÛª. F ÚÁú£Ù Ó÷ôÁ ô¦÷è[Ù ÚÛEí‡- Homemaker ÍE
î¦è[-÷à¦a? My mother is housewife
þ¼hÙC û¦ÚÛª (û¶ìª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª).
(He is seeing her
5) Ó÷ô¢-ÚÛ\è[ û¦ÚÛª ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC? (whom...see Íìè[Ù ÚÛÙç¶ My mother is homemaker
Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù, Ïí£±pè[ª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù, Ïí£±pè[ª ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯?)
Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸè[Ù Íû¶ Íô¦n-õêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© am/ is/ æ©àŸô Eìªo Þœ÷ª-E-þ¼hÙC. ÍÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC ÚÛë¯?
are seeing; am/ is/ are hearing, am/ is/ are
– ÎôÂ. ÚÛ'ÿ§g-ô¦÷±, Ú¨è…Nª, XÚ¥-ÚÛª-üŒÙ->ö°x
î¦è[Ùè…). i¸ÚöËÀâ°ÚÛqûË ڥë]ª ÚÛë¯?
observing am/ is/ are seeing,
The teacher is watching you.
(am/ is/ are observing
6) ÓÚÛ\è…ìªÙàÁ ÷ªëÅ]ª-ô¢-iì ú£ÙUêŸÙ NEí‡-þ¼hÙC
áî¦ñª: 'Housewife' Íû¶ ÷«å ð§êŸ-ñ-è…-ð¼-
Íìè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. ÍìÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d.)
am/ is/ are hearing, am/ is/ are observing (we êÁ vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ#, some where î¦è[Ùè…).
7) î¦èµ-í£±pè[« ÷ªÙ# ú£õ-õª Nìè[ª. î¦è…Ú¨ Ïù£dÙ
ÚÛª 'see'
Íô³ê¶, ‘àŸ«è[ª’ Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. 'See if
ñë]ªõª see, hear, observe Íû¶ ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª ÚÛë¯ any one is there?' see
Ú¥ñæ¨d ÚÛª, look ÚÛª ê¶è¯ ô³ÙC. Homemaker Íû¶C ò°Þ¥ î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺ڨ
ö¶ë]ª.
8) ö˺, ðƼûËÁx ÔîËÁ øŒò°lõª NEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô³. û¶ìª
÷«ëÅ]ªJ, ú£ªëÅ], ú£JêŸ. Íö°¸Þ Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ÑÙC. ÷þ¼hÙC. Ð ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ÚÛÙç¶ Ïí£±p-è…-í£±pè¶ î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺ڨ
ö¶ë]ª/ Ïí£±pè[ª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª/ Ïí£±pè[ª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-
àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª Íû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª am not/ is not/ are not ÏC ÷³ÜuÙ! ൛ípC FÚÛª NEí‡-þ¼hÙë¯? ìª÷±y ൛ípC û¦¸ÚÙ
÷ú£ªh-ìo-÷«å (÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Í-J-Ú¥ö˺)
Houseworker. ÍC ÷ªìÚÛª ÍÙêŸ ìàŸa-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷àŸªa
seeing/ hearing/ observing ÍE Íìè[Ù ö¶ë]ª see ÍÙç¶ ÚÛõª-ú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù (meet) Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÚÛ«è¯ NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. Þ¥F î¦üŒ‰x Ð í£ë¯û¶o ÓÚÛª\÷ Ñí£-óµ«-T-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 24 Vöµj 2005

Lakshmi: Hi, Ajitha, how are you? Lakshmi: Don't worry. It is only an ant.
(óÀª Í>êŸ, Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?) (òÅ¡óŸª-í£-è[ÚÛª... ÍC <ö¶!)
Ajitha: Fine, thank you. How are you? Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ smell, taste, feel- verbs î¦è[ÚÛÙ
(ò°Þœªû¦o, ìªîµyö° Ñû¦o÷±?) Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. see, hear, smell, taste, feel -
Lakshmi: OK. thank you. Do I smell some- Ï÷Fo ò°›ï°uÙ-vC-óŸ«-õÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ìN. Hear
thing sweet? and see- Ð ·ôÙè[ª verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ing/
(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o, ÔëÁ ú£ªî¦-ú£ì ÷ú£ªh- are + ing forms ö˺ î¦è[Ù. Íö°¸Þ Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-
ìoåªxÙC ÚÛë]«?) ô¦sÄö˺x smell, taste, feel ÚÛ«è¯ am + ing/ are +
Ajitha: That's right. You smell the jasmine ing form ö˺ î¦è[Ù.
spray I use.
(Eá! û¶ìª î¦è…ì â°ú‡tûË v›úp î¦ú£ì

Ú•EoàÁåx Ú•Eo ׸Ú!

ÍC.)
Lakshmi: Well, why have you brought me
here?
(ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ìûµoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Bú£ª-Ú•-à¦a÷±?)
Ajitha: The coffee here tastes fine and
fresh.

a) smell ÍÙç¶ ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ïú£ªhìo î¦ú£ì Íû¶ b) 'taste' Nù£óŸªÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶. ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ð (Ð Ú•êŸh ví£ë¶-øŒÙö˺ ÎÚÛª ÔëÁ NÙêŸÞ¥ ÍEí‡-
Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª am smelling/ is NëÅ]-iì ô¢ª#E Ïú£ªhÙC Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ þ¼hÙC.)
smelling/ are smelling form ö˺ î¦è[Ù. taste, tastes Íû¶ ÍÙæ°Ù. am tasting/ is iii) They feel quite at home in the new place.
The rose smells sweet. tasting/are tasting ÍE ÍìÙ. (They are feeling Ú¥ë]ª)
(Þœªö°G ú£ªî¦-ú£ììª Ïú£ªhÙC.) Biriyani serves here (Ð Ú•êŸh ví£ë¶øŒÙ î¦üŒxÚÛª ÔOª Ú•êŸhÞ¥ ÍEí‡Ù-
The rose is smelling sweet ÍìÙ. tastes fine. àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª.)
Íë¶ ÷ªìÙ ë¶ûµjoû¦ Ïí£±pè[ª î¦ú£ì àŸ«ú£ªhìo (ÏÚÛ\è[ Gô¦uF ÷ªÙ# ô¢ª#- Íô³ê¶ How are you feeling? Íû¶C î¦è[ª-ÚÛö˺
Nù£óŸªÙ àµð§p-õÙç¶ am smelling/ is smelling/ E-þ¼hÙC – The biriyani is ÑÙC– Óö° Ñû¦o÷±? Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ.
are smelling î¦è[ê¦Ù. tasting fine Ú¥ë]ª.) ò°›ï°uÙvCóŸ«õ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ Þœ÷ª-E-Ùà¦-Lqì
Íë¶ ÷ªìÙ- ë¶-ûµjoû¦ ô¢ª#- ÷³Ý°uÙ-ø‹õª
àŸ«-ú£ªh-ìo-í£±pè[ª– am tast- i) am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing î¦è[Ù (ÚÛE-
ing, is tasting, are tast-
ing M. SURESAN í‡Ù-àŸè[Ù Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ)
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 22
ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. am hearing/ is hearing/ are hearing ö¶ë]ª.Ð
I am tasting the biriyani.
(û¶ìª Gô¦uFE ô¢ª# àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª.) ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ am/ is/ are looking/ lis-
tening î¦è[ê¦Ù.
She is smelling the flower in her hand. ÏÚÛ\è[ am tasting ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. ii) ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ïú£ªhìo î¦ú£ì Íô³ê¶ is smelling/
Well, why have you brought me here? She is tasting the dish to see how good it is.
(Î à¶A-ö˺E í£±÷±yìª î¦ú£ì àŸ«þ¼hÙC.) are smeling ö¶ë]ª. smell/ smells ÷«vêŸî¶ª.
ÏC ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Ú¥ñæ¨d ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± ÖÚÛ î¦ú£ì (Î ÷ÙåÚÛÙ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙëÁ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ ë¯Eo ÷ªìÙ î¦ú£ì àŸ«ú£ªh-ìo-í£±p-èµjê¶ am smelling/ is
(ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú¥íƈ à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC.) Ïú£ªhÙC Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ is smelling/ are Î ô¢ª# àŸ«þ¼hÙC). smelling/ are smelling correct.
Lakshmi: O, thank you (After a sip) I am c) 'feel' Nù£óŸªÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶. ÷ªìÚÛª Íìª-òÅ¡«A,
smelling ô¦ë]ª. iii) ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ïà¶a ô¢ª# Íô³ê¶ taste/ tastes
tasting real good coffee for the first òÅ°÷Ù Ôëµjû¦ ÚÛL-T-ì-í£±pè[ª feel/ feels ÷«vêŸî¶ª.
The spray smells fine. ÍÙæ°Ù.is/ are tasting ÍìÙ.
time in weeks. ((Ú•ÙàµÙ Ú¥íƈ ê¦T) spray am feeling/ is feeling/ are feeling ÍìÙ.
Î ÷ªÙ# î¦ú£ì Ïú£ªhÙC Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ iv) 'feel' Nù£-óŸªÙö˺– Íìª-òÅ¡÷Ù, Íìª-òÅ¡«A Íô¢nÙêÁ
Ú•Eo î¦ô¦õ êŸô¦yêŸ îµ³ë]æ¨þ§JÞ¥ The spray is smelling fine i) I feel the cold wind blowing on my face.
Íô³ê¶. Ú¥ë]ª. feel/ feels
Íô³ê¶ am/ is/ are feeling
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
÷ªÙ# Ú¥íƈ ô¢ª# àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª.) They are smelling the spray. (û¦ OªtCÚ¨ Oú£ªhìo àŸõxE Þ¥LE Íìª-òÅ¡-N- ö¶ë]ª.
Ajitha: Wait a minute. I feel some thing ú£ªh-û¦oìª.)
creeping up my arm. (ÑÙè[ª. ÔëÁ û¦
î¦üŒ‰x Î v›úpìª î¦ú£ì àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.
ii) She feels (is feeling Ú¥ë]ª) strange in this
êŸè…Nª àŸ«è[è[Ù– Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ am/ is/ are
ÏC ÚÛ·ô¸Úd – ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ î¦ú£ì àŸ«è[è[Ù feeling î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
à¶A Oªë] ð§ÚÛª-꟪ìoåªd ÍEí‡-þ¼hÙC.) Ú¥ñæ¨d. new place.

ví£øŒo: Give ÍÙç¶ Ï÷yè[Ù. Given ÍÙç¶ Ï÷y-ñ- Past participles ÷³Ùë]ª had given, have/ ÍFo be- forms.) ÷›úh Íí£±pè[ª ÷«vêŸî¶ª à¶óŸª-ñ-è…ÙC, preference 'more'
ö˺û¶ Íû¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÑÙC.
è[è[Ù. I have given ÍÙç¶ ‘û¦ÚÛª Ïà¦aô¢ª’ ÍE has/ had ÷›úh NNëÅ] ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x– Ïà¦aìª, Ïà¦a÷³, Ï÷y-ñ-è¯fè[ª, etc. passive voice forms ÷þ§hô³. 'Suffering from' correct êµõªÞœª, English
Íô¢nÙ ÚÛë¯ (û¶ìª Ï÷y-ñ-è¯fìª ÍE). Ú¥F à¦ö°- Ïà¦aô¢ª, Ïà¦aè[ª, Ïà¦a÷± Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ êµõªÞœª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ passive voice à¦ö° Íô¢ªë]ª. î¦è[ª-ÚÛõª ð¼õa-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ô òÅ°ù£õª ÚÛë¯. êµõª-Þœªö˺
àÁåx ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõ ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª 'He has ÷ú£ªhÙC.have/has+ participle- ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£E He is seen here every day. ÖÚÛJ Oªë] ÚÁí£Ù ÷ú£ªhÙC. Englishö˺ angry with
given' ÍE ‘ÍêŸìª Ïà¦aè[ª’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ Ô çµjîªö˺ áJ-TÙC êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÷ú£ªhÙC. ví£A-ôÁV ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[-ñ-è[-ê¦è[ª. (a person) ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨ Nù£-óŸ«ö˺x î¦è[ª-ÚÛìª
î¦è[ª-꟪-û¦oô¢ª. ÏC êŸí£±p ÚÛë¯? ‘ÍêŸìª Ï÷y- I have given the book. He is given salary on the first of every month. ñæ¨d ð¼î¦L. ÍC ÓÙêŸ ÓÚÛª\÷ English àŸC-Nê¶
ÍêŸìª ví£A ûµö° îµ³ë]æ¨ ê¶D @êŸÙ Ï÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦è[ª. ÍÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ ÷ú£ªhÙC.
ví£øŒo: I am going to go Ú¨ I am going Ú¨ ê¶è¯
ñ-è¯fè[ª’ ÍE ÚÛë¯ Íô¢nÙ?
–ô¦ëů-ÚÛ'ù£g, šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë He has given a lecture.

áî¦ñª: English ÚÛª, êµõªÞœªÚÛª Ñìo ê¶è¯õ ÷õx,

ÍêŸìª Ñí£-û¦uú£Ù Ïà¦aè[ª. ÔNªæ¨?
`given' ö°Ùæ¨ past participles ÷ªìÚÛª Ú•ÙàµÙ con-
He is given Rs. 10000 every month. ÍêŸìª ví£A
– ÷ªûËÁ-ô¢Ù-áE, Ná-óŸª-î¦è[
áî¦ñª: 'I am going to go' ÍÙç¶ îµüŒx-ò˺-꟪-û¦oìª
ûµö° ô¢«. 10000 Ï÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦è[ª (ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ Ïþ§hô¢ª).
fusing Þ¥û¶ ÑÙæ°ô³. `Given' Íû¶C past partici- They are given. î¦üŒ‰x Ï÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦ô¢ª.
ple. ÍÙç¶ ë¯ìô¢nÙ ‘Ï÷y-ñ-è…ì’ ÍE. (‘Ï÷y-ñ-è[è[Ù’ Children are given milk everyday. ôÁW í‡õxõª ÍE, 'I am going' ÍÙç¶ îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oìª ÍE.
Ú¥ë]ª) ð§L-÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦ô¢ª. Ôëµjì í£E-à¶-óŸª-ò˺-꟪-ìo-í£±pè[ª going to do/ sing/
a) The book given to him.
ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ Ï÷y-ñ-è…ì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ. ví£øŒo: I give more prefer coffee than tea Íû¦L. teach etc. î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ví£øŒo: 1. û¶ìª ðÆ»æ˺ Bô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L/ Bô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÛª-
b) The man seen near the school.
Ú¥F I give more prefer coffee to tea ÍE û¦oìª
seen past participle
(ÏÚÛ\è[ school
Íô¢nÙ ë]Þœ_ô¢ û¶ìª í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ïà¦aìª.
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÍÙæ°ô¢ª?
I am suffering from fever ÍÙæ°ô¢ª
2. íÆ£ö°û¦ ÓÙvæ© û¦ ú£KyúÃ í£±ú£h-ÚÛÙö˺
Past participle
àŸ«è[-ñ-è…ì ÷uÚ¨h ÍE. ÚÛª Íô¢nÙ ‘... (past- Óí£±pè[ª, Ô ôÁV, Ôçµjîªö˺ Ï#aÙC àµí£pè[Ù ô¦ô³Ù-à¦L (ö¶ë¯ ÓÙåô à¶ô³Ù-à¦L/
ñè…ì’ ÍE Íú£Ù-í£²-JhÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.) ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? I am suffering with fever Íì- ô¦ô³Ùà¦ìª).
ö¶ë]ª– Ï÷yè[Ù ÷«vêŸÙ áJ-TÙC.) ÚÛ«-è[ë¯?
c) The book torn by the child. I, we you, they - have given.
– ·Ú ûËÂ, ÚÛ'ù£g, Þœìo-÷ô¢Ù
Ð î¦Ú¥u-õìª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Óö° àµð§pL.
he, she, it - has given. – ·Ú. ô¦¸ÚøÉÂàŸÙë]ª, áÙÞ¥-·ôè…fÞœ«èµÙ
áî¦ñª: I give more prefer coffee... Ð sen-
(Î Gè[f à¶êŸ #Ùí£-ñ-è…ì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ)
d) The movie released yesterday. He has given.
tence ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª.
áî¦ñª:
(Eìo Nè[ª-ë]õ à¶óŸª-ñ-è…ì ú‡E÷«) ÍêŸìª Ïà¦aè[ª (Ï÷yè[Ù Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC – past, çµjîª 1. I should/ have to get/ have myself pho-
Íô³ê¶ êµõª-Þœªö˺ Íö° ÍìÙ. I prefer coffee to tea Íû¦L ö¶ë¯ I give prefer-
êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª). tographed./ I got/ had myself photographed.
a) ÍêŸEÚ¨ Ï#aì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ. 'given' ö°Ùæ¨ past participles ÷³Ùë]ª 'be' forms- ence to coffee over tea Íû¦L.
b) school ë]Þœ_ô¢ àŸ«ú‡ì/ ÚÛEí‡Ù-#ì ÷uÚ¨h. (am, is, are, was, were, shall be, will be, have 1) prefer êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« 'to' ÷ú£ªhÙC. 'than' ô¦ë]ª. 2. I have to get the entry made/ recorded in my
service register (I got the entry made/
c) Gè[f #Ùí‡ì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ. been, has been – #÷ô¢ be, been verbs
÷à¶a 2) 'more preference' Íû¶ î¦è[ªÚÛ ö¶ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ recorded in my service register).
d) Eìo Nè[ª-ë]õ à¶ú‡ì ú‡E÷« ÍÙæ°Ù.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 26 Vöµj 2005

Raghu: Hi Pavan, you look dull. What's the I have (am having Ú¥ë]ª) a lot of work.
matter? b) ÚÛª÷«-ôÂÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñë]óŸªÙ 8 ìªÙ# þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ
(óÀª í£÷ûËÂ, ÔÙæ¨ è[öËÀÞ¥ Ñû¦o÷±?) 6 ÷ô¢ÚÛª è[«uæ© ÑÙC.
Pavan: I have a headache. I don't have (do Kumar has (is having Ú¥ë]ª) duty here from
not have) at home the tablets I usual- 8 AM - 6 PM.
ly take. 4. òÅ°î¦õª, Íìª-òÅ¡«-꟪õª ൛íp-åí£±pè[ª am/ is/
(êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ ÑÙC. ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ û¶ìª are having ô¦ë]ª.
î¶ú£ª-ÚÛªû¶ ÷«vêŸõª ÏÙæ˺x ö¶÷±.) a)ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ Þ¥èÅ[iì v›í÷ª.
Raghu: Sorry to know that. Do you have that She has (is having Ú¥ë]ª) deep love for
novel with you? I mean the novel you him.
bought last week. b) šúöµÚÂd Í÷±-ê¦-ìû¶ ÎøŒ û¦ÚÛª ÑÙC.
( I have (am having Ú¥ë]ª) the hope I will ø‹ÙA: Ñû¦oô¢ª. ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?
þ§K, Ú¨Ùë]-æ¨-î¦ô¢Ù ìª÷±y Ú•ìo ì÷õ F b) My friend is having a son and a daughter.
be selected.
ÿ§LE: û¦ÚÛª ÓõªxÙè… òµÙÞœª-üŒŠ-ô¢ªö˺ ÏÙåô¢«yu
ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙë¯?) (ÍÙ綖 Î všíÆÙè êŸì Ú•è[ªÚÛªìª, Ú۫꟪JE
Pavan: Sorry. I don't have it. Prakash took it 5.
from me yesterday. He has it now.
÷ªìÚÛª Ñìo ô¢ªÞœtêŸö°xÙæ¨ î¦æ¨E êµLóŸª-â¶-›ú-å- AÙåª-û¦o-è[û¦? ÍC Ú¥ë]ª ÚÛë¯?– My friend ÑÙC. Já-¸ôy-ù£ûË ÚÛù£dÙÞ¥/ú£÷ª-ú£uÞ¥
í£±pè[ª am/ is/ are having ô¦ë]ª. have/ has has a son and a daughter.)
( þ§K, ÍC û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ö¶ë]ª. ví£Ú¥ùà Eìo ÑÙC.
÷«vêŸî¶ª ÷ú£ªhÙC. c) Saritha is having a wonderful pair of ear Answers:
Bú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oè[ª. ÍC ÍêŸè… ë]Þœ_¸ô ÑÙC.) a) û¦ÚÛª êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ ÑÙC. rings. 1. I also have that book. Have you?/Do you
Raghu: I have no work today. So I want to I have a headache (am having Ú¥ë]ª.) (ÍÙç¶ – ú£JêŸ à¦ö° ÍÙë]-iì àµN ÎòÅ¡-ô¢-é°õª have it.
spend time reading the book. b) ÎÚÛª ڥô¢ªx. AÙæ˺Ù-ë]û¦? Ú¥ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d She has a won- 2. Have you/Do you have any class now.
(û¦ÚÛª Ð ôÁâ¶Ù í£E-ö¶ë]ª. í£±ú£hÚÛÙ àŸë]ª- She has jaundice (is having Ú¥ë]ª). derful pair of ear rings.) 3. Why are you having coffee now? You usu-
÷±êŸ« Þœè…-›íë¯lÙ Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª.) c) ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ ò°Þ¥ áõªñª à¶ú‡ÙC. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª practice à¶óŸªÙè…. (ÍEoÙ- ally have tea.
Pavan: Go ahead. My brother has another He has (is having Ú¥ë]ª) a bad cold. æ¨Ú¨ have- correct form î¦è[Ùè…). 4. (Over phone) Is it you? I am having lunch.
book with him. Take it. ÏÚÛð¼ê¶ am having/ is having/ are having 1) û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÚÛ«è¯ Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÑÙC. F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙë¯? Please wait.
(Íô³ê¶ Ú¥EóÀª. ÷« vñë]ô ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÏÙÚÁ î¦è[ë]-Tì ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥– 2) FÚÛª Ïí£±pè¶îµªiû¦ Ú¥xúà ÑÙë¯?

‘û¶ìª ú£«\å-ôÂE AÙåª-û¦o쪒

I want Mahesh's phone no. Do you have it?
í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÑÙC. ÍC Bú£ªÚÁ.) ★ Aìè[Ù, ê¦Þœè[Ù ö°Ùæ¨N–
I don't (do not) have it. Ramesh has it.
I don't (do not) have Ramesh's phone
number either.
(not Ñìo sentence
ö˺ 'also'
ô¦ë]ª. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE
'either.')
5. Isn't that sari nice/beautiful?
Then have it.
Raghu: Where is he? 1) û¶E-í£±pè[ª Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª (ê¦Þœª-꟪- 3) ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±. ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥
I do not (don't) have/I
haven't (have not)
(ÍêŸìª ÓÚÛ\è[?) û¦oìª). ìª÷±y æ© ê¦Þœª-ê¦÷± ÚÛë¯? the money now.
I am having coffee. 4) (ðƼûËÁx) ‘× ìªî¦y? û¶ìª õÙà Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o!
Pavan: He is having breakfast. Wait for a few 2) î¦Rx-í£±pè[ª òÅ˺áìÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª. Ú¥ú£h îµô³-æËÀ-àµóÀª’
I have the money but
I don't (do not) like
minutes. They are having meals now.
3) ÍêŸìª ú‡T-·ôæËÀ ê¦Þœª-꟪-û¦oè[ª. that sari.
(î¦è[ª vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd à¶ú£ªhû¦oè[ª. Ú¥›úí£± ÎÞœª) ‘û¦ÚÛª ÷ª›ï°ùà ðƼûË ûµÙñô ڥî¦L. F ë]Þœ_ô¢
ÑÙë¯?’ 6. What do you have for
Raghu: Aren't (Are you not) having any? He is having a smoke. ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ö¶ë]ª. ô¢î¶ªùà ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙC.’ breakfast usually.
(ìª÷±y ÔOª Aìî¦?) (He is smoking ñë]ªõª) ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ô¢î¶ªùà ðƼûË ûµÙñô ÚÛ«è¯ ö¶ë]ª.’ I have mostly idles.
Pavan: I don't feel like, with this head ache.
(Ð êŸõ-ûË•í‡p ÷õx Aû¦-õE ö¶ë]ª)
★ am having/ is having/ are having- `bath' ÚÛª 5) ‘Î <ô¢ à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC ÚÛë¯?’ Why are you having M. SURESAN
î¦è[-÷àŸªa. ‘Íô³ê¶ Bþ¼\’ dosa now?
This restaurant doesn't (does not) have a
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ ÷ªìÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¶-ë¶-Nªæ¨? Ú•Eo- ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ Ïí£±pè[ª è[ñªs-ö¶ë]ª.’
àÁåx Ïí£±pè[ª áJ¸Þ í£E-·Újû¦ have/ has î¦è[è[Ù, ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ è[ñªs ÑÙC Ú¥F, û¦ÚÛª Î <ô¢ ìàŸa- good name for idles. It has a good name
Ú•Eo-àÁåx am having/ is having/ are having ö¶ë]ª. for dosas.
î¦è[è[Ù. 'am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing' form ö˺ 6) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ð»ë]ªlì vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd ÔÙ I don't have (do not have)/ haven't (have
î¦è[E verbs ö˺ have ÚÛ«è¯ ÑÙC. Íô³ê¶ am Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°÷±?’ not) much knowledge of the restaurants
having/ is having/ are having form Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-
here.
You are having a dosa now. How is it?
ô¦sÄö˺x Íô¦n-Eo-ñæ¨d î¦è[ê¦Ù.
1. have/ has ÚÛª Ñìo ÷³Üu-iì Íô¢nÙ– ÚÛLT
7. Ramu: How is that pup there?
Raghu: I have a pup at home. That's big-
ÑÙè[è[Ù.
I, we, you, they Íô³ê¶ have.
He, she, it Íô³ê¶ 'has'.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 23 ger than this.
Ramu: Has it/Does it have a name?
I have a scooter.
Raghu: Yes. It has a beautiful name.
Ruby. Have you/Do you have any
û¦ÚÛª ú£«\åô ÑÙC. ‘ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ Ïè†x Bú£ªÚÛªÙæ°’
She has a lot of jewellry. ‘÷ªJ Ïí£±p-èµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ëÁøŒ AÙåª-û¦o÷±?’ pets at home?
Ramu: No.
ÎÚÛª à¦ö° ìÞœõª Ñû¦oô³. ‘Ð ·ôþ§d-·ôÙæËÀö˺ Ïè†xõª ò°ÞœªÙ-è[÷±. ëÁøŒõª
My friends (they) have bikes. ò°ÞœªÙ-æ°ô³.’ 8. Suneel: Hasn't (has not) this building/
Doesn't (does not) this building
÷« všíÆÙèÂqÚÛª òµjÚÂq Ñû¦oô³. ‘û¦ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è… ·ôþ§d-·ôÙæËÀq ÞœªJÙ# ÍÙêŸÞ¥ êµL-
ÚÛLT ÑÙè[è[Ù Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ am having/ is hav- óŸªë]ª.’ have a beautiful/ grand appear-
ing/ are having ô¦÷±. ‘Ïí£±pè[ª ìª÷±y ÚÛ«è¯ ëÁøŒ AÙåª-û¦o÷± ÚÛë¯. ance.
a) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÍÙë]iì ÏõªxÙC. Óö° ÑÙC?’ Sukumar: I don't have/I haven't any doubt
They have a beautiful house. 7) ô¦÷³: ÍÚÛ\è[ªìo ÚÛªÚÛ\-í‡õx Óö° ÑÙC? about it.
(They are having a beautiful house (ÚÛªÚÛ\-í‡õx= Pup) Suneel: It has a beautiful portico, a bal-
Ú¥ë]ª)
b) This coffee has a fine taste. ô¢íÆ£³: û¦ÚÛª ÏÙæ˺x ÚÛªÚÛ\-í‡õx ÑÙC. ÍC DE- cony, big windows and a
(is having
large/spacious hall.
Ð Ú¥íƈڨ ÷ªÙ# ô¢ª# ÑÙC. Ú¥ë]ª) ÚÛû¦o šíë]lC.
c)Ð ìÞœ-ô¢Ùö˺ îµè[-õp-ô³ì ôÁè[ªx-û¦oô³. She has a lot of jewellry ô¦÷³: ë¯EÚ¨ ›íô¢ªÙë¯? Sukumar: If I have the money, I wish to buy
This city has wide roads. ô¢íÆ£³: ë¯EÚ¨ ÍÙë]-iì ›íô¢ªÙC. ô¢«H. ìª÷±y this house.
(This city is having... a) ÷« û¦ìoÞ¥ô¢ª þ§oìÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª. Ú¥ú£h 9) Shalini: Where is Suneeta?
Ú¥ë]ª) ÏÙæ˺x Ô áÙ꟪÷±ûµjû¦ šíÙàŸª-꟪-û¦oî¦?
2. ÷ªìª-ù£ªõÚÛª, áÙ꟪-÷±õÚÛª Ñìo Þœªé°õª ൛íp-å- ÎÞœÙè…. ô¦÷³: ö¶ë]ª. Santhi: She is having a bath.
í£±pè[ª am/ is/ are having Have/ has
ô¦ë]ª. My father is having a bath. Please wait. 8) ú£ªFöËÀ: Ð òÅ¡÷-û¦-EÚ¨ à¦ö° ÍÙë]-iì Shalini: Has Suneeta/ Does Suneeta
b) Î ù£÷ô ò°ê à¶þ¼hÙC. appearance ÑÙC ÚÛë¯? have any friends in railway book-
÷«vêŸî¶ª ÷ú£ªhÙC.
a) She has patience. She is having a shower. ú£ªÚÛª-÷«ôÂ: Î Nù£óŸªÙö˺ û¦¸ÚÙ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ing?
( is having Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…–am/ is/ are having from ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Santhi: She has, but why?
ÎÚÛª ×ô¢ªp ÑÙC.) Ú¥ë]ª. ö¶ë]ª.
b) The wife and husband have (are hav- Aìè[Ù, ê¦Þœè[Ù Íû¶ Íô¦n-õ¸Ú í£J-NªêŸÙ. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE ú£ªFöËÀ: ë¯EÚ¨ ÖÚÛ ÍÙë]-iì ð¼JdÚÁ, ò°õ\F, Shalini: I have an interview in Bangalore
ing a good understanding for am having/ is having/ are having NªÞœê¦ ú£Ùë]-
the day after tomorrow. I am hav-
Ú¥ë]ª) šíë]l Ú¨æ¨-Ú©õª, ÖÚÛ šíë]l õª Ñû¦oô³.
each other. ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è…ê¶ Ní£-K-ê¦ô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. eg: ú£ªÚÛª-÷«ôÂ: û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ è[ñªs ÑÙç¶, Ð Ïõªx Ú•û¦-õE ing a problem/difficulty about
a) I am having a scooter. ÑÙC. (have, wish î¦è[Ùè…). reservation.
(Î òÅ°ô¦u-òÅ¡-ô¢hõ ÷ªëÅ]u ÷ªÙ# Í÷-Þ¥-ì
ÑÙC.) (Ð sentence ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÷à¶a Íô¢nÙ, ‘û¶ìª 9) ÿ§LE: ú£ªFêŸ ÓÚÛ\è[? problem, difficulty am
ø‹ÙA: þ§oìÙ à¶þ¼hÙC
ö°Ùæ¨- î¦-æ¨êÁ
3. ÷ªì-ÚÛªìo í£E ÞœªJÙ# ൛ípÙ-ë]ªÚÛª am/ is/ are ú£«\å-ôÂE AÙåª-û¦o쪒 ÍE ÚÛë¯. ÍÙêŸ-øŒÚ¨h having/is having/ are having
having î¦è[Ù. ÷«ì-÷±-è…-Ú¨ÙÚ¥ ô¦ö¶ë]ª, Ú¥ñæ¨d ÏÚÛ\è[ àµð§p- ÿ§LE: ú£ªF-êŸÚÛª ·ôjö¶y ñªÚ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺ všíÆÙèÂq Ó÷- î¦è[÷àŸªa.
a) û¦ÚÛª à¦ö° í£ìªÙC. LqÙC– I have a scooter.) ·ôjû¦ Ñû¦oô¦?
I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 28 Vöµj 2005

Krishna: Hi Nikhila, How are you? Ð be forms ÍEo-Ùæ¨Ú© #÷ô¢ 'be' ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-
(óÀª E"õ, Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?) àŸÙè….
Nikhila: Fine, thank you, How go your stud- have been, has been, had been, shall have
ies? been, should have been, will have been,
(ò°Þœª-û¦oìª. ìª÷±y Óö° àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦o÷±?) would have been, may have been, might
Krishna: Studying well. My brother was
have been, can have been, could have been,
come yesterday.
must have been, need have been, ought have
Nikhila: Was come? Look here, Krishna, we
been, dare have been
never use verb forms like was
come. That isn't English. Ð be forms #÷-ô¢-õ-EoÙ-æ¨Ú© been ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-
(was come vÚ¨óŸª ô¢«ð§Eo ÷ªìÙ Ñí£- àŸÙè….
óµ«-TÙàŸÙ. ÍC ÏÙTxùà ڥë]ª.) šíj÷Fo 'be' forms. Oå-Eo-æ¨Ú© Íô¢nÙ ‘ÑÙè[è[Ù’ Íû¶ can sing- verb - can + sing (1st RDW)
Krishna: ë¯ûËÁx ꟛíp-÷³ÙC? ë¯EÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ# ÑÙåªÙC. Oæ¨ö˺x Ú•Eoæ¨ î¦è[ÚÛÙ (ÍêŸìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Eìo àŸ«è[ñè¯fè[ª).
Nikhila: Oª vñë]ô Eìo ÷à¦a-è[E ÚÛ믖 ìª÷yÙ-åª- ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ø‹Ù. šíj î¦æ¨-ì-EoÙæ¨F ÷ªìÙ àµð§p-õ-ìª- Íö° Oæ¨ö˺x ë¶E í£ÚÛ\-ûµjû¦ 1st RDW î¦è…ê¶ verb b) All kinds of books are sold here.
Í÷±-꟪ÙC. (verb - passive
ÚÛªû¶ Íô¦nEo ñæ¨d independent Þ¥ î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Þœ÷ª-EÚÛ: 'shall, will, should, would, etc 'be'
û¦o÷±. ÏÚÛ\è[ was come ÍE verb ÏÚÛ\è[ ÍEo ô¢Ú¥õ í£±ú£hÚ¥õª Í÷ªt-
He is here.
î¦è¯÷±. ÍC êŸí£±p. English ö˺ verb ÚÛª ñ-è[-ê¦ô³).

Íú£õª ú£ÙÞœA Î ÎJÙæ¨ö˺û¶!

forms Ú¥÷±. shall, should, will, would, etc., c) The film will be released next week.
(verb- passive ú‡E÷« ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù Nè[ª-ë]õ
à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC).
ÖÚÛ\ VI form of the verb ÷«vêŸî¶ª passive.
NªÞœê¦ forms ÍFo active voice. êµõª-Þœªö˺
÷ªìÙ passive voice ë¯ë¯í£± î¦è[Ù ÚÛë¯! ÍÙç¶
÷ªìÙ ÏÙæ˺x ‘Í÷«t’ ÍìoÙ ÷Ùè[ñè…Ùë¯ ÍìÙ.
Ú•åªdÚÛª îµRx Ð í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ Í÷ªt-ñ-è[ª-꟪Ùë¯
Îô¢ª ô¢«ð§õª Ñû¦oô³. Îô¢ª ô¢«ð§ö˺x They could be here yesterday itself.
í£ÚÛ\ì 'be' Ñìo-í£±pè¶ ÍN 'be' forms Íìo ÍìÙ. spoken telugu ö˺ passive voice î¦è[Ù.
Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L. English ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ ÓÙêŸ êŸÚÛª\÷Þ¥ î¦è…ê¶ ÷ªì
ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ô¢«í£Ùö˺ verb ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶, ÍC She might be dangerous, etc.
V form (verb Íô³ëÁ ô¢«í£Ù) òÅ°ù£ ÍÙêŸ simple Þ¥ ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.
II form (verb ·ôÙèÁ ô¢«í£Ù)
English Ú¥ë]ª.
(à¦ö° ÷ªÙC ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªõª, was come, has going, conversational ease ÑÙåªÙC.

}
have, has, had, shall have,
ö°Ùæ¨ verbs ÚÛ·ôÚ¥d, Ú¥ë¯ ÍE ÍE Íè[ª-Þœª-꟪ìo ví£øŒo- 'be' form+ ...ing form verb, 'be' should have, will have,
àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯ English verb Óí£±pè[« šíj singu-
õ-Eo-æ¨Ú© Ð lesson Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-í£-è[ª-꟪ÙC. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ lar forms ö˺ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙè¯L. ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶
ÍÙç¶ Ôëµjû¦
form '...ing' form (going, coming, would have, can have, + past
àŸë]-÷Ùè…, Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…, practice à¶óŸªÙè…, Oª Oªô¢ª ÷«æ°x-è¶C sentence Ú¥ë]ª. Íö° ÷«æ°x-è…ê¶
êŸô¦yêŸ Ôëµjû¦
singing, dancing etc., could have, may have, participle
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ î¦è[Ùè….)
ö°Ùæ¨-N)êÁ ÷ú£ªhÙC. êŸí£±p. Ïí£±pè[ª àŸ«è[Ùè…–
Kumar is writing. might have, must have, He was come.
÷ªìÚÛª Spoken English ÚÛù£d÷ª-E-í‡Ù-à¶C, êŸí£±põª verb: is (be form) + writing (ing form)] ought have, dare have ÏÚÛ\è[ verb Ô÷ª-î¦yL?
ඛúD verb Nù£-óŸªÙ-ö˺û¶. She has been singing for the past one hour. need have was come - (was (be form) + come (1st
verb ÍÙç¶ êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯? subject ÑÙè¶ ú‡nAE verb- has been singing
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÏN ÚÛ«è¯ be formsÚ¥÷±. Oæ¨ö˺x ë¶E í£ÚÛ\-ûµjû¦ RDW)
has been ('be' form) + singing (ing)form 'been'Ñìo-í£±pè¶ ÍC 'be' form
Í÷±-꟪ÙC. be form + 1st RDW-
verb sentences
šíj ö˺, 'be' form + ing form shall have been - ÏC 'be' form. six forms of verb form
ö˺, Ð ö¶ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d
ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯. Íö°¸Þ– shall have -
ÏC 'be' form
Ú¥ë]ª. He was come- sentence Ú¥ë]ª.
They could be going there. Past Participle (PP)ÍÙç¶ êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯? was come = was (be
could be (be form) + going (ing form). (PP) form) + come (past par-
go went gone ticiple)
see saw seen be form + past participle
do did done ÏC passive voice verb

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 24 like liked

talk talked
liked
talked
Í÷àŸªa ÚÛë¯ Íû¶ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù
OªÚÛª ô¦÷àŸªa. ÏÚÛ\è[
verb, V form have, has, had,
ö˺ šíjì àŸ«í‡Ù-#ì ÷³Üu-iì Nù£óŸªÙ come,
III form (verb ÷´èÁ ô¢«í£Ù) shall have, should have, etc., ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ go, walk, sit ö°Ùæ¨ verbs M. SURESAN
í£ÚÛ\ì past participle à¶J›úh Îcombination- ÚÛª passive voice ÑÙè[ë]ª.
Doing Words Oæ¨E ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-Ú•E Ñû¦oÙ verb ÚÛª Ó÷-JE, ë¶EE ÍE ví£øŒo-î¶-óŸªÙè… Answer
verb Í÷±-꟪ÙC.
ÚÛë¯. eg: He has seen me. ÷›úh passive ÑÙåªÙC. Answer ô¦ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ pas-
1st Regular 2nd Regular Past verb: has seen - has + past participle (PP) sive ÑÙè[ë]ª.
Doing word Doing word Doing Word She will have gone by then. They came yesterday.
come comes came verb: will have gone- will have + gone (PP) verb came.
ÏÚÛ\è[ DE Íô¢nÙ– ‘÷à¦aô¢ª’ ÍE. Ó÷-
sing sings sang They should have done it. JE ÷à¦aô¢ª? ë¶EE ÷à¦aô¢ª? Íû¶ ví£øŒo-õÚÛª
do does did should have done - should have + done (PP) 'Answer' ô¦ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d Oæ¨Ú¨ passive ÑÙè[ë]ª.
talk talks talked Ïö° NªÞœê¦ î¦æ¨êÁ ÚÛ«è¯. Íë¶ He writes books ö˺ 'writes' verb. ÍÙç¶
like
smell
likes
smells
liked
smelt
VI form (verb ÎôÁ ô¢«í£Ù) Íô¢nÙ ‘ô¦þ§hè[ª’ ÍE. ë¶EE ô¦þ§hè[ª? ÍÙç¶ ‘í£±ú£h-
Ú¥õª’ Íû¶ answer ÷ú£ªhÙC. DEÚ¨ passive êŸí£pÚÛ
Fine, thank you, How go your studies? Þœªô¢ªh à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù! 'be' form + past participle
ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ 'be' form past participle
í£ÚÛ\ì Ôëµjû¦
ÑÙåªÙC. Books are written by him ÍE pas-
sive àµí£p-÷àŸªa.
(state of being ÍÙç¶ ÑÙè[è[Ù) Ú¥F, subject ඛú Regular actions- vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ í£ìª- (PP)÷›úh ÍC verbÍ÷±-꟪ÙC.
í£EE (action) Ú¥F êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. õÚÛªI, we, you, they 1st Regular Doing
Íô³ê¶ a) He was seen there yesterday.
Eg: He is here. word (1st RDW); He, She, It 2nd RDW
Íô³ê¶ verb: was seen- was (be form) + seen
ÍêŸ-E-ÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª. î¦è[ê¦Ù. Oæ¨êÁnot Questions
Ú¥F, ö˺ Þ¥F (PP).
ÏÚÛ\è[ verb 'is' ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµõªí£±-꟪ÙC. Íô³ê¶ 1st RDW 'do', 2nd RDW
êÁ 'does'
êÁ b) The snake has been killed.
Sunitha works hard. î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÏN ÷ªìÚÛª êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯. Íö°¸Þ Past verb: has been killed, has been (be form) +
Doing Word ìª ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ô çµjîªö˺ áJ-TÙëÁ êµL- killed (PP).
ví£øŒo: Were you there then yesterday?
ú£ªFêŸ ÚÛù£dí£è… í£E-à¶-ú£ªhÙC.
ÏÚÛ\è[ verb 'works' í£EE (action) êµõªí£±-êÁÙC ú‡- ÑÙç¶ Íåª-÷Ùæ¨actions Past
ÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. c) It can be done.
ÚÛë¯! Doing Word not
E êÁ Ú¥F, Questions êÁ Ú¥F verb: can be done- can be (be form) + done
Eìo Oªô¢ª Íí£±pè[ª ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¦?
English ö˺ verb ÚÛª Îô¢ª ÚÛ#aêŸ-iì ô¢«ð§õª î¦è…ê¶ did ÷ú£ªhÙC. ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ OªÚÛª êµõªú£ª. (PP)
Ïö° ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a?
û¦õªÞÁ ô¢«í£Ù) – N. û¦ô¦-óŸª-é-·ôè…f, Të]l-õ«ô¢ª
Ñû¦oô³. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…. Oªô¢ª Oª sentence ö˺ d) He had been killed before he was thrown
IV form (verb on the railway track.
î¦è¶ verb ÷ªìÙ àŸ«è[-òËºó¶ª Îô¢ª ô¢«ð§ö˺x (six
shall, will, should, would, verbs: had been killed - had been (be form) áî¦ñª: ô¦óŸª-÷àŸªa.
}
forms) ö˺ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙè[-ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ Oª sen-
tence correct Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÚÛ àŸ«è[Ùè…. can, could, may, might, + 1st RDW + killed (PP); ví£øŒo: ÖÚÛ î¦ô¦h-í£-vA-ÚÛö˺ ÷ªï‡°-ü‹-¸ÞóŸª ô¢àŸô³êŸE
was thrown- was (be form) + thrown (PP).
I form of the verb (verb îµ³ë]æ¨ ô¢«í£Ù)
must, need, ought, dare poet ÍE ú£Ùò˺-CÅÙ-à¦ô¢ª. poetess Íû¦L
Ð VI form of verb ÚÛª ÖÚÛ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛêŸ ÑÙC. Ð
I shall go there tomorrow.
– ·Ú. û¦Þœ-àµj-êŸìu, ð§óŸª-ÚÛ-ô¦÷±›íå
ÚÛë¯.
'be' forms verb form- 'be form + past participle'. Ð
verb- shall go. verb PASSIVE VOICE
áî¦ñª: English ö˺ ô¦ì« ô¦ì« gender dif-
ÏÚÛ\è[ DE ô¢«í£Ù–
am, is, are, was, were, shall be, should be, shall + go (1st Regular Doing Word)
ô¢«í£Ùö˺ Ñìo Óí£±pè[«
will be, would be, can be, could be, may be, ö˺ ÑÙåªÙC. verb- English passive voice
ö˺
Srinu will help me. ference (LÙÞœ-òŶë]Ù) ð§æ¨Ù-àŸè[Ù êŸT_-ð¼-êÁÙC.
might be, must be, ought be, dare be, need verb: will help- will + help (1st RDW)
ö˺ Ñìoí£±pè[ª êµõª-Þœªö˺ ‘ñè[ª’ ÍE Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. poet ÚÛ÷ô³v꟪õÚÛ« î¦è[è[Ù þ§ëů-ô¢-é-÷ª-÷±-êÁÙC.
be a) He was seen here yesterday.
They can sing. êŸí£±p ö¶ë]ª ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª.
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 30 Vöµj 2005

Sasank: Where is your brother, Radha? 4. (C)

(ô¦ëů, Oª vñë]ô ÓÚÛ\è[?) 5. (W) Correct form: The snake has
Radha: He coming slowly. I seen him a few been/had been/will have been (any
minutes ago. such 'be' form) + killed.
(ÍêŸìª Eë¯-ìÙÞ¥ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. Ú•Cl ENª- 6. (W) Correct form: The book is/ was/
ÿ§õ Ú¨Ùë]å ÍêŸè…E àŸ«ø‹) has/ been (any be form) + stolen
Sasank: Look here, Radha. Your words, 'He 7. (W) Correct form: The class is/ was/ will
coming slowly', and 'I seen him a be going on.
few minutes ago' are not sentences
8. (W) Correct form: We have/ had/ will
because there are no verbs in them,
have etc. + known him
they don't have complete meaning.
9. (C) - Past Doing Word
(F ÷«åö˺x 'he coming slowly', 'I
10. (C) - has been + killed (PP) - Passive vÚÛ÷ªÙ-êŸ-í£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo Ú¥F àµñªê¦ô³. õìª êµL›í verbs - like, love etc.)
seen him a few minutes ago'
voice am- I êÁ; he, she, it- is êÁ; you, we, II) verbs expressing actions of the mind.
verbs
î¦Ú¥uõª Ú¥÷±. î¦æ¨ö˺x ö¶÷±.
verbs ÚÛ·ô-ÚÂdÞ¥ form à¶ú‡-ì-í£±pè¶ ÷ªì sen- they- are êÁ ÷þ§hô³. (÷ªì ñªClÄÚ¨, Îö˺-àŸ-ìõÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì
î¦æ¨Ú¨ Íô¢nÙ í£²Jh Ú¥ö¶ë]ª ÚÛë¯)
tences II) was, were ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³. verbs - know, understand etc.)
Radha: But 'coming' and 'seen' are verbs. ÚÛ·ô-ÚÛd-÷±-ê¦ô³ ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛ« ÷ªìÙ
III) shall be, will be òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[è¯Eo
Why to doubt that? û¶ô¢ªaÚÛªìo-ë¶Ùæ¨? III) certain other verbs like appear, belong
a) subject - sentence ë¶EE ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-êÁÙëÁ
(coming, seen verbs ÚÛë¯?, Íìª- àµñªê¦ô³. etc.
IV) have been (I, We, You, TheyêÁ), has
÷«ìÙ ë¶EÚ¨?) ÍC. been (he, she, itêÁ) ÞœêŸÙö˺ Óí£pæ¨
Sasank: 'coming' is only an 'ing' form, and b) Verb - sentence ö˺ subject êŸô¦yêŸ Ô
'seen' is just a past participle. In our ÷«-å/-÷«-åõª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ sentence ÑÙè[ëÁ ìªÙàÁ, Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛªÞ¥E, ÏÙÚ¥-Þ¥F ÑÙè[-

Íô¢nÙ ÍÙê¦ ÍÙë]ªö˺û¶!

last article, we have seen the six ÍC/-ÍN verb. è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³.
forms of verbs.
šíj÷Fo ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛íp 'be' forms.

a) 'be' form + ing form is a verb c) English verb six forms ö˺ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ form f) subject action
ඛú í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸª-⶛ú î¦æ¨E
b) 'be' form/ have/ has/ will have/ ö˺ ÑÙè¯L. words ÍÙæ°Ù. Oæ¨ö˺x1st Regular Doing
shall have etc + past participle is d) English ö˺ statement ÚÛª (ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ Words (come, go, take, sit verbs - I,
ö°Ùæ¨
a verb. Nù£óŸªÙ ൛íp sentence) , question ÚÛª we, you, they 2nd Regular
êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù),
(coming Íû¶C ¸Ú÷õÙ 'ing' form, + order of words ö˺ à¦ö° ê¶è¯ ÑÙåªÙC. Doing Words (comes, goes, takes, sits
seen Íû¶C past participle- ing i) Statement structure: subject + verb ö°Ùæ¨ verbs - He,
Oæ¨E
form ÷³Ùë]ª 'be' form ÑÙç¶ verb
Í÷±- ii) Question structure: She, It êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù)
꟪ÙC. + past participle÷³Ùë]ª 'be' 1) verb + subject vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ
form Ú¥F have/ has/ had/ shall have Regular Actions ÚÛª Ñí£-
÷Ùæ¨N ÑÙç¶ verbÍ÷±-꟪ÙC. Ï÷Fo óµ«-Tþ§hÙ. There are no verbs in your sentences
÷ªìÙ Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ î¦uú£Ùö˺ àŸ«ø‹Ù.) i) 1st Regular Doing
Radha: So, you say a sentence in English Word Question
ìª ö˺ IV) verbs of sense perception.

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 25
must have a verb- one of the six not
Þ¥E, êÁÞ¥F î¦è…ê¶ (ò°›ï°uÙvCóŸ«õ í£ìª-õÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ# am/
forms we saw in last article. do ÷ú£ªhÙC. M. SURESAN is/ are ing ÑÙè[÷±. am/ is/ are looking,
(ÍÙç¶English sentence correct Þ¥ ii) 2nd Regular Doing listening î¦è[-÷àŸªa.)
ÑÙè¯-õÙç¶ ÞœêŸ î¦uú£Ùö˺ N÷-JÙ-#ìåªxÞ¥ 2) 1st word of the verb + subject + Word Question
ìª not ö˺ޥE, êÁÞ¥F V) have ÚÛª Aìè[Ù/ ê¦Þœè[Ù Íô¢nÙ Íô³ê¶ am
verb Îô¢ªô¢«ð§ö˺x ÖÚÛæ¨Þ¥ ÑÙè¯L.) other words of the verb. (verb ö˺ î¦è…ê¶does ÷ú£ªhÙC. having/ is having/ are having î¦è[÷àŸªa.
Sasank: That's right g) Past Doing Words (came, went, took, sat
·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª ÷«å-õªÙç¶...) NªÞœê¦ Íô¦n-õêÁ am/ is/ are having î¦è[Ù.
Questions ·ôÙè[ª ô¢Ú¥õª:
(Í÷±ìª) ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ôçµj-îªö˺ áJ-TÙD êµL›úh Bath ÚÛª am/ is/ are having î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Ú¨ÙCî¦æ¨ö˺x correct verbs ìª ÞœªJhÙ-àŸÙè…. Íåª-÷Ùæ¨ í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
1) 'Wh' questions- what, when, etc., Past Doing Word ìª not êÁÞ¥E, Question i) English verbs six forms ö˺ ÑÙæ°ô³. Î
verb correct Íô³ê¶ brackets ö˺ (c) ô¦óŸªÙè…. êÁ
êŸí£p-ô³ê¶ (w) šíådÙè…. verb form correct Ú¥ÚÛ- vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡÷ªó¶ªuN. êÁÞ¥F î¦è…ê¶ did ÷ú£ªhÙC. six forms ö˺ ö¶E î¦æ¨E verbs ÍìÙ.
ð¼ê¶, correct verb formô¦óŸªÙè…. verb correct 2) Non 'wh' questions- what, when etc šíjì àµí‡pìî¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ Ú•Eo vocabulary items
h) am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing form (be form
Íô³ê¶ ÍC Ô form verb Í÷±-꟪ÙëÁ ô¦óŸªÙè…. ö¶EN. Ô ô¢ÚÛ-iû¦subject ÷³Ùë]ª + ing form) verbs Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. ÷ªìÙ ëµjìÙ-Cì @N-êŸÙö˺
eg: verb verb
Ú¥E, îµ³ë]-æ¨-÷«å Ú¥F ÑÙè… î¦è¶ ÷ú£ªh-÷±õÚÛª, ÷ªì ÏÙæ¨Ú¨, Cì-àŸ-ô¢uõÚÛª, ÷ªìÚÛª
subject, verb
î¦è[ê¦Ù.
1) He was do it (W) êŸô¦yêŸ Î êŸô¦yêŸ NªÞœê¦ Íô³ê¶ Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õìª àµí£p- ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÷à¶a áñªs-õÚÛª, ÏêŸô¢ ò°ëÅ]-õÚÛª, ÷ªì-
He was doing it (C) ÷«åõª ÷þ§hô³. è¯E·Újû¦, Ú•Eo ô¢Ú¥õ verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ÚÛ-ë]-L-ÚÛõÚÛª English ÷«åõª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ.
He did it. e) verbs ö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛íp verbs ìª 'be'
ing/ are + ing form ö˺ î¦è[Ù. ÍN– DE-êÁ-ò°åª Ú•Eo principles of pronunciation
2) She looking at it (W) forms ÍÙæ°Ù.
I) verbs expressing feelings and emotions. (English Ñà¦a-ô¢é ú£«vê¦õª) ÚÛ«è¯ êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ.
She is/was/any be form looking at it. (C) I) am, is, are - ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo Ú¥E,
(òÅ°î¦-õìª, ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«-
3) They have seen me (C)
(have + past participle)
Exercise:
ví£øŒo: 1) The match is to start. î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ÷´èÁ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ÚÛÙç¶ vð§ô¢Ù- a) ví£ú£ªhêŸÙö˺ ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÑÙå« òÅ¡N-ù£u-êÂö˺
2) The match is going to start. òÅ¡÷ªó¶ªu ÷u÷CÅ êŸÚÛª\÷. ö¶E ú£Ùë¶-Eo ÷uÚÛhí£J-à¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª 'might'
1. They know me.
2. She seen him.
3) The match is about to start. ví£øŒo: One word substitutions ÍÙç¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Oæ¨ ÷ªëÅ]u ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? Oæ¨E êµõª- eg: Hari might help you.
3. They are take coffee.
ÔNªæ¨? Oæ¨E Óö° Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hôÁ
4. She will help him.
Þœªö˺ Óö° àµð§pL. êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª. might E ÓEo (J FÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸª-÷àŸªa/ à¶þ§h-
5. The snake been killed. – Ú•í£±põ ô¢N-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂ, ÷ô¢Ù-ÞœöËÀ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? è¶îµ«– ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù)
6. The book stolen. áî¦ñª: – è…. ô¢OÙ-ë]ô ·ôè…f, áìÞ¥Ù They might leave tomorrow.

7. The class going on. 1) The match is to start- áî¦ñª: Ú•Eo ÷«åõ ÚÛ«ô¢ªp Ïà¶a Íô¦nEo
DE Íô¢nÙ (î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí£± îµü‹h-¸ô/ îµüŒx-÷àŸªa –
8. We known him. match vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡ÙÚ¥î¦L/ Í÷±-꟪ÙC êµLóŸªâ¶›ú ÖÚÛ ÷«åìª one word substi-
ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù).
9. They saw him yesterday. Past ö˺ ú£Ùë¶-Eo ÷uÚÛh-í£-ô¢-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨, 'might'
Ú¥›úqí£æ˺x ÍE. ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Í÷-ö¶ë]ª ÍE. tute (one word substitution Ú¥ë]ª)
10. The snake has been killed. 2) The match is about to start- Ú•Cl î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E ð¼õaÙè…–
ÍÙæ°Ù. a) I think he may help me.
Answers: ¤Ûé°ö˺x match vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-÷ª-÷±êÁÙC ÍE. eg: one who does not believe that god
3) The match is going to start- match exists.
(î¦è[ª û¦ÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶þ§h-è¶--ìE/
1. (C) I Regular Doing Word. (ë¶÷±-è[ª-û¦o-è[E ì÷ªtE î¦è[ª – û¦ú‡h-
vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ìªÙC. àµóŸªu-÷-àŸaE û¶ì-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o.)
2. (W) Correct form: She has/ will have/ ÚÛªè[ª) Ð ÷«åõ îµ³êŸhÙ Íô¦nEo êµL›í Ö¸Ú
·ôÙèÁî¦ÚÛuÙ about to start ö˺ ÷u÷CÅ à¦ö° b) I thought he might help me.
would have + seen him ÷«å – atheist (ÓóÀª-CÇ-ô³úÃd). Ú¥ñæ¨d (î¦è[ª û¦ÚÛª ú£ï£„-óŸªÙ- à¶-þ§h-è¶--ìE/
3. (W) Correct form: They are taking cof- êŸÚÛª\÷. ÏÚÛ\è[ 'atheist' Íû¶C one word substi-
fee. ÷´èÁî¦ÚÛuÙö˺ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ò˺-êÁÙC. ·ôÙèÁ tute.
àµóŸªu-÷-àŸaE Íìª-ÚÛªû¦o past).
I Ðû¦è[ª- ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 3 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Hari: Hi Hema, What's new? has played (has + past participle) = Ïí£pæ¨
(óÀª ›ï°÷ª, ÔÙæ¨ Nø™-ÿ§õª?) ÷ô¢ÚÛª Îè¯è[ª.
Hema: Every thing OK. Thank you. How is has been playing (has been + ing) =
ÏÙÚ¥ Îè[ª-
the world with you? ꟪-û¦oè[ª.
(ÍÙê¦ ò°Þ¥û¶ ÑÙC. ìªîµyö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?) Íö°¸Þ 2(a) She has been working here since
Hari: Good so far, Thanks. the opening of the office.
(Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ò°Þ¥û¶ ÑÙC.) ÏÚÛ\è[verb- has been working = (has been +
Hema: I've (I have) been waiting here for the ing) ÏÚÛ\è[ Îíƈúà vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ-#-ì-í£pæ¨ ìªÙ< ÏÚÛ\è[
bus for the past twenty minutes. It í£Eà¶þ¼hÙC.
hasn't turned up. By the way, Where (Íí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢¸Ú Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÏÙÚ¥ ÚÛ«è¯).
are you coming from? Íë¶ 2 (b) Íô³ê¶ verb has + pp - ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª í£E-
(ñúà ÚÁú£Ù 20 ENª-ÿ§-õªÞ¥ Óë]ªô¢ª àŸ«ú£ªh- à¶-ú‡ÙC ÍE. Prakash: I've (I have) been trying to talk to/
(ðƼûË à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨= to call; ðƼûË BóŸªè[Ù= lift)
û¦oìª. ÍC Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ô¦ö¶ë]ª. ú£¸ô-Ú¥F, for ÚÛª, since ÚÛª ê¶è¯ ô¢÷ªé: ñø‹ î¦üŒxÙ-ë]ô¢« ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Újû¦ îµü‹x- discuss with him something. I
ìªîµy-ÚÛ\è… ìªÙ# ÷ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?) haven't (have not) found the time.
turn up = ô¦÷è[Ù, áô¢÷è[Ù a)ÏEo ÞœÙå-õªÞ¥, ÏEo ôÁV-õªÞ¥, Ïû¶o-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ¸ô?
Íô³ê¶ for the past (so many) hours/ days/ (ñø‹= perhaps) Prasad: This work has been keeping him
by the way- topic ÷«ô¢a-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è¶ ÷«å
years ÍÙæ°Ù. 5) ví£þ§ëÂ: íÆ£é¨ Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åÞ¥ Î í£E à¶ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. busy since saturday. He hasn't
Hari: From college. I have been going
b) íÆ£ö°û¦ çµjÙ ìªÙ#, íÆ£ö°û¦ ôÁV ìªÙ#, íÆ£ö°û¦ ÏÙÚ¥ í£²Jh à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. found the time even to see the doc-
round the college for my certificates
tor.

Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯...!
for the past three days. They haven't ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ìªÙ# Íô³ê¶ since ÍÙæ°Ù. ví£Ú¥ùÃ: ·ôÙvèÁ-V-õªÞ¥ ÍêŸ-è…êÁ × Nù£óŸªÙ
(since = ÞœêŸÙö˺ × ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ìªÙ#) ÷«æ°x-è¯f-EÚ¨ ví£óŸª-Ao-ú£ªh-û¦oìª. ÏÙêŸ-÷- Prakash: What's (What is) his problem?
(have not) made them ready yet. The
He has worked/ has been working here for ô¢ÚÛª çµjÙ ë•ô¢-ÚÛ-ö¶ë]ª. Prasad: For the past (one) week he has
clerk hasn't (has not) been attending
the past 2 years/ since 2003 (2005- ví£þ§ëÂ: Ð í£û¶ ÍêŸè…E øŒE-î¦ô¢Ù ìªÙ# G@Þ¥ been having a bad cold and
college since the college reopened
headache.
last week.
(÷´è[ª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ú£Jd-íƇ-·Úåx ÚÁú£Ù ÚÛü‹-ø‹õ 6) Jayanth: Have you read (gone through)
àŸªå«d Aô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o. î¦RxÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª î¦æ¨E today's paper?
·ôè† à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ î¦ô¢Ù ÚÛü‹-ø‹õ êµJ- Jayakar: We haven't received/ got the
#-ì-í£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Î ÚÛxôÂ\ ô¦÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª) paper yet/ so far. Of late we
Hema: I understand your trouble. have been getting the paper
late.
have been waiting, have
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ (of late = lately = Ð ÷ªëÅ]u)
been going, has been attending verbs
Íû¶ Jayanth: Haven't you
form- have been + ing/
Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯. Oæ¨ (have you not)
has been + ing. OªÚÛª êµL-ú‡Ùë¶ ÚÛë¯? 2=2003) ÑÙàŸª-êÁÙC. è¯ÚÛdôÂìª ÚÛõ-÷-è¯-EÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ complained to
I, We, You and They have been+ ing;
Íô³ê¶ for the past 50 years - since 1955 (2005- ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ çµjÙ ë•ô¢-ÚÛ-ö¶ë]ª. the agent?
He, She, It has been + ing
Íô³ê¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð (çµjÙ ë•ô¢-ÚÛÚÛð¼÷è[Ù = not find the time;
50=1955) Jayakar: I have been
form ö˺verb present perfect continuous
ìª ÚÛ«è¯= even)
Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. complaining
tense ÍÙæ°Ù. Shyam: What have you been doing since ví£Ú¥ùÃ: ÔNªæ¨ ÍêŸè… ú£÷ªú£u? since sunday.
(Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ lesson verb form-
ö˺ ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ì this morning? ví£þ§ëÂ: ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ î¦ô¢ÙÞ¥ áõª-ñªÞ¥, êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ He hasn't
have + PP/has + PP - Present Perfect tense)
have been + ing/has been + ing êÁ ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo (ð»ë]ªlæ¨ìªÙ# ÔÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?– Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯) ÑÙC. cared. Since M. SURESAN
Ramu: I have been studying for exam sunday we've
sentences í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. î¦æ¨-êÁ-ð§åª Ï#aì tomorrow. (have) been getting the paper at
have + PP, has + PP êÁ Ñìo î¦Ú¥u-õìª ú£J-ð¼- (¸ôí£æ¨ í£K¤Û ÚÁú£Ù àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oìª – Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯) 7:30 AM. What's the news in the

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 27
õaÙè…. Shyam: How many chapters have you cov- paper?
ered? Jayanth: The paper has reported a terrorist
(Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ÓEo à¦í£dô¢ªx í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹÷±?) attack in Kashmir
Ramu: I have finished nine chapters so far. Jayakar: How many have died?
(ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ê•NªtC à¦í£dô¢ªx í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹ìª) 6) áóŸªÙêÂ: Ð ôÁV ›íí£ô àŸC-î¦î¦? Jayanth: Eight. The terrorists have set fire
Shyam: How long have you been using your áóŸª-ÚÛôÂ: ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷«ÚÛª ›íí£ô ô¦ö¶ë]ª. Ð the Government Hospital.
scooter? ÷ªëÅ]u ÷«ÚÛª ›íí£ô à¦ö° Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥
(ìª÷±y ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ F ú£«\å-ôÂìª Ñí£- ÷þ¼hÙC (get î¦è[Ùè…).
óµ«-T-ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?) áóŸªÙêÂ: ÔâµÙ-æËÀÚÛª complain à¶óŸª-ö¶ë¯?
Ramu: It has been serving me well for the áóŸª-ÚÛôÂ: ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ìªÙ# complain à¶ú£ªhû¦o.
last two years. It hasn't given me any Ú¥F ÍêŸè[ª í£æ¨dÙ-àŸªÚÁ÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª. Î
trouble. ôÁV ìªÙ# ÷«ÚÛª ›íí£ô Ôè[ª-ìo-ô¢ÚÛª
(·ôÙè¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÍC û¦ÚÛª Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-í£-è[ª-êÁÙC. ÷þ¼hÙC. ÔNªæ¨ ›íí£ôÁx Nø™ù£Ù?
ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÔÙ våñªöËÀ Ï÷y-ö¶ë]ª.) (í£æ¨dÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù = not care).
áóŸªÙêÂ: Ú¥QtôÁx ÖÚÛ çµvô¢-Jú£ªd ë¯è… ÞœªJÙ# ví£øŒo: How do you do? ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨?
... Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! DEÚ¨ ú£÷«-ëůìÙ Óö° àµð§pL?
›íí£ô Jð¼ôÂd à¶ú‡ÙC.
1) have + pp/ has + pp - Ú•ÙêŸÚ¥õÙ vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# – þ§ëÅ]ªõ ví£òÅ°-ÚÛôÂ, ÚÛKÙ-ì-ÞœôÂ
áóŸª-ÚÛôÂ: ÓÙêŸ-÷ªÙC àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«-¸ô-Nªæ¨?
Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª áJ-Tì í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. áóŸªÙêÂ: ÓE-Nª-C-÷ªÙC. ví£òÅ¡ª-ê¦y-ú£ª-í£vAE çµvô¢-J- áî¦ñª: How do you do? ÍÙç¶ ÚÛªøŒ-
2) have been + ing/ has been + ing - Ú•ÙêŸ
ú£ªdõª êŸÞœ-õ-òµ-æ°dô¢ª. õ÷«?/ò°Þœª-û¦oô¦?/Óö°-Ñ-û¦oô¢ª? Íô³ê¶ Ð
Ú¥õÙ vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# ÏÙÚ¥ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª (êŸÞœ-õ-òµ-ådè[Ù = set fire) expressionìª ÷ªìÚÛª Ó÷-ô¢o-ô³û¦ îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]-æ¨-
î¦è[ê¦Ù.
3) þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ so far, for the past, for the last, Answers: þ§J í£J-àŸóŸªÙ à¶ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª ÍÙæ°Ù. î¦üŒxìª ÷ªìÚÛª
Tendulkar has been playing cricket ... 1) How long have you been working here? í£J-àŸóŸªÙ à¶óŸª-Þ¥û¶ 'How do you do?' ÍE í£õ-
since õìª have + pp/has + pp; have been
1. a) Tendulkar has been playing cricket for + ing/ has been + ing- verb õêÁ î¦è[ª- 2) How many movies have you seen so far ÚÛ-Jþ§hÙ. ÍÙë]ªÚÛª Í÷-êŸL î¦üŒx ú£pÙë]ì ÚÛ«è¯ How
the past fifteen years. (since 1989/1990) ꟪Ùæ°Ù. Oæ¨êÁð§åª have + pp/has + pp êÁ this month? do you do?û¶. êŸô¦yA ìªÙ# How are you ÏêŸô¢
b) Tendulkar has played cricket for the already (Ïí£p-樸Ú), yet (ÏÙÚ¥... ö¶ë]ª) Íû¶ 3) I have been reading/ I have been a reader ÷«åõª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
past fifteen years (since 1989/1990). ÷«åõª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ú£ªhÙ-æ°ô³. of this paper for the past ten years. ví£øŒo: I have finished my work.
2. a) She has been working here since the Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 4) Ramana: Has Ashok come? Have I finished my work.
opening of the office. Ravi: No. I've (have) been waiting for I haven't finished my work.
b) She has worked here since the opening
1) ÓÙêŸÚ¥õÙÞ¥ Oªô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è[ í£E à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª?
2) Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª Oªô¢ª Ð ûµõö˺ ÓEo ú‡E-÷«õª him for the past half an hour. DEÚ¨ interrogative- have In't finished
of the office. Ramana: Have you phoned him?/ Have my work? ÏC ú£·ôj-ìë¯ Ú¥ë¯?
1 (b), 2 (b)
àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª?
Íô¢nÙ OªÚÛª êµõªú£ª– 3) û¶ìª í£ë¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ Ð ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oìª/ Ð you called him? – Ó. ô¢íÆ£³-í£A, û¦óŸ³-è[ª-›íå
áî¦ñª:
1(b) (for) / 1989-
çµÙè[«-õ\ôÂ ÞœêŸ í£C-›ï°-û¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ Ravi: I have been trying to phone him/
90 (since)
›íí£ô ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛª-è…Þ¥ Ñû¦oìª (reader î¦è[Ùè…). 'Haven't I finished my work? Íû¶C
ìªÙ# vÚ¨·ÚæËÀ Îè¯è[ª (Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª). 4) ô¢÷ªé: ÍøÉÁÚ ÷à¦aè¯? ring him up/ call him for the past
Ð sentenceö˺ verb- has+ PP. half an hour. No one in his place
‘û¶ìªû¦ í£E í£²Jh à¶óŸª-ö¶ë¯?’ (ÍÙ綖 û¶ìª í£E-
1(a)
ô¢N: ÏÙÚ¥ ô¦ö¶ë]ª. ÍêŸE ÚÁú£Ù Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åÞ¥
DEE êÁ ð¼õaÙè…. àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª (wait î¦è[Ùè…). has lifted the phone. í£²Jh à¶ø‹ìª Þœë¯?) Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.
1(a) Tendulkar has been playing cricket for Ramana: Perhaps they have all gone Íö°¸Þ I haven't finished my work Íû¶C, Have
the past fifteen years/ since 1989-90
ô¢÷ªé: ìª÷±y ÍêŸè…Ú¨ ðƼûË à¶ø‹î¦?
somewhere. you finished your work? Íû¶ question ÚÛª
answerÞ¥ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. šíj î¦uú£Ùö˺ present perfect
1(a) verb- has been + playing (has been +
ô¢N: ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ðƼûË à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åÞ¥ ví£óŸª-
5) Prasad: Phani has been doing that work
ö˺ Ao-ú£ªh-û¦oìª. î¦RxÙæ˺x Ó÷ô¢« ðƼûË BóŸª-
ing). continuous tenseìª ÞœªJÙ# N÷-ô¢é ÑÙC.
for the past half an hour. He has-
DE Íô¢nÙ çµÙè[«-õ\ôÂ ÞœêŸ í£C-›ï°-û¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ö¶ë]ª.
cricket àŸ«è[Ùè….
n't (has not) yet completed it.
(1989–90 ìªÙ#) Îè[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª (ÏÙÚ¥).
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 5 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Sukumar: My bike has been giving trouble have + pp/ has + pp Ñí£-óµ«-TÙචú£Ùë]ô¦sÄõª
since monday. I haven't been able
to find a good mechanic. 1) (÷«÷´-õªÞ¥) çµjÙ êµLóŸªE past actions.
(þ¼÷ª-î¦ô¢Ù ìªÙ# û¦ òµjÚ våñªöËÀ 2) Íí£p-æ¨-ìªÙ# Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª (Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[ª) ÏÙÚ¥
Ïþ¼hÙC. ÷ªÙ# ڥ-EÚ Ó÷ô¢« ë•ô¢-ÚÛ- áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª (actions from then till
ç¶xë]ª) now/ (sometimes) even now;
Sudheer: Why don't you try my mechanic? 3) just ö°Ùæ¨N î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª Ïí£±pè¶ Íô³-ð¼-ô³ì
He has been attending to my bike í£ìª-õÚÛª (actions just completed).
for a long time now, and he has
Have been + ing/ has been + ing: ÞœêŸÙö˺ Óí£p-
done a good job of it so far.
(û¦ ڥ-E-ÚÂÚÛª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª àŸ«í‡ÙàŸ-ÚÛ«- æ¨-ìªÙ-àµjû¦ vð§ô¢Ùòši, ÏÙÚ¥ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª.
Ram: How long have you been waiting here?
è[ë]ª? û¦ òµjÚ ÍêŸû¶ àŸ«ú£ªhÙ-æ°è[ª.
(ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£pæ¨ìªÙ# îµô³æËÀ û¶ìª ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµRx- ÷-à¦aìª. (at all =
Óí£±p-èµ-ü‹x÷±?) Íú£õª)
Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ò°Þ¥û¶ àŸ«ø‹è[ª).
I have been to Mumbai Suneel: I went there last saturday.
Sukumar: I haven't thought of it. Thank you.
à¶ú£ªhû¦o÷±?)
Raghu: I have been waiting for you for ten (I have gone to Mumbai Ú¥ë]ª). (ð¼ô³ì øŒE-î¦ô¢Ù îµü‹xìª – I/we êÁ went î¦è[-
Let's take my bike to him.
minutes now. ٠àµûµjo îµü‹xÙ (ÍE AJT ÷#aì êŸô¦yêŸ àµGê¶). ÷àŸªa.)
(û¶û¦ Nù£óŸªÙ ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Îö˺-#Ù-àŸ-
(í£C ENª-ÿ§-õªÞ¥ F ÚÁú£Ù îµô³æËÀ We have been to Chennai.
ö¶ë]ª. û¦ òµjÚ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒë¯Ù.)
(We have gone to Chennai Ú¥ë]ª) Ð sentences English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè….
Sudheer: He hasn't opened shop yet. 10 o'
à¶ú£ªhû¦o).

îµü°xô¦... îµRx ÷à¦aô¦?

I, We 'have gone' î¦è[Ù. NªÞœê¦ subjects êÁ 1) ÚÛKÙ: ô¢O, Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ìªNyÙæ˺x ö¶÷±.
clock will be OK. ÏÚÛ\è… situation Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. êÁ ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Ú-ü‹x÷±?
'I have been waiting for you for the past ten
î¦è[-÷àŸªa. ô¢N: Eìo ÷« ÍÚÛ\óŸªu í£±æ¨dì ôÁV. î¦RxÙ-æ¨Ú¨
îµü‹xìª.

(ÍêŸ-EÙÚ¥ ÿ§íà êµô¢-÷-ö¶ë]ª. 10 ÞœÙå- minutes (for ten minutes now) ÍE ô¢íÆ£³ Ó÷-
õÚÛª îµRê¶ ú£J-ð¼-꟪ÙC). JêÁ ÍÙåª-û¦oè[ª? ô¦îªêÁ. Óí£±pè[ª? ô¦îª ÷#aì Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè…
Sukumar: OK then. I haven't (have not) had êŸô¦yêŸ... ÍÙç¶ ô¦îª ÷#a Ñû¦oè[ª Ú¥ñæ¨d wait- a) î¦üŒ‰x Í-JÚ¥ îµü‹xô¢ª.
my bath and breakfast yet. I will ing í£²ô¢hô³ìç¶x ÚÛë¯. Íô³û¦ have been waiting They have gone to the US/ They have left
be at your place by 9.30. ÍE ô¢íÆ£³ ÍÙåª-û¦oè[ª. for the US.
(û¶ìª ÏÙÚ¥ þ§oìÙ à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd I have waited for you for ten minutes now Íì- b) ÷« ÍìoóŸªu èÅ…Mx îµü‹xè[ª.
ÏÙÚ¥ Í÷-ö¶ë]ª. Oª ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ û¶ìª 9.30 ö¶ë]ª. My brother has left for/ My brother has
ÚÛö°x ÷þ§h). ÏÚÛ\è[ have been waiting/ have waited gone to Delhi.
Sudheer: OK (ú£¸ô) ·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. ÍÙç¶ Ð ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨Ú© ÷«÷´õª î¦è[ª- c) ٠šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµRx ÷à¦aÙ.
have + pp/ has + pp, have been + ing/ has ÚÛö˺ šíë]l ê¶è¯ ö¶ë]ª. Íô³ê¶ We have been to Hyderabad.
been + ing Ñí£-óµ«Þ¥õìª ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ ÏÙÚ¥ continue Í÷±-êÁÙC d) û¶ìª òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª îµRx-÷-à¦aìª.
àŸ«ø‹Ù. ÍE continuity Ú¨ I have been to Bangalore.

}
I He has+pp

}
vð§÷³ÜuÙ Ïî¦yLq ÷›úh
we have+pp She has been+ have been + ing/ has
you It ing been + ing better.
they have been+ing a) î¦üŒ‰x ñóŸª-æ¨Ú¨ îµü‹xô¢ª. Sudha, where have you been?

M. SURESAN b)
They have gone out.
÷« êŸLx-ë]Ù-vè[ªõª šïj°ë]-ô¦- ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 28 ÚÛKÙ: ìª÷±y Ð ÷ªëÅ]u áóŸª-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂìª Ôiû¦
ò°ë îµü‹xô¢ª. ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oî¦?
My parents have gone to Hyderabad. û¶ìª/ ٠iú£«ô îµRx-÷-à¦aìª/îµRx-÷à¦aÙ. ô¢N: ö¶ë]ª. î¦è…-í£±pè[ª ÷³Ùò°ô³ö˺ Ñû¦oè[ª.
ÏÚÛ\è[ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. I/ We have been to Mysore. ÚÛKÙ: ìªîµy-í£±p-è[-ô³û¦ ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµü‹xî¦?
a) They have gone ÍÙç¶ î¦üŒ‰x îµü‹x-ô¢E ÚÛë¯. ô¢N: à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xìª. ÷ªJ ìª÷±y?
ÍÙç¶ î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙÚ¥ AJT ô¦ö¶ë]ª. îµü™x ë¯Jö˺ Íô³û¦ ÍÙç¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ Íô¢nÙ, û¶ìª Î ÷²JÚ¨ îµü‹xìû¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÚÛKÙ: ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª. Íú£õª û¶ìª šïj°ë]-
ví£øŒo: 1) Will she have played?
ÑÙè•àŸªa, ö¶ë¯ îµü‹x-õ-ìª-ÚÛªìo àÁåªö˺ Íô³û¦ Î ÒJ ÞœªJÙ# û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª ÍE ÚÛ«è¯. ô¦ò°ë¶ îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª.
ÑÙè•àŸªa ÍE. Íö°¸Þ– a) Smitha: Do you know Mumbai well? 2) ú£ª÷ªÙêÂ: Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥-·ô-ÚÛ\è[?
Will she has played? b) My parents have gone to Hyderabad ÍÙç¶ (FÚÛª ÷³Ùò°ô³ ò°Þ¥ êµõªþ§?) ú£ªFöËÀ: ñóŸª-æ¨-·Ú-ü‹xô¢ª.
2) He never uses pencil. î¦üŒ‰x šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü™x-ë¯-Jö˺ Íô³û¦ ÑÙè¯L, ö¶ÚÛ- b) Sridhar: Oh, Yes. I have been there a ú£ª÷ªÙêÂ: ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Ú-ü‹xô¢ª?
He never use pencil. ð¼ê¶ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë à¶J Íô³û¦ ÑÙè¯L ÍE. Ïí£±pè[ª number of times. ú£ªFöËÀ: î¦üŒx všíÆÙè ÏÙæ¨Ú¨.
3) Which is your native place? ÏC àŸ«è[Ùè…– (Î Òô¢ª û¦ÚÛª ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª. û¶ì-ÚÛ\- ú£ª÷ªÙêÂ: ÓÙêŸ-›ú-í£-ô³ÙC ñóŸª-æ¨-·ÚRx? (has
What is your native place? I have gone to Hyderabad. è…Ú¨ à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xìª.) been ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[Ùè…)
4) At what time does Bangalore ú£ªFöËÀ: Íô¢-ÞœÙå
express reach Bangalore?
Dìô¢nÙ– û¶ìª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü‹xìª ÍE ÍìªÚÛªÙç¶ Ð ‘êµõªú£ª’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ NªÞœê¦ subjects ÚÛ«è¯
û¶ìª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü™x ë¯Jö˺ޥF (on the way to î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Answers:
At what time Bangalore express Hyderabad) , šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë à¶JÞ¥F ÑÙè¯L ÍE Mithun: How familiar is he with Chennai? 1) Karim: Ravi, you were not at home yes-
reaches Bangalore? ÚÛë¯. famil-
(ÎóŸªìÚÛª àµûµjo ÓÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª? terday. Where did you go?
Ð î¦Ú¥uö˺x ÔN ú£·ôj-ìN? Íö° ÍE û¶ìª Ó÷-JêÁ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª? iar= êµLú‡ ÑÙè[è[Ù/ í£J-àŸóŸªÙ ÑÙè[è[Ù) Ravi: Yesterday was my sister's birthday.
5) 'God' third person
ÚÛë¯! ÷ªJ 'God êÁæ¨ ví£óŸ«-é¨-ÚÛªè… (fellow passenger) êÁ Íì-ö¶ìª I went to her place.
Mittal: He has been there a number of times.
Íû¦L Ú¥F 'God bless
blesses you' ÚÛë¯. šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë à¶Jì êŸô¦yêŸ I have gone to Karim: Have you met Jayakumar, of late?
you'
(ÎóŸªì ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xè[ª– ÍÙç¶
ÍE ÍÙæ°ô¢ª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? Hyderabad ÍE Íì-ö¶ìª. ÏÚÛ\è[ Ö¸Ú í£J-ú‡nA. û¶ìª ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª Î Òô¢ª ÞœªJÙ# ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª Ravi: No. He is in Mumbai
6)
‘FÚÛª êµõªþ§?’ Íû¶ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë ìªÙ# AJT ÷#aì êŸô¦yêŸ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë Karim: Have you ever been to Mumbai?
'Do you know?'
ÍE)
ÍE ô¦þ§hÙ. ‘ FÚÛª îµRx-÷-à¦a-ìE àµí£pÞœõÞœè[Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d English ö˺ ÏC Mithun: Have you ever been to Chennai? (ever = Óí£±p-èµjû¦)
êµL-óŸªë¯?’ Íû¶ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ I have gone to Hyderabad ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª (ìªîµy-í£±p-èµjû¦ àµûµjo îµü‹xî¦?– ÏÚÛ\è[ Ravi: I have been there a number of
Óö° ô¦óŸ«L? ÚÛë¯. We (Ù)êÁ ÚÛ«è¯ Ïë¶ ú£÷ªú£u. ÚÛ«è¯ Have you gone ÚÛÙç¶ Have you times. What about you?
– ÎôÂ. P÷, ·ôjö¶y-ÚÁ-è[«ô¢ª ÷³Üu-iì ÍÙøŒÙ Karim: I haven't (have not) been there so
áî¦ñª: Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì î¦Ú¥uö˺x Ð Ú¨ÙCN
been î¦è[è[Ù ÷ªÙ#C.)
Mittal: I haven't (have not) been there so far. I haven't been even to
I/ We êÁ 'have gone' verb ô¦ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶
Correct. far . Hyderabad. (even = ÚÛ«è¯)
1) Will she have played?
û¶ìª Ú¥F ٠ڥF ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Újû¦ îµRx ÷#aì êŸô¦yê¶ 2) Sumanth: Where's (where is) your father?
2) He never uses pencil
ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµü‹xÙ Íì-ÞœõÙ. ë¯EÚ¨ English- 'have (û¶ìª ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª.)
Sunil: He has gone out.
gone' Ú¥ë]ª. 'have gone'/ 'has gone'- îµRx-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ
3) What is your native place? Sumanth: Where did he go?
Saritha: Sudha, where have you been? ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÷ú£ªhÙC. îµRx AJ-T-÷-#aì í£J-ú‡nA ÞœªJÙ# Sunil: He went to his friend's.
4) At what time does the Bangalore
express reach Bangalore?
(ú£ªëů, ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦o÷± ÏÙêŸ-›úí£²?) àµí£pë]ª. (friend's= všíÆÙè ÏÙæ¨Ú¨.friend's house
Sudha: I have been to college. Suneel: I returned from Delhi the day before. friend's home friend's
5) 'God bless you' 'May God
í£²Jh-ô¢«í£Ù ÍìÙ. íÆ£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª.
(û¶ìª ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµRx ÷à¦aìª). ( )
û¶ìª èÅ…Mx ìªÙ# îµ³ìo AJT ÷à¦aìª. best)
bless you' 'May'
Íû¶ ÎQú£ªq. ÷C-ö¶ú‡ ÍÙç¶
ÏÚÛ\è[ I have gone to college ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ÔÙ Sumanth: Why did you go there at all? Sumanth: How long has he been out?
'God bless you' ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù. ÷ú£ªhÙC? û¶ìª ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµü‹xìª (ÍÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦oìª) When did you go there? Sunil: He has been out for half an
6) Don't you (Do you not) konw? (FÚÛª
êµMë¯?) ÍE. ÍÚÛ\è¶ ÑÙç¶ ú£J-êŸêÁ ÷«æ°xè¶ Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ö¶ë]ª. (Íú£õª ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª îµü‹x÷±? hour now.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 7 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Gowtham: Hi Jagadeesh, it's you! How long (û¶ìª Ú¥ú£h Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§h. û¦ ÚÁú£Ù îµô³-æËÀ-
have you been here? àµô³u.)
(áÞœ-DùÃ, ìªî¦y? ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\è[ Sumeet: I'll (I will) be there till 7.30. Don't
Ñû¦o÷±? – ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ›í. worry.
÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Íìª-ÚÁ-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷ªìÚÛª (û¶ìª 7.30 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙæ°. ÷vK Í÷ÚÛª.)
÷ªìî¦ü˜x÷·ôjû¦ ÚÛEí‡Ù-#-ì-í£±pè[ª Ñí£- šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ 'shall be', 'will be'- be forms
óµ«-TÙ-àŸ-÷àŸªa.) Ú¥ñæ¨d ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³.
Jagadeesh: I've (have) been here since the
day before. I joined an I-CET
ꑦ shall + 1st RDW/will + 1st RDW - shall
come, will go, shall see, will meet - Ïö°Ùæ¨
coaching centre here yesterday.
verbs òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ áô¢-Þœ-òËºó¶ª í£ìªõìª àµñªê¦ô³.
(îµ³ìoæ¨ ìªÙ# ÏÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦o. ÏÚÛ\è[
û¶ìª Õ–šúæËÀ ÚÁ#ÙÞ šúÙå-ôÂö˺ a) I shall be there tomorrow.
û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª. I, We êÁ shall î¦è…ê¶ future ö˺ ÑÙè[è[ÙÞ¥E, í£E 3) ¸ôí£± û¶ìª ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµüŒ-ê¦ìª. ÍÚÛ\è[ í£C
à¶ô¦ìª.)
Gowtham: How long will your course last? b) I shall go (shall + 1st RDW) there tomor- áô¢-Þœè[ÙÞ¥F ÍÙêŸ ÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ª (indefinite). ôÁVõª ÑÙæ°ìª. ûµö°-Ü-ô¢ªÚÛª AJT ÷þ§hìª.
row. 1. I/We shall be there tomorrow. 4) áóŸªÙêÂ: Oª·ô-í£±p-è•-þ§hô¢ª?
(Oª ÚÁôÂq ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ ÑÙåªÙC?
last = ÑÙè[è[Ù) (shall go = action)
û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµüŒê¦ìª. (û¶ìª/٠¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª/ÑÙæ°Ù. áú£yÙêÂ: ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ÷þ§hìª. (í£²Jh î¦ÚÛuÙ
Jagadeesh: It's a forty day course, so it will Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. ÑÙè[è[Ù (indefinite) ÍÙêŸ ÚÛ#aêŸÙÚ¥ë]ª) practice à¶óŸªÙè…)
2. I/We shall meet you there.
continue for another forty days.
áóŸªÙêÂ: Î ú£Jd-íƇ-·ÚæËÀq ÍFo êµþ§hô¦?
a) î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª.
(û¶ìª/٠Eìªo ÍÚÛ\è[ ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙæ°/ ÚÛõª-ú£ª- áú£yÙêÂ: ÍFo Bú£ª-ÚÛª-ô¦ìª. ÷³Üu-i-ìî¶ êµþ§h.
(ÍC ìõòŵj ôÁVõ ÚÁô¢ªq. ÏÙÚÁ 40 They will be here tomorrow.
ÚÛªÙæ°Ù– ÚÛ#aêŸÙÚ¥ë]ª áJ-Tê¶ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC áóŸªÙêÂ: Oª è…vU ú£Jd-íƇ-·ÚæËÀ êµþ§hô¦?

ÓÚÛ\è[ will, Óí£±pè[ª shall?

ôÁVõª ÚÛÙæ¨ì«u Í÷±-꟪ÙC.) b) (action).
î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷þ§hô¢ª
Gowtham: Shall we meet this evening?
ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ ö¶ë]ª.) áú£yÙêÂ: ÍC Í÷-ú£-ô¢÷«? (necessary
(Ð ôÁV þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÚÛõª-ë¯l÷«?) î¦è[Ùè…)
Jagadeesh: Certainly. Where shall we meet?
áóŸªÙêÂ: ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù Óí£±pè[ª ÷þ§hô¢ª?
(êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯. ÓÚÛ\è[ ÚÛõªë¯lÙ?) áú£yÙêÂ: ÷à¶a Þœªô¢ª-î¦ô¢Ù ÷þ§hìª.
Gowtham: I will return home at 5 PM. We will Answers:
meet then at my home. 1) We shall meet again tomorrow.
(û¶ìª Íô³ë]ª ÞœÙå-õÚÛª ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÷þ§h. 2) When will you start for college tomorrow?
Íí£±pè[ª ÷« ÏÙæ˺x ÚÛõªë¯lÙ.) 3) I shall go to Mumbai tomorrow. I shall be
They will come here tomorrow (will + come there for 10 days. I shall return by the
Ú¥ñæ¨d I/ We êÁ shall ÷›úh future ö˺ ÍÙêŸ
- action)
ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥E state of being (ÑÙè[-è[Ù)-Þ¥E, í£E month end.
c)
(action) Þ¥E Í÷±-꟪ÙC.
٠÷ªSx ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°Ù. 4) Jayanth: When will you come?
We shall be here again tomorrow.
Íö°¸Þ you, he, she, it and they êÁ will î¦è…ê¶, Jaswanth: I shall come next week.
d) ٠¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ AJ-T-÷þ§hÙ. ÍC-ÚÛ«è¯ ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥E (indefinite) òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hìª êµL- Jayanth: Will you bring all the certifi-
We shall return here tomorrow.
shall be, will be- òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù
óŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. ÑÙè[è[Ù Íô³û¦ ú£¸ô, í£E Íô³û¦ cates?
ú£¸ô. Jaswanth: I shall not bring all of them. I
shall + 1st RDW/ will + 1st Regular Doing
Word (RDW) = (action)
òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ í£E-Í-÷è[Ù 3. My friends (they) will be here next week. shall bring only the important
Íô³ê¶ shall Óí£±pè[ª, will Óí£±pè[ª? ÍN î¦è¶
÷« všíÆÙèÂq ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. ones.
(ÑÙè[è[Ù ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥ë]ª) Jayanth: Will you bring the degree certifi-
ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄ-ö¶N? â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….
4. She will help you. cate?
Pradeep: I shall buy a car soon.
Î FÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶ú£ªhÙC (indefinite = Jaswanth: Is it necessary/ Will it be nec-
(û¶ìª êŸyô¢ö˺ Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°ìª) ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥ë]ª)
Pratap: When will you buy it? essary?
(Óí£±pè[ª Ú•Ùæ°÷±?) 5. You will know it soon. Jayanth: When will you come next week?
(FÚÛC êŸyô¢-ö˺û¶ êµõª-ú£ªhÙC– indefinite) Jaswanth: I shall come next Thursday.
6. It will happen.
(ÍC áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC– Indefinite)

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 29
7. Kiran (He) will return soon.
Indefinite)
When will you be free? (Ú¨ô¢éÉ êŸyô¢-ö˺û¶ AJ-T-÷-þ§hè[ª–
8. Kamala (She) will shop for saris tomorrow.
Jagadeesh: I will make it then. Bye. Pradeep: Depends. I expect some money
(ÚÛ÷ªõ ¸ôí£± <ô¢õª Ú•ÙåªÙC– Indefinite)
next week. Once I get it, I will buy
(û¶ìª êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷þ§h. òµj) Questions I
ví£øŒo: They cut forests- ö˺cut ìª V1 Þ¥ òÅ°NÙ-
it.
Íô³ê¶ þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ Íè…-¸Þ-å-í£±pè[ª
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-é-ö˺E verbs ìª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. and we will
êÁ Þ¥E, you, he, she, it and they
have been - Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµLóŸª-â¶- (÷à¶aî¦ô¢Ù Ú•ÙêŸ è[ñªs ô¦î¦L. ÍC êÁ shall Þ¥E ô¦÷±. Questions ö˺ ë¯ë¯í£± à¦ö°? V2 Þ¥ òÅ°NÙ-à¦ö°?
þ¼hÙC. (since = íÆ£ö°-û¦çµjÙ ìªÙ#– ÞœêŸÙö˺) ÍÙCê¶ Ú•Ùæ°.) Ó-í£±pè[«I and we shall; you, he, she, it and
êÁ Ð î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ passive form-
joined (yesterday) - Past Doing Word - past Depends = ÷ªìÙ Ôëµjû¦ ÷ªì ÚÛÙvæ˺-öËÀö˺ ö¶E
they êÁwill ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Forests are cut by them/ Forests
action time knownÚÛª î¦è¯Ù. ÏêŸô¢ Nù£-óŸ«õ Oªë] Îëů-ô¢-í£-è…ì ÍÙø‹-õìª ÞœªJÙ# Preethi: I want to see you about those were cut by them Ð ·ôÙè…Ù-æ¨ö˺ ÔC
Ï÷Fo ÷ªìÚÛª êµL-ú‡ìî¶. Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Ú•êŸh ൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª It all depends/ depends ÍÙæ°Ù. books. When shall I see you? ÚÛ·ôÚÂd?
verbs: ÏC conversational bit. Practice à¶ú‡ Oª ú£ÙòÅ°- (Î í£±ú£h-Ú¥õ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ Eìªo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ- – ô¦üŒx-ñÙè… ú£ÙÞœÙû¦óŸ³è[ª, ûµLx-÷ªô¢x
áî¦ñª: They cut forests- ÏÚÛ\è[ 'cut' V1
1) will last (will + last - 1st Regular Doing ù£-éö˺ î¦è[Ùè…. î¦-õìªÚÛªÙåªû¦o. Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛõ-÷ìª?)
Word) ÷ªôÁ Ñë¯--ô¢é: Prema: When will you be free?
2) will continue (will + continue - 1st Regular Prameela: Will you help me with a little
(F·Ú-í£±pè[ª BJÚÛ?) (ÍÙç¶ past simple). V2 Óí£±pè[« verb Ú¥ë]ª.
Doing Word) money?
Preethi: When will you be free? Shall I see
Óí£±p-èµjû¦ V2 (Past Participle) ÷³Ùë]ª 'be'
3) shall meet (shall + meet - 1st Regular (û¦ÚÛª Ú•ClÞ¥ è[ñªs þ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hî¦?) form Ú¥F, have, has, had etc Ú¥F ÷#a-ì-í£±pè¶
you tomorrow?
Doing Word) Pramoda: It all depends, I expect some verb. ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d forests are cut, forests
money tomor-
(FÚÛª BJ-·Ú-í£±pè[ª? Eìªo ¸ôí£± ÚÛõª- were cut ·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.
4) will return (will + return - 1st Regular Doing
ví£øŒo: ÖÚÛ í£ë¯-EÚ¨ ing form à¶ô¢aè[Ù ÷õx ÍC
row. If I get it,
ú£ªÚÁû¦?)
Word) Prema: That's OK. (ú£¸ô)
5) will make (will + make - 1st Regular Doing I will give it. noun Í÷±-꟪Ùë¯? verb Í÷±-꟪Ùë¯? êµõª-
Preethi: Will the books (they) be with you
Word) (It all depends/ depends ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù Óö°? walking, eating, giving
tomorrow?
6) will meet (will + meet - 1st Regular Doing = Ïí£±pè¶Ù àµí£p-ö¶ìª. û¦ÚÛª ÷Ùæ¨ í£ë¯õª verb forms Í÷±-ê¦óŸ«?
(¸ôí£± Î í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙ-æ°óŸ«?)
Word) ¸ôí£± è[ñªs ÷›úh FÚ¨-þ§hìª. Prema: Will your father (he) get new books noun forms Í÷±-ê¦óŸ«?
ÍÙç¶ Ï÷Fo shall/ will + 1st Regular Doing û¶E-÷yè[Ù, û¦ÚÛª ô¦î¦-Lqì this evening? – Þœªvô¢Ù øŒÙÚÛôÂ, ¸ÚøŒ-÷-í£åoÙ
Word (I RDW) form six
áî¦ñª: 'ing' form à¶J›úh noun Í÷±-꟪ÙC. 'ing'
ö˺, ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ì è[ñªsšíj Îëů-ô¢-í£è… ÑÙC)
ví£Díà ë]å, 'I shall buy' M. SURESAN
(Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª Ú•êŸh í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª Ð
forms of verb ö˺ ÏN V form ÚÛë¯. þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ êµþ§hô¦?) form ÷³Ùë]ª 'be' form ÑÙç¶û¶ verb Í÷±êŸªÙë]E
(shall be/ will be- 'be' forms. ÍÙç¶ ÏN ·ôÙè[« ÍE, êŸô¦yêŸ 'I will buy' ÍÙåª-û¦oè[ª. ví£ê¦íà '...will šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ questions ÍEoÙ-æ¨ö˺ I/we Íô³ê¶ ÏÙêŸÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª ÖÚÛ-þ§J êµL-óŸª-â¶ø‹Ù.
ví£øŒo: He is Ravi Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ subject ÔC?
future (òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪h)ö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³ ÚÛë¯) you buy it?' ÍE Íè[ª-Þœª-꟪-û¦oè[ª ÚÛë¯? Ð Ú¨ÙC shall; you, he, she, it, they Íô³ê¶ will ô¦÷è[Ù
Sumant: Where will you be at 7 this evening? ê¶è¯õª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯.
I and we + shall (I, We êÁ shall); you, he, she, He Íû¦o, Ravi Íû¦o ÖÚÛç¶ ÚÛë¯!
(þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ôè[ª ÞœÙåõÚÛª ÓÚÛ\è[ Ïí£±pè[ª Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ practice
it, they + will (you, he, she, it, they êÁ will) – ÞœÙÞ¥-ëÅ]ôÂ, Þœá-í£-A-ì-Þœô¢Ù
áî¦ñª: He is Ravi î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ subject he.
ÑÙæ°÷±?) à¶óŸªÙè….
Sumeet: I will be at home. (ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙæ°) î¦è…ê¶ ÍÙêŸÞ¥ ÚÛ#aêŸÙÚ¥E òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hìª êµL-óŸª-â¶- 1) ÷ªSx ÷ªìÙ ¸ôí£± ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù.
Sumant: I shall be a little late. Please wait for þ§hô³. Future ö˺ ÚÛ#aêŸ÷«, Ú¥ë¯ Íû¶ ë¯Eo ñæ¨d 2) ¸ôí£± ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢-ê¦÷±? (start Sentence- 'He'E ÞœªJÙ# àµñªêÁÙC Ú¥ñæ¨d Íë¶
me. shall, will î¦è[ê¦Ù. subject.
for î¦è[Ùè…)
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 9 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Pranav: Mom, I will go to the first show today. Ú¥ñæ¨d I/We + will Eô¢g-óŸ«Eo êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC.
(Í÷«t, û¶ìª ÐôÁV íÆ£úÃd-ÿ¼ÚÛª îµüŒ-ê¦ìª.) 2) I/We êÁ will ÷«æ°x-è¶-î¦J Ñë¶l-ø‹Eo (intention)
Narmada: You shall finish your home work
first.
êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC.
a) SriRam: What do you want to Shravan?
(ìª÷±y îµ³ë]å É˺Ù÷ôÂ\ í£²Jhà¶óŸ«L.) Shravan: I will be (will become) a doctor.
Pranav: Tapan, my friend, will be here in a
few minutes. We will finish our
(û¶ìª è¯ÚÛd-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÑÙæ°/ è¯ÚÛd-ô¢ª-ì-÷±ê¦
homework together.
(Ñë¶løŒÙ) – will be/ become
(û¦ všíÆÙè êŸí£ûË ڕCl ENª-ÿ§ö˺x ÏÚÛ\-è…-Ú•- Ñë¶løŒÙ (intention)).
b) Praneetha: My friend Pratibha will be
þ§hè[ª. ٠Ïë]lô¢Ù ÚÛLú‡ É˺Ù÷ôÂ\ à¶ú£ª- here in a few minutes.
ÚÛªÙæ°Ù) Prasanna: We will take her home, then.
Narmada: Look here, Pranav, You shall see tomorrow?
the next movie only a month later.
(Íô³ê¶ Îîµªìª ÷ªìÙ ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ Bú£ª·Ú- 7) Nù£ªg: û¶ìª ÷³Ùò°ô³ à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xìª.
üŒë¯Ù – Ñë¶løŒÙ (intention)) ÐøŒyôÂ: û¶ìª ÖÚÛ-þ§J ÷«vêŸî¶ª îµü‹xìª. Prasanthi: I am/ shall be at home all the
I will not allow you to waste your day tomorrow.
Praneetha: Later, I will take you and her to Nù£ªg: vñtÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµü‹xè¯?
time. Santhisri: But I shall go to Guntur tomor-
a movie. We will have some ÐøŒyôÂ: ÍêŸìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛæ¨ ·ôÙè[ª-þ§ô¢ªx
(÷ªSx ûµõ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ìª÷±y ú‡E÷« time together. row.
Nù£óŸªÙ ÓêŸh-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¶ìª Eìªo îµüŒx- îµü‹xè[ª. Prasanthi: When will be back?/ When will
(êŸô¦yêŸ Eìªo, Îîµªìª ú‡E-÷«ÚÛª
E-÷yìª.) Bú£ª·Ú-üŒ-ê¦ìª. ÷ªìÙ Ú•ÙêŸ çµjÙ ÚÛL- 8) ví£ø‹ÙA: ìª÷±y ÷« ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ô¦î¦? (won't you return?
Pranav: But if my friends invite? you î¦è[Ùè….) Santhisri: I shall go to Chennai in a week
ú£ªÙë¯Ù – we will have (inten-
(÷« všíÆÙèÂq í‡L›úh?) tion)) ø‹ÙAX: ìª÷±y ¸ôí£± ÏÙæ˺x Óí£±pè[ª ÑÙæ°÷±? and from there return.
Narmada: I will tell them they shall not invite. Prasanthi: I shall buy a cell phone tomor-
3) I/we will
ví£ø‹ÙA: ¸ôí£Ùê¦ ÏÙæ˺xû¶ ÑÙæ°.

÷«å Ïî¦yõÙç¶...!
You shall study well, and get good êÁ î¦è…ê¶ ÷ªìÙ ÷«å Ï#a-ìåªx row.
marks. Dad and I will allow you to (Promise). ø‹ÙAX: ÷ªJ-¸ôí£± û¶ìª ÞœªÙå«ô¢ª îµüŒê¦.
Santhisri: Will you be in touch with me
watch movies only then.
(Eìªo í‡õîË•ë]lE û¶ìª î¦üŒxêÁ àµñªê¦.
ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ àŸCN ÷ªÙ# ÷«ô¢ª\õª
êµàŸªa-ÚÁ-î¦L. Íí£±pè¶ ìª÷±y ú‡E-÷«õª
àŸ«è[è¯-EÚ¨ û¶ìª, û¦ìo Íìª-÷ª-Aþ§hÙ.)
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ verbs Óö° Ñû¦oóµ« Þœ÷ª-EÙ-
àŸÙè…. Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ lessonö˺ ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ìî¦æ¨Ú¨
GÅìoÙÞ¥ I, and We êÁ will; you, he, she, it and
they êÁ shall ÷à¦aô³ ÚÛë¯. from tomorrow ?
a) Surekha: Teacher, I have some doubts in
ÖÚÛ-þ§J Þœªô¢ªh-êµ-àŸªa-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. ví£ø‹ÙA: ÷ªSx Óí£±p-è•-þ§h÷±? 9) Tarun: Hi Varun, How are you?
English.
I/WeêÁ shall; you, he, she, it and they êÁ will (æ©àŸôÂ, ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ û¦ÚÛª Ú•Eo ú£Ùë¶- ø‹ÙAX: î¦ô¢Ù êŸô¦yêŸ àµûµjo îµRx ÍÚÛ\è… ìªÙ# Varun: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
ÚÛ#a-êŸÙ-Ú¥E òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hìª êµL-óŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. shall be, õª Ñû¦oô³.) AJT ÷þ§h. Tarun: Fine. Have you joined MBA?
will be Íô³ê¶ òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo, shall + 1st Teacher: I will clear all your doubts. Don't ví£ø‹ÙA: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± šúöËÀ-ðƼûË ڕÙæ°ìª. Varun: I haven't (have not) decided yet.
Regular Doing Word (1st RDW), will + 1st worry. ø‹ÙAX: Íô³ê¶ ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ# û¦êÁ åàÂö˺ Tarun: I have joined MCA. I joined the
RDW Íô³ê¶ òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸªâ¶þ§hô³. (F ú£Ùë¶--õFo û¶ìª Bô¢ª-þ§h쪖 ÏC ÑÙæ°î¦? institute yesterday.
Ïí£±pè[ª I/WeêÁ will; you, he, she, it and theyêÁ teacher's promise) 9) êŸô¢ªéÉÂ: óÀª ÷ô¢ªéÉÂ, ÚÛªö°-þ§û¦? Varun: My father has been out of town for
shall ë¶EE êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hóµ« àŸ«ë¯lÙ. b) Prasanth: Dad, the course costs Rs. the past four days. I am waiting for
1) I/We êÁ will ÷«æ°x-è[ª-꟪-ìo-î¦üŒx Eô¢g-óŸ«Eo
÷ô¢ªéÉÂ: Î, ÚÛªö°-þ§û¶...
20,000/- a year. him. Decision is possible only after
ìªîµyö° Ñû¦o÷±?
êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. Dad: Don't you worry son. I will give you he comes back.
I will buy a car soon. êŸô¢ªéÉÂ: ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª.
û¶ìª ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ êŸyô¢ö˺ Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°ìª– ÏC ÓÙG-Óö˺
Eô¢góŸªÙ. Íë¶ à¶ô¦î¦?
I shall buy a car soon. ÷ô¢ªéÉÂ: ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙ Eô¢g-
ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ– û¶ìª Ú¥ô¢ªÚ•ìè[Ù–
ÍÙêŸ ÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ª.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 30 ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª.
êŸô¢ªéÉÂ: û¶ìª ÓÙú‡Óö˺
a) Teacher: You will get a prize only if you all the money you want. Just study à¶ô¦ìª. Eìoû¶ M. SURESAN
score more than 90% marks.
(90 ø‹êŸÙ ÚÛû¦o ÓÚÛª\÷ ÷«ô¢ª\õª
well and come out with success.
I will
ÏûËÂ-ú‡d-å«u-æËÀö˺ à¶ô¦ìª. ví£øŒo: a) The meeting will be held on tomor-
row evening Íû¶ sentence Ô tense
(FÚÛª Ú¥î¦Lq-ìÙêŸ è[ñªs û¶Eþ§h – ÷ô¢ªéÉÂ: ÷« û¦ìoÞ¥ô¢ª û¦õªÞœª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ÒüÉÁx
êµàŸªa-Ú•Ùç¶û¶ FÚÛª wšíjâÉÀ ÷ú£ªhÙC). give; I will - promise -
Ramana: OK Teacher, I will work hard.
êÁ ÷«å ö¶ô¢ª. û¶ìª ÎóŸªì ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª. Ú¨ àµÙë]ª-꟪ÙC? Ð tense voice
Ï÷yè[Ù) ÎóŸªì ÷#aì êŸô¦yêŸ Eô¢góŸªÙ Bú£ª- ÔNªæ¨?
I will do my best to get the c) Vijay: I want to contest in the coming
ÚÛªÙæ°Ù. b) Definite article 'the'E ÓÚÛ\è[ Ñí£-óµ«-
more than 90% municipal elections.
(û¶ìª ÚÛù£d-í£è… àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª. 90% Answers: TÙ-à¦L. The French, The whip ÍE
(÷à¶a ÷³Eq-í£öËÀ ÓEo-ÚÛö˺x ð¼æ©-à¶-óŸ«-õ- ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a?
ÚÛû¦o ÓÚÛª\÷ êµàŸªaÚÁè¯-EÚ¨ ví£óŸª- ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o.) 1) I will go to Chennai tomorrow.
Ao-þ§h쪖 I will - Eô¢góŸªÙ) – æ¨.ÓöËÀ. ví‡óŸ«ÙÚÛ, Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ
áî¦ñª:
Vinai and Vikram: Go ahead. We will sup- 2) We will not let them come here.
Teacher: Will you and Mohan come to port you. a) 'will be held tomorrow evening'
3) I will give you whatever book you want.
me tomorrow? I will clear your (on tomorrow evening verb-
ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª). ÏÚÛ\è[
(Íö°¸Þ. ٠Eìªo ú£ð¼ôÂd à¶þ§hÙ 4) We will meet the CM tomorrow.
doubts. – We will support - promise) will be held.
5) We will not allow such things. Tense: future simple/ indefinite.
(¸ôí£± ìª÷±y, ûË û¦ ë]Þœ_-JÚ¨ Vijay: I will file my nomination then.
÷þ§hô¦? ú£Ùë¶-ö¶îµªiû¦ ÑÙç¶ (Íô³ê¶ û¦Nª-û¶-ù£ûË î¶þ§h – Eô¢góŸªÙ) 6) Bharat: Shall I go now? Voice: passive.
Bô¢ª-þ§h쪖 I will - Eô¢góŸªÙ) Vinai and Vikram: We will help you with Bhargav: Where will you go? b) The French French
ÍÙç¶ vðƧûËÂq ë¶øŒ-ú£ªnõª.
b) Rahim: Will you buy that car? money also. Bharat: To college ÍÙç¶ french òÅ°ù£.
Bhargav: When will your friends come? 'The'
Promise)
î¦è[ÚÛÙ îµ³êŸhÙ N÷-ô¢é êŸyô¢ö˺ ÷ú£ªhÙC.
ví£øŒo: šíô¢ªÞœª Íû¶ í£ë¯Eo curd Íû¦ö°? curds
(Î Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°î¦?) (è[ñªs þ§óŸªÙ ÚÛ«è¯ à¶þ§hÙ –
Rasheed: I will buy it whatever the price. Bharat: Won't you (will you not) join us
I will -
Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõìª English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè….
(ÓÙêŸ ÜK-ëµjû¦ Ú•Ùæ°ìª. for the picnic tomorrow? Íû¦ö°?
1) û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ àµûµjo îµüŒê¦ìª.
7) Vishnu: I have been to Mumbai quite a
Eô¢góŸªÙ) – ·Ú. íÆ£ª-÷«õ, Íø‹y-í£±ô¢Ù
c) Teacher: Will you all come for the picnic
on sunday?
2) î¦üŒxìª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦E÷yÙ.
3) û¶ìª FÚÛª Ô í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ú¥î¦-Lqû¦ Ïþ§hìª. number of times. áî¦ñª: 'Curd', 'curds' ·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íô³ê¶
Eshwar: I have been there too; just once. curd êŸô¦yêŸ singular verb, curds êŸô¦yêŸ plu-
(Oªô¢Ùê¦ ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù í‡Ú¨oÚÂÚÛª ÷þ§hô¦?) 4) ٠¸ôí£± êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ú‡Ó-îÂªìª ÚÛõªþ§hÙ. ral verb ô¦î¦L. The curd is tasty.
Vishnu: Has Brahmam too been to
Pupils: We will come, teacher. 5) Ïö°Ùæ¨N ٠áô¢-Þœ-E÷yÙ (such things,
Mumbai? The curds are tasty.
ví£øŒo: 'Obey the parents' Íû¶ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨
we will -
(÷þ§hÙ æ©àŸô– Eô¢góŸªÙ) allow î¦è[Ùè…).
d) Kumar: Won't you see that movie? Eshwar: He has been to Mumbai just pas-
(Î ú‡E÷« àŸ«è[î¦? Won't you=
6) òÅ¡ô¢êÂ: û¶E-í£±pè[ª îµüŒxû¦? once or twice. sive ÔNªæ¨?
will you not)
òÅ°ô¢_îËÂ: ÓÚÛ\è…Ú¨ îµüŒ-ê¦÷±? 8 )Prasanthi : Won't you come home to – ÓÙ. øŒÙÚÛôÂ, Íø‹y-í£±ô¢Ù
Peter and John: We will see it, of course. òÅ¡ô¢êÂ: ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµüŒ-ê¦ìª. me?/ Won't you come to our áî¦ñª: Let the parents be obeyed.
(ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ àŸ«þ§hÙ. òÅ°ô¢_îËÂ: Oª všíÆÙèÂq Óí£±p-è•-þ§hô¢ª? place? Ïö°Ùæ¨ sentences passive
Ú¨ à¦ö° ÚÛ'êŸ-ÚÛÙÞ¥
ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ö¶ë]ª) òÅ¡ô¢êÂ: ¸ôí£± ٠îµü™x í‡Ú¨o-ÚÂÚÛª ìª÷±y ô¦î¦? Santhisri: When will you be at home ÑÙåªÙC.
I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 11 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Sumathi: Hi, Vimala, well met. When shall ★ You, he, she, it and they will -êÁ
we sit to plan our holiday? Indefinite future.
(ÚÛ#a-êŸÙ-Ú¥E)
(óÀª N÷ªõ! ÷ªìÙ ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù you, he, she, it and
Ïí£±pè[ª šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺
÷ªÙ#-ëµjÙC. Mè¶ ð§xûË à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ they shall
êÁ î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª–
Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«ô¢ªaÙë¯Ù?) îµ³ë]å Ï#aì ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺
Holiday = ÷«÷´õª Íô¢nÙ šúõ÷±. ÏÙÚÁ 1) ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ future ö˺ áô¢ª-Þœª-ê¦-óŸª-ìª-ÚÛªìo Nù£-
Íô¢nÙ ÷ªìÙ ÓÚÛ\è…·Újû¦ ú£ô¢-ë¯Þ¥ îµRx ޜ腛í óŸ«õª.
ôÁVõª ÍE. a) It shall be this evening.
Vimala: Why not this evening? I shall be Ð þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÍC ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙ-C/-Í-÷±-
away from tomorrow onwards. ꟪ÙC, ÑÙè¯-L/-Í-î¦yL.
(Ð þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛ«ôÁaÚÛ«-è[ë]ª? b) She shall come.
û¶ìª ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ# G@Þ¥ ÑÙæ°.) Î êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷ú£ªhÙ-C/-ô¦-î¦L. steno shall stay longer than all of ìª÷±y ÑÙè¯L (Îác–command)
why not = ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛ«è[ë]ª? c) He shall join. you. I have a lot of letters to dictate, e) They shall stay too.
Sumathi: It shall be this evening then. You êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷ªìêÁ ÷þ§h-è[ª/-ô¦-î¦L. and she shall take out their print command)
î¦üŒŠx ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L. (Îác–
shall be here at 7 PM. d) They shall not. outs before tomorrow morning. For f) My steno shall stay.
(Íô³ê¶ ÐôÁV þ§óŸªÙvêŸî¶ª î¦üŒ‰x ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª/ô¦ô¢ª two more days the office shall work command)
û¦ šúdûËÁ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L (Îác–
ÚÛ«ô¢ªaÙë¯Ù. Ôè…Ù-æ¨Ú¨ ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ e) You shall be here. till 7PM. g) She shall take print outs.
ÑÙè¯L.) ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L. (î¦üŒŠx êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. þ¼÷ª-î¦ô¢Ù
Vimala: How about Sourabha? Won't she Manoj: How long am I to be here, Sir?
Î ví‡Ùå-÷±åªx êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ BóŸ«L (Îác–

à¶óŸ«L... êŸí£pë]ª!
÷ô¢ÚÛª î¦üŒ‰x ÚÛ«è¯ MîË Íè[ÞœÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¦ command)
(will not she) join us? (û¶ûµÙ-êŸ-›úí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯õÙè†?)
(þ¿ô¢òÅ¡ ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨? Î ÷ªìêÁ ô¦ë¯?)
Sumathi: She shall come, ofcourse. She has
promised me.
(Î êŸí£pÚÛ ÷ú£ªhÙC. ÷þ§h-ìE ÷«å
Ï#aÙC.)
Vimala: What about Sudhakar, Your cousin?
(Oª ÚÛ>ûË ú£ªëů-ÚÛô ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨?)
Sumathi: He shall join us too.
(ÍêŸì« êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷þ§hè[ª.) Officer: You shall be here till 7 in the šúdûËÁ Oª ÍÙë]-J-ÚÛÙç¶ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± h) The office (it) shall work.
Vimala: Won't Neeraj and Kalyan come? evening. ÑÙåªÙC. û¶ìª à¦ö° öµåô¢ªx è…¸ÚdæËÀ Îíƈúà í£E-à¶-óŸ«L (Îác– command)
(Fô¢âÉÀ, ÚÛü‹uéÉ ô¦÷è[Ù ö¶ë¯?) (ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ôè…Ù-æ¨-÷ô¢ÚÛª à¶óŸ«L. ¸ôí£± Ñë]-óŸ«-E-ÚÛö°x Î êŸí£p-E- – êµõª-þ¼hÙC ÚÛë¯ you, he, she, it and they êÁ
Sumathi: Why they? They shall not. I don't ÑÙè¯L– Îác) shallî¦è… Îácõª (Commands/ orders) Ï÷yàŸªa.
like them. Manoj: Why so long, Sir?
(î¦ü˜xÙ-ë]ªÚÛª? î¦üŒ‰x ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¦Ú¨ù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª) (ÍÙêŸ-›úí£± ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙè†?) ÏÙÚ¥ àŸ«è[Ùè….
i) You shall not smoke here.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ you, he, she, it and theyêÁ Officer: You shall finish all this work and then
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 31
shall ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. only go.
ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ þ¼tÚ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
j) Oª public, university exams answer books
It shall be; (ìª÷±y Ð í£E í£²Jh à¶ú‡ îµü‹xL.)
She shall come; Manoj: I want leave on Friday Sir.
ö˺ instructions ÍFo shall î¦è[ÚÛÙêÁ
He shall join; (øŒ‰vÚÛ-î¦ô¢Ù û¦ÚÛª šúõ÷± Ú¥î¦L.) ÑÙæ°ô³.
ú£-JÞ¥ î¦æ¨ ví‡Ùå-÷±åªx Bú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ÏÙÚÁ i) No candidate (he/she) shall bring any slips
They shall (not); Officer: You shall not ·ôÙè[ª ö¶ë¯ ÓÚÛª\÷ ôÁVõª þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ of paper into the exam hall.
You shall be go on leave till Ôè…Ùæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª Îíƈúà í£E-à¶óŸ«L.) (í£K¤Û öËÀ-ö˺ڨ Ó÷ô¢« Ú¥TêŸÙ ú‡xí£±põª Bú£ª-ÚÛª-
ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙC ÖÚÛþ§J Þœªô¢ªh-à¶-ú£ª- Monday. You
ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. shall stay here
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Officer, you, he, she it and ô¦-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. - order)
they êÁ shall î¦è[è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Íö° î¦è[è[Ù ii) Absolute silence shall be observed.
1) I/We êÁ shall; you, he, she, it and they êÁ as long as I
ÎóŸªì Îácõª (commands) Ï÷y-è¯-EÚ¨. ÍÙç¶ (í£²Jh EøŒzñlÙ ð§æ¨Ù-à¦L– order)
will ÚÛ#a-êŸÙ-Ú¥E òÅ¡N-ù£u꟪h (Indefinite future) want you to.
you, he, she, it and they êÁ shall Îác-õìª ví£òÅ¡ªêŸy í£vê¦õª, EñÙ-ëÅ]ìõª ÍEoæ˺x you, he,
ìª êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. (þ¼÷ª-î¦ô¢Ù (commands) êµLóŸªâ¶ú£ªhÙC. she, it, they êÁ shall Îác-õÚÛª î¦è[è[Ù Oªô¢ª
2) I/We êÁ will ÷ªì Eô¢g-óŸ«-õìª (decisions), ÷ô¢ÚÛª šúõ÷± šíåd- a) You shall be here. Þœ÷ªEÙàŸ÷àŸªa. Court orders ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶.
Ñë¶l-ø‹õìª (intentions) êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¶ìª M. SURESAN command) orders â°K à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨you, he, she, it and they
3) I/We êÁ will ÷ªìÙ promise à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± Ú¥î¦- ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L (Îác–
b) You shall finish. êÁ ÍCÅ-Ú¥-J-ÚÛÙÞ¥ (official) Íô³û¦, Íì-CÅ-Ú¥-JÚÛÙÞ¥
î¦è[ê¦Ù. õÙç¶ ÍÙêŸ-›úí£± ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯-LqÙë¶.) command)
ìª÷±y í£²Jh à¶óŸ«L (Îác– (unofficial) Íô³û¦ 'shall' î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª.
÷ªìÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«õª ú£ÙvÞœ-ÙÞ¥– Manoj: What about the others Sir?
c) You shall not go on leave. English practice
★ I/WeêÁ shall - Indefinite future (NªÞœê¦ ú‡ñsÙC ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ù-åÙè†?) Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª ö˺ à¶óŸªÙè…. ú£Ùë]-
command) shall, will
★ I/WeêÁ will - Officer: They shall stay too. They shall not
ìª÷±y šúõ÷± šíåd-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª (Îác– ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d ·ôÙè[« î¦è[Ùè….
determination (Eô¢góŸªÙ) d) You shall stay. 1) Íåª-÷Ù-æ¨-ë¶Oª ìª÷±y à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª (such= Íåª-
apply for leave either, till Monday. My
÷Ùæ¨).
ví£øŒo: a) Infinitives ÍÙç¶ ÔNªæ¨? (Î ÞœêŸÙö˺– ð§è… ÑÙè¯-õE DEo 'I had been there when the func- 2) ìª÷±y ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ Ôè…Ù-æ¨Ú¨ ô¦ (order).
b) 'to + have +V3' ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ÍìªÚÛªÙæ˺ÙC) tion began exactly at 6', ÍE ÷«J›úh 3) ¸ôí£± þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦-E-ÚÛö°x í£E í£²Jh-à¶-óŸ«L.
ÔNªæ¨? c) To í£ÚÛ\ì be Þ¥F being î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª êŸí£±p- sentence ÚÛª ú£·ôjì Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. Íô³ê¶ 4) Ram: ÷ªSx û¶ìª Óí£±pè[ªô¦ìª ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨?
sentence (a) Raghu: ìª÷±y ÷ªSx ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
c) to
í£ÚÛ\ì being ö¶ë¯ be î¦è…ê¶ ö¶ë]ª. DEÚ¨ šíjì Ú¨ Íô¢nÙö˺ ê¶è¯
i) I like to be here for sometime. ÷ú£ªhÙC. (b) function
î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ ÚÛ·ô- Ram: ìª÷yö° ÷«æ°x-è[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
ë¯E Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨? Raghu: ìª÷±y í£E í£²Jh-à¶-óŸ«L. Î êŸô¦yê¶
– í‡. ÐøŒy-ô¢-ô¦÷±, ÞœªÙå«ô¢ª (û¶ìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú¥›úí£± ÑÙè¯õE ÚÂdÞ¥ ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vð§ô¢ÙòšiÙC. ÍÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª
áî¦ñª: a) Infinitives ìª ÞœªJÙ# ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª-
ÍìªÚÛªÙåª-û¦oìª.) ìªÙචû¶ìª ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª ÍE. ììªo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L.
ii) I object to being treated as a ví£øŒo: a) Would E Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£- Ram: û¶ìª Ð þ§óŸªÙ-vêŸî¶ª ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ í£E
÷³Ùë]ª ÷#aì ð§ôȦö˺x N÷-JÙà¦Ù ÍC stranger. óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? í£²Jh-à¶þ§hìª.
àŸ«è[Ùè…. Raghu: Íô³ê¶ þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦-EÚ¨ ìª÷±y í£E í£²Jh-
(ììªo Ú•êŸhî¦è…Þ¥ àŸ«è[è¯EÚ¨ û¶ìª b) Let you write ÍÙç¶ êŸð§p?
b) to have + V3 - V3 ÍÙç¶ past partici- ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù àµñª-꟪-û¦oìª.) à¶-óŸ«L.
ví£øŒo: Oªô¢ª ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é ÷´èÁ-òÅ°-ÞœÙö˺
ple. To have + V3 Ú¨ Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª:
Öð§p? ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? Answers:
to have gone, to have killed, to have
– ñÙè… P÷-ví£-þ§ëÂ, ÚÛå«\ô 1) You shall do no such thing/ You shall not
done etc.
Ï#aì I was there exactly at 6
when the function began Íû¶ áî¦ñª: do any such thing.
i) He seems to have done it. 2) You shall be/ shall come here at 7 tomor-
î¦Ú¥uEo 'I had been there exact- a) 'would'Ñí£óµ«Þ¥Eo êŸyô¢-ö˺û¶ N÷Jþ§hÙ.
(Î í£E ÍêŸè[ª à¶ú‡-ìç¶d ÑÙC (past ö˺ row.
ly at 6 when the function began' b) Let you write - ÏC êŸí£±p. Let Ñí£-
Ôëµjû¦ áJ-T-ìåªx ÍE-í‡Ù-#ÙC). 3) You/He/She/They shall finish/ complete
ii) They appear to have killed the tiger.
ÍE ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a? óµ«ÞœÙ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª î¦uþ§ö˺x N÷- the work by tomorrow.

áî¦ñª:
(Tiger -past
àŸE-ð¼-ô³ÙC-- - ö˺ î¦ü‹x í£E – #ìªo, ûµõ«xô¢ª JÙà¦Ù. þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ Letìª 'you'êÁ 4) Ram: When shall I come here again?
a) I was there exactly at 6
à¶ú‡ìç¶x Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.) î¦è[è[Ù ÑÙè[ë]ª. ÖÚÁ\-þ§J î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Raghu: You shall not (shan't) come here
when the function began. DE Íô¢nÙ
iii) I like to have gone with them. You let yourself into the room, when he again.
function begin Íô³-ì-í£±pè[ª û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ·ô-
(î¦üŒxêÁ îµRx ÑÙè[-è¯-EÚ¨ Ïù£dí£è[ªêŸª- opens the door. Ram: You shall not (shan't) talk like that.
ÚÂdÞ¥ ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ Ñû¦oìª ÍE. Function
û¦o쪖 ÍÙç¶ î¦üŒ‰x îµRx-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª. û¶ìª (ÍêŸìª êŸõªí£± êµô¢-÷-Þ¥û¶, ìª÷y ví£î¶-PÙàŸª– Raghu: You shall finish the work. Then
begin Í÷è[Ù ÎJÙ-樸Ú, û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÑìoC
Ïí£±pè[ª ÷«æ°x-è[ªêŸªû¦oìª.) ÍE Íô¢nÙ. Íô³ê¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ yourself Íû¶ only you shall see/ meet me.
She likes to sing.
ÚÛ«è¯ ÎJÙ-æ¨¸Ú ÍE. Ram: I'll (I will) finish the work by this
b) I had been there exactly at 6 when reflexive î¦è[ÚÛÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…)
(Î ð§è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC) Let you write Íô¢nÙ– ìª÷±y ô¦ô³. Íô³ê¶ evening.
the function began- ÏC ÍÙêŸ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª.
She likes to have sung 'write' ÍÙç¶ ú£Jð¼êŸªÙC ÚÛë¯. Raghu: You shall (finish), then.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 13 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005
Bhaskar: Good morning, sir. Will you give Father: You have wasted a lot of money,
me the books I've asked you for, already. you shall not waste any
sir? more money, understand.
(í∫’-ú˛-´÷-Joçí˚ Ææ®˝. ؈-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææh-é¬- É°æp-öÀÍé î√™« úø•’s ´%ü∑∆-îË-¨»´¤. Éçéπ
©’ -É≤ƒh®√?) îËߪ’èπ◊. Å®Ωn-´’-®·çü∆?
Teacher: Yes, Bhaskar, they shall be with ÉC £«îªa-Jéπ (Warning)
you this afternoon. Don't worry.
Son: I do, dad. It shall not happen again.
(ÅN Ñ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’ç-ö«®·, (Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. ÅC ´’Sx ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ Ø√†o-
ÆæÍ®Ø√?) í¬®Ω÷ – ÉC £æ…O’ Assurance)
Bhaskar: Moreover, I need your notes too,
Father: You shall keep an account of every
sir, for the next week's exam.
paise you spend. Father: You shall have the money. How
exam
(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, ´îËa-¢√®Ωç èπ◊ 3) Samuel: É™«çöÀ ´’ç* novels áéπ\úø
(†’´¤y ê®Ω’a-°õ‰d v°æA °j≤ƒ ™„éπ\-®√-ߪ÷L) much do you want?
O’ ØÓö¸q èπÿú≈ 鬢√L. üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·? (Available
Moreover=Éçé¬; notes- plural; Son: I will, dad. (Ç úø•’s Fèπ◊ ´Ææ’hçC. (؈’ Fèπ◊ Ç
note- singular) (IûÓ will-E®Ωgߪ’ç –Ééπ\úø Assurance) úø•’s É≤ƒh†’= I will give you the ¢√úøçúÕ)
Samson: Read well book stores ™.
鬕öÀd you, he, she, it and theyûÓ shall money. You shall have - ÉC promise)
Teacher: You shall have them, what more? =at).
(™ Åéπ\úø O’èπ◊ à •’é˙
(notes FéÀ-≤ƒh†’. ÉçÍéç 鬢√L?) 1) Orders/ commands 2) Warnings
áçûª 鬢√L?) 鬢√-LqØ√ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC (get,
Parvathi: About Rs 10000/-
Bhaskar: My sister wants you to help her out 3) Assurances †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. whatever book ¢√úøçúÕ)
with some of the lessons. Prem: I am going to contest in the next elec-
(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æC-¢Ë©’) Samuel: á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç Åéπ\-úÕéÀ?
sister lessons Father: You shall have more than that. Don't Samson: Saturday ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’´¤y ûª°æp-
(´÷ èπ◊ éÌEo tions
worry.

shall, will éπ-ü∑¿ -áç-ûÓ -Öç-C!

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ O’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√L.) (؈’ ´îËa áEo-éπ™x §Úöà îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√. ؈’ E†’o
Teacher: She shall have my help. Let her not Worry
Åçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë É≤ƒh. Å´ü¿’l. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡û√.
worry, but she shall see me only in
forenoon. I am busy the next of the
day.
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Öçô’çC. é¬F
††’o §Òü¿’lØËo éπ©-¢√L. N’í∫û√
Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ busy)
Bhaskar: She shall see you in the forenoon
only, sir, I assure you. ☛ You, he, she and Answers:
Ram and Swaroop: Go ahead. You shall
(´÷sister N’´’tLo §Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹õ‰ theyûÓ shall éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ 1) We will attend the function.
have our total support.
sir) ¢√úøû√ç. 2) Gopi: Shall I take/ have/ borrow your
éπ©’-Ææ’hçC, support
(Å™«-Íí-é¬F, ´÷ Fèπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬
Teacher: One of the books is rare. It shall 1)Orders/commands
Öçô’çC) bike for an hour?
not be lost or damaged. 2)Warnings
You shall have even our financial support. Govind: You shall not.
(¢√öÀ™x äéπ °æ¤Ææhéπç î√© Å®Ω’-üÁjçC, 3)Assurances
´÷( financial support
èπÿú≈ Fèπ◊ ûª°æpéπ
ÅC §Úèπ◊çú≈,-*-J-T-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ú≈L. 4)Promise Gopi: It shall be back with you in just
Bhaskar: It shall not be, Sir.
Öçô’çC) M. SURESAN
Ééπ\úø you shall have our support ÅØËC éÀçC ¢√uêu-©†’ an hour.
'shall'
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úøéπç °æJ-Q-Lç-îªçúÕ. ´÷´‚©’ £æ…O’-éπØ√o Éçé¬ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-úøç – English ™ practice Govind: I will not give it (I won't give it).
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o will, shall Åçõ‰ Promise éπ*aûª-¢Á’i† ´÷ô É´yúøç) îËߪ’çúÕ. (Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd will, shall È®çúø÷
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç. You shall not trouble me any
i) I/WeûÓ shall- you, he, she, it and theyûÓ ¢√úøçúÕ. N’í∫û√ verb forms É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç more.
will- indefinite future (ÅE-Paûª ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h)†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†oN èπÿú≈ ¢√ú≈Lq ®√´îª’a). 3) Samuel: Where are such good novels
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. 1) ¢Ë’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ functionèπ◊ ´≤ƒhç. (attend available?/ Where do we get
ii) I/ WeûÓ will ûÁL-Ê°C:
a) Determination (E®Ωgߪ’ç)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 32 ¢√úøçúÕ) such good novels?
2) Gopi: ã í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ F bike BÆæ’-éÓØ√? Samson: At Readwell Book Stores. You
b) Intention (ÖüËl¨¡ç)
c) Promise (´÷ô É´yôç) Govind: BÆæ’-éÓ-´ü¿’l. (°æ‹Jh sentence shall get there whatever book
iii) You, he, she, it and theyûÓ shall ûÁL-Ê°C. O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçCéπü∆.I/WeûÓ will ¢√úÕ ´÷ô ®√ߪ’çúÕ.) you want.
a) commands/orders (Çïc©’) É≤ƒhç. (Promise) Gopi:
Å™«Íí you, he, she it and theyûÓ shall ¢√úÕ ÅC ´’Sx F ü¿í∫_®Ω í∫çô™ ûª°æp- (you get ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a)
b) Definite future (¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h™  éπ*aûªçí¬
promise îËߪ’-´îª’a.
èπ◊çú≈ Öçô’çC. Samuel: When shall we go there?
ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ßË’N)
Parvathi: Dad, I want to take coaching of (ItûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ, back èπÿú≈ ¢√úøçúÕ) Samson: You come home to me/ come to
É°æ¤púø’ Bhaskar, teacher ´’üµ¿u conversation
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: CAT. I need some money. Govind: ØËE-´y†’. ††’o vô•’™¸ my place on Saturday evening.
Shall ¢√úÕ† ¢√é¬u©’: CAT exam
(-Ø√-Ø√o, ؈’ coaching
èπ◊ îÁßÁ·uü¿’l. (will/shall ´÷vûª¢Ë’ I will take you to the shop.
You, he, she, it and theyûÓ shall ¢√úøéπç Éçé¬: BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. úø•’s 鬢√L) ¢√úøçúÕ)
1) They shall be with you this afternoon =
ÅN Ñ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ F ü¿í∫_®Ω Öçö«®·. v°æ¨¡o: 1)O’®Ω’ The Egg (C áí˚) ÅØ√-©E îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. an egg Ø√-ÆæÍ® ÆæÍ® ´®Ω{ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. The umbrella in that
-ØË-†’ ¢√öÀE ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ Fèπ◊ É≤ƒh-†’/- ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’? corner is mine Ééπ\úø °∂晫-† íÌúø’í∫’ (Ç ´‚© Ö†o íÌúø’í∫’)
°æç-°æ¤-û√†’) – ÉC £æ…O’ (Assurance)
2) She shall have my help= 2) The E á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈™, á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøüÓ N°æ¤-©çí¬ Åçô’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd 'The umbrella' Åçö«ç. (à íÌúø’í∫’? à
Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûª°æpéπ Öçô’çC. ÉC ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. °æ¤Ææhéπç? ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊E Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´ÊÆh, The ¢√úøû√ç)
èπÿú≈ £æ…O’ (Assurance) 3) I had been watching the TVéÀ, I have been watching 2) 'The' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’Jç* ûªy®Ω™  N°æ¤-©çí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«ç.
3) She shall see me only in the forenoons = the TVéÀ ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 3) Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lesson™ have been†’ í∫’Jç* N´-Jçî√ç
§Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ç¢Á’ ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’- – Ææ®Ω-ÆæyA, °∂‘™¸-ë«Ø√ îª÷úøçúÕ. I have been watching the TV Åçõ‰ éÌçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-öÀ-†’ç*
ï¢√•’: 1) 'an egg' ¢√ú≈™«, 'the egg' ¢√ú≈™« ÅØËC Ææçü¿-®√s¥-
éÓ-¢√L. (Çïc)
4) She shall see you only in the forenoons =
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ/ Éçé¬ öÃO îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’, ÅE. éÌçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤í¬ TV
Ç¢Á’ §Òü¿’l†°æ‹ô N’´’tLo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. Eo-•öÀd Öçô’çC. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ äéπ egg, àüÓ äéπ egg ÅØË îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ ÅE.
(Assurance) Å®Ωnç™ Å®·ûË 'an egg' Åçö«ç. eg: There is an egg on the I had been watching the TV Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç (past)™ È®çúø’ °æ†’-
5) It shall not be lost or damaged. plate. (Plate™ (ã) í∫’úø’f ÖçC. Ééπ\úø àüÓ äéπ í∫’úø’f ÅØË ©™ äéπ °æE ´·çü¿Í® v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å®· È®çúÓ-°æ-E-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T-
(ÅC §Úèπÿ-úøü¿’, *†-í∫-èπÿ-úøü¿’– Warning - Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd an egg. Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤úø’had been + ing¢√úøû√ç.
£«îªa-Jéπ) °∂晫-† í∫’úø’f ÅE îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ the egg Åçö«ç. He ate the egg I had been watching the TV when he came in =Åûª†’
6) It shall not be, sir =
on the plate. Ééπ\úø plate™E egg †’ (à egg? ÅØË ques- ´îËa°æpöÀéÀ ؈’TV îª÷Ææ÷h ÖØ√o†’. Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ ´îËa ´·çü¿’
Å-™« Å´-ü¿çúÕ. (Assurance)
°j six sentences
™ shall †’ you, he, she, it, tionèπ◊ - the egg on the plate ÅØË answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd) the ؈’ -öÃ-O îª÷úøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* Åûª†’ ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ îª÷Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o
they ûÓ £æ…O’-L-´y-ú≈-EéÀ, £«îªa-Jéπ É´y-ú≈-EéÀ egg Åçö«ç. The egg on the plate is for Ramesh. (Plate™E ÅE. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ È®çúÓ °æEE í∫’Jç* îÁ°æp-†-°æ¤púø’ had been
èπÿú≈ ¢√ú≈ç. egg ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇèπ◊). eg: An umbrella is useful in rain (íÌúø’í∫’ – àüÁj- watching (had been + ing) verb from†’ ¢√úøç.
I Ðû¦è[ª- þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 15 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE Tara: Îõú£uÙ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[-è¯-EÚ¨ ví£óŸª-

★ Countable singulars ÷³Ùë]ª êŸí£pÚÛ article
Ao-þ§hìª.
Chandra: ìªîµy-í£±pè[«
'a'
î¦è¯L. Îõ-ú£u. ¸ôí£±
a book, a pen, etc.
Íô³û¦ ú£÷ª-óŸ«-EÚ¨ ô¦.
Tara: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ô¦û¶-ô¦ìª.
ÏÚÛ\è[ 'a' pronunciation- ‘Ó’ Ú¥ë]ª. Ó ñªÚÂ, Ó ÷ªìÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ ìªÙ# Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸª-
šíûË – ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ article 'a'ìª pro-
e õª-ë¶-ô¢ê¦Ù?
nounce à¶óŸ«-Lqì NëÅ]Ù êµLóŸªâ¶›ú Þœªô¢ªh ' '. ÏC Chandra: Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙæ¨Ú¨ (êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯)
ë¯ë¯í£± êµõªÞœª ‘Í’ êÁ ú£÷«-ì-÷ª-÷±-꟪ÙC. Ú¥ñæ¨d 'a ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢ê¦Ù.
book' = Í ñªÚÂ
2) Basheer: ÿ§ô¢«Ú ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±p-è[ªÙæ°è[ª?
'a pen' = Í šíûËÂ etc.
Roshan:
Íö°¸Þ about, above - ë¯ë¯í£± ab- combinations Ñë]óŸªÙ í£D-í£-CÚ¨ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯
Basheer: I shall be a little late. But you
e
êÁ ÷à¶a ÷«å-õ-Eo-æ¨ö˺ 'a' E ' ' (êµõªÞœª– Í) ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª. áìE: ìª÷±y êŸí£pÚÛ ô¦î¦L. ÍD Îõú£uÙ
Basheer: ù£«æ¨ÙÞ Ñë]óŸªÙ í£ë]-Ú•Ù-è…Ù-æ¨- Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯. (ÍD = That too) shall make every thing ready by
øŒñlÙêÁ í£õª-ÚÛª-ê¦ô¢ª. 10.30 AM
about = Íò®æËÀ (ò®– ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L) Óò˺æËÀ– Ú¥ë]ª.
ÚÛö°x vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥î¦L. ví‡óŸª: ìª÷±y êŸí£p-ë]Ùç¶ û¶ìª ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥
Roshan: indefinite
(ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù – I shall be)
– Ú¥ñæ¨d
above = Íò®îË (ò®– ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L) Óò˺– Ú¥ë]ª.
êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡÷ª÷±-꟪ÙC. ÷þ§hìª. Oªæ¨ÙÞ çµjîªڨ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-÷ª-
Basheer: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± Ú¥ú£h Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§h- ÷±-꟪Ùë¯? Roshan: What about refreshments for
û¶îµ«. ìª÷±y ÷«vêŸÙ Ñë]óŸªÙ (ìª÷±y êŸí£p-ë]Ùç¶ = if you insist, insist = them?

ÏÙUxùà ڥë]ª... ÏÙTxùÃ!

10.30 Ú¨ ÍÙê¦ ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶óŸ«L. ÖÚÛ Nù£óŸªÙ Oªë] í£åªd-ë]-õÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù. Ïí£±pè¶ Basheer: Ameer shall take care of them.
3) Karim: You shall attend Namaz on Friday.

Roshan: Íô³ê¶ ÷à¶aî¦üŒxÚÛª JvšíÆ-ùÃ-ÙæËÀq îµü‹x-õE í£åªd-ñ-è[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª – He insists on Kowser: I am new to this place/I am a
(æ¨íƇûËÂ) ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨? going now) stranger here. Which Masjid
Basheer: î¦æ¨ Nù£óŸªÙ ÎOªôÂ àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ- áìE: þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ 4.15Ú¨ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥î¦L. (Mosque) shall we go to?
æ°è[ª. (take care î¦è[Ùè…) ví‡óŸª: ú£¸ô. Karim: There is one nearby. We shall go
3) Karim: ìª÷±y øŒ‰vÚÛ-î¦ô¢Ù ì÷«-âÉÀÚÛª ô¦î¦L. to it. You shall come here at
Kowser: û¶F ÒJÚ¨ Ú•êŸh. Ô ÷ªúˆëÂÚ¨ 12.30 PM. You shall not be late.
îµüŒê¦Ù? (÷ªúˆëÂ=Masjid or Kowser: I won't (will not) be late. Shall I
Mosque) bring along my friend?

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 33
Karim: ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ë]Þœ_-ô¢-ö˺û¶ ÖÚÛ ÷ªúˆë ÑÙC. Karim: Don't you know that much?
What shall we discuss at the meeting? ë¯E·ÚüŒê¦Ù. ÷ªëůuoÙ 12.30Ú¨ According to the Koran you shall
bring to prayer as many as pos-
★
ìªNy-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦î¦L. Îõú£uÙ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-
ÖÚÛ-÷«-åö˺ ÑÙè¶ øŒò°l-õìª syllables ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. sible.
Answers:
è[ë]ª.
sentence Íû¶ í£ë]Ùö˺'sen' ÖÚÛ syllable, tence Kowser: û¶ìª Îõú£uÙ à¶óŸªìª. û¦ všíÆÙèÂìª 4) Priya: What shall we discuss at the
÷ªôÁ syllable Í÷±-꟪ÙC. ÍÙç¶ sentence Íû¶C ÚÛ«è¯ Bú£ª-ÚÛª- 1) Chandra: I will be (I'll be) here tomorrow. meeting?
two syllables ÚÛõ-ô³ÚÛ Íìo÷«å. ô¦û¦? My brother shall also be here. Janani: We shall/ We will/ Let us discuss
English (ÏÙTxùÖ ÏÙUxùà ڥë]ª) òÅ°ù£ö˺ êµõª-Þœª- Karim: Î ÷«vêŸÙ Tara: When shall I see you (meet the arrangements for the college
ö˺ö°Þ¥ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÖÚÛ ÷«å í£L¸Úå-í£±pè[ª Î ÷«å- êµMë¯? you) tomorrow, then? day next week.
ö˺E ÖÚÛ syllableìª NªÞœê¦ syllables ÚÛÙç¶ Üªô¦ûË Chandra: You shall come as early as Priya: Do you want me to come?/
ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ ûË•Ú¨\-í£-õª-ÚÛª-ê¦ô¢ª. Ð í£õÚÛè¯Eo stress ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÓÙêŸ- possible. Your brother shall Shall I come?
ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. DEo dictionaryö˺ ' Þœªô¢ªh ë¯yô¦ àŸ«í‡- ÷ªÙCE Oõ- come too. You shall not be late. Janani: You shall come. That too, on
þ§hô¢ª. Tara: I'll (I will) try my best not to be time/ without being late.
' ô³ê¶ ÍÙêŸ-
eg. English- English – ÍÙç¶ ‘Ï’ øŒò°lEo ûË•Ú¨\ ÷ªÙ-CE Bú£ª-ÚÛª- M. SURESAN late. Priya: If you insist, I will come. Will the
í£õ-Ú¥-õ-ìo-÷«å. Chandra: You are always late. Come meeting being on time.
a'bove - ÏÚÛ\è[ b êÁ ÑÙè¶ syllable ìª
ô¦-î¦L.
(ܪô¦ûË ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù = According to early tomorrow at least. Janani: It shall at 4.15 PM.
ÓÚÛª\÷ stress à¶ú‡ ë¯Eo ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L. the Koran) Tara: I will not be (won't be) late, I Priya: OK.
Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. assure you. When shall we

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
4) ví‡óŸª: ÷ªìÙ Oªæ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺ ÔÙ àŸJaë¯lÙ? start from here?
1) Chandra: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ (êŸí£pÚÛ) ÑÙæ°ìª. (àŸJaÙ-àŸè[Ù = discuss, meeting ö˺ Chandra: We will start at 10 AM.
÷« vñë]ôÂÚÛ«è¯ (êŸí£pÚÛ) ÑÙæ°è[ª. = at the meeting)
Tara: Íô³ê¶ ¸ôí£± Eûµo-í£±pè[ª ÚÛõ-÷-Þœ-õìª? áìE: ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù college day Ôô¦påªx 2) Basheer: When will Sharook be here? þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
Chandra: F·ÚÙêŸ êŸyô¢Þ¥ Oõ-ô³ê¶ ÍÙêŸ àŸJaë¯lÙ. Roshan: He shall be here at 10.10AM.
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
êŸyô¢Þ¥ ô¦î¦L. Oª Íìo ÚÛ«è¯ (college day Ôô¦påªx = arrange- Basheer: The shooting shall begin at 11
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
ô¦î¦L. ìª÷±y Îõú£uÙ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«- ment for the college day) AM.
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
Roshan: It shall (begin).
è[ë]ª. ví‡óŸª: ììªo ô¢÷ªtÙ-æ°î¦? email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

ví£øŒo: êµõªÞœª–ÏÙTxùà è…ÚÛ{vFõª î¦è¯-Lqì Í÷- Nù£óŸªÙ English ö˺ you, singular (ìª÷±y), êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õìª) ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-꟪ìo ví£øŒo: I wish I had joined the Army.
ú£ô¢Ù ÔNªæ¨? plural (Oªô¢ª). Íô³ê¶ verb Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ you sentences Past actions
ÏN. ÚÛª çµjîª àµGê¶ I wish I joined Army.
– ÷ªÙVõ, ÎëÁE êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« plural verb ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è¯L. Íí£±pè[ªPast Doing Word ÷ú£ªhÙC. šíj šíj ·ôÙè[ª î¦Ú¥uö˺x ÔC Ô ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺
áî¦ñª: English-Telugu dictionary ÓÙêŸ 'How are you?' ÍÙç¶ (you ÚÛª Óí£±pè[« plu-
ral verb) áî¦ñª– 'I am fine' Íìè[Ù î¦è[ª¸Ú.
î¦Ú¥uõª
forms
Regular actions
ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.
Ú¥ñæ¨d verb î¦è¯L? ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ ÷ªëÅ]u ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨?
Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-ÚÛô¢îµ« Telugu-English dictionary
ví£øŒo: See, Watch õ ÷ªëÅ]u ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨?
– Þœí£²ôÂ, õ·Úq-æ¨d-›íå
ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶ Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-ÚÛô¢Ù. Îî¦õª, NªJ- Íô³ê¶ Oªô¢ª ÚÛªøŒ-õ÷« Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ 'Are you
fine?' ÍìÙ. 'How are you?', 'Are you
áî¦ñª: 'I wish I joined the army' ÍÙç¶
óŸ«õª ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«å-õÚÛª English Ú¥î¦-õÙç¶ I see movie. Ïí£±pè[ª û¶ìª Armyö˺ à¶Jê¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-
OK?' ÷Ùæ¨ ÷«åõª î¦è[ê¦Ù. I watch movie
ê¶LÞ¥_ ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛ-ê¦ô³. English ÷«æ°x-è¶-å-í£±pè[ª
ví£øŒo: Present Perfect Tense ô¦›ú-å-í£±pè[ª
åªÙC– ÍE.
ú£ï£„-óŸª-í£-è[ª-꟪ÙC. – ÍÙæ°Ù. ÔC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd?Eg. ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ 'I wish I had joined the army! ÍÙç¶
ví£øŒo: You, He, She Íû¶N singular forms. EJl-ù£dÙÞ¥ time/ period àµí£pô¢ª ÚÛë¯!
Oªô¢ª
ÔNªæ¨? Eg., Ex. õö˺ ÔC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
– ÖÚÛ ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªè[ª, ÷«àŸô¢x
ÞœêŸÙö˺ û¶ìª Army ö˺ à¶J ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ
Singulars ìª êµL-óŸª-⶛ú ÷³Ùë]ª
áî¦ñª:
ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C– ÍE.
verb singularö˺ ÑÙè¯L. Ú¥F ÷ªìÙ
I have coffee in the morning.
My mother has breakfast at 8 AM.
I see movies, I watch movies ví£øŒo: Have been, has been, had been
ôÁW ÷«æ°xè¶ òÅ°ù£ö˺ How are you, ·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íô³ê¶ am seeing/ is seeing/ Íû¶ í£ë¯-õìª î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ Óö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-
Are you fine? ÍÙæ°Ù. Oæ¨ö˺ are
ÍE ô¦ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛ·ô-¸Údû¦? are seeing î¦è[Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d, ë¯E ñë]ªõª am ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? Have, has,
– >. ø™yêŸ, ÎC-ö°-ò°ë watching/ is watching/ are watching had õìª Ô tenseö˺x î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª?
áî¦ñª: I have coffee in the morning.
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª?
– ô¢N, Ná-óŸª-ì-Þœô¢Ù î¦è¯L. – ÓÙ. ÎÙá-û¶-óŸ³õª, ·Ú. û¦¸Þ-øŒy-ô¢-ô¦÷±,
áî¦ñª: Englishö˺ singular form of the My mother has breakfast at 8 AM. e.g.- ÏC for example (Ñë¯--ô¢-éÚÛª) îµ³õ-Þœ-÷Lx
verb î¦è¯-LqÙC ÍEo singular subjects ÚÛª
Ð sentences ö˺ ÷ªìÙ past actions
(ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£ìª-õìª) ÞœªJÙ# Ú¥ë]ª-ÚÛë¯
Íû¶ë¯EÚ¨ abbreviation.
e.g.- Íû¶C ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ex ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. ÍC exer-
áî¦ñª: þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ ÞœêŸ Lessons ö˺
Ú¥ë]ª. III person- singular subjectsÚÛª ÷«æ°xè[ªêÁÙC. Regular actions (vÚÛ÷ªÙ cise Ú¨ abbreviation.
have been, has been, have, has Ñí£-óµ«-
÷«vêŸî¶ª singular verbs î¦è[ê¦Ù. ·ôÙèÁ Þ¥õª N÷JÙà¦Ù. àŸ«è[Ùè….
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 17 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005
Prasad: Pranav, When shall I see you disappointed if you don't get a
again? seat in medicine.
(-v°æ-ù-¢˛, ´’Sx EØÁo-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’?) (Fèπ◊ medicine ™ seat ®√éπ-§ÚûË
Pranav: Will you meet me tomorrow at 4? ¢Ë’ç E®√-¨¡-°æ-úø-û√ç)
(Í®°æ¤ Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?) Sumanth: My teachers (they) will be sad too
Prasad: Where shall I meet you ? if I don't make it to medicine .
(áéπ\úø éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’?) (؈’ medicine™ îË®Ω-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ´÷
Pranav: Will you come to LB Park? I will teachers èπÿú≈ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’)
meet you there. Dad: You will be happy to know that I
(LB Park èπ◊ ´≤ƒh¢√ ? Åéπ\úø E†’o am going to buy a bike for you.
؈’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.) (FéÌéπ bike éÌçô’Ø√o†E ûÁLÊÆh †’´¤y
Prasad: Will Pratap come with you too ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√´¤)
(v°æû√°ˇ èπÿú≈ FûÓ ´≤ƒhú≈?) Sumanth: Really, dad? I shall be grateful to Anjali: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Fèπ◊ -Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Öçô’çC. Sukumar: Å®·ûË ÉçéÓ®Ó-ï-Ø√o Öçö«¢√?
Pranav : Of course, will you bring along your you for this. (you ûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ) 3) Bhanu: ؈’ Í®°œ-éπ\úø á°æ¤p-úø’ç-úø†’?
friends too? (Eïç-í¬Ø√? ؈’ î√™« éπ%ûª-Vc-úÕE) †ØËoç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢Ó îÁ°æ¤p. Bhaskar: †’´¤y Í®°œ-éπ\úø °æCç-öÀ-éπ-™«x Öçú≈L.
(-´≤ƒh-úø’, O’ friends †’ èπÿú≈ °j† îª÷úøçúÕ: Happy, sad, disappointed, Ankita: †’-´¤yÑ ¶Ô´’t©’ -Uߪ÷L. U≤ƒh¢√? late Å´-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
BÆæ’éÌ≤ƒh¢√) grateful - É™«çöÀ feelings ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-î √-©çõ‰, (you ¢√úøçúÕ. ¶Ô´’t Uߪ’-úøç = draw) Bhanu: 10 ´’K ´·çü¿®Ω é¬ü∆?
(bring along = BÆæ’èπ◊-®√´-úøç) I/WeûÓ shall; you, he, she, it, and, they ûÓ Anjali: á°æ¤púø’ Uߪ’†’? Bhaskar: Meeting °æü¿-éÌç-úÕç-öÀéπ-™«x begin
鬢√L. ü∆EéÀ arrangements

We shall be disappointed
Åçû√ ¶«©’, ¶«•’ îËߪ÷L. †’´¤y
¢√∞¡x†’ supervise îËߪ÷L.
Answers:
1) Anjali: Shall we go to a movie this
evening?
Ankita: When shall I complete my assign-
I shall be happy to meet them. Ankita: ´’†ç 12 í∫ç-ô- ment?
(¢√∞¡x†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ). ©èπ◊ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ- Anjali: Will you come, or won't you?
Will they come? Will your sister ü∆l´÷? Ankita: Then will you help me to com-
come too?
(¢√∞¡Ÿx -´≤ƒh®√? O’ sister èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®√) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 34 Anjali: Å®·ûË lunch
á°æ¤púø’ îËü∆lç?
plete my assignment?
Anjali: Certainly, you shall have my help.
Prasad: Of course. I'll (I will) bring them Ankita: ´÷´‚-©’í¬ F What do you want me to do? /
along. will -¢√-úø¿-û√ç. (Åçõ‰ I/We ûÓ Will í¬-F, you, he, lunch á°æ¤púø’? What shall I do for you?
(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, ¢√∞¡x†’ ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´≤ƒh). she, it and they ûÓ shall í¬-F, ¶µ«¢√©’, ņ’-¶µº÷- ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 2 M. SURESAN Ankita: You shall draw these pictures.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆ Questions™ ûª’©’, ´’-ØÓ-Æœn-ûª’©’ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøç) Å®·ûË ´’K Will you?
shall and will -¢√-úøéπç. Questions™ á°æ¤p-úø÷ late Å´¤-ûª ’ç-- Anjali: When shall I draw them?
éÀçC °æöÀdéπ îª÷úøçúÕ: Ankita: Shall we begin at 12 noon?
I/WeûÓ shall; you, he, she, it and they ûÓ ü∆?(´’K late = too late )
(will and shall Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ Éçé¬ éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. Anjali: When shall we have lunch, then?
will ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. (Åçõ‰ I/ We ûÓ will í¬-F, 2) Sukumar: ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’ç-úø¢√ Ééπ\úø?
you, he, she, it and they ûÓ shall í¬-F ®√´¤).
´·êuçí¬ formal, informal spoken English ™ Ankita: When is your lunch, usually? will
Sunil: àç îË≤ƒh-E-éπ\úø È®çúø’ ®ÓV©’?
eg: a) When shall I see you?
´·êu-¢Á’i-†N. ÅN -ûª®√y-ûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.) 2 O' clock be too late for you?
b) Will you meet me? 2) Sukumar: Won't you (will you not) stay
Subjects Shall Will here for another two days?
c) Where shall I meet you?
d) Will you come? 1. Indefinite future 1. Determination Sunil: What shall I do here for two more
e) Will Pratap (he) come? I, We (ÅE-Paûª ¶µºN-≠æuûª’h) (E®Ωgߪ’ç) days?
f) Will they come? 2. Feelings & emotions 2. Intention (ÖüËl¨¡ç) Sukumar: We shall/ will go sightseeing
g) Will your sister (she) come? (¶µ«¢√©÷, ņ’-¶µº÷-ûª’©’, ´’ØÓ-Æœn-ûª’©’) 3. Promise here.
☛ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ¶µ«¢√©’, ´’-ØÓÆœn-AE -ûÁ-LÊ° - 3. Questions (v°æ¨¡o©’) (´÷ô É´y-úøç) Sunil: You have already shown me all the
I / We ûÓ shall; you, he, she, it
ô-°æ¤púø’ sights here.
and they ûÓ will ¢√-úøû√ç. 1. Definite happens 1. Indefinite future Sukumar: There are still two or three
You, he, she,
Dad: Sumanth, this time I expect you (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷©’) (ÅE-Paûª ¶µºN-≠æuûª’h) more places to be seen. We
it and they
to score better than last time. 2. Orders & Commands (Çïc©’) 2. Feelings & emotions shall go there.
3. Warnings (£«îªa-J-éπ©’) (¶µ«¢√©÷, ņ’-¶µº÷-ûª’©’ ´’ØÓ-Æœn-ûª’©’) Sunil: Won't one day (will not one day) be
(Ñ≤ƒJ -Éç-ûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Speaker enough?
´÷®Ω’\©’ -≤Ú\®˝ -îË≤ƒh-´-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) 4. Assurances (£æ…O’©’) 3. Questions (v°æ¨¡o©’)
(´÷ö«x-úË-¢√®Ω’ ÉîËa) 5. Promises (´÷ô É´y-úøç) Sukumar: Will you then stay here for
Sumanth: Sure, dad. I will do my best to get
atleast oneday?
100%
3) Bhanu: When shall I be here tomorrow?
(-ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈. -´ç-ü¿-¨»-ûªç -´÷®Ω’\--©’ - É°æ¤púø’ éÀçC¢√öÀE English ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Sukumar: -Ééπ\úÕ Nçûª©’ îª÷≤ƒhç. Bhaskar: You shall be here at 10. You
´-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ -Ø√ -¨»-ߪ’-¨¡èπ◊h-™« éπ%-≠œ-îË≤ƒh.)
O-™„j-†çûª´®Ωèπ◊ shall/ will ¢√úøçúÕ. shall not be late.
Dad: I shall be happy to see you get it. (ã v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Nçûª©’, ü¿%¨»u©÷
1) Anjali: ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-´÷--? îª÷úøôç = sight seeing, go sight- Bhanu: Won't 10 be (will not 10 be) too
(†’´y™« ûÁa-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææç-ûÓ-≠æ-¢Ë’) early?
Sumanth: Why you alone dad? Mother Ankita: Å®·ûË Ø√ assignment á°æ¤púø’ com- seeing ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.)
plete îËߪ’†’ ؈’? Sunil: Ø√éπ-Fo -É°æp-öÀÍé -îª÷°œç-î √-´¤ éπ-ü∆! Bhaskar: The meeting shall begin at 11
(she) will be happy too.
Anjali: †’´¤y ´≤ƒh¢√? ®√¢√? AM Sharp. (Sharp= éπÈ®-é˙dí¬)
(O’®Ì-éπ\Í®é¬ü¿’ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω÷, Å´’t Sukumar: †’´¤y îª÷ú≈-Lq-†Nçé¬ -È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
Ankita: Å®·ûË Ø√ assignment complete Balu and Babu shall make all
èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC) v°æüË-¨»-©’-Ø√o®·. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ -¢Á-∞¡-ü∆ç. arrangements. You shall super-
Dad: We (your mother and I) shall be îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-û√¢√? Sunil: äéπ®ÓV î√©ü∆?
vise them.

v°æ¨¡o: 1) All the glitters is not gold Åç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. - éπü∆? Everyone, subject Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ ÅC not meet the CM. £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢ÁRx èπÿú≈ CM†’ îª÷úø-
E-ñ«-EéÀ All the glitters are not gold -Å-Ø√L éπü∆? singular éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE verb èπÿú≈ singular í¬ ™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’).
2) Sweet are the uses of adversity. DE™ Öçú≈L. Åçü¿’-´©x All that glitters is not gold 4) '§˘®Ó-£œ«ûªuç— ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ priesthood ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË
Sweet is the uses of adversity ÅE Öçú≈L ™ is éπÈ®é˙d. §˘®Ó-£œ«ûªuç, priesthood °æ‹Jhí¬ äÍé -Å®√n-Eo -É-´y-´¤. -
éπü∆. 2) Sweet are the uses of the adversity- Ñ sentence §˘®Ó£œ«-ûªuç -¶«-üµ¿u-ûª-©÷, priesthood -¶«-üµ¿u-ûª-©÷ -äéπ-öÀ
3) Taking a stick, he beat the dog. éπÈ®é˙d. Word order™ 'The uses of adversity are é¬-´¤ é¬-•-öÀd.
Having taken a stick he beat the dog. sweet' Å´¤-ûª’çC. (Sweet are these fruits ÅE poet- 5)a) He has been appointed by the DEO- DEO îËûª
°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ic í¬ éπN-ûªyç™ Åçö«ç. ´÷´‚©’ prose order/ con- Åûª†’ -E-ߪ’-N’ç-îª-•-ú≈f-úø’– Åçõ‰ DEO ÅûªúÕ-E appoint
4) §˘®Ó-£œ«-ûªuç ÅØË -´%AhE Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? versation ™ Å®·ûË, These fruits are sweet Åçö«ç îË-ߪ’-úøç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. Ééπ\úø has been appointed
5) He has been appointed by DEO éπü∆). Å™«Íí The uses of adversities are sweet ņo- ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† °æEE ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰Ææ’hç-C.
He is appointed by DEO °æ¤púø’ subject àC? The uses éπü∆? ÅC plural, Åçü¿’- b) He is appointed by the DEO- Ééπ\úø verb, 'is
Ñ È®ç-úø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’ö îÁ°æp-í∫-©-®Ω’. éπE verb are. appointed' – -É-C regular action, passive voice -™ 
3) Taking a stick, he beat the dog - éπv®Ω BÆæ’éÌE èπ◊éπ\†’ – -ÅûªúÕ-E (Åçõ‰ Ç Job ™ °æE-îËÊÆ ÅûªúÕ-E) DEO
ï¢√•’:
– °œ.-áÆˇ.®√-´¤, °œ®∏√°æ¤®Ωç
éÌö«d-úø’ -ÅE. Having taken a stick, he beat the dog appoint îË≤ƒhúø’. ´÷´‚©’í¬ -Å-E /-á-°æ¤p-úø’ -Å-E.
1) ´’†ç sentence-™ ¢√úË verb subject †’ •öÀd Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç– éπv®Ω-°æ¤-a-èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈, èπ◊éπ\†’ éÌö«dúø’– (§Ú©açúÕ: A lecturer is appointed by the commit-
éπü∆ Öçô’çC? Sentence No.1 ™ 'all' Åçõ‰ Åçõ‰ Ñ sentence Åçûª éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’. ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’ tee Åçõ‰ lecturer †’ committee ¢√∞¡Ÿx appoint
everything, every one of - v°æAD ÅØË Å®Ωnç (§Ú©açúÕ: Having gone to Hyderabad, he could îË≤ƒh®Ω’– ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ÅE/-á-°æ¤púø÷ ÅE.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 19 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005
Namitha: Hi Namrata, What brings you a/an Ö†oN a/an ™‰EN
here?
a book advice
(£æ…-ß˝’ -†-v´’-û√, àçöÀ É™« ´î√a¢˛) an interview business
ÉC °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤– O’ conversation™ ¢√úøçúÕ a friend work
Namratha: I want a book from you, and
an hour
advice from your father
a meeting
(Ø√èπ◊ F ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ã °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√L. Ééπ\úø a/an ¢√úÕ† ´÷ô©’– book, interview,
O’ Ø√†o-í¬J Ææ©£æ… é¬¢√L) friends, hour, meeting- OöÀE countables
Namitha: What book?
Åçö«ç. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç äéπöÀ, È®çúø’, ´‚úø’, 10, 20
Namratha: The book, 'How to face
ÅE ™„éπ\-°-ôd-í∫-L-T-†N.
Interviews'. I am attending an
book - one book, three books etc.
interview the day after. friend - one friend, two friends etc. 4) 'A' á°æ¤púø’? 'An' á°æ¤púø’? 2. Anil: O’ Éçöx TV Öçü∆?
(How to face Interviews ÅØË hour - one hour, three hours etc. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Lesson ™ N´-Jç-*-†-ô’xí¬ Å, Ç Amar: ÅüËç v°æ¨¡o? Ñ ®ÓV™x TV ™‰E
°æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√L Ø√èπ◊. á©’xçúÕ ØËØÓ meeting - one meeting, two meetings, É, Ñ, Ö, Ü, á, à, â, ä, ã, å ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç É©xçô÷ Öçü∆?
Interview attend Å¢√yL) etc. °j´Fo countables.
Namitha: And what do you want my dad's
ÅßË’u English ´÷ô-©-´·çü¿’ 'An' ¢√úøû√ç. (Ñ ®ÓV™x – nowadays)
Ééπ uncountables. Åçõ‰ ™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰-EN. N’í∫û√ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ Anil: v°æï-©ç-ü¿-Jéà TV Öçô’ç-ü¿ç-ö«¢√?
advice? eg: Water - one water, two waters - ņç

A, An ®√-¢√-Lqç-üË!
'a' ¢√úøû√ç. Éçé¬ Ant (Ééπ\úø 'a' Ææ÷*çîË ¨¡•lç (... you mean ¢√úøçúÕ)
(´÷ Ø√†o-í¬J Ææ©£æ… áçü¿’èπ◊?) éπü∆. Å™«Íí, sugar, rice, milk, etc. É´Fo ´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈ 'an') Amar: Ø√ ÖüËl¨¡ç ÅC-é¬ü¿’. ´’üµ¿u-ûª-®Ω-í∫A
Namratha: I have got interview calls for ´’†ç numbers ™ îÁ°æpç. 鬕öÀd ÉN
admission in MBA in two col-
a) An Ant, An abode (Å); ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÀ TV Öçô’çC.
uncountables.
leges- Potti Sreeramulu
College, and Prakasam School
of Management. I want to know
from your dad which is the bet-
ter
(MBA ™ îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’ col-
leges †’ç* interview letters
´î√a®·. àC ´’ç*üÓ O’ Ø√†o an arm, an egg(á);
-í¬-J-E -Å-úÕT ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E). An Indian (Éç); 3. Kumar: Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™  àüÁjØ√ school
Namitha: Congrats. All the best. But my
An ox, an idea (â) etc. Öçü∆?
dad is out on business. He's
(=He has) gone out to call on a
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 35 an honour (Ç);
an hour (Å) etc
Karim: Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ schools ÖØ√o®·.
Kumar: ´÷ Ŷ«s®· éÓÆæç ã ´’ç* school
friend. b) a Tree, a Book etc 鬢√L.
(´÷ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ °æE-O’ü¿ •ßª’-öèπ◊ éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-E î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ follow Å´çúÕ. University - (ߪ‚) – Karim: È®çúø’ schools èπÿú≈ ´’ç*¢Ë.
¢Á∞«}®Ω’, Çߪ’† friend †’ éπ©-´ 1) English™ countables èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ plu- Kumar: O’®Ω’ -à school suggest
rals Öçö«®·.
鬕öÀd a University M. SURESAN
-ú≈-EéÀ). European - (ߪ‚) (Ææ÷*ç-îªúøç) îË≤ƒh®Ω’?
(call on= äéπ ´uéÀhE éπ©-´ôç– The PM (äéπöÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å®·ûË – singular, 鬕öÀd a European Answers:
called on the President yesterday). äéπöÀ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Å®·ûË plural) ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: A ¢√ú≈™«, An ¢√ú≈™« ÅØËC 1. Suman: I want to see a good doctor.
Namratha: When will he be back? Singular Plural Suresh: I know a good doctor (around)
Countable Singular ´·çü¿’ ´îËa ´÷ô†’ •öÀd
(á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’?) book books èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC. here.
Namitha: In an hour perhaps. pen pens (here ÅE ņúøç éπÈ®Íéd. Around here Åçõ‰ Ééπ\-
eg: a question - an important question
man men úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™ – ÉC conversational. Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™x
(•£æ›¨¡ ã í∫çôèπ◊) a story - an uninteresting story
Namratha: I have work at home. Will he be child children
an idea - a useless idea ¢√úøçúÕ.)
at home this evening? sheep (íÌvÈ®) sheep (íÌvÈ®©’) Suman: Does he charge high?/ Does he
a boy - an honest boy
2) uncountables –™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰-EN. OöÀéÀ plural charge a high fee?/ Does he
(Ø√éÀçöx °æ†’çC. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Çߪ’† 5) Uncountables ´·çü¿’ A/an á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç.
Éçöx Öçö«®√?) Öçúøü¿’. a Water, a milk ņç éπü∆! charge high fees?/ Are his fees
Namitha: He has a meeting to attend. (milks, golds, silvers ņç éπü∆. Åçõ‰ milk, high?/ Is his fee high?/ Is he
gold, silver ÉN uncountables 鬕öÀd OöÀéÀ
´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌE English ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’
(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ meeting ÖçC). í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: expensive?
Namratha: Then I will see him tomorrow plural Öçúøü¿’. Suresh: Yes. He does.
a) countables èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ singular, plural
morning 3) Very very important: English™ counta- (He charges high)
ble singular áéπ\úø ¢√úÕØ√ ü∆E-´·çü¿’ éπ*a-
Öçö«®·
(Å®·ûË ØËØ√-ߪ’Eo Í®°æ¤ -Ö-ü¿-ߪ’ç éπ©’≤ƒh). b) countable singular ´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√¢√- Suman: How much does he charge?
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ underlined words îª÷¨»®Ω’ ûªçí¬ 'a' é¬F 'an' é¬F ®√¢√L. Suresh: A hundred rupees the first time.
a) A cow (cow - countable singular) gives
LqçüË
éπü∆? ¢√öÀ™x éÌEoç-öÀ-´·çü¿’ 'a' or 'an' c) Uncountables èπ◊ Plural Öçúøü¿’ (hundred, thousand, lakh, crore, million,
milk (Ç´¤ §ƒ©’ ÉÆæ’hçC) etc - É´Fo èπÿú≈ countable singulars. 鬕öÀd
ÖØ√o®·. -´’-JéÌEo-çöÀ´·çü¿’ ™‰´¤-éπü∆. d) Uncountable èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√ü¿’.
b) An umbrella (umbrella- countable sin- OöÀ-´·çü¿’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ 'a' ®√¢√L.
Åçõ‰ ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† important
v°æ¨¡o: Weak verbs, Strong verbs Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? gular) is in that corner ( Ç ´‚© ã
points:
132 = A hundred and thirty two.
íÌúø’í∫’ ÖçC) 1500= A thousand and five hundred. Å®·ûË
OöÀE ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç ûª°æp-E-Ææ®√? Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©†’ c) A watch (watch - countable singular) äéπ ´÷ô Uncountable Å®·ûË, ü∆EéÀ plural
bank notes ™ ´÷vûªç 'A' •ü¿’©’ one ®√≤ƒhç)
Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
shows the time Öçúøü¿’, ü∆E-´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√ü¿’. Suman: OK. That's enough. I am all right. I
ï¢√•’: '-ed', '-d', '-t' îË®Ωaúøç
– 鬴u, ņ÷≠æo, £æ«†t-éÌçúø
(Watch Time †’ îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC) (Dictionary ™ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’†o ´÷ô °æéπ\† (C) é¬F,
don't need a doctor now/ any
îª÷¨»®√, áéπ\úø Countable singular (U) é¬F Öçô’çC. (C) Åçõ‰ countable, (U)
´©x past tense, past participle more.
´*aØ√ ü∆E-´·çü¿’ ûª°æpéπ 'a' 'an' ®√´-©- Åçõ‰ uncountable. ü∆Eo•öÀd ´’†ç E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ- 2) Anil: Have you a TV at home?
à®ΩpúË verbs†’ weak verbs ¢√L. Ç ´÷ô´·çü¿’ 'A/ an' ´Ææ’hçü∆, ®√ü∆ ÅE)
Åçö«ç. OöÀØË Regular verbs ÆœçüË. ®√éπ-§ÚûË ûª°æ¤p. Amar: What a question! Is there a home
ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. d) A doctor treats patients éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ English™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. without a TV nowadays?
(ú≈éπd®˝ ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îË≤ƒhúø’ Treat - eg:
eg: Present - Past - Past Anil: Do you mean that all people have
¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’úøç Treatment - ¢Ájü¿uç) Ram: Fan àç îËÆæ’hçC?
Participle TVs?
A / an Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'äéπ— ÅE éπü∆ Å®Ωnç. (What does a fan do?)
1. talk - talked - talked (Do you mean, - ÉC ¢√úøôç practice
Å®·ûË English ™ A / an ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ramana: í¬L-E-Ææ’hçC.
2. love - loved - loved îËߪ’çúÕ. Å®Ωnç– F ÖüËl-¨¡´÷?/ Å®Ωn´÷? ÅE.
3. smell - smelt - smelt ¢√úøç éπü∆. English ™ A cow gives milk Åçõ‰ØË (It gives air)
What do you mean? - F Å®Ωnç, F ÖüËl¨¡ç
ûÁL-ÆœçC éπü∆ °j verbs™«çöÀ verbs ÅEoç-öÀE éπÈ®é˙d. Ram: Å®·ûË Ééπ\-úÌéπ fan °ôdçúÕ.
(Please fix a fan here).
àN’öÀ?)
Åçõ‰ '-ed', '-d' or '-t' îË®Ωaúøç ü∆y®√ past tense, ü∆ØËo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç, 'Ç´¤-§ƒ-L-Ææ’hçC— Åçö«ç Amar: I do not mean that. All middle
past participle form Å®·ûË ÅN weak/ regular 1. Suman: ØËØÓ ´’ç* doctor †’ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-
é¬F, 'äéπ Ç´¤ §ƒL-Ææ’hçC— ņç éπü∆. Å™« Åçõ‰ class people have TVs.
verbs. N’í∫û√ Ç´¤-L-´y-´Ø√? éÌç-ô’-Ø√o†’. 3) Kumar: Is there a school near/ around
Strong verbs†’ irregular verbs ÅE èπÿú≈ Suresh: Ééπ\-úÌéπ ´’ç* doctor Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.
'íÌúø’í∫’ ´®Ω{ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC— Åçö«ç here?
Åçö«®Ω’. ÉN past tense, past participle, weak Suman: ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´ fees BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«ú≈?
é¬F, äéπ íÌúø’í∫’ ´®Ω{ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC ņç Karim: There are two schools.
verbs ™«í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, verb form™ØË ´÷®Ω’pûÓ à®Ωp- éπü∆. ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Countable (fees ™«çöÀN BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç = charge)
Kumar: I want a good school for my
Singulars èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ a / an omit îËÆæ’hçö«ç. ÉC Suresh: Å´¤†’ áèπ◊\¢Ë BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.
úø-û√®·. son?
eg: Present - Past - Past Participle Suman: áçûª BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’?
ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Karim: Both the schools are equally
1. Sing - sang - sung ´’S} í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. English ™ Countable Suresh: ´çü¿-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ. good.
2. Know - knew - known Singulars èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ a / an ¢√úøû√ç. ¢√ú≈L. Suman: î√©’. ؈’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o. Ø√èπ◊ Kumar: Which school do you suggest?
3. do - did - done ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ûª°æ¤p doctor Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.
É™«çöÀ verbs strong verbs.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 21 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

(Éçûª-´-®Ω π◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊çC: Countable Krishna: Å´¤†’. FÍé-´’Ø√o 鬢√™«?

Singulars èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ A/ an ¢√úøû√ç. Kesav: Ê°°æ®˝ 鬢√L. äéπ ü¿≤ƒh (Quire)
Uncountablesèπ◊ plural Öçúøü¿’. ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ Krishna: ûÁ≤ƒh™‰.
A/an ®√ü¿’). 3) Brahmam: Ç ´·Ææ-™«--Núø î√™« ≤ƒ-´’--vT
Gowtham: Hi Gowri, What news? BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC. ÇN-úøèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç
Gowri: Certainly I have news for you îËü∆lç °æü¿.
(FéÓ ¢√®Ωh îÁ§ƒpL) Vishnu: OK ûªy®Ωí¬ §Úü∆ç °æü¿. Å´-ûª©
Gowtham: Out with it please Ø√èπ◊ urgent °æ†’©’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
(Å®·ûË îÁ°æ¤p) ÖØ√o®·.
Out with it. ÅüËüÓ îÁÊ°pß˝’. ÉC O’ ANSWERS:
conversations ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ
1) Purnima: I want/ need advice a) Advice. a piece of advice ņ-´îª’a. A few Tatas èπ◊ î√™« ¢√u§ƒ-®√-©’-Ø√o®·.
Gowri: I have information. Tomorrow's
(an adviceé¬ü¿’). pieces of advice ÅEèπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. The Tatas have a number of lines of
exam has been put off until next
Preethi: What about? Eg: 1) Let me give you advice/ Let me business.
Thursday)
(üËE í∫’Jç*, üËE N≠æߪ’ç?) give you a piece of advice.
(Í®°æöÀ exam ´îËa í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢√®·-ü∆- 'What about' èπÿú≈ spoken English™
O’üËç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç?
2) I want a piece of advice from you.
°æ-úÕ-†ô’x Ø√èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCçC) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË expression. Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’- = What's your business? what is your
3) He had two or three pieces of
Put off = ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’úøç. line?
éÓçúÕ. advice for students in his speech.
Gowtham: That's good news. Thank you Å®·ûË business èπ◊ shop/ company ÅØË Å®Ωnç
Purnima: I want to do business b) bread. ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ Uncountable. Åçõ‰
(ÅC ´’ç* ¢√®Ωh). (a business é¬ü¿’). 'breads'ÅE plural ™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Å°æ¤p-úøC countable.
a) Åûª-úÕéÀ stationary shop ÖçC.

a lot of.. some

He has a stationary business.
b) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ •ôd© éπç°F ÖçC.
They have a cloth business.
(very important: °j† îÁ°œp†´Fo spoken
Gowri: That's from the horse's mouth, English™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† Åçûª-®√s¥-í¬©’. °j ´÷ô-©†’
bakery ™
you know ¢√úË B®Ω’-†’-•öÀd ´’†èπ◊ English´î√a, ®√ü∆ ÅØËC
éÌØËC. loaf
[ÅC (Ñ ¢√®Ωh) ÅÆæ-© ’-¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω-† ’ç*
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 36
ûË©a-´îª’a).
of bread.
´*açC.Horse's mouth = Ææ´÷-î√-®Ωç-™«ç-öÀC °j† îÁ°œp† uncountable ÅEoçöÀéÃ, ¶«í¬
(A loaf of
îÁ°æp-í∫-L-T† ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁÊ°h. Municipal polls date áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ a lot of, éÌçûª ņú≈-EéÀ
bread or
´·êu-´’çvA v°æéπ-öÀÊÆh ÅC, from the horse's Preethi: What business? some ņ-´îª’a.
three
mouth; collegeéÀ ÂÆ©´¤ Principal v°æéπ-öÀÊÆh 2) Krishna: I want to have a bath/ I feel like
loaves of M. SURESAN A lot of/ some advice, bread, business,
ÅC from horse's mouth]. having a bath. I want soap.
bread. information, news etc.
Gowtham: OK. I have work. I am off. (a soap é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?)
milk ™«í¬ – a litre/ 2 or 3 litres of Now practice the following conversation
(ÆæÍ®
Ø√èπ◊ °æ†’çC. ØË´≤ƒh.) Kesav: Are you going out?
milk) bread †’ slices ™ Açö«ç in English:
I'm (I am) off= ØË¢Á-∞¡ŸhØ√o. Krishna: Yes, Do you want anything?
Govind: What did you have for break- a) Sandhya:
Conversation™ ¢√úøçúÕ. Kesav: I want paper. A Quire F Vô’d áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!
fast?
Ééπ\úø îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. news, information, (Papers ņç éπü∆?) Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçC.
work ´·çü¿’ A/ An ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç, Åçõ‰ news, Krishna: I'll (= I will) get it. (Break Fast àç AØ√o´¤) (Ñ®Ω{u-°æ-úøúøç=envy)
information, work™«çöÀN English™ uncount- 3) Brahmam: That old woman is carrying a Gopal: I had two slices of bread and
Swathi: ؈’ soap ¢√úø†’. 'Darksilk'
ables. Åçõ‰ OöÀéÀ plurals Öçúø´¤. OöÀ-´·çü¿’ A/ lot of luggage. Let us help omlet
shampoo ¢√úø-û√†’. ÅC Ø√èπ◊
An ®√ü¿’. her. c) Business - È®çúø’Å®√n©’– 1) °æE 2) ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç, ´’ç* Vô’d °®Ω-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-
é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ: ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç °j ¢√öÀE (a Luggage/ many luggages ™‰´¤). È®çúø’ Å®√n-™ x†÷ Business
Vishnu: OK. Let's hurry up. I have two or uncountable. (Åçõ‰ A busi-
ûª’çC.
countablesí¬ ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆– news (¢√®Ωh/
three urgent jobs attend to. Sandhya: ؈’ ÅEo Ææ•’s©÷ ¢√úÕ îª÷¨»†’.
¢√®Ωh©’) information (Ææ´÷-î√-®√©’ Åçô’çö«ç); ness/ businesses ™‰ü¿’)
work (°æE/ °æ†’©’). í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. News, (a work/ works ¢√úøç éπü∆?) Seenu: Hi, long since we met. what are
°∂æLûªç ™‰ü¿’.
information, work- uncountables. ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. °j¢√-öÀéÀ ¢ËöÀéà Plural you and where are you? Swathi: Ææ•’s©’ ü¿çúøí∫
A/ An ¢√úø-éπçúÕ. ¢√öÀéÀ plurals ¢√úø-éπçúÕ. É™«Íí ®√™‰ü¿’. A/ An ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ English (£æ…ß˝’ Q†’, îª÷Æœ î√™«-鬩´’®·çC. b) Pramod: Hi Prasanth, ¢√®Ωh-™‰-´ ’-®·Ø√
ÉçéÌEo uncountables... advice, bread, busi- usage™ Å´Fo èπÿú≈ uncountables. ÖØ√oߪ÷?
àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤ (ÖüÓuí∫ç)? áéπ\úø
ness, furniture, luggage, paper, soap. Uncountables ™ ÉçéÓöÀ-– hair (Vô’d). Prasanth: ؈’ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-¶-ûª’-
ÖØ√o´¤?)
hairs ÅØË °æü¿ç (¢Áçvô’-éπ©’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)
News, information, workûÓ§ƒô’ É´Fo èπÿú≈ Srikanth: I am doing business Ø√o†’.
English ™ ™‰ü¿’
uncountables- Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ A/ An ®√ü¿’. (¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËÆæ’hØ√o) Pramod: àç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç? (Line ¢√úøçúÕ)
OöÀéÀ plurals™‰´¤. ´’J conversations™ OöÀE Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´’ç* Vô’d ÖçC.
Seenu: What Business? Prasanth: Éçé¬ à ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω¢Á÷ E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-
She has fine dark / luxuriant hair.
uncountablesí¬ ¢√úøúøç Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. (àç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç?)
Ç¢Á’ Vô’d †©xí¬ §Òúø’í¬_ †’†’-°æ¤í¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰ü¿’.
a) FéÓ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh = good news for you/ Srikanth: I have two or three lines
She has black smooth hair. C) Vikram: Breakfast àç BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?
I have good news for you (È®çúø’
(A Hair/ Hairs ņç) ´‚úø’ ¢√u§ƒ-®√©’ Åçõ‰ Vikranth: v¶„ú˛, í∫’úø’x
(A good news/ I have a Business
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ éÌEo Uncountables îª÷¨»ç-éπü∆. †’ Ææçêuí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, Vikram: v¶„ú˛ áçûª BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?
good news for you é¬ü¿’) lines of business Åçö«ç. ÅçûË-é¬F
¢√öÀ™ éÌEoç-öÀéÀ éÌçûª Specific í¬ (ÉEo ÅE) Vikranth: È®çúø’ slices, ñ«ç.
b) Ç letter™ î√© ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÖçC. îÁÊ°p Å´-é¬-¨»-©’-Ø√o®·. Businesses ņç)
= The letters has important information.
(... has an important information é¬-ü¿’)
Advice, advise .. àC éπÈ®é˙d? v°æ¨¡o: Princess ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ
c) Ø√èπ◊ ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE ÖçC = Apostrophe 's' E îË®√a-©çõ‰ à
Advice, advise ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d ÅØË v°æ¨¡o î√™«-´’çC Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Nüµ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ÷L? Princess's ring
I have urgent work.
Advice Åçõ‰ Ææ©£æ…. He gives advice - Çߪ’† ´’ç* Ææ©£æ… É≤ƒh®Ω’. ÅE ®√ߪ’-´î√a? ví¬´’®˝ ®Ω÷™¸qE
(I have an urgent work é¬ü¿’). Her advice is always good - Ç¢Á’ Ææ©£æ… á°æ¤púø÷ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
éÀçC¢√öÀE English™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Advise= Åçõ‰ Ææ©£æ… É´yúøç – ÉC verb – áç.Å-E-®Ω’üµ˛, Ũ»y-°æ¤®Ωç, ê´’tç >™«x.
1) Purnima : Ø√èπ◊ Ææ©£æ… é¬¢√L.
Preethi : üËE í∫’Jç*?
Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ؈’ Fèπ◊ Ææ©£æ… ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’= I advise you to take rest.
ú≈éπd®Ω’x Ç¢Á’†’ Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lqç-Cí¬ Ææ©£æ… ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ = ï¢√•’:
Purnima: ØËØÓ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ ÷-©-† ’-èπ◊ç- Doctors advise her to take rest. PrincesséÀ Apostrophe s =
DEéÀ English îÁ°æpçúÕ: ؈’ á´-Jéà Ææ©£æ… É´y†’ Princess's. Princess's ring éπÈ®Íéd. Éçûª-
ô’Ø√o. èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lesson™ ûÁL§ƒç. 'ßÁ·éπ\— ÅØË
Ans: a) I don't give advice to anybody b) I don't advise anybody
Preethi: àç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç?
°j È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-E -§Ú©açúÕ -¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ -¢√éπuç a) ™ advice= Ææ©£æ… Å®ΩnçûÓ Apostrophe s v§ƒùç Ö†o ¢√öÀéÀ,
2) Krishna: Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ÷-©E -Öç-C.
È®ç-úÓ -¢√éπuç b) ™ advise = Ææ©£æ… É´yúøç. ¶µ«¢√-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. v§ƒùç-™‰E ÅîË-
Ææ•’s 鬢√L. Advise: present tense - advise; past tense and past participle = advised. ûª-†-¢Á’i† ¢√öÀéÀ ¢√úøç. ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ of
Kesav: †’´¤y -•-ߪ’-ôèπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o¢√? He, She it subjects ûÓ advises. °úøû√ç. Eg: The Pages of the book.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 23 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005
Vinod: When did you get the letter? What's Vittal: Why are you in such a hurry?
the news? (àçôçûª £æ«ú≈-´¤úÕ?)
(™„ô®˝ á°æ¤-úÌ-*açC? àçöÀ Ææçí∫-ûª’©’?) Vikram: I have two or three urgent jobs to
Vijai: Important news. My uncle is moving do before 3 in the afternoon.
into his new home by the month end. (؈’ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´‚úø’™í¬ È®çúø’
He has given me an important job to ´‚úø’ °æ†’©’ îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC.)
do. Vittal: I have a job to do too. Mom wants
(´·êu-¢Á’i† ¢√Í®h. ´÷ ¶«¶«®· Ñ ØÁ™«- me to take her shopping.
ê-JéÀ éÌûªh ÉçöÀéÀ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Ø√éÓ (Ø√èπ◊ äéπ °æE ÖçC. ´÷ Å´’t
´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE Å°æp-ñ„-§ƒpúø’.) ≥ƒ°œçí˚éÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x´’çöçC.)
Vinod: What is it? (àçôC?) Soap èπÿú≈ uncountable. Å®·ûË ü∆Eo-
Vijai: I have to buy furniture here and send èπÿú≈ Ææçêu™ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷®√_-©’-Ø√o®·.
it to him. Kiran: How much soap do you use a Practice the following aloud in English:
(Ééπ\úø °∂æJo-˝ éÌE Çߪ’-†èπ◊ °æç°œç-î√L.) month? ؈’ -Fèπ◊ ´çü¿-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-L-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’,
1) Madan: Ø√èπ◊ Ææ•’s 鬢√-©´÷t?
Vinod: How much? (ØÁ©èπ◊ O’®Ω’ áçûª Ææ•’s ¢√úø-û√®Ω’?) ÅC î√™«?
I am giving you a hundred rupees. Will (Mom ¢√úøçúÕ)
(áçûª? - furniture uncountable) Kashyap: Depends. In summer at least 5 to
that do? Mother: È®çvúÓ-V© éÀçüË éÌûªh Ææ•’s BÆæ’èπ◊-
Vijai: It's a tall order. At least 8 to 9 items. 6 cakes of soap. In winter, two
(î√™« áèπ◊\¢Ë. éπFÆæç áE-N’C, ûÌN’tC or three. ÅC î√©ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë 鬢√L. Ø√o´¤. ÅC ¢√úË-¨»¢√?
´Ææ’h-´¤©’) (¢ËÆæ-N™ Å®·-ü∆®Ω’ Ææ•’s G∞¡x©’, That will not (won't) do. I need more Madan: Åü¿-®·-§Ú-®·çC. É°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ•’s
(tall order= áèπ◊\´. á´-È®jØ√ ´’†èπ◊ °æ¤®Ω-´÷-®·ç- Qû√-鬩ç È®çúø’´‚úø’.) than that. 鬢√L.
*† °æE áèπ◊\¢Ë ņ-ú≈-EéÀ a tall order Åçö«ç. O’
conversation ™ DEo practice îËߪ’çúÕ.)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù†’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. furniture
uncountable ÅE Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç
í∫ü∆? Å®·ûË furniture †’ specificí¬ Ææçêu™
îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ an item/ items of; a piece/ pieces
of furniture ņ-´îª’a. An item/ items of fur-
niture ÅØËC shops ™, official language ™
a piece of/ pieces.. Hemanth: You waste a
¢√úøû√ç. ´÷´‚©’ ´’† ¢√úø’é𠶵«≠æ™ con- Mother:
lot of paper.
versational í¬ Å®·ûË a piece of/ pieces of
Ææ•’s ´’K áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 37
furniture Åçö«ç. (†’´¤y Ê°°æ®˝ ¶«í¬ Ωtç §ÒúÕí¬ Å´¤-ûª’çC ñ«ví∫ûªh!
Madan: ؈’ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ Ææ•’s ¢√úø-û√†’.
Customer: I want some furniture. ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒh´¤.) Mother: ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC. Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV™x äéπ
Shop keeper: What are the items, Sir, and Hari: Let me have just
how many? Åçõ‰ ´’†ç shop ™ éÌØËC. one sheet. I am in
Ææ•’s Å´-íÌ-õ‰d-¨»´¤.
2) Prasanth: †’´¤y ´÷´‚-©’í¬ áEoç-öÀéÀ °æúø’-
Customer: Just a few items a cake/ cakes of soap a hurry
business language item
èπ◊ç-ö«´¤?(when ... go to bed
Ééπ\úø 鬕öÀd let me
Éçöx Ø√èπ◊ ≤Ú°ˇ 鬢√L ņ-ú≈-EéÀ– (Ç ≠‘ö¸ É´¤y. ؈’ M. SURESAN ¢√úøçúÕ).
(= ´Ææ’h´¤) ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. have soap/ a piece of soap/ some soap ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o.) Pramod: ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ®√vA 10éÀ. é¬F
Ramana: Look at that sofa there and the Åçö«ç. (pronunciation- cake = Èéß˝’é˙) ®√ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ, printing èπ◊ Ñ ®ÓV Ç©Ææuç
dining table. Ééπ news, information N≠æߪ’ç. ¢√úË paper á°æ¤púø÷ uncountable. Åçõ‰ Ñ Å´¤ûª’çü¿†’èπ◊çô’Ø√o. Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’
(Ç ≤Ú§∂ƒ, úÁjEçí˚ õ‰•’™¸ îª÷úø’) a piece of good/ bad news; Å®Ωnç™ papers ÅE-í¬F, a paper ÅE-í¬F ņç. ´‚úø’ ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æ†’-©’-Ø√o®·.
Raghav: Yes, what about them? a piece of information/ some pieces of Ææçë«u-¢√-îªéπçûÓ ÅØ√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰– a sheet of/ ÅN îËÆœ† ûª®√yûË °æúø’-èπ◊çö«.
(îª÷¨»†’, àN’öÀ?) information ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC. sheets of paper; Prasanth: Å®·ûË ØË¢Á-∞¡xØ√? Ø√èπÿ Éçöx
Ramana: Those two pieces of furniture a) He has leaked out an important piece of a slip of/ slips of paper; ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE ÖçC? ؈’ éÌçûª
have been with us for the past information. a piece of paper/ pieces of paper Åçö«ç. Ê°°æ®˝ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. áÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’çö¸
twenty years. É´Fo Spoken English ™ ñ«ví∫-ûªh-°æ-ú≈-Lq† äéπöÀ ®√ߪ÷L. äéπ Ø√©’í∫’ é¬T-
(´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç •ßª’-ô-°-ö«dúø’.) *†o-*†o Å稻©’.
(Ç È®çúø÷ ´÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω 20 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ ÖØ√o®·.) b) A piece of news is missing in this letter. û√©’ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù business/ official é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø’ É°æp-öÀÍé Ø√©’í∫’ é¬T-û√©’ ´%ü∑∆ î˨»úø’. Pramod: ÅN î√™«?
informal 鬕öÀd Åçü¿’™ a piece of /
(Ñ ™„ô-®˝™ äéπ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.) He has already wasted four sheets of
Hari: I want paper. Have you any? Answers:
pieces of furniture Åçö«ç. paper.
1) Madan: I want soap/ some soap, mom.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Vijai à´’Ø√oúø’? (Ø√èπ◊ Ê°°æ®˝ 鬢√L. F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çü∆?) ¢√úø’ ûª† ÅvúøÆˇ äéπ é¬Tûªç ´·éπ\ O’ü¿
Mother: You took a new cake of soap
He has given me an important job to do Hemanth: I have only two sheets. ®√Æœ-î√aúø’.
He has written his address on a slip of just two days ago. Have you
ÅE éπü∆. 'work' uncountable. Åçü¿’-éπE ûÁ©’- (Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω È®çúø’ ≠‘ô’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®·.)
paper and given it to me. done with it?
í∫’™ ™«í¬ °æE/ °æ†’©’ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ job/ jobs Hari: One sheet will do for me.
ØË© î√™« ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ ÖçC. äéπ\ é¬Tûªç ´·éπ\ (have done with = äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤†’ ¢√úËߪ’úøç
¢√úø-´îª’a. (Job Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ÖüÓuí∫ç. (Ø√èπ◊ äéπ ≠‘ö¸ î√©’.) èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’. – ÉC conversational. 'Have you used it
job Åçõ‰ °æE = work ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. will do = î√©’. ÉC èπÿú≈ conversational.
The floor is clean, not a piece of paper up?' bookish.
ņ-´îª’a. é¬F ÅC éÌçîÁç ¢√u´-
'work' uncountable; 'job' countable.) O’ spoken English ™ 'î√©’— ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøçúÕ. anywhere. 'Have you used it up?'
£æ…-J-éπçí¬ ÅØË ü∆EéÀ
spoken form- Have you done with it?/ Are
v°æ¨¡o: 1) Suneetha is like her sister ņúøç ûª°æ¤p éπü∆? ÅE O’Í® (Past Participle) use
î˨»®Ω’. Å™« îËߪ’- you done with it.
Suneetha looks like her sister Madan: Yes, mom. I am done with it. I
ï¢√•’: She has gone out just a minute ago. Ééπ\úø just
ÅØ√L éπü∆! ´î√a? -– áç. Xé¬çû˝, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
2) Ramu and his brother alike in appearance Ñ want soap now.
Ramu and his brother are
¢√éπuç èπÿú≈ ûªÊ°p éπü∆! a minute ago Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púË ÅØË Å®Ωnç BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-™‰-í¬F, Mother: You are using too much of soap,
alike in appearance ÅE ®√ߪ÷L éπü∆? õ„jç îÁ°œp-†ô’x é¬ü¿’. just ¢√úøúøç ´©x Ç Å®Ωnç boy. It dries up your skin, be
´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË American usage ™ É°æ¤p-úÕ-°æ¤púË careful.
ï¢√•’: 1) Suneetha is like her sister,
– áØ˛. ¶µ«Ææ\-®Ω-®√´¤, Çîªçô
complete Å®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Past Doing Word Madan: I use very little soap.
Suneetha looks like her sister - (past simple) ¢√úøû√®Ω’. Mother: I know. That's why you have
¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Å®√n-©ûÓ Ñ È®çúø÷correct. He has gone out just a minute ago. used up a whole cake in just four
Suneetha is like her sister. Ééπ\úøjust has gone out-
èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç 鬕öÀd days.
Ææ’Fûª Ç¢Á’ ÆœÆd®æ ˝™«Íí ÖçC– Åçõ‰ §ÚL-éπ™, better, British usage v°æ鬮Ωç. 2) Prasanth: When do you go to bed usual-
time
äéπöÀ´÷vûªç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. past
îÁ°œp† ly?
í∫’ù«™x, †úø-´-úÕ™ ÅE.
action Past Doing Word correct. (go to bed = sleep =
v°æ¨¡o: ÉçTx≠ˇ™
Suneetha looks like her sister.
èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úø-úø¢Ë’ Evü¿èπ◊ Ö°ævéπ-N’-çîªúøç,
'could' 'mould'
E 'èπ◊ú˛— ÅE, E '´’¯™¸f— ÅE EvCç-îªúøç – È®çúø÷ äéπöÀ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆!)
D†®Ωnç äéπ\ §ÚL-éπ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ (îª÷úø-ú≈-EéÀ). áçü¿’èπ◊ °æ©’-èπ◊-û√®Ω’? ÉC ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ™°æ´÷? Pramod: Usually at 10. I shall be late
2) Ramu and his brother are alike in their
today. I have two or three jobs
ï¢√•’: English pronunciation system ™ Ö†o üÓ≠æç ´©x
appearance are
ÅØËC éπÈ®é˙d. verb
™‰éπ-§ÚûË – öÀ. ÆæB-≠ˇ-È®úÕf, Né¬-®√-¶«ü˛
to do. I will go to bed only after

v°æ¨¡o:
™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’. É™«çöÀ ÆæçüË-£æ…©’ ´≤ƒh®·. English ™ äéπ ´÷ô finishing them.
He went out an hour ago.
pronunciation ü∆E origin †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ Prasanth: Shall I go then? I have impor-
went
Ééπ\úø Æ洒ߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰¨»®Ω’ 鬕öÀd O’®Ω’ E ü∆E ´‚™«-Eo-•öÀd. ÅC Åîªaç English ´÷ö«, tant work at home too. Shall I
use Went (Past doing
îËߪ÷©E í∫ûªç™ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢ËÍ® ¶µ«≠憒ç* ´*a† ´÷ö« ÅØË ü∆Eo •öÀd take some paper? I have an
word) 鬕öÀd. ´’J– Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd Dictionery E ¢√úÕ pronunciation assignment to do. I am taking
She has gone out just a minute ago. ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç äéπõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç. áçü¿’-éÀ™«? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ four sheets.
has gone
Ñ ¢√éπuç™†÷ Æ洒ߪ’ç ûÁLߪ’ñ‰-¨»®Ω’. é¬F Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’. Pramod: Will that (they) do?
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 25 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

Jagadeesh: I came for you yesterday. You Åçõ‰ verbsèπ◊ verb form: was + ing / Were
were out. + ing.
(E†o ؈’ FéÓÆæç ´î√a†’. Singular subjects (I, he, she, it, they)©èπ◊
†’Nyçöx ™‰´¤) was + ing ¢√úøû√ç. Plural subjects (we, you,
You were out = †’´¤y Éçöx ™‰´¤. they) Å®·ûË were + ing Å´¤-ûª’çC.
Were you in? = †’Nyçöx -ÖØ√o¢√? (English ™ you = †’´¤y / O’®Ω’; à Å®Ωnç™
îª÷úøçúÕ. Ñ in, out, be forms ™«çöÀ *†o- Å®·Ø√ ÅC plural verb ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç)
´÷ô©ûÓØË áçûÓ conversation †úø-°æ-´îª’a. *†o- Was + ing / were + ing form™ verb, past
*†o Ææ®Ω-∞¡-¢Á’i† ´÷ô-©ûÓ spoken english ´÷ö«x-úÕ- continuous tense ™ Öçô’çC.
ûËØË ÅC Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC. *†o ´÷ô-©-èπ◊çúË éÀçC sentences îª÷úøçúÕ.
ÅEo ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç conversation èπ◊ a) Åûª†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ °æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿’-´¤- While the teacher was teaching the
Pradeep: Ç¢Á’ TV îª÷≤ÚhçC.
î√™« ´·êuç. ûª’Ø√o = I was reading a book when he pupils were talking
Jayanth: I was at Sekhar's. I was playing Pratap: Åûª†’ ´Ææ’hØ√oúøE O’Èé-´-Jéà ûÁL-
came in. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ teacher teach îËߪ’úøç, °œ©x©’
chess with him. b) ¢Ë’´·
ߪ’ü∆?
•ßª’-ôèπ◊ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ áçúø-í¬ØË ÖçC = ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Öçúøúøç– È®çúø’ Continuous past Pradeep: Åûª†’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-úøE ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F
(؈’ ¨Ïê®˝ ¢√Rxçöx ÖØ√o†’. ¨Ïê-®˝ûÓ The sun was shining when we went out. actions éπü∆! Åçü¿’-éπE was + ing / were + ing.
îÁÆˇ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’) ÅûªEûÓ§ƒô’ úø•’s BÆæ’-éÌ-Ææ’h-†oô’x
´÷èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

You were out

ANSWERS:

a) I saw her when she was going out.

b) He was studying while she was cooking.
c) Venkat: What were you doing when all
this happen?
Vinai: I was reading the newspaper.
Sekhar's
Åçõ‰ î√©’; Sekhar's home,
Éô’-´ç-öÀ-îÓôx á°æ¤púø÷ Venkat: Didn't you (Did you not)
'while' ¢√úøû√ç. observe the watch on the
Sekhar's place ÅØ√Lq† °æE-™‰ü¿’
Jagadeesh: On my way home I saw your -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 38 while
She was singing
her students
table?
father and his friend. They Vinai: I've (I have) told you/ I told you,
were dancing I was reading the newspaper.
were taking a walk. c) Warden ™°æL-éÌ*a†°æ¤púø’ °œ©x©’ (pupils) (Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø’-ûª’-†o- Venkat: He stole the watch while you
(؈’ ÉçöÀ-Èé∞Ïx ü∆J™ O’ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’, Çߪ’† îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ = The pupils were study- M. SURESAN
°æ¤púø’ Ç¢Á’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ were reading the newspaper.
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úŒo îª÷¨»†’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’) ing when the Warden came in. dance îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’)
Jayanth: Why did you come for me? d) Pradeep: I was studying while they were
d) E†oçû√ ´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω’Ææ÷hØË ÖçC = It was rain- What were you doing when he knocked playing
(Ø√éÓÆæç áçü¿’-éÌ-î√a´¤?) ing the whole of yesterday. at the door?
Jagadeesh: I was just going this way. I Pratap: What was your mother doing?
e) °ü¿l ¨¡•lç NE-°œç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ¶µçîË-Ææ’hØ√o =
thought of seeing you. Nothing
(¢√úø’ ûª©’°æ¤ ûªöÀd-†-°æ¤púø’ †’¢Ëyç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Pradeep: She was watching the TV
I was having my meal when I heard that Ééπ\úø îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤ ņúøç continuous past
special. Pratap: Didn't (Did not) any of you
noise. action éπü∆ – 鬕öÀd 'were you doing?'
(Ñ ü∆JØË ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. E†’o îª÷ü∆l-´’-†’- know that he was coming?
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– °j ¢√é¬u™x í∫ûªç™ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ The boy jumped from the bus while it Pradeep: We knew that he was coming,
èπ◊Ø√o. à v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ é¬ü¿’) Ö†o °æ†’-©†’ (Continuous actions in the past- was moving
Jayanth: Weren't (were not) my brother but we didn't know he was
actions over a duration in the past) was + ing
and sister at home when you
(•Ææ’q ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’ ü¿÷Íé-¨»úø’) bringing money.
/ were + ing form™ îÁ§ƒhç. Now, Practice the following in English
called? Important: ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Ñ éÀçC verbs†’
(†’´¤y ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ brother, sister
°j ¢√öÀ™x– (Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ÅEo verb forms ¢√úøçúÕ) was + ing/ were + ing form™ ¢√úøúøç Å®Ω’ü¿’.
a) Åûª†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ °æ¤Ææhéπç îª-ü¿’´¤- a) Ç¢Á ’ •ßª ’ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª ’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ØËØ√-¢Á ’†’ Åçõ‰ Ñ éÀçC verbs ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√úøç. Was see-
Éçöx ™‰®√?) ûª÷ç-úøúøç continuing past action 鬕öÀd
call = °œ©-´úøç, call at = äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç.
îª÷¨»†’. ing/ were seeing; was noticing/ were notic-
was reading (was + ing)
؈’ E†o O’ ÉçöÀ-éÌî√a = I called at your place b) ¢√úø’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ´çô îË≤ÚhçC. ing; (´Ææ’h-´¤© ¢√Ææ† í∫’Jç*)was smelling/ were
b) ¢Ë’´· •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ áçúøí¬ Öçúøúøç
yesterday. c) Venkat: Éü¿çû√ ïJ-T-†-°æpúø’ †’¢Ëyç îËÆæ’h- smelling; was believing/ were believing; was
continuing action in the past, 鬕öÀd was
ÉC èπÿú≈ spoken english expression. shining (was + ing)
Ø√o´¤? knowing/ were knowing; was understanding/
practiceîËߪ’çúÕ. Vinai: ؈’ news paper îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’. were understanding; was wanting/ were
c) warden ™°æ-L-éÌ-*a-†-°æ¤púø’ °œ©x©’ (pupils)
He often calls at his uncle's =Åûª†’ Venkat: Table O’ü¿’†o watch E í∫´’-Eç-îª- wanting; was loving/ were loving; was hating/
ûª®Ωîª÷ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª÷ç-úøúøç - a continuous past action
¢√∞¡x uncle ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’ - 鬕öÀd were studying (were + ing)
™‰ü∆? were hating; was containing/ were contain-
Jagadeesh: They were, of course. They Vinai: îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆ ؈’ news paper îªü¿’- ing; was consisting/ were consisting; was
d) ´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω´úøç E†oçû√ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª÷ØË ÖçC –
were watching the T.V. a continuing past action 鬕öÀd – was rain- ´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’ possessing/ were possessing etc. Oô-EoçöÀ
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ing (was +ing) Venkat: †’´¤y news paper îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-†o- •ü¿’©’ ¢√öÀ-¢√öÀ past doing words¢√úøû√ç.
Verbs Forms e) ØË-†’ ¶µçîË-Ææ’hç-úø-úøç a continuing past action °æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’ watch üÌçT-Lç-î√úø’. eg: He loved her.
1. Was playing - was +...ing 鬕öÀd was having (was + ing) (üÌçT-Lç-îªúøç = steal) (He was loving her é¬ü¿’)
2. Were taking - were+... ing ÉC-èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. d) Pradeep: ؈ ’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô ’-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx She understood his point.
3. Was going - was+... ing Teacher §ƒ®∏Ωç îÁ°æ¤ h-†-°æ¤púø’ °œ©x©’ ´÷ö«x-úø’- Çúø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. (She was understanding his point
4. Were watching - were+...ing èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ Pratap: O’ Å´’t-í¬Í®ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? é¬ü¿’) N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.

v°æ¨¡o: 1) I am having lunch v°æ¨¡o: Present perfect tense, present perfect (ûËú≈ Ææ÷éπ~ tçí¬ Present perfect - É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊, Present
2) They are having juice continuous tense © ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? perfect continuous - á°æp-ô’oçîÓ Éçé¬). Å®·ûË OöÀ
3) She is having a bath They have been living here for 10 years, È®çöÀéÀ î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈-™‰-ü¿ØË îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Éçûª-èπ◊-
4) He is having a lesson They have lived here for 10 years. ûËú≈ N´- ´·çü¿’ lessons™ OöÀ í∫’Jç* îªJaç--èπ◊Ø√oç.
OöÀ™ àN éπÈ®é˙d, àN é¬ü¿’. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. b) They have been living here for 10 years -
– öÀ.N.-®Ω-´’-ù- π◊-´÷®˝, ï´’t-©-´’-úø’í∫’, – ®√∞¡x-•çúÕ Ææçí∫ç-Ø√-ߪ·úø’, ï®Ω-ñ«-°æ¤-Ê°ô, 10 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ Ééπ\úø Öçô’-Ø√o®Ω’ – É°æp-öÀéà Éçé¬

ï¢√•’: O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u-©™ am ï¢√•’: a) Present Perfect tense †’ éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿
éπúø°æ >™«x Nï-ߪ’-†-í∫®Ωç >™«x Ééπ\úË ÖØ√o®Ω’
They have lived here for 10 years -
having lunch, are having juice, is having v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æ†’-©èπ◊ 10 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o®Ω’. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ÖØ√o®Ω’.
a bath éπÈ®é˙d. 'He is having a lesson' ™ is ¢√úøû√ç. Present Perfect Continuous É°æ¤p-úø’-Ø√o®√, ™‰ü∆ ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç Ñ
having a lesson éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’. 'He has a les- Tense †’ éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i Éçé¬ Sentence -îÁ°æpü¿’.
son' ņúøç better. ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 28 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

Bharat: You were reading a book yester- 11. ours ´÷C

day. Whose book was that? 12. their ¢√J, ¢√∞¡x
(E†o †’¢Óy °æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. 13. theirs ¢√JC, ¢√∞¡xC, ¢√JN, ¢√∞¡xN
ÅC á´J °æ¤Ææhéπç?) °j ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ äéπ-JéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√-öÀE
Bhargav: My book of course. I lent you a (Possessions) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. ´’† English
book last week. I want it back this ´·êuçí¬ spoken english simple í¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬
evening. If your assignment is
Öçúø-ú≈-EéÀ OöÀ ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç î√™« ´·êuç.
complete, let me have it. It is not
Prakash: Whose idea is this?
mine.
(ÉC á´J idea?)
(Ø√ °æ¤Ææh-éπ¢Ë’. ¢√®Ωç-éÀçü¿ FéÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç Prasad: My idea. Why? Is it not so good
Éî√a†’. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√éπC 鬢√L. as your idea?
ü∆EûÓ F °æE Å®·-§ÚûË ÉîÁaß˝’. ÅC (Ø√ idea. àç? F idea Åçûª ¶«í¬ ™‰ü∆?)
Ø√C é¬ü¿’) Prakash: It is certainly better than my idea. a) ÉC á´J °æ¤Ææhéπç? = whose book is this? Kasim: Åûªúø’ F bike BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xú≈?
(Lent - Lend èπ◊ Past doing word. Lend-
Only, I thought it was your dad's ÉüË ÉçéÓ-N-üµ¿çí¬, Krishna: ÅC Ø√C é¬ü¿’. ÅC ÅûªúÕ bike.
Å®Ω’-N-´yúøç) (his) idea. Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç á´-JC? = Whose is this book? Ø√D, ¢√úÕD äÍ陫 Öçö«®·.
Bharat: Not yours? Whose is it then? b) I) ÅC Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç= That is my book
(™‰ü¿’. Ø√ idea éπØ√o ÅüË ¶«í∫’çC. Å®·ûË Ø√C éÌçûª §ƒûªC.
(FC é¬ü∆? âûË ´’È®-´-JC?) Å®·ûË ØˆC O’ Ø√†o-í¬J idea ņ’- ii) Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Ø√C = That book is mine
Bhargav: I got it from Ramu. It is his book. c) i) ÉC F Ææ©£æ… = This is your advice
3) Avinash: áçü¿’èπ◊ É©’x ë«S îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? ÉC
This note book is his too.
èπ◊Ø√o)
Prakash: No. My mom thinks better than ii) Ñ Ææ©£æ… Fü∆? = Is this advice yours? O’C é¬ü∆?
(؈C ®√´· ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* BÆæ’-èπ◊- Alankar: ´÷C é¬ü¿’.
Ø√o†’. ÅC ÅûªE °æ¤Ææh-éπ¢Ë’. Ñ note

Whose is it?
book èπÿú≈ Åûª-EüË)
Bharat: I attended your sister's dance
programme the other day. It was
really good. Who is her dance
teacher?
(Ç®ÓV O’ sister Ø√ôu v°æü¿-®Ωz†
îª÷¨»†’. î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. Ç¢Á’ dance
d) i) ÉC Ç¢Á’ (ßÁ·éπ\) Avinash:
teacher á´®Ω’?) Å®·ûË á´-JC?
Bhargav: Our family friend Mrs. Nrityasri.
<®Ω? = Is this her Alankar: ´÷ Uncle C
The Choreography was com-
pletely hers. The Singer is also a
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 39 sari?
ii) Ñ <®Ω Ç¢Á’C é¬ü¿’ =
Avinash: áçûªé¬-©çí¬ ÉC ¢√∞¡xC?
Alankar: ¢√∞¡x Grand father's time †’ç*
friend of ours. This sari is not hers
my dad. It is her idea. e) i) Ç¢Á’ ´÷ teacher =
¢√∞¡xüË.
(ÇNúø ´÷ family friend. Ç †%ûªu 4) Prameela: E†o á´J necklace §Ú®·çC?
ü¿®Ωz-éπûªyç (Choreography)
(é¬ü¿’. ´÷ Ø√†oéπçõ‰ ´÷ Å´’t ¶«í¬ She is our teacher
(Pronunciation éÌJ-ßÁ÷-ví∫°∂‘) èπÿú≈
Ç™-*-Ææ’hçC. ÉC Ç¢Á’ idea) ii) Ñ ûª°æ¤p ´÷C ᙫ M. SURESAN
O’ ö«d©’ ´î√a-®Ω’-éπü∆?
ÇN-úøüË. §ƒúÕ-Ø√-Núø èπÿú≈ ´÷ friend) Prasad: Any way, it is for our good. Their Å´¤-ûª’çC? = How ¢√∞¡xü∆? (ö«d©’: relatives)
Bharat: Does Mrs. Nrityasri run a school? interest is our success. is this fault ours? Laxmi: ÅC ¢√∞¡x-C-é¬ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x †í∫-©Fo ¶µºvü¿çí¬
f) i) ÉC ÅûªúÕ watch = This is his watch
(Ç¢Á’ Ææ÷\©’ †úø’-°æ¤-ûÓçü∆?) (àüË-´’-®·Ø√, ÅC ´’† ´’ç* éÓÆæ¢Ë’. ÖØ√o®·.
run †úø-°æúøç/E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªúøç ¢√∞¡x-é¬\-´-©-ÆœçC ´’† Nï-ߪ’¢Ë’) ii) Ñ watch Åûª-úÕC é¬ü∆? = Isn't (Is not) ANSWERS:
Bhargav: Yes, She and her husband. Their Prakash: OK, then. When shall we begin?
this watch his?
1) Is this your car? / Is this car yours? where
school is famous. Some of great (Å®·ûË, á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç?) g) i) ÉC ¢√∞¡x ÇÆœh = This is their property
movie dancers were students of Prasad: Depends on money. Its availabili- are its keys?
ii) ÉC ¢√∞¡x ÇÆœh ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’çC? = How is
theirs. ty is everything. 2) Kasim: Who came yesterday? / Who
this property theirs?
(Åçû√ úø•’s O’üË Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ ÖçC. was it that came yesterday?
(Å´¤†’. Ç¢Á’, Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®Ωh †úø’-°æ¤ h) i) Ç É©’x.. Ç °æJ-Ææ-®√©’ Ø√éÀ≠dç
æ = I like the
-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ê°®Ω’†o school. ÆœE-´÷-™xE ü∆E availability (©¶µºuç)ßË’ Åçû√) Krishna: My friend / A friend of mine
house and its surroundings
íÌ°æp dancers ™ éÌçûª-´’çC ¢√∞¡x °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E possessives †’ éÀçC- (Ñ È®çúÓ expression conversation™
¢√-öÀ-™ îª÷°œ† possessives ûÓ §Ú©açúÕ. ii) Ñ îªv鬩’ ü∆EN =The wheels are its.
Nü∆u-®Ω’n™‰) Very important: ü∆E, ü∆EE ņ-ú≈Eo its áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’)
famous – °∂-ß˝’´’Æˇ =Ê°®Ω’†o, v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-í∫© 1. Whose? (á´J?) –
Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø S ´·çü¿’ apostrophe (') Kasim: Did he take your bike?
dancers - ú≈†qñ¸ Whose? (á´-JC? / á´-JN?)
2. my (Ø√) – ¢√úøç. Apostrophe ûÓ It's Åçõ‰ It is ÅE. Krishna: That was not mine. That was
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ underline îËÆœ† ´÷ô-©†’ his bike. Mine and his look the
mine (Ø√C / Ø√N) Apostrophe (') äéπ ´÷ô™ äéπ ¨¡•lç ™°œç-îª-
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
´÷ô Å®Ωnç 3. your (F / O’) – ú≈Eo îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC) same / look alike only, mine is
1. Whose (book)? á´J (°æ¤Ææhéπç)? / á´-JC? yours (FC, O’C / FN, O’N) Eg: 1) This car and its wheels= 鬮Ω÷, ü∆E slightly older than his.
2. My (book) Ø√ (°æ¤Ææhéπç) 4. his (ÅûªúÕ) – îªv鬩’. Ééπ\úø 'only'
¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– ÉC the
3. Mine Ø√C his (Åûª-úÕC / Åûª-úÕN) 2) It's my car = It is my car. (ÅC Ø√ only things ÅØË ü∆EéÀ short farm- DE
4. Your (book) O’ / F (°æ¤Ææhéπç) 5. her Ç¢Á’ (ßÁ·éπ\) – hers (Ç¢Á’C / Ç¢Á’N) 鬮Ω’) Å®Ωnç– 'äéπ\ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ / äéπ-õ‰-N’-
5. Yours O’C / FC 6. our (´÷ / ´’†) -– Now practice the following aloud in ôçõ‰—– simpleí¬ 'Å®·ûË— ÅE. slightly=
6. his (book) ÅûªúÕ (°æ¤Ææhéπç) ours (´’†C / ´’†N, English: (ÆæÈ®j† possessive †’ ¢√úøçúÕ)
éÌClí¬.
7. his Åûª-úÕC ´÷C / ´÷N) 1) Ñ é¬®Ω’ FüËØ√? ü∆E û√∞«-™‰N?
7. their (¢√∞¡x, ¢√öÀ) theirs (¢√∞¡xN, ¢√öÀC / 2) Kasim: E†o ´*aç-üÁ-´®Ω’? Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ conversational bits.
8. her Ç¢Á’ (ßÁ·éπ\ dance teacher) 3) Avinash: Why are you vacating the
9. hers Ç¢Á’C ¢√∞¡xN, ¢√öÀN) Krishna: Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ (my, mine È®çúø÷
10. our ´÷ (family friend) 8. its (ü∆E) – its (ü∆EC / ü∆EN) house? Is it not yours? / Don't
¢√úøçúÕ)
you own it?
v°æ¨¡o: -ØË-†’ -Ñ-´’-üµ¿u -spoken english -ØË®Ω’aèπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†’. 7. ††’o Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ §Ú™Ôaü¿’l (Vacate pronunciation: ´Èé-ß˝’ö¸ /
-Éç-ü¿’-™ tenses -´·-êu-´÷? spoken english -¶«í¬ 8.Sir, Madam ÅE E®Ω-éπ~-®√-Ææ’u-©†’ èπÿú≈ °œ©-¢Ìî√a? ¢Áß˝’-Èé-ß˝’ö¸ – Èé ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-é¬L– Å®Ωnç– ë«S-
®√-¢√-©ç-õ‰ -àç -îË-ߪ÷-L? 9. S.C., S.T. ©†’ ≥ƒ®˝d-§∂ƒ-¢˛’™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L? îË-ߪ’úøç (É©’x ™«çöÀN)
ï¢√•’: Tenses ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç î√™« ´·êuç. ¢√öÀ-ûÓ-¶«ô’ ï¢√•’: 1. Is your tap off? / Have you turned off your tap? Alankar: No, it's (it is) not ours.
– Èé.Æœ.-Ö-¢Ë’-¨¸-îªçvü¿, éπ®Ω÷o©’ – >. N¨»™¸, ¢Á’ö¸-°æLx
Avinash: Whose is it, then?
vocabulary (´÷ô©÷, ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’, ÅN ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ / Has your tap been turned off?
èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç Å´-Ææ®Ωç). ®ÓW English 2. I have admitted him in college Alankar: Our uncle's
Newspaper Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√, é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ îªü¿-´çúÕ. Å™« 3. The teachers are making the students sweep Avinash: How long has it been theirs?
v§ƒéÃdÆæ’ îËߪ’-úøç-´©x °∂æLûªç Öçô’çC. Ñ ´’üµ¿u les- the class rooms / The teachers are getting the Alankar: (It has been theirs) since their
sons™ simple present, N’í∫û√ tense†’ N¨¡-ü¿çí¬ students to sweep the rooms / The teachers grandfather's time.
have the students sweep the rooms.
v°æ¨¡o: éÀç-C ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ÅØ√™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
N´-Jçî√ç. îªü¿-´çúÕ. 4) Prameela: Whose necklace was lost /
4. I will take you to the movie
1. O’ †™«x •çü˛ Å®·çü∆? 5. I taught him cycling was missing yesterday?
2. Åûª-úÕE 鬙‰-@™ îËJpç-î√†’ 6. I put him to bed You had relatives yesterday,
3. Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ߪ·©’ °œ©x-©ûÓ í∫ü¿’©’ ÜúÕ-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ 7. Don't compare me with others / Don't compare was it theirs?
4. ؈’ E†’o ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-§Ú-û√†’ me to others- Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd Laxmi: No, not theirs; their ornaments /
5. Åûª-úÕéÀ ÂÆjéÀ™¸ ûÌéπ\úøç ØËJpç-î√†’ 8. á´-J-ØÁjØ√ Sir / Madam ÅE °œ©-¢Ìa.
jewels are all safe.
6. Åûª-úÕE °æúø’-éÓ-¶„-ö«d†’ 9. S.C.s and S.T.s
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 30 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005
Srilekha: Did you meet them yesterday?
Supriya: †’´¤y èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕéÀ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-
(E†o †’´¤y ¢√∞¡x†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?) ö«¢√? Åûª-úÕE †’´¤y É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√¢√?
Surekha: Whom do you mean?
Suchithra: O’èπÿ v•ü¿®˝ ÖØ√o-úø’-éπü∆! Åûª-úÕE É≠æd-
(†’´y-ØËC á´J í∫’Jç*?) °æ-úø-¢√?
Srilekha: Savithri and her husband
(Åûª-úøçõ‰ FéÀ-≠d´æ ÷ Åçö«ç éπü∆ ´÷´‚-©’í¬)
(≤ƒNvA, Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®Ωh í∫’Jç*) Supriya: Brother, sister äéπ-J-ØÌ-éπ®Ω’ É≠æd-°æ-
Surekha: I met her, but not him
úøúøç™ NçûËç ™‰ü¿’
(Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬E Åûª-úÕE Suchithra: âûË ´÷ v•ü¿-®˝èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤-O’ü¿ v¨¡ü¿l¥
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’) ™‰ü¿’. ÅüË ††’o worry îË≤ÚhçC.
Srilekha: Did you show her the letter? (to whom were you talking?)
(neglect ¢√úøçúÕ) 鬕öÀd 'a fever', her=Ç¢Á’†’)
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ letter îª÷°œç-î√¢√?) writing™, formal writ-
Supriya: ´÷ v•ü¿®˝ Ø√èπ◊ Åô’-´çöÀ trouble My father likes my brother very
Å®·ûË ÅC ÅD
Surekha: Yes, I Showed it to her. She will ing™ØË Å™« ®√≤ƒhç.
É´yúø’. ´÷ Å´’tèπÿ Ø√†oèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’- much. He gives him (¢√úÕéÀ)
show it to him today. Spoken form ™ ´÷vûªç, 'to' - sentence
ûª’ç-ö«úø’. ¢√∞¡x-†’ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ whatever he wants. only, he asks
(ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊ îª÷°œç-î√†’. Ç¢Á’ É¢√∞¡ -îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. ´÷èπ◊ àC 鬢√-©Ø√o him to study well (him=¢√úÕE)
*´®Ω ´Ææ’hçC. sentence †’ 'whom'ûÓ •ü¿’©’,
Åûª-úÕéÀ îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC) who ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. 'who' ûÓ (whom ¢√ú≈-Lq†
BÆæ’-éÌ-≤ƒhúø’. ñé˙qûÓ ´’´’tLo ¶«í¬ Supriya: By the by, our teacher gave us an
Srilekha: Did she enquire about me? îÓô™«x) questions v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-úø¢Ë’ spoken
assignment yesterday.
English ™ éπÈ®é˙d.

Å
- ®√n©
- ’û
- L
-Á Æ
Ê .h ..
á´Jo îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?
Who (whom é¬ü¿’) do you want to see?
á´-JéÀ Öûªh-®√©’ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?
Who are you writing (letters) to ?
c) á´-JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
Who are you talking about? (whom é¬ü¿’)
d) á´-JûÓ ¢√úø’ §Úö«x-úÕçC?
(Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆– conver- Who did he quarrel with?
(Ç¢Á’ Ø√ í∫’Jç* ÅúÕTçü∆?) sation ™ topic ´÷Í®a-ô- e) á´-JE îª÷¨»´¤ E†o?
Surekha: She wishes to see you. She
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
°æ¤púø’ 'by the by'- ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Who (Whom é¬ü¿’) did you see yesterday.
asked me to give you her best 40 'ÅC-ÆæÍ®— Åçô’çö«ç. us = f) Ç¢Á’ á´Jo °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊çüÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’
wishes. She wants us to visit her
´’†èπ◊). When did he ask I do not know who she married
soon. She likes to give us a din-
†Ny-≤ƒhúø’. us (´’†Lo) to complete (É™«çöÀ sentences ™ èπÿú≈ whom ¢√úøúøç
ner.
Suchithra: ´÷ brother èπÿú≈ ´÷èπ◊ ¶«í¬ it.? ™‰ü¿’. Who ¢√úøúøç î√™« common, spoken
(Ç¢Á’ E†’o îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC. E†o-úÕ- ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-û√úø’. E†o ´÷ Å´’tèπ◊ Suchithra: The coming English™)
T-†ô’x îÁ°æp-´’çC. ´’†Lo ¢√Rxç-öÀ-éÓ-≤ƒJ ïy®Ωçí¬ Öçõ‰ Ç¢Á’†’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ Saturday, I M. SURESAN
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù îª÷úøçúÕ
®Ω´’tçC. ´’†èπ◊ dinner É¢√y-©-†’-èπ◊ç- BÆæ’-Èé-∞«}úø’. ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ´÷ v•ü¿®˝ think. But Hari: (over phone) Hello, who is it please?
öçC.) Åçõ‰ î√™« É≠ædç. ¢√úÕ-ÍéC 鬢√-©Ø√o isn't it (= is it not) a holiday for (á´®Ω÷?)
Srilekha: That's fine. Let's go to them Hemanth: It's (it is) me, Hemanth
us? (us =
É≤ƒh®Ω’.-¶«í¬ îªü¿-¢√-©E ´÷vûªç ´’†èπ◊) (ØËØË,
tomorrow in my car. I will show Ê£«´’ç-û˝†’)
Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Supriya: Who told you so?/ Who told you
them my new car. Hari: That's nice, hearing your voice... after
Supriya: ÅC-ÆæÍ®, E†o öÃ˝ ´’†éÓ assign- that? Whom did you ask?
(¶«í∫’çC. ´’†ç Í®°æ¤ Ø√ 鬮Ω’™ ¢√∞¡x a long time.
ment Éî√a®Ω’ éπü∆. á°æ¤úø’ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-´’-
ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. Ø√ éÌûªh 鬮Ω’†’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ [[[[[ (î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç, î√™« 鬩ç ûª®√yûª F
Ø√o®Ω’ ´’†Lo?
îª÷°œ-≤ƒh†’.) Suchithra: ´îËa ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Å®·ûË a) †’´¤y E†o á´-JE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤? = Whom íÌçûª’ N†úøç)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ them, whom, her, him, did you meet yesterday? ÅØË ÅØ√L. áçü¿’- Hemanth: Was that your brother who
´’†-é¬-®ÓV ÂÆ©´¤ éπü∆? appeared in the TV serial yester-
you, us, me ´÷ô©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. éπçõ‰ á´Jo = whom. Å®·ûË ®√†’-®√†’ spo-
Supriya: á´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ Å™« ÅE? á´-®Ωo-úÕ-í¬´¤
´’† English conversation natural í¬, ken English ™ whom •ü¿’©’ who ¢√úË-Ææ’h- day?
†’´¤y? (E†o TV serial ™ éπE-°œç-*çC O’
simple í¬ ≤ƒí¬-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ OöÀ Å®Ωnç, OöÀE áEo Ø√o®Ω’. ÅC ¢√úøôç éπÈ®é˙d spoken English.
Answers:
brother éπü∆?)
Who did you meet yesterday?
®Ωé¬-©’í¬ à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úËC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç áçûÓ Suchithra: My brother helps me a lot (Ø√èπ◊) Hari: Yes, it's (= it is) him (Å´¤†’, ¢√úË) and
´·êuç. *†o-*†o ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Ö†o ¢√úø’-éπ-™E Å®√n- He likes me very much ÉC §ƒçúÕûªuç– formal written English the little girl he was walking with... do
©Fo áçûªí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Åçûª simple í¬ con- Supriya: Do you help him too? Do you like (®√ûª™ Åçûª ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’). you know who she is? (¢√úÕûÓ †úø’-Ææ’h†o
versation áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·Ø√ †úø-°æ-´îª’a. Ñ lesson
him too? Who did you meet yesterday? *†o-§ƒ°æ á´®Ó Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
™ ´’†ç ¢√úË ´÷ô© í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. (Åûª-úÕéÀ; Åûª-úÕE: Do you also help him? ÉC spoken form, conversational. Hemanth: Wasn't it (was it not) your
I = ؈’
éπØ√o Do you help him too- áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’ b) †’´¤y E†o á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛? youngest sister?
me = ††’o; Ø√èπ◊
Spoken English™) (Spoken) Who (Whom é¬ü¿’) Hari: Yes, it's her.
we = ¢Ë’´·
Suchithra: You have a brother too. Were you talking to yesterday? °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: It's me, it's him,
us = ´’´·t-©†’, ´÷èπ◊/ ´’†-©†’, ´’†èπ◊
(Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îÁ°œp-†ô’x also éπØ√o too better.) (®Ωîª-†™, î√™« formal
í¬ Å®·ûË, To whom It's her. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, It is I, It is he, It is
you = †’´¤y / O’®Ω’
Don't you (=Do you not) like him? (ÅûªúÕo) were you talking yesterday? ÅE ®√ߪ’çúÕ.) she ÅØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊çö«ç. é¬F spoken
you = E†’o, N’´·t-©-†’ / Fèπ◊, O’èπ◊ English™ It's me, It's her, It's him ņ-úø¢Ë’
Supriya: Nothing surprising a brother and a Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: Preposition
he = Åûªúø’
sister liking each other. 'to'- sentence èπ◊ ´·çü¿®Ω ®√´úøç. ´’†ç sen- éπÈ®é˙d.
him = Åûª-úÕE, Åûª-úÕéÀ
Suchithra: But my brother neglects stud- tence †’ 'to' ûÓ begin îËÊÆh whom ¢√ú≈L.
she = Ç¢Á’
ies. That worries me.
-v°æ-¨¡o:
(††’o)
her = Ç¢Á’†’, Ç¢Á’èπ◊ (Ç¢Á’ ßÁ·éπ\) 1. Shop closed -Ñ ¢√éπuç Negative.
Supriya: My brother doesn't (does not) give
it = ÅC 2. Shop n't closed
me that kind of trouble/ such trou- ÆæJ-Å-®·-†ü∆?
it = ü∆EE, ü∆EéÀ 3. Not shop closed Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç?
ble. (such=that kind=Å™«çöÀ)
they = ¢√∞¡Ÿx, ÅN 4. School going children. DEE Negativeí¬ à Nüµ∆-†ç™ îËߪ÷L?
He helps my parents too a lot. He
them = ¢√∞¡x†’, ¢√öÀE/ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊, ¢√öÀéÀ 5. World's largest selling Newspaper. DEE Negative -ᙫ îËߪ÷-™
takes good care of them.
who = á´®Ω’
(Them=¢√∞¡x†’) ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
whom = á´-JE/ á´-JéÀ.
He gets us what we want
-ï-¢√-•’: 1, 2, 3
(´÷èπ◊). – °œ. ¶«©’, £j«-ü¿®√¶«ü˛
Ñ Å®√n-©†’ ´’†-Ææ’™ °ô’d-èπ◊E ¢Á·ü¿ô É*a† He makes us laugh with his jokes Shop closed - DEéÀ shop not closed. Shopn't closed - n't
Surekha, Srilekha dialogue Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ form Éô’-´çöÀ îÓôx ¢√úøç. an, is, are... ¢√öÀéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úø’û√ç. Not
(´’´’tLo)
îªü¿-´çúÕ. Suchithra: My brother helps us too. My shop closed ÆæÈ®j† English é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø shop not closed ÅØË •ü¿’©’
Practice the following aloud in English. 'shop open' Åçõ‰ better éπü∆. 4. Non school going children ÅØËC
mother had a fever yesterday
Suchithra: ´÷ brother Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ≤ƒßª’ç school going childrenèπ◊ negative. 5. The world's largest selling
and he took her to doctor.
îË≤ƒhúø’. ††’o î√™« É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√úø’. (English™ fever, countable, News paper èπ◊ negative - not the world's largest selling newspaper
(like ¢√úøçúÕ) ņ-´îª’a.
I Ðû¦è[ª- þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 1 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Radha: Hi Roja, how are you? long since we past participle (pp) î¦è[ê¦Ù.
met. a) ÍêŸè…E û¶ìª ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª.
( óÀª ôÁâ° Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ? ÷ªìÙ ÚÛLú‡ I have met (have + pp) him.
à¦ö° ôÁV-öµjÙC.) ÏÚÛ\è[ ÞœêŸÙö˺, Ô çµjÙö˺ (Ô ôÁV, ûµõ, î¦ô¢Ù,
Roja: Fine thank you. How are you?
etc.) ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìoD êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù ÷õx
(û¶ìª ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª. ìªîµyö° Ñû¦o÷±?) have met- have + pp î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ.
Radha: Fine to. Thanks. How about going to
b) I met him yesterday.
the movie Black?
ÏÚÛ\è[ yesterday ÍE çµjÙ êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù
(ò°Þœªû¦o! ò°xÚ ú‡E÷«Ú¨ îµüŒ-ë¯÷«?) ÷õx Past Doing Word î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ)
Roja: I've (I have) seen it. Think of some
c) He has gone out.
other movie.
time êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d has gone
(û¶ìC àŸ«ø‹ìª. ÏÙÚÁ ú‡E÷« Ôëµjû¦ àµí£±p) - has + pp (for the past / for the last ten years = ÞœêŸ III) have + pp/ has + pp, just, just now Ïí£±p-è…-
Radha: I haven't (I have not) seen it so far.
d) He went out an hour ago. í£ë¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÍÙç¶ í£ë¶üŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª) í£±pè¶ í£²ô¢h-ô³ì í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
so far=
(Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª û¶ìC àŸ«è[-ö¶ë]ª. (
ÞœÙå vÚ¨êŸÙ ÍE çµjÙ êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù ÷õx 2) ÎóŸªì û¦õª-¸Þ-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÙTxùà ò˺CÅÙà¦ô¢ª. a) Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè¶ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-iÙC.
Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª) went- Past Doing Word) (Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª) The class has just begun.
Roja: That's surprising. It has run for three
e) She has bought a car. He has taught English for the past/ for the b) î¦Rx-í£±pè¶ ÷à¦aô¢ª.
weeks now, and you haven't seen it!
(Î Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•ìoC.) last four years
. They have just arrived.
(ÎøŒaô¢uÙÞ¥ ÑÙë¶! ÍC ÷´è[ª î¦ô¦-õªÞ¥ f) She bought it last week.
Îè[ª-êÁÙC. ìª÷±y àŸ«è[-ö¶ë¯?) 3) Î Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª 100 #vê¦ö˺x ìæ¨Ù-#ÙC.
She has acted in 100 movies so far.
Radha: How about some coffee before going
(Î ë¯EE Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ î¦ô¢Ù Ú•ìoC)
to a movie? Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛ믖 4) ÍêŸìª ÏÙÚ¥ ô¦ö¶ë]ª.
(ú‡E-÷«·Úü™x ÷³Ùë]ª Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœª-ë¯÷«?) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ çµjÙ êµLóŸªâ¶óŸªE Past Actions He has not come yet/ so far.

çµjÙ êµõªþ§ êµLóŸªë¯..?

Roja: I have just had coffee. I don't feel like
drink any more. (ÞœêŸÙö˺ í£ìª-õª)ìª have/ has + pp ö˺ àµñªê¦Ù. (Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ÍêŸìª ô¦ö¶ë]ª– ô¦ÚÛ-ð¼÷è[Ù
(Ïí£±pè¶ ê¦Þ¥ìª. ÷ªSx ê¦Þ¥-õE ö¶ë]ª.) ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJT çµjÙ êµL›í Past Actions ÚÛª Past Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª áJ-TÙC).
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦-Lqì Nù£óŸªÙ– Doing Words î¦è[ê¦Ù. (yet = ÏÙÚ¥; so far = Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª)

have + past participle (have + pp) / has + pp Ú¥ñæ¨d have + pp/ has + pp îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]æ¨ Ñí£- ÏÚÛ\è[ ÖÚÛæ¨ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….
I, We, You and They
Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ. have +
Íô³ê¶ óµ«ÞœÙ – Past actions, time not stated (çµjÙ have been/ has been- ÏN forms. ÏÙêŸÚÛª
pp î¦è[ê¦Ù. He, She, It Íô³ê¶has + pp êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªE, ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì) í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÷³Ùë]ª êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ.
î¦è[ê¦Ù. DEo present perfect tense ÍÙæ°Ù. Ð eg: 1) ìªî¦y ú‡E-÷«- àŸ«-ø‹î¦?
Íí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª
form verb Have you seen the movie?
ÚÛª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª– ÑÙè[-è¯Eo 'have been/
has been'ö˺ êµL-óŸª-â¶þ§hÙ.
a) My father (he) has gone out.
2) î¦è[ª ÷à¦aè¯?
Has he come?
(÷« û¦ìoÞ¥ô¢ª ñóŸªåÚÛª îµü‹xô¢ª) 3) FÚÛª í‡õªí£± ÷#aÙë¯? Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª How about going to the movie Black?
b) My mother has bought a saree for my sis- í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè….
ter.
a) He has been a c) Î ENªù£Ù vÚ¨êŸî¶ª ñóŸªåÚÛª îµRxÙC.
(÷« Í÷ªt ÷« ú‡ú£d-ôÂÚÛª <ô¢ Ú•ìoC.) teacher of English for
c) My friends (they) have left for Hyderabad. She has gone out just a minute ago.
M. SURESAN
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 26
the past two years.
(÷« všíÆÙèÂq šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü‹xô¢ª.) Ðsentences just
ö˺ ö¶ë]-ìª-ÚÁÙè…. Íí£±pè[ª
d) Tendulkar has scored thirty five centuries
(ÎóŸªì ·ôÙè¶üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÙTxùà past action time not stated Í÷±-꟪ÙC.
so far.
æ©àŸôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª.) They have just gone.
Have you received the invitation?
(çµÙè[«-õ\ô ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª 35 šúÙàŸ-Kõª Ú•æ°dè[ª.) b) He has taught English for the past two î¦Rx-í£±pè¶ îµü‹xô¢ª.
years.
e) The class has just begun.
4) Î ÓÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµRxÙC?
They have gone.
Where has she gone?
(Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè¶ vð§ô¢ÙòšiÙC) (ÎóŸªì ·ôÙè¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÙTxùà ò˺CÅÙ-à¦ô¢ª– Ïí£pæ¨ î¦üŒ‰x îµü‹xô¢ª.
f) We haven't (have not) read the report yet.
5) ÍêŸìª Ïí£pæ¨¸Ú ·ôÙè[ª Ú¥ô¢ªx ÷«ô¦aè[ª.
He has already (Ïí£p-樸Ú) changed two
÷ô¢ÚÛª.) Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice
(٠Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª Jð¼ôÂd àŸë]-÷-ö¶ë]ª) c) He has been an English teacher. à¶óŸªÙè….
cars.
ÏC æ©àŸ-ôÂÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù. 1) çµÙè[«-õ\ôÂ ÞœêŸ 15 ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ vÚ¨·ÚæËÀ
Ïí£±pè[ª â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ Þœ÷ªEÙ-àŸÙè…– II) have + pp/ has + pp
d) He has taught (ÏC action) English for the
·ôÙèÁ Ñí£óµ«ÞœÙ–
I) ÏÙêŸÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ past actions,
Îè¯è[ª.
past two years.
ÞœêŸÙö˺ vð§ô¢Ùòši Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª áJ-Tì/ ÏÙÚ¥
time stated (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJT, çµjÙ êµL›í í£ìª-õÚÛª) áô¢ª-ÞœªêŸªìo í£ìªõÚÛª (Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[«) have + 2) î¦Rx-ÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ í£E-à¶-ø‹ô¢ª? ( How
šíj·ôÙè[ª sentences Ö¸Ú òÅ°î¦Eo ·ôÙè[ª Nëů- long î¦è[Ùè…)
Past Doing Words (came, sang, liked, knew pp/ has + pp î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) î¦è[ê¦Ù. õªÞ¥– 3) Î Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª æ© ê¦Þœ-ö¶ë]ª.
state of being
1) û¶ìª ÏÚÛ\è[ í£ë¶üŒ‰xÞ¥ Ñû¦oìª. (ÑÙè[è[Ù)Þ¥, 4) î¦üŒ‰x û¦õªÞœª ûµõ-õªÞ¥ û¦ÚÛª ÑêŸhô¢Ù ô¦óŸª-ö¶ë]ª.
1) ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJT çµjÙ êµL-óŸªE, êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªE í£ìª- I have lived here for the past/ for the last
action (í£E)Þ¥ êµL-óŸª-â¶-ú£ªh-û¦oô³. 5) ú‡E÷« Ïí£±pè¶ vð§ô¢ÙòšiÙC.
õÚÛª have + past participle (pp)/ has + ten years.
6) î¦üŒ‰x Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ àŸC-î¦ô¦?
ví£øŒo: ÞœêŸ î¦uþ§ö˺x ‘ÍêŸè[ª 2001 ìªÙ# Ú¥E. Íô³ê¶
7) ìªîµy-í£±p-è[û¦o û¦ÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶ø‹î¦?
English ö˺ ÷«vêŸÙ Ïí£±pè[ª Am I- not êÁ Íô³ê¶ Aren't I î¦è¯L. 8) ٠÷« ú£«\õª ôÁVõ ìªÙ# ÚÛLú‡ àŸë]ª-÷±-
2003 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ æ©àŸ-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª’ ÑÙè[è[Ù, Óí£±pè[« ÑÙè[è¯Eo àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ ví£øŒo: þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ active voice Ú¨ ÚÛªû¦oÙ. (since our school days î¦è[Ùè…).
Íû¶ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ 'He was a am, is, are; ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ñìoåªx àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨– passive voice Ú¨ ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? 9) ÓÙêŸÚ¥õÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ í£E à¶ø‹÷±?
teacher here from 2001 to 2003' was, were Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ. 10) î¦RxÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª ô¦ö¶ë]ª.
2001 ìªÙ# 2003 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÞœêŸÙ (past)
– Ó. šíÙàŸ-õóŸªu, ô¦áÙ-›íå
Answers:
ÍE ô¦ø‹ô¢ª. êµõª-Þœªö˺ verb- pres-
ent tense, English ö˺ past tense Ú¥ñæ¨d, He was a teacher here from áî¦ñª: verb 'be' form + past participte 1) Tendulkar has played cricket for the past
2001 to 2003 ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. (PP) Íô³ê¶ ÍC passive voice. NªÞœê¦
ÏC ÚÛ·ô-¸Údû¦ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè…. fifteen years.
forms ö˺ ÍC active. Passive voice ö˺ 2) How long have they worked here?
ÖÚÛ ÷uÚ¨h ñAÚ¨ ÑÙè[Þ¥ ÍêŸè… ÷'Ah ÏÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÖÚÛ ÷uÚ¨h ñAÚ¨ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸè…
verb ÑÙç¶ ‘ñè[ª’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ êµõª-Þœªö˺ 3) She has not taken/ has not had tea so far.
ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª Ô Ú¥õÙö˺ ÷'Ah past Íô³ê¶ was, present Íô³ê¶ is,
Íô³û¦ be form verb Óö° Ñí£-óµ«- future ö˺ Íô³ê¶ will be/ shall be Ñí£-
÷ú£ªhÙC. 4) They haven't (have not) written a letter to
TÙ-à¦L? Question tag ö˺ Am I/ óµ«-TÙ-à¦L. Shops are closed on sundays. me for the past four months.
(verb- are closed- are (beform) + closed 5) The movie has just begun.
Are I, Amn't I/ Aren't I õö˺ ÔC Manmohan Singh was a Finance
(PP), verb- passive) - 6) Have they read the book?
Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¦L? Minister (ÞœêŸÙö˺)
ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª shops ÷´óŸª-ñ-è[-ê¦ô³. 7) Have you ever helped me?
Manmohan Singh is Prime Minister
– X÷ªA ô¢êŸo-ví£-þ§-ë]-ô¦÷±, ÚÛõ-øŒ-ð§è[ª 8) We have studied together since our school
áî¦ñª: êµõª-Þœªö˺ Óí£±pè[ª Ñû¦o– Ñû¦oè[ª,
êµõª-Þœªö˺ passive ë¯ë¯í£± î¦è[Ù. English
days (since =
(ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ) ìªÙ#).
Manmohan Singh will be the PM for ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ ÓÙêŸ êŸÚÛª\÷ î¦è…ê¶ ÷ªì òÅ°ù£ 9) How long have you worked here?
ÑÙC ÍÙæ°Ù. ÍC past Ú¥E, present ÍÙêŸ simple Þ¥ ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.
some time to come (future) 10) They have not come so far.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Sukanya: Hi Sumithra? I saw you at Sell All There are four hundred pupils in the school
Super Market yesterday. Busy Ç school -™ -Ø√--©’í∫’´çü¿© ´’çC °œ©x-©’-Ø√o®Ω’.
buying things? 2. inside ÅØ√o in ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË
(E†’o ؈’ E†o Sell All Super Market ü¿í∫_®Ω inside Åçõ‰ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç-™ -°æ© ÅØË Å®Ωnç
îª÷¨»†’. àç î√™« éÌØË-¨»¢√?) ´Ææ’hçC. in Åçõ‰ ™ ÅE Å®Ωnç.
Sumithra: Mom was inside. She was buying Pranav: Where are your friends?
provisions. I was waiting outside. Prabhat: They are in the car. Look inside
By the by, you know we have and you will see them. They were
moved. We now live in Gandhi outside the car till ten minutes ago.
Nagar. (Car ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ™°æ© îª÷úø’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx
(Å´’t™°æ©’çC éÀ®√ù« Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’ éÌçô÷. éπ-E°œ≤ƒh®Ω’.°æC EN’-≥ƒ© éÀç-ü¿-öÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’
؈’ •ßª’ô wait îËÆæ’hØ√o. Ç... ņoô’d, •ßª’ô -ÖØ√o®Ω’) The plane flew at great speed across the
3. above = °j†. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Â°j† éπ°æ¤p†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√™x ņ-ú≈-EéÀ, 'by'
¢Ë’ç É©’x ´÷®√ç. É°æ¤púø’ í¬çDµ-†-í∫-®˝™ sky
The government has the duty to see that ¢√-úøû√ç.
Öçô’Ø√oç.) a) O’®Ω’ 鬮Óx ´î√a®√? plane Çé¬-¨¡ç™ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç*
every person has a roof above their
´÷´‚-©’í¬ É©’x, Ü®Ω’ ´÷®Ω-ú≈Eo shift head. Did you come by car? ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á-R}çC.
Åçô’çö«ç. move ņ-úøç éπÈ®é˙d. v°æA-¢√J°jØ√ äéπ éπ°æ¤p ÖçúËô’x îª÷úøôç b) ¢√úø’ bus ™ -´-î √a-úø’. He came by bus 6. at the back of = ¢Á†-éπ-¢Áj°æ¤
¢Ë’ç Í®°æ¤ É©’x ´÷®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç v°æ¶µº’ûªyç NCµ Å™«Íí by train, by plane, by ship (back side é¬-ü¿’, backside èπ◊ Å®Ωnç °œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’,

é¬-ü¿’.. move
We are moving to a new house tomorrow c) Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’ ™«K™ ´î√a®· ÅE)
(v°æA-¢√-JéÀ E¢√Ææç éπLpç-îª-úøç)
class ™ ¢Á†éπ¢Áj°æ¤ èπÿ®Ω’aç-ö«úø’
Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤p-úø÷
He always sits at the back of the class.
Bus ¢Á†é𶵫í∫ç™ èπÿ®Ω’a†o v°æߪ ÷- ùÀèπ◊©’

Shift Íé~´’çí¬ -Ö-Ø√o®Ω’.

The passenger at the back of the bus were
safe.
at the back of the room = í∫C™ ¢Á-†éπ
behind the room = í∫CéÀ ¢Á†éπ
some one at the back of the hall was
Sukanya: My uncle is in Gandhi Nagar too. The goods came shouting
Where exactly is your home by lorry. Hall ™ ¢Á-†éπ á´®Ó Å®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
there? Top (éπ°æ¤p)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 42 There is a tap behind the hall
™‰E
(´÷ uncle ¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ í¬çDµ-†-í∫-®˝-™ ØË ¢√£æ«-Ø√© ´·ç-ü¿’ Hall ¢Á-†éπ ã °æç°æ¤ ÖçC. (Åçõ‰ Hall •ßª’ô)
Öçö«®Ω’. O’ É©’x correct í¬ áéπ\úø?) 'on' ´Ææ’hçC. Practice the following aloud in English.
Sumithra: At 12-14-16 on Nehru Street. It is The fan is just above you on cycle, on
to the right of make Money Bank a) Stella: O’®Ω’ E†o Í®≠æØ˛ Card B-Ææ’éÓ™‰ü∆?
Fan correct í¬ - -F °jØË ÖçC. scooter, on bike,
Ltd., if you stand in front of it. We Nikhila: E†o ؈’ Ü-∞ } ™‰†’. £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ 
'above' Åçõ‰ ã ´Ææ’h-´¤èπ◊/ ´’E-≠œ °j†. fan on camel, on ele- M. SURESAN
live on the ground floor. above your head Åç-õ‰ ûª©èπ◊, fan èπ◊ éÌçûª ë«S phant on horse-
ÖØ√o†’.
(Nehru Street ™ Door No. 12-14-16 ™. Stella: O’È®-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’?
Öçü¿E. äéπ-ü∆-E°j éÌç-ûª ë«S Öçõ‰ ÅC 'above'. back.
Make Money Bank ´·ç-ü¿’ E-©’çõ‰ ü∆E Nikhila: í∫´-®Ωo-®˝-Ê°-ô™, ÇM-¶‰í˚ O-Cµ™ .
Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ-ü∆-E-°j äéπöÀ dž’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰, ÅC 4. under, below:
Stella: O’ ÉçöÀéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ road èπ◊ Å´-ûª-L-¢Áj°æ¤
'on'.
èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤). Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç™ éÌçûª ûËú≈ ÖçC.
Sukanya: Hei, your place is just under my Pen, table O’ü¿ ÖçC ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁô’d éÀçü¿ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√o®Ω’ -School ÖçC-éπü∆?
uncle's. He lives on the first floor. Nikhila: Å´¤†’. ü∆E áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ØË ´÷ É©’x.
the pen is on the table. They sat under a tree.
(O’®Ω’ç-úËC ´÷ uncle ¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀ éÀçüË. O’C Stella: Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ Ñ application O’ü¿
Table O’ü¿ lamp ÖçC (Åçõ‰ îÁô’d éÌ´’t©’ ¢√∞¡x-°jéÀ ÖØ√o®·)
ground floor, ¢√∞¡xC I floor). There is a lamp above the table. From the helicopter, the minister saw Ææçûªéπç °ôdçúÕ. Yours faithfully ÅØË
Sumithra: Happy to know that they are on (Åçõ‰ table O’ü¿ light °æúË-ô’xí¬ lamp table below him the areas under water ü∆E-éÀçü¿. Application èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤.
the 1st floor just above us. Just °j† ÖçC). Helicopter †’ç* ´’çvA- éÀçü¿èπ◊ îª÷ÊÆh F∞¡x-éÀçC ANSWERS:
across the road is an ice cream 'On' í∫’Jç* ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. ´’†ç ûÁ©’- v°æüË-¨»©’ éπ-E°œç-î√®·. Stella: Didn't you (Did you not) take your
shop. I think it was your uncle's í∫’™ Ææ÷n©çí¬ Â°j†, O’ü¿ -Å-ØË ¢√-ôEoç-öÀéÀ 'on' Correct í¬ äéπ ü∆E-éÀçü¿ ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ Öçõ‰ under.
son sitting at the back of the shop ration card yesterday?
¢√-úø-û√ç. ™, ™°æ© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'in' ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. äéπ-ü∆E éÀçü¿ ÉçÈé-éπ\-úø-®·Ø√ Öçõ‰ below. Nikhila: I was out of town yesterday
and enjoying an ice cream. Å®·ûË English ¢√úø’-éπ™– ™, ™°æ© Å--E From the window of the II Floor, he saw
(Out of station é¬ü¿’).
(¢√∞¡x-éπ\úø ´÷ °j -§Ú®Ω{-Ø˛-™ Öçúø-úøç ÆæçûÓ- ûÁ©’í∫’™ ÅØË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'on' ´Ææ’hçC. below a man or the road.
≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ®Óú˛ Å´ûª©üËüÓ ice cream I was in Hyderabad.
eg: Road ™ E-©’†o Çߪ’† Correct í¬ éÀöÀéÃ
shop ÖçC. O’ uncle í¬J Ŷ«sßË’ ņ’- Stella: Where do you live?
a) ؈’ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ÅûªEo train ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ éÀçü¿ Öçúø-úø’ éπü∆. éÀ-öÀéÃéÀ ûªèπ◊\´ level ™ é¬Ææh Nikhila: In Governorpeta; in / on Alibaig
èπ◊çö«, ice cream shop ¢Á†’éπ èπÿ®ÌaE ice I first met him on a train. (In a train é¬ü¿’) ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçö«úø’.
cream Açô’-Ø√oúø’) Street
b) ñ«G-û√™ Åûª-úÕÊ°®Ω’ ™‰ü¿’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ:
Ééπ\úø prepositions †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: (Road ´·çü¿’, Street ´·çü¿’ in, on àüÁjØ√)
His name is not on the list. The ground floor is under the first floor.
éÌEo≤ƒ®Ω’x ã preposition ™ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ Stella: Isn't there a School across the
c) ¢√úø’ team ™ ÖØ√oú≈? Is he on the team? (ground floor ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ÅçûªÆæ’h éÀç-ü¿ Öçô’çC)
´÷ô©’ èπÿú≈ Öçö«®·. Eg: at the back of. 5. Across = Å´-ûª-L-¢Ë°æ¤. road from your place?
d) Ç É©’x ´’çô™x ÖçC The house is on fire.
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ conversation ™ prepositions: e) Plane ™ 50 ´’çC v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊-©’-Ø√o®Ω’ My home is across the road from the bank Nikhila: Yes. My home is just opposite
at, inside, outside, in, to the right of, on, There are fifty passengers on the plane. Bank †’ç* road èπ◊ Å´-ûª-L-¢Ë°æ¤ ´÷ -É©’x. the school.
under, above, across, at the back of. f) ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ £æ…ï®Ω’ °æöÃd™  ™‰ü¿’ = †C-éÀ -Å´-ûªL -¢Áj°æ¤ = across the river. Stella: Please sign on this application,
-O-öÀ-E position (-Åç-õ‰ ã ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ His name is not on the row. Çé¬-¨¡ç™ äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤ = below the 'yours faithfully' line. on
ÖçúË îÓô’) -ûÁ-©°æ-ú≈EéÀ ¢√-úø-û√-´’-E -É-C-´®Ω-™ -ûÁ- ÉN spoken English ™ ñ«ví∫ûªh °æú≈-Lq†N. across the sky. the right side.
©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. -É°æ¤p-úø’ ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’:
at: éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ äéπ îÓô. in = äéπ îÓöÀ™ 
1. I saw you at the Super Market -v°æ-¨¡o: Have
éÀ ing form ÖçC éπü∆. Has éÀ ing -v°æ-¨¡o: 'Over', 'above'
© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ àC ¢√ú≈L?
Super Market ü¿í∫_®Ω– form
áçü¿’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’?
-ï-¢√--•’:
– -áÆˇ.-öÀ.£«-î˝ -v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛, Æœ-ü∆l¥ç-ûªç, °æ-Pa-´’íÓ-ü∆-´-J ->-™«x
Åçõ‰ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ Super Market ü¿í∫_-®Ω (™). Prepositions í¬ Over, above - Ñ È®çöÀF °j† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
-ï-¢√--•’: Has ÅØËC He, She, It ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç
– ú≈éπd®˝ °æ®Ω’-îª÷J íÓ§ƒ-©-éπ%≠æg, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
In the Super Market = Super Market ™ 1) Our class room is above / over your class room.
I was at the Super Market from 5 p.m. to (éπL-T-Öç-úøúøç, A†úøç, û√í∫úøç ÅØË b) My father wants to have two roomed portion above / over the first floor.
6 p.m. Å®ΩnçûÓ). Have ÅØËC Verb form.
The goods in the Super Market are
Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx above, over ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
ü∆EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ing ´Ææ’hçC. Has éÀ ii) He is over 35 years of age but looks younger.
expensive. ®√ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ He, She, It ûÓ
°j ¢√é¬u™x at èπ◊, in èπ◊ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Speak ÅØË verb – speaks Å´¤- (Çߪ’† ´ßª’Ææ’q 35 à∞¡}-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-®·Ø√, *†oí¬ éπ-E°œ≤ƒhúø’.)
؈’ 5 †’ç* 6 ´®Ωèπ◊ Super Market ™ ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ ing form speak éÀ Ééπ\úø over ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Above é¬ü¿’.
ÖØ√o, ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éÌçô÷. ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Speaks éÀ ¢√úÕ iii) éπü¿-Léπ™  °jéÀ ņo-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Over Åçö«ç.
Goods in the Super Market speaking ņç éπü∆. Å™«Íí Have éÀ He jumped over the wall. (íÓúø O’CéÀ Èíçû√úø’. Ééπ\úø above ®√ü¿’)
Super Market ™E ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. •ü¿’©’ He, She, It ûÓ has ¢√úøû√ç. iv) Ææçêu©’, úø•’s, time èπÿú≈ éÌçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ over ¢√úøû√ç.
°œ©x©’ School ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’ Speaks éÀ ing îË®Ωa-†ô’d has èπ◊ èπÿú≈
The children are at school. The book costs over Rs. 300 = Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç êKü¿’ ®Ω÷. 300éπØ√o áèπ◊\´.
ing îË®Ωaç. Å™«Íí talk. Talk- He,
°œ©x©’ ¢√∞¡x Class ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’ She, It ûÓ talks Å´¤-ûª’çC. ing form He waited over three hours = ´‚úø’í∫çô-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë wait î˨»úø’.
The children are in class. talk éÀ îË®Ω’≤ƒhçí¬F talks éÀ îË®Ωaç éπü∆. There are over 30 students = 30 students éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë ÖØ√o®Ω’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 6 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Rama Rao: What are your College hours?
College
(O’ °æE-¢Ë-∞¡©’ àçöÀ?) Åçõ‰ v°æüË-¨»-©†’ ´’E≠œ/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Ö†o-îÓôx†’ ûÁL-
Prakash: Our College works from 9 to 3.30.
Ê°N Åçö«ç.
We go for lunch between 12.30
´’J-éÌEo prepositions of time îª÷ü∆lç.
Naresh: what is the last date for the sub-
and 1.30
mission of application?
College 9
(´÷ †’ç* 3.30 ´®Ωèπ◊ (Application submit îËߪ÷-Lq† *´-J-
°æE-îË-Ææ’hçC. ¢Ë’´· 12.30, 1.30 ´’üµ¿u ûËC àC?)
¶µçîË≤ƒhç) Narayana: On or before the 15th of next
Rama Rao: When do you usually start for
month. we issue applications
college?
upto the 28th of this month.
college
(O’®Ω’ ÉçöÀ †’ç* èπ◊ Applications will be available
á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-û√®Ω’?) even after that date till the 30th Pranav: My friend will join me there in July.
Prakash: Because our Classes begin at (Eïç-í¬ØË. last week exam ™ first

AM, PM -á°æ¤p-úø’?..
of this month, but we charge a Together we will return in August.
9.00 in the morning, I usually start mark ´*açC. Ñ -à-ú≈-C ÉØÁo-èπ◊\´
late fee of Rs 5 per day. We friend
(´÷ July
Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ™ ´≤ƒhúø’.
about 8.30, as it takes around half August ´÷®Ω’\©’ ®√´úøç ÉüË ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ)
have been selling applications Éü¿l®Ωç éπ©Æœ ™ AJ-T-´≤ƒhç)
an hour for me to reach college. I
am at college by 8.55. But why
are you asking me all the these
questions?
(Classes 9 èπ◊ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-û√®·
鬕öÀd, ؈’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ 8.30
v§ƒçûªç™ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-û√†’. College
îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω Å®Ω-í∫çô °æúø’-
ûª’çC. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ؈’ 8.55 éπ™«xcol-
lege ™ Öçö«†’. âØ√ Ñ v°æ¨¡o-©Fo
since the 5th. Our Office is open äéπ ´u´Cµ °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ IN
áçü¿’èπ◊ Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?) from 10 AM to 5 PM, and appli-
Rama Rao: I am from the RTC. We are ¢√úøû√ç.
cations are issued during that Kumar: (Over to phone) Where are you
gathering information to plan
our bus services to suit stu-
time.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Prepositions of time – -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 43 Krishna? I am waiting for you
Krishna: Sorry, I'll be with you in five min-
dents needs. When does the
before (the 15th), upto (the 28th of this
college usually reopen after utes.
month), till (the 30th), Since (the 5th), during There are 30/ 31
summer vacation? (sorry, âü¿’ EN’≥ƒ©èπ◊, Åçõ‰ âü¿’
(that time). days in a month.
RTC
(؈’ †’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Prepositions of time
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç (ØÁ©™ 30/ 31 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ü∆öÀ† ûª®√yûª F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çö«)
Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Å´-Ææ-®√-©èπ◊ ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ îª÷ü∆l´÷? He came back in ten minutes.
Bus services †úø-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ Ñ ®ÓV©’çö«®·)
1. at: Our classes begin at 9 There are only 28/ 29 ¢√úø’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ (°æC EN’-≥ƒ-©™
Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπ-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. ¢ËÆæN classes
(9èπ◊ ´÷ v§ƒ®Ω綵º´’´¤-û√®·) days in February. é¬ü¿’) AJT ´î√aúø’.
ÂÆ©´¤© ûª®√yûªCollege 鬙‰ñ ¸ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ °∂晫† õ„jç ÅE îÁ•’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ (February
™ 28/ 29 It'll be ready in a week's time.
á°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’? Ç time ´·çü¿’ at ´Ææ’hçC. ®ÓV©’ Öçö«®·.) M. SURESAN ÅC ¢√®√-EéÀ (¢√®Ωç ®ÓV©’ °æúø’-
Prabhakar: Usually in June, on the 3rd
Our College closes for the day at 4 ûª’çC) ûªßª÷È®j Öçô’çC.
Monday
(Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ college Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC.) My sister was born in 1999. (1999 Important: every, next, last, that, this
June
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ ™, ´‚úÓ ™)
Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. §Òü¿’l†, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç The Government came to power in 2004. ´·çü¿’ in on
é¬F, é¬F ¢√úøç.
≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç)
Rama Rao: For howmany days does the
°∂晫† time ÅE Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ spoken English, (2004 ™) Shops are closed every Sunday
college work in a year?
´÷´‚©’ Conversation ™ AM, PM ¢√úøç. There are 12 months in a year
(on every Sunday é¬ü¿’)
College
(ã Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™, áEo ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ in the morn- (Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ 12 ØÁ©-©’ç-ö«®·) He comes here next Monday
ing, in the evening etc., Åçö«ç. Purely offi- (on next Monday é¬ü¿’)
®ÓV©’ °æE-îË-Ææ’hçC?)
cial spoken/ written form ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ AM, ´u´Cµ(Period of time) Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ 'in'
He was here last Saturday
Paul: For about 180 days, without counting
exam days PM¢√úøû√ç. ¢√úøû√ç. (on last Saturday é¬ü¿’)
At 4 PM, at 9.30, at half past ten (10.30), etc. The police were able to catch the killer in a
(exams ®ÓV©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Å®·ûË ü∆ü∆°æ¤ I'll begin it this Monday
2. on: On days day
(On this Monday
180 ®ÓV©’) á°æ¤púø÷, (¢√®√© Ê°®Ω’x, °∂晫† é¬ü¿’)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Prepositions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ®ÓV) ´·çü¿’, dates (ûËD©) ´·çü¿÷ (ØË®Ω-Ææ’h-úÕE §ÚM-Ææ’©’ äéπ\-®Ó-V™ °æô’d-éÓ-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’.) He didn't see her that day (on that day é¬ü¿’)
from, to, between, about, around, by, at ¢√úøû√ç. The teacher finished the whole chapter in in
Å™«Íí èπÿú≈ ®√ü¿’.
after, in, on, for. Suseela: When are you leaving for just a week The tournaments will begin next June
Prepositions Hyderabad? (Teacher ¢Á·ûªhç chapter †’ ¢√®Ωç™
O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’ °j (in next June é¬ü¿’ )
ÅFo èπÿú≈ Time (Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ) Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Suguna: On Sunday, that is, on the 4th.
°æ‹Jhî˨»®Ω’) She met him last December
Prepositions Time
ÅE. °j´Fo èπÿú≈ – Æ洒ߪ’ç, Suseela: When is the interview?
Suguna: On Monday. I will be back here
´u´-CµØË ´’®Ó Nüµ¿çí¬, Åçõ‰ éÌçûª-é¬©ç ™°æ© (in last December é¬ü¿’)
®ÓV, ØÁ©, Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç, ´u´Cµ – ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô© ïJÍí Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†í¬ Ê°®Ì\ØË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x– They go to Kashmir every May
´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆! on the 6th, that is, on Tuesday
3. in: Months years Manoj: Why are you so happy, Mohan? (in every May
at (9.00 in the morning), about (8.30), (ØÁ©©’), (Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’), é¬ü¿’)
around (half an hour), after (summer vaca- ´u´Cµ(duration) IN
´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. (àçöÀ, Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o´¤ Ñ éÀçC Vocabulary îª÷úøçúÕ.
tion), in (June), on (the 3rd Monday), in (a Pranav: I will be in Kashmir in June. ¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛?) É´Fo í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁL-Ê°N. (Pronunciation)
year), for (howmany days) - brackets
Ééπ\úø (June Kashmir
™ ™ Öçö«) Mohan: Why not? I got the first mark in last 1) Charming = î√N’çí˚ = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i†
™ Ö†oN time expressions éπü∆! Åçü¿’-éπE Oô- Paul: For how long? week's exam. The first time I ÉC Çé¬-®Ωç™ 鬴a; v°æ´-®Ωh†™ 鬴a;
Eoç-öÀE prepositions of place and position - (áçûª-鬩ç, áEo-®Ó-V©’?) scored so high in a year. ´’E-≠œéÀ, ´Ææ’h-´¤èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
a) She is very Charming in that dress.

v°æ¨¡o: what does he think of himself? ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. what does he think iv) Join a college/ a group/ a course - join
Éô’-´çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ûª®√yûª (Ç¢Á’ Ç dress ™ î√© Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖçC)
b) He was Charming towards us
about himself ņ-èπÿ-úøü∆? preposition í∫’Jç* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’ àpreposition ®√ü¿’.
v) attend = attend college/ class/ marriage etc.
£æ…ï-®Ω-´úøç – (Åûªúø’ ´÷ûÓ î√™« Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’)
ï¢√•’:
– N.°æ-´-Ø˛- π◊-´÷®˝ ®√V, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ 2) Chase
attend to = àüÁjØ√ ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬ îËߪ’úøç. (îÁß˝’ñ¸) = ¢Áçô-•úÕ ûª®Ω-´’úøç.
My Father is attending to the repairs of our house. a) The tiger chased the deer.
i) î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x of, about äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ äéπöÀ (°æ¤L >çéπ ¢Áçô-•-úÕçC)
(Çߪ’† Ç °æE îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’)
¢√úø-´îª’a. Think of, think about È®çúø÷ correct. attend on = ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊, ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ îËߪ’úøç b) The police were chasing the thief.
ii) Prepositions í∫’Jç* N´-JÆæ’h-Ø√oç. a) Please attend on the guests (-§Ú-MÆæ’-©’ üÌçí∫-¢Áç-•úÕ °æú≈f®Ω’)
iii) agree with = ´uéÀhûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªúøç. (Gusets †’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ) 3) Drag (vú≈í˚ – Ééπ\úø 'vú≈—,
agree to = üËE-ÈéjØ√ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç b) When I was ill my sister attend on me. Bank™ ba ™«í¬ °æ©-é¬L)= ™«í∫úøç
He agreed to stay for another day sister i) He dragged the boy into the room
v°æ¨¡o:
(Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çC)
ÉçéÓ ®ÓVç-úø-ú≈-EéÀ ä°æ¤p-éÌ-Ø√oúø’. Letter writing
™ *´®Ω "Thanking you" Åçö«®Ω’. ÅC È®jõ‰Ø√, ™‰éπ (í∫C-™éÀ ™«í¬úø’)
She agreed to the proposal Thank you ÅØ√™«– N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ii) She dragged him into the quarrel

ï¢√•’: ÆæÈ®j† correspondence ™, letter *´®Ω thanking you/ Thank you
Ç v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿†é¬¢Á’ ä°æ¤p-éÌçC. – N.éπ%-≠æg-´‚Jh, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕE §Òö«xô™éÀ ™«TçC.
I agree with you that he is the best player iii) The movie dragged on
ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. é¬E î√™«´’çC É™« ®√Ææ’hç-úø-úøçûÓ ÅC ¢√úø’-éπí¬
Åûªúø’ best player ÅE ÅçU-éπ-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’/ FûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ´÷J§Ú®·çC. British correspondence™ Thanking you Å®Ω’ü¿’.
Ç ÆœE´÷ ≤ƒí∫-D-¨»®Ω’
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 8 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Ravi: Hi Rahul, going somewhere? a) We have classes in the morning everyday
( £æ…-ß˝’ ®√£æ›-™ ¸, -áéπ\-úÕÈéj-Ø√ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ- except on the morning of Sunday.
ûª’-Ø√o-¢√?) b) The accident took place in the evening, it
Rahul: I am on my way to class. was on the evening of last Saturday, the
(Class èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o†’) 29th.
Ravi: So early? Kumar: How do I go to Learnwell College
( Éçûª §Òü¿’l-ØËoØ√?) from here?
Rahul: Yes. Our Classes are in the morning Learnwell College
(Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* éÀ
from 7. ᙫ ¢Á∞«}L?
(´÷Classes Öü¿ßª’ç àúÕç-öÀéÀ) Kamala: You have been here for the past 15
Ravi: But I saw you at the temple on the days. Strange that you don't know c) During this period he has changed a lot Kushal: When did the meeting begin?
morning of the 15th. the way yet. (Ñ Ø√©’Íí-∞¡x-™ Åûªúø’ î√™« ´÷J-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) (Meeting á°æ¤púø’ begin Å®·çC?)
(15 ´ û√Kê’ §Òü¿’l† E†’o í∫’úÕ™ 15
(†’´¤y ®ÓV-©’í¬ Ééπ\úø’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆? Officer: When did you take your degree? Koushik: (At) about 6.30 in the evening

®Ó-V-© -´·ç-ü¿’ in.. on

îª÷¨»†’ ´’J) ü∆J ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç N*-vûª¢Ë’) (O’®Ω’ úÕvU á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’?) (≤ƒßª’çvûªç 6.30, Ç v§ƒçûªç™)
Kushal: When did it end?
(á°æ¤púø’ ´·T-ÆœçC?)
Koushik: Around 8. (8, Ç v§ƒçûªç™)
About, Around, ÅØË Ñ prepositions of
time, ü∆ü∆°æ¤, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ time †’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô-©-
´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) ؈’ Åéπ\úø ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®Ω-í∫çô ÖØ√o†’
Rahul: Yes. The 15th was a Saturday. We I was there for about half an hour.
Candidate: In April 2000 (April 2000 ™)
did not have classes on the morning b) Ç¢Á’ 2002 ´®Ωèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ È®çúË∞¡Ÿx teacher í¬
Officer: What have you been doing
of Saturday. °æE-îË-ÆœçC.
since then?
(15
classes
´ ûËD ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç. -Ç®Ó-V §Òü¿’l† ´÷èπ◊ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 44 (Å°æpöÀ †’ç*– Since then - She worked as a teacher for about/
™‰´¤)
O’Í®ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) around two years till 2002.
Ravi: You were planning to go home,
Candidate: I was a teacher for two years c) We reached home (at) about 1.30
when are you leaving? Kumar: No, not 15
upto 2002. ¢Ë’´· ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 1.30 éÀ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®√ç.
(ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«}-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆, á°æ¤púø’ days. I have
¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) been here only
Since then I have been a õ„jç expression- 6 O' Clock, 5.30, 2.00
Software Programmer. (AM/ PM)- OöÀ-´·çü¿’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Ç time èπ◊ ÅE
Rahul: Yes, on the evening of the 25th since last
(Å´¤†’, 25 ≤ƒßª’çvûªç) Sunday. Only (2002 ´®Ωèπ◊ È®çúË-∞¡x-§ƒô’ teacher îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ at about Åçö«®Ω’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ at ´C-™‰Æœ
Ravi: How do you spend your evenings? 5 days. í¬ ÖØ√o†’. Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Software Íé´©ç about èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.
(F´¤ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√©’ àç îËÆæ’hçö«´¤?) (ÅüËçé¬ü¿’. ؈’ Programmer í¬ ÖØ√o†’ (É°æp-öÀ ã period of time ´·çü¿’ 'over' ´ÊÆh °jí¬
Rahul: Usually I go for a long walk in the Ééπ\úø §Ú®·† M. SURESAN -´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬) ÅE Å®Ωnç.
evening ÇC-¢√®Ωç †’çîË Officer: During your period as Software Bhaskar: How long were you there yester-
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ ¢√éÀç-í˚èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ- éπü∆ Ö†oC. Åçõ‰ 5 ®ÓV™‰) Programmer what computer day?
ûª’ç-ö«†’) Kamala: And what have you been doing skills have you used? (E†o †’´¤y Åéπ\úø áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o´¤?)
Ééπ\úÕ Prepositions í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. in (the during the 5 days? (Software Programmer í¬ Ö†o 鬩ç™, à Bhavan: For over an hour (= for more than
morning), on (the morning of saturday), in (´’J Ñ âü¿’-®Ó-V™x †’´¤y îËÆœçüËN’öÀ?) computer skills O’®Ω’ ¢√ú≈®Ω’?) an hour = í∫çô-èπ◊-°jí¬).
(the evening), on the (the evening of the Kumar: During these five days I have been É™« for, since, during ÅØË prepositions of Bhaskar: When did he come?
25th) etc. busy buying books, clothes etc. time †’ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´·êuçí¬ since ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’
prepositions of time: for,
(Åûªúø’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√aúø’?)
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈ verb, have been/ has Bhavan: It was over five when he came.
Prepositions of time. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊- since, during. been; have + past participle/ has + Past par-
for the past 15 days - 15 (Åûªúø’ ´îËa-Ææ-JéÀ 5 ü∆öÀçC.)
†oC.. 1) at, time
éπ*aûªçí¬ °∂晫Ø√ ÅE ûÁLÊ° ®ÓV-©’í¬ ticiple form
™ØË Öçö«®·. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ °∂晫Ø√
Since last Sunday - last sunday
†’ç* Corrections:
´÷ô© ´·çü¿’; 2) on, days and dates ´·çü¿’, õ„jç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ω-èπ◊-í¬F, Éçé¬ ÅEí¬F Å®Ωnç
During these 5 days -
Ñ âü¿’ ®ÓV™x Spoken English 43 :
3) in, months and years ´·çü¿’ ÅE. 4) in, 鬕öÀd. (6.9.2005 Ææç-*éπ)™
'for'
äéπ period of time
´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. for an
Column line
´u´Cµ (a period of time) †’ ûÁLÊ° hour, for a day, for 10 days .
a) Delhi has been the capital of India since
¢Á·ü¿öÀ *´®Ω, *´J ™ ''Oô-Eoç-
(°æC ®ÓV-©’í¬) prepositions of place and position-
öÀF
´÷ô©´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. the time of the Pandavas
ÅüË since
Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* ÅE. Åçõ‰ v°æüË-¨»-©†’ ´’E≠œ/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Ö†o îÓôx†’
'In' °æ‹ô© (Parts of the day) ´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈
since 1999 (1999 †’ç*) (§ƒçúø-´¤© é¬©ç †’ç* ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ úµÕMx ®√ï-üµ∆-Eí¬ ûÁL-Ê°N Åçö«ç—— ÅE ´*açC. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’
¢√úøû√ç. since he last saw me ÖçC– Åçõ‰ Éçé¬ ÅE èπÿú≈.) ''Oô-Eoç-öÀE Prepositions of time—— ÅE
In the morning, in the evening, in the b) India was under the British rule during the îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-¢√L.
(¢√úø’ ††’o îª÷Æœ-†-°æpöÀ†’ç*).
after noon, in the night or at night. a) India has been independent for the past 18th, 19th and part of the 20th Centuries
Last Column 5´ ™„jØ˛™ – Kumar: (Over to
Krishna: When do you get up? 58 years. (18, 19 ¨¡û√-¶«l©’, 20´ ¨¡û√•lç™ éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Phone) •ü¿’©’ (Over Phone) ÅE Öçú≈L.

Ñ éÀçC Vocabulary îª÷úøçúÕ Å†o Line éÀçü¿
(F´¤ á°æ¤púø’ Evü¿ ™‰≤ƒh´¤?) b) India has been independent since 1947 ¶µ«®Ωû˝ British §ƒ©-†™ ÖçC.
Kesav: At 5 in the morning a) b) ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË– Ééπ-§ÚûË about, around, prepositions of ''É´Fo í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁL-Ê°N—— ÅØË •ü¿’©’ ''OöÀ™
a) No. 1) í∫’ù«Eo, No. 2) and 3) °æ†’-©†’ ûÁL-
(Öü¿ßª’ç âCç-öÀéÀ) ¶µ«®Ωû˝ áØËo-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Ææyûªçvûª-üË-¨¡çí¬ Ö†oüÓ time í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖØ√o®·.
Krishna: When do you usually have lunch? îÁ•’-ûÓçC. Ê°N—— ÅE îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-¢√L.
(Lunch á°æ¤púø’ îË≤ƒh´¤?)
Kesav: In the afternoon between 1.00 and
b) ¶µ«®Ωû˝ á°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Ö†oüÓ
v°æ¨¡o: Ø√èπ◊ Active Voice, Passive éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç* äéπ doubt ÖçC. I shall do my
îÁ•’-ûÓçC éπü∆. home work passive
èπ◊ ®Ω÷°æç Öçô’çC. é¬E I shall go to market.. ™«çöÀ
1.30 Period of time èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ 'for', Passive voice
¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Öçúøü¿’. 鬮Ωùç àN’öÀ? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
(´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 1, 1.30èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u) point of time (°∂晫Ø√ í∫çô †’ç*/ ®ÓV †’ç*/ – N.íı-ûªN’, û√öÀ-°æLx, éπKç-†-í∫®˝ >™«x
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. °æ‹ô© (Parts of the day)
´·çü¿’ in ¢√úø-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, morning, evening
Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç †’ç*) ņo-°æ¤púø’ ‘since’ ¢√ú≈L.
Since the vedic times (¢Ëü∆© é¬©ç †’ç*)
ï¢√•’: I shall go to market- É™«çöÀ verbs (go - Ééπ\úø shall go) èπ◊ passive
Öçúøü¿’. verb èπ◊ á´-JE, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´îËa
etc., ´·çü¿’ 'the' ûª°æpéπ ´Ææ’hçC. (In the morn- for the past last five thousand years Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ passive Öçô’çC.
ing, in the evening etc.) (5000 à∞¡Ÿxí¬) Shall go- Ééπ\úø go Åçõ‰ ¢Á∞¡}úøç– á´-JE ¢Á∞¡}úøç, üËEE ¢Á∞¡}úøç ÅE v°æ¨¡o
Ñ lesson conversation
™ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I met him last in 2000 Jan ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√ü¿’. 鬕öÀd passive Öçúøü¿’.
a) In the morning; On the morning of (؈’ Åûª-úÕE 2000
*´-®Ωí¬ -ï-†-´-J-™  'do' Åçõ‰ üËEE îËߪ’úøç Åçõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ÖçC – 鬕öÀd ü∆EéÀ passive
Saturday
v°æ¨¡o: ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ õ„j¢˛’ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ O' clock ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ Åçö«®Ω’. ´öÀd Clock ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ņ-´-a-éπü∆!
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) Öçô’çC.
b) In the evening; on the evening of the 25th. a) I have not met him for the past/ the last
Åçõ‰, morning, evening
ÅØË parts of the four years and ten months – Ƒ£«î˝.´’™‰x¨¡ç, ÆœCl-Ê°ô
day in
´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË °∂晫Ø√ ®ÓV -Ø√-©’Íí∞¡x °æCØÁ©-©’í¬ Øˆ’ Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. ï¢√•’: O' Clock Åçõ‰ of the clock. Of the clock E èπ◊Cç* îÁ°æpúøç, ®√ߪ’-úø¢Ë’ O' clock. Ééπ\úÕ
morning,
°∂晫Ø√ ûËD evening
ņo°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀ- b) I have not met him since January 2000 apostrophe (') ´C-™‰ÊÆ ¨¡¶«lEo Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. ´öÀd clock Åçõ‰ Ç Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. °æ‹®Ωh-®·† í∫çô-©èπ◊
on
´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. January 2000 †’ç* ؈-ûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. ´·çü¿’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ O' clock ¢√úøû√ç. 7.25 O' clock ņç.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 11 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Subhash: Hi pranav, How are you getting Pratibha: When is he here everyday?
along? Prabha: He is here from morning 9 till
Pranav: O fine. How is it with you? evening 5.
Subhash: Fine too, thanks. Where in the Pratibha: Is he here upto 5?
work have you been? Ages since (5 ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçö«ú≈?)
we met. Prabha: He is here until 5 everyday.
(Éçûª-鬩ç áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤. ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’- (v°æA-®ÓW 5 ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçö«-úÕ-éπ\úø)
éÌE ߪ·í¬-©-®·-†-ô’xçC). '´®Ωèπ◊— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ to, upto, till, until ÅFo
-É´Fo èπÿú≈ èπ◊¨¡© v°æ¨¡o©’. äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË spoken English ™ to, till ¢√úøéπç
Pranav: I was in Bangalore for a month áèπ◊\´.
from Aug. 1st to/ till Aug 31st, and Sriram: Raghu, for how long has your sister
ANSWERS:
then in Chennai from Sept. 1st to/ been here? ´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ prepositions of place,
till Sept 6 th, and since then here. Raghu: for the past five days, since the 4th of position and time ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. a) Our office is on the 2nd floor. It is just
(Bangalore ™ äéπ-ØÁ©, Chennai ™ this month. Now practice the following sentences/ above the fancy shop on the first floor.
Sept. 6 th ´®Ωèπ◊. Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Ééπ\úø) from èπ◊, since èπÿ ûËú≈: 'from' ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ conversation aloud in English. b) Sunil: Where is the book?
Subhash: Happy you are back, and in a °∂™æ «† Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* °∂™æ «† Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπ◊, ÅØË a) ´÷ Office È®çúÓ Åçûª-Ææ’h™  ÖçC. ÅC ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Anil: In the shelf.
good shape too. You remember expressions ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË since Åçûª-Ææ’h-™E fancy shop °j† ÖçC. Sunil: I thought it was in the box. I
my cousin Harsha? He is here
now. He has been here since the

till.. until..
last Saturday. He will be here
upto the end of this month.
(†’´¤y Ç®Óí∫uçûÓ AJT ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
ÆæçûÓ≠æç. -´÷ éπ->-Ø˛ £æ«®Ω{ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o-ú≈?
-Å-ûª-E°æ¤p-úø’ -Ééπ\-úË -Ö-Ø√o-úø’ -§Ú®·-† -¨¡-E-
¢√®Ωç -†’ç-*. -Ñ -ØÁ-™«-ê®Ω’ -´®Ωèπ◊
-Öç-ö«-úø’) searched inside the box.
Pranav: What does he do here until then? b) Sunil: Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\- (search for = ¢Áü¿-éπôç)
(Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úøûªØËç îË≤ƒhúø’?) úø’çC? I looked for it inside the box.
Subhash: He is attending coaching classes -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 45 Anil: Ç shelf ™
Sunil: ؈’ Ç Â°õ„d™ 
Anil: It is on the notebook in the shelf.
Sunil: I have searched for it since yester-
for ICET.
(Ééπ\úø Åûªúø’ ICET Coaching BÆæ’- Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. day.
èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’) Å™«-é¬ü¿’. í∫ûçª ™ °∂™æ «† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ û√Kê’/ ¢√®Ωç/ ™°æ-©çû√ c) Prabhat: Where did the match take
Ñ Conversation ™E prepositions: of, ØÁ©/ Ææç´-ûqª ®Ωç †’ç* É°æpö- ´-À ®- Ωèπ◊, Éçé¬ ÅØË Å®Ωçn - ¢Á-Aé¬. M. SURESAN place?
from, to, since, till, until, upto. ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. í∫ûçª ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* í∫ûçª ™- ØË Anil: Ç shelf ™ F (take place = ï®Ω-í∫-úøç)
´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’– from Åçõ‰ '†’ç*—– °∂晫† ÉçéÓ Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπ◊ Å®·Ø√, í∫ûçª ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç note book O’ü¿ ÖçC. Prakash: On our college playgrounds.
Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* ÅF, to Åçõ‰ °∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* present (v°Ææ æ’hû- çª )™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωé- π®- ·Ø√, Sunil: ؈’ E†o-öÀ-†’ç* ü∆E-éÓÆæç ¢Á-Aé¬. Prabhat: When?
´®Ωèπÿ ÅE. í∫ûçª ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* future ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç c) Prabhat: Ç match áéπ\úø ïJ-TçC? Prakash: It began at 7 in the morning
'from-to' ïûªí¬ ´Ææ’hç-ö«-®·-éπü∆– Ñ ïûªèπ◊ ´®ΩÈ- éØj √, future ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* ÉçéÓ Æ洒ߪ’ç Prakash: ´÷ college play grounds ™ yesterday and was over by 9
Å®Ωnç: °∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ ®ÓV/ ¢√®Ωç/ ØÁ©/ Ææç´- ´®ΩÈ- éØj √ from ´÷vû¢ª ’Ë ¢√úøû√ç to ûÓ. Prabhat: á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC? Prabhat: Was there a match on Sunday
a) Çߪ’† 2003†’ç* 2004´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úø teacher í¬ Prakash: E†o §Òü¿’l† àúÕç-öÀéÀ ¢Á·ü¿™„j ûÌN’t-
ûªq®Ωç †’ç* (from) °∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ ®ÓV/ ¢√®Ωç/ morning too?
ØÁ©/ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ (to) ÅE. ÖØ√o®Ω’. Cç-öÀéÀ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. Prakash: All matches were in the morn-
He was teacher here from 2003 to 2004
Sukanya: What are your college hours? Prabhat: Sunday morning èπÿú≈ Match ing. But the match on Sunday
(È®çúø÷ past)
(O’ College ¢Ë∞¡-™‰-N’-öÀ?) ÖçúÕçü∆? morning was very interesting.
b) Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈-Lq† period 2004 †’ç* 2006
Ramakanth: Our College works from 9 am Prakash: Matches ÅFo mornings ïJ-í¬®·. d) Suseela: I have been here since 2003
to 4 pm.
´®Ωèπ◊. Sunday morning ïJ-T† match
Her period/ tenure here is from 2004 to but I have been up the
(´÷ College 9 †’ç* 4 ´®Ωèπÿ 2006.
î√© interesting í¬ ÖçC. Charminar only once. While
d) Suseela: ØËE-éπ\úø 2003 †’ç* ÖØ√o. äéπ\-
coming down I almost fell.
°æE-îË-Ææ’hçC) (from the past to the future)
Sukanya: Do you have classes upto? ≤ƒJ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Charminar °jéÀ
c) Cricket matches 2005 December †’ç* (almost = ü∆ü∆°æ¤)
(-O’èπ◊ Ø√©’í∫’´®Ωèπ◊ Classes ¢Á∞«x†’. éÀçü¿èπ◊ CT ´îËa-ô°æ¤púø’
2006 January ´®Ωèπ◊. Sucharita: Was there none before you
Öçö«ßª÷?) The Cricket matches are from Dec 2005 to
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. and behind you to stop you?
Ramakanth: Except on Saturdays when the Sucharita: F ¢Á†’é¬, F ´·çü¿÷ á´®Ω÷ ™‰®√
January 2006. (Both future) Suseela: Supriya was far above me,
College works until 2 pm.
Since: Past™ ã time †’ç* (from some time EØ√o-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ? and sulekha far below me. I
(äéπ\ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωçûª°æp – Ç®ÓV 2´®ΩÍé) in the past) É°æpö Suseela: Ææ ’v°œßª ’ áéπ\úÓ Â°j† ÖçC.
- ´-À ®- Ωèπ◊ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√ú≈- controlled myself somehow.
îª÷¨»-®Ω’-éπü∆: from Åçõ‰ °∂晫† time/ day/ LqçC Since ´÷vû¢ª ’Ë . from ¢√-úçø . Sulekha Ø√éπçõ‰ î√© éÀçü¿ ÖçC.
(far = (Ééπ\úø) î√©)
week/ years etc., -†’ç-* -Å-E. To Åçõ‰ °∂晫† My sister has been here since 2004 February. ØËØË á™«íÓ control îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o. Sucharita: When did this happen?
time/ day/ week/ years etc., -´®Ωèπ◊ ÅE. (2004 February †’ç* ´÷ sister Ééπ\úË ÖçC) Sucharita: ÉüÁ-°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC?
Suseela: On a January evening, on a
Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ to èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, till èπÿú≈ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ She has been here from 2004 Suseela: ã January ≤ƒßª ’çvûªç. ã
Sunday.
¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç, ´®Ωèπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ņç. ÇC-¢√®Ωç.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. O’®Ω’ A, An í∫’Jç* É*a† N´-®Ωù °æ‹Jhí¬ ™‰ü¿’. -ï-¢√-•’: 1. A, An í∫’Jç* -N-´-Jç-*-† Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ áéπ\ú≈ an' é¬éπ-§ÚûË,The rose (all flowers of the rose species)
áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ éÌ-Eo Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x capital letters ´*a-†-°æp- Capital letters ´·çü¿’ a/ an ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿Eí¬-F, is beautiful ÅØÁjØ√ ÅØ√L.'Rose' is beautiful éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’
öÀéà a ¢√úø-û√ç. Öü∆: A Union, A European, A ¢√úøç ÅEí¬F ™‰ü¿’éπü∆. Rose Å-ØË-C -Å´÷t®· Ê°È®jûË ûª°æp. (îª÷úøçúÕ. Oxford/
One-way traffic etc., 2. countable, singular áéπ\úø ÖØ√o ü∆E´·çü¿’ a/ ané¬F, longman's/ Collins Dictionary/ any standard gram-
2. ‘Mother loves her child’ wrong ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬E Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd 'The' é¬F ¢√úø-´-©-ÆœçüË. Mother loves her mar book.
widest sense article
™ ®√ü¿’. Öü∆: Rose is Child ûªÊ°péπü∆. 'mother' countable singular éπ†’éπ. 3. Waters ÅØË plural form èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπ †C-/ Ææ´·-vü¿ç-™E
beautiful All Roses
ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅE Å®Ωnç. A rose A/ anèπ◊ 'äéπ— ÅØË Å®Ωn¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, 'any' ÅE, 'all' ÅF èπÿú≈ F∞¡Ÿx ÅE. (Eg: The waters of the Krishna (river).
Åçõ‰ äÍé rose Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆! -Å°æ¤p-úø’ ÅEo Roses Å®√n©’Ø√o®· éπü∆. Generalise îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ A mother Water
´÷´‚©’ F∞¡} í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅØË Åçö«ç.
Åçü¿-¢Á’i-†N ÅE Å®Ωnç-®√ü¿’. DE í∫’Jç* °æ‹Jh N´-®Ωù loves her child Åçö«ç. ü∆E Å®Ωnç every mother ÅE, - Water dissolves salt. Waters
É™«ç-ô°æ¤p-úø’ ņç éπü∆.
-É-´yí∫-©®Ω’. ™‰-ü∆ 'any mother' ÅE. ÅçûË-é¬F äéπ mother ÅE é¬ü¿’. ÅC Å°æ¤púø’ uncountable.
3. Water uncountable éπ†’éπ plural - ‘s’ ®√ü¿’ 'A dog is a faithful animal' ņo-°æ¤púø’ A dog = all ani- 4. I get up at 6 AM every day
ņo-°æ¤púø’ ņ-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. éπÈ®é˙d.
ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬E ´Ææ’hçC. Deep waters, Troubled mals of the species (Ç ñ«AéÀ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC). O’®Ω-†oô’x, é¬F ņ-úøç ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’.
waters ÅE Åçö«ç éπü∆! N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Countable singular, Widest sence ™ A/ an ®√EC äéπ\ 'How often do you go there?' ņo v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ v°æA-®ÓW
4. I get up at 6 a.m. ņo-°æ¤púø’ Everyday ÅE ®√ߪ’- 'Man' N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ ØË. eg: Man is mortal: Man proposes, ¢Á∞«h†’ ÅE Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç.
éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ÅC habitual éπ†’éπ everyday ÅE ®√ߪ’- God disposes. N’í∫û√îÓôx éπ*aûªçí¬ àüÓ äéπ article I go there every day. Ééπ\úø everyday ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’.
èπÿ-úøü¿’. N´--Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. ®√¢√-LqçüË éπü∆. 'Rose' is beautiful ņ-úøç ûªÊ°p. A rose I go to bed at 10 every night. Ééπ\úø every night
– -N.-N.-Ç®˝.Èé.®√-´¤, -N-¨»-ê°æ-ôoç (any rose/ every rose) is beautiful ņ-úøç correct. 'A/ ņ-´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’é¬E, ûª°æ¤pé¬ü¿’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√-®Ωç 13 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Janaki: Jamuna, Who are you looking at?
†C-™éÀ ü¿÷éπúøç =Jumping into the river
(ï´·Ø√, á´-JE/ á´-J-¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Walk into my place at midnight and I shall be
Jamuna: The man walking across the road happy to invite you with a cup of coffee or tea
and turning towards the bank †’´¤y Å®Ωl¥-®√-vûª-®·Ø√ ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÀ®√. ã éπ°æ¤p 鬰∂‘-ûÓ-
building. He is going into the bank í¬F öÃûÓ-í¬F Fèπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç °æ©’-èπ◊û√!
now. á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ´’†ç £æ«%ü¿-ߪ’-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ ''F´¤ ´÷
(Road ü∆ô’ûª÷ bank building ¢Áj°æ¤ ÉçöÀÈé-°æ¤-úø-®·Ø√ EÆæqç-éÓ-îªçí¬ ®√´îª’a—— ņú≈-EéÀ
†úø’-Ææ’h†o Åûª-úÕE. Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’ bank É™« Åçö«ç.
™éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’) Into - àüÁjØ√ ®Ωçí∫ç™ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ú≈Eo èπÿú≈ Ææ÷*-
Janaki: He is turning to the left in the bank Ææ’hçC. ÉC Ñ´’üµ¿u ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´≤ÚhçC.
He is into business
now. Is that the man? Why are you
interested in him?
ÅûªØËüÓ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’ b) As the train went through the tunnel, it
Ç¢Á’ software (computers)™ °æE-îË-≤ÚhçC Ééπ\úø past, off ÅØË prepositions ¢√ú≈ç-éπü∆. became suddenly dark
(É°æ¤p-úø-ûªúø’ ¶«uçèπ◊™ áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’- She is into software. past Åçõ‰ äéπ ´uéÀh-E-í¬E, äéπ v°æüË-¨»Eoí¬E ü∆öÀ
Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úËØ√? ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* áçü¿’-éπçûª Train ≤Ò®Ωçí∫ç í∫’çú≈/™ç* ¢Á∞Ïx-°æ¤púø’, Åçû√
éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Åûªúø’ §ƒ© ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç- ¢Á∞¡}úøç, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æéπ\†’ç*/ Åô’-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* äéπ\-≤ƒ-Jí¬ <éπ-õ„j-§Ú-®·çC.
ÇÆæéÀh?) ¢Á∞¡}úøç.
î√úø’. É°æ¤púËç îËÆæ’hØ√oúÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ c) Chandan: Did you get your favourite
Jamuna: Don't you remember? The other He was into dairy last year. No idea what he Åûªúø’ post office ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’ hero's autograph yesterday?
day he jumped into the river to is now. He is now past the post office.
(--E-†o O’ ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’úÕ auto-
save my drowning cousin, that five 4. Out of: ÉC into èπ◊ opposite. Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púË Ø√ °æéπ\-†’ç*/ ††’o ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’ graph BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?)
year old Ramesh He has just walked past me.
üËE™†’ç·Ø√ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ®√´úøç. Chandra: No, It was impossible to push
my way through the crowd to
get to him

take off your... (ï†ç™ç* ûÓÆæ’-èπ◊E Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_-

®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-úøç ≤ƒüµ¿uç 鬙‰ü¿’)
d) Please pass the thread through the eye
of the needle.
(Ç Ææ÷C-™éÀ ü∆®Ωç áéÀ\ç-îªçúÕ.
Eye of the needle= Ææ÷C- éπçûª)
e) Bhagavan: When am I getting the
(í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü∆? Ç®ÓV Ø√ cousin, âüË∞¡x ('Ø√ ´·çü¿’-†’ç*— ÅØË Å®Ωnç money?
èπ◊v®√úø’ ®Ω¢Ë’¨¸ ´·E-T-§Ú-ûª’çõ‰ †C-™éÀ èπÿú≈ ÖçC) (Ø√èπ◊ úø¶„s-°æ¤p-úø’ -´-Ææ’hçC?)
By the time he joined us,
ü¿÷éÀ ®ΩéÀ~ç-î√úø’) Brahman: Tomorrow. I will send it
Janaki: Yes, I remember. Really brave
(Ç í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Eïçí¬ üµÁj®Ωu-Ææ’húË)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 46 we were past our school
¢√úø’ ´÷ûÓ éπL-ÊÆ-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ
through Vishnu.
(Í®°æ¤ N≠æflg ü∆y®√ °æç°œ-≤ƒh†’)
Jamuna: I wish to go to him and thank him ´÷ school ü∆öÀ ¢ÁR}- Bhagwan: Why through Vishnu? You
(ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-ÈéR} thanks îÁ§ƒp-©-†’çC) Ramesh: Have you seen Manyam? §Úߪ÷ç. yourself give if to me.
Janaki: He is out of the bank now and walk- (´’ùuç à´’Ø√o éπE-°œç-î√ú≈ Fèπ◊?) 6. Off: Ñ preposition M. SURESAN (N≠æflg ü∆y®√/ -ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊?†’¢Ëy
ing away very fast. Naresh: I saw him coming out of the home Å®Ωnç äéπ-îÓöÀ †’ç* É´¤y)
(Åûªúø’ bank •ßª’-ô-éÌ*a, î√™« ûªy®Ωí¬ and getting into an auto. Perhaps éπCL ¢ÁR}-§Ú-´úøç. Now practice the following in English:
¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’) he has gone to the doctor. (Åûªúø’ Sankar: (On the bus = bus™) Hi Sanjeev, Prabhakar: áéπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?
Janaki: He is already past the 'tiffin centre'. ÉçöÀ †’ç* •ßª’ôèπ◊ ´*a Auto ™ where are you going? Pramod: É°æ¤púË train Cí¬†’. Chennai †’ç*
We shall not be able to reach him. It ¢Á∞¡xúøç îª÷¨»†’. •£æ›¨¡ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ Sanjeev: To Nampalli station, where are you ´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.
is too late. And walking through this ¢Á∞«x-úË¢Á÷? going? Prabhakar: v°æߪ÷ùç ᙫ ÖçC?
crowd will delay us. Ramesh: Why doctor? Sankar: I am getting off the bus at Abids. I Pramod: ®√vûªçû√ ¢√†-™ ØË v°æߪ÷ùç. v°æߪ÷-
(É°æp-öÀÍé öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre ü∆öÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú- (Doctor ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊?) am going my aunt's, half a kilome- ùç™ Åçû√ Evü¿-§Ú-ߪ÷-†-†’éÓ. Evü¿ ™‰îË-
ߪ÷úø’. Åûª-úÕE ´’†ç îË®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç éπ≠dçæ . Naresh: Don't you know? He isn't (is not) yet tre off Tilak Road. Ææ-JéÀ train ûÁØ√L ü∆öÀçC.
É°æp-öÀÍé Ç©Ææuç Å®·çC. Ñ ï†ç-™ç* out of his fever. Add to that his boss (؈’ ÇG-ú˛q™ CT-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. Åéπ\-úÕ- Answers:
†úø-´úøç Éçé¬ Ç©Ææuç Å´¤-ûª’çC) is troubling him a lot. †’ç* Tilak Road èπ◊ Å®ΩéÀ™-O’-ô®˝ Prabhakar: Where are you coming from?
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E prepositions: at, across, (O’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆? Åûª-úÕçé¬ ïy®Ωç †’ç* ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†o ´÷ Aunt ÉçöÀéÀ Pramod: I have got off the train just now;
towards, into, to, outof, past, through •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. ü∆EéÀûÓúø’ (Add to ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.) from Chennai.
Ñ prepositions ÅEoç-öÀF prepositions of that) ¢√∞¡x boss Åûª-úÕE î√™« É•sçC (off Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø away from ÅE). Prabhakar: How was the journey?
direction Åçö«ç. Åçõ‰ OöÀE directions °úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) Sanjeev: Your top shirt button has come off Pramod: The Journey the whole night was
(Cèπ◊\©’) îª÷°œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Ramesh: Why doesn't he get out of the job? your shirt. through rain. I slept through the
1. across: (Ç job †’ç* •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿÷/ ´C- (F shirt button, shirt †’ç* ÜúÕ journey. The train was past Tenali
Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ across the road L-°-ôd-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?) ´îËa-ÆœçC) When I got up.
™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'across' Åçõ‰ Å´-ûª©, Å´-ûª-L- ÉN 'out of' Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-´‚†’. Off uses Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
¢Áj°æ¤ ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø across Åçõ‰ 5. Past - ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞¡}úøç. a) Take off your feet from on the table
(walking across ņo-°æ¤púø’) Åúøfçí¬ ÅE. Anwar: I saw you hurrying past our shop Table O’ü¿-†’ç* F §ƒü∆©’ (é¬∞¡Ÿx) BÊÆ®·.
®Óúø’f†’ ü∆ô’ûª÷ Öçõ‰, Åûª-úÕE ™«K úµŒéÌçC this morning. Where were you b) Police ÅûªúÕ driving license BÊÆ-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oúø’
While he was walking across the road, a going? The police have taken off his driving
license.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Says
lorry knocked him down (-†’-´¤y §Òü¿’l† £æ«ú≈-N-úÕí¬ ´÷ ≥ƒ°ˇ
(while crossing the road ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a) ´·çü¿’ †’ç* /shop ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞¡}úøç c) õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ É°æ¤púø’ team ™ ™‰úø’ Rakhi, designer, "since I was
Sailing across the sea in a rudderless boat is îª÷¨»†’. áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?) Tendulkar is off the team. walking on footpath the offender could
Aswin: My uncle was coming by the 7 AM d) ÆœE-´÷™x Åûªúø’ villain §ƒvûª©’ ¢ËÆ œØ√, •ßª’ô not get too close to me. So he caught
foolish
(é¬\E ™‰E Ø√´™ Ææ´·-vü∆Eo ü∆ôúøç ÅN-¢Ëéπç) train- I was rushing to the station to î√™« ´’ç*-¢√úø’ hold of my duppatta and almost choked
receive him. Though he acts the roles of villain on the me. The incident left an ugly scar on my
(rudder = é¬\E)
(´÷ uncle 7 AM train ™ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. screen, he is a fine gentleman off the neck.
2. Towards/ to:
Çߪ’†’o receive îËÆæ’-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ station èπ◊ screen eve teasers English daily
Ç police Ø√¢ÁjÊ° ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’, Ø√ÍéüÓ ¶µºßª’çí¬ Ñ ¢√®Ωh í∫’Jç* ™
£æ«ú≈-N-úÕí¬ ¢Á∞«}†’) e) •ßª’ô Ç-¢Á’ à´’çûª Åçü¿çí¬ Öçúøü¿’ ´*a-çC. Éçü¿’™ since ¢√úøéπç Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç
ÖçC
Anwar: Is he here now? Off the screen she is not so glamourous, I îÁ°æpçúÕ. Å™«Íí äéπ example sentence É´yçúÕ.
The policeman is coming towards to me. I'm
mean off her make up (Make up ™‰èπ◊çú≈)
-ï-¢√-•’:
(I am) afraid (Çߪ’† É°æ¤púÕéπ\úø’-Ø√o®√?) – -áÆˇ.®√-ñ‰-¨¸, -¶µº’-´-†-T-J, -†-™Ô_ç-úø ->-™«x
Ééπ\úø to = towards = äéπJ/ äéπ v°æü˨¡ç ¢Áj°æ¤ Aswin: No, he got off the train, and drove to Éô’-´çöÀ îÓôxçû√ off = away from (äéπ îÓô-
i) Ééπ\úø since Åçõ‰ because (Åçü¿’-´©x). since
Walk across the sands towards the shore, the college. He is delivering a lecture †’ç* ü¿÷®Ωçí¬) ÅE.
7. Through: ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç 'í∫’çú≈— I was walking on the foot path - ؈’ foot
you will find the blue water of the sea there.
a) Bhaskar: Where is the manager's path O’ü¿ †úø’-Ææ’h†oç-ü¿’-´©x ÅE. (Since it is
ÉÆæéπ ü∆öÀ B®Ωç-¢Áj°æ¤ ¢ÁRûË Fèπ◊ Ææ´·-vü¿ç™E FL-F∞¡Ÿx (Çߪ’† train CT Ééπ\úÕ college éÀ ¢ÁR}-
room, please? raining, I want an umbrella- ´®Ω{ç- ´-Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’-
éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®·. §Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. -Åéπ\-ú≈-ߪ’† àüÓ lecture ÉÆæ’h-
The arrow points to the north Ø√oúø’) Receptionist: Please pass through ´©x Ø√èπ◊ íÌúø’í∫’ 鬢√L.)
the door on the left and ii) Road èπ◊ É®Ω’-¢Áj-°æ¤© ÖçúËN foot path, platform
Ç ¶«ùç í∫’®Ω’h Öûªh®Ωç Cèπ◊\èπ◊ îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC. Anwar: You are still on your bike. Get off it
3. Into: Into - Åçõ‰ ™EéÀ. and have some tea with me. then turn left
é¬ü¿’. ÅC ÆæÈ®j† English é¬ü¿’. Road èπ◊ É®Ω’
Åûªúø’ Bank ™éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’ (-†’-´¤y Éçé¬ bike O’ü¿ØË ÖØ√o´¤. CT (áúø-´’-¢Ë°æ¤ ü∆y®Ωç í∫’çú≈
-¢Áj-°æ¤™« ÖçúËN Pavements. American
English ™ sidewalk.
He is walking into the bank. Ø√ûÓ é¬Ææh tea û√í∫’) ¢ÁRx ´’Sx left A®Ω-í∫çúÕ) iii) Eve teasers ÅØË-´÷ô èπÿú≈ English ™ ™‰ü¿’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 15 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Murali: Hi! Manoj, what brings you to this
Doesn't he (does he not) appear to be
office again?
above 40?
(£æ…-ß˝’ -´’-ØÓ-ñ ¸, àçöÀ ´’Sx office èπ◊ c) 35 à∞¡x éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√∞¡Ÿx Government jobs èπ◊
-´-î√a´¤?) Å®Ω’|-©’-鬮Ω’
Manoj: I've (I have) come for my service cer-
Those above 35 years of age are not
tificate.
qualified for govt. jobs
(Ø√ service certificate éÓÆæç ´î√a.) Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx above •ü¿’©’ over èπÿú≈
Murali: How long did you work here?
¢√úø-´îª’a.
(†’¢Áyçûªé¬©ç °æE-îË-¨»-N-éπ\úø?) Those above 35 = Those over 35
Manoj: I joined here at the age of 20 and
3. äéπ ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ Å®·ûË = below
left at the age of 23. That means 3 (Sorry, Ñ §Úöà âü¿’, ûÌN’t-üË∞¡x ´ßª’- b) Jagdeesh: FéÃ
i) È®çúË∞¡xéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ -´-ߪ ’Ææ ’-†o °œ©x-©èπ◊ §ÚöÙ §ƒ™Ô_ØË Å®Ω|ûª Öçü∆?
years. To be exact it is a little over Ææ’qçúÕ, I Class †’ç* V Class îªC¢Ë (Å®Ω|ûª Öçúøôç = eligible,
´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ñ ´’çü¿’ É≤ƒhç
three years. §ƒ™Ô_-†ôç = participate/ take part,
We give this medicine only to children ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’)
(ØËE-éπ\úø 20´ àô îË®√†’. 23´ àô ¢Á-R}- below the age two. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆! Prepositions of age: §Úöà = competition/ contest)
§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Åçõ‰ ´‚úË∞¡Ÿx. correct í¬ a) at the age of/ at a young age/ at an old Suma: 20, 30 à∞¡x ´’üµ¿u ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÅC.
ii) Åûª-úÕ ´ßª’Ææ’q 20 à∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë
Jagadeesh: Å®·ûË Fèπ◊ Å®Ω|ûª ÖçC éπü∆?
Å®·ûË ´‚úË∞¡xèπ◊ éÌClí¬ Â°jØË) He is below 20 age/ at the proper age
Murali: Murthy has also left us. isn't he (is he
not) the same age as you?

He left school at..

(´‚Jh èπÿú≈ Ñ office ´CL
¢ÁRx§Úߪ÷úø’. Åûª†’ èπÿú≈ F ´ßª’ÊÆ
éπü∆?)
Manoj: No, I am 23 now, and he is above 24.
He is atleast a year older than I.
What about you?
(é¬ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ É®Ω-¢Áj-´‚úË∞¡Ÿx. Åûª-úÕéÀ É®Ω-¢Áj Suma:
iii) Åûª-úÕ-´-ߪ’Ææ’q business -v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ 30 à∞¡Ÿx ü∆öÀç-ü¿E îÁ°œpç-î√-©E
-Ø√-©’-Íí∞¡x éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë. F Ææçí∫ûË-N’-öÀ?) ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®√?
Murali: I am under twenty one. I am slight-
20 à∞¡x-™Ê°
Jagadeesh: Sorry, F´¤ 30 à∞¡x-™ Ê° ņ’-
ly, that is, just a few months over 20.
He was below twenty (years of age)
when he started his business.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 47 èπ◊Ø√o.
(É®Ω-¢Áj-ä-Íé\-∞¡x-éπçõ‰ éÌçîÁç ûªèπ◊\´. 20 à∞¡x c) Naresh: Hi, Ajitha, Åçü¿®Ω÷ èπ◊™«-≤ƒØ√?
iv) 15 à∞¡x™°æ¤ °œ©x-©èπ◊ é¬D ÆœE´÷
éπçõ‰ éÌEo ØÁ©©’ áèπ◊\´) °∂晫† ´ßª’-Ææ’q-™/ èπ◊, Ajitha: ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿ ´÷ û√ûª-í¬®Ω’ §Úߪ÷®Ω’.
Ééπ\úÕ prepositions îª÷úøçúÕ: at (the age of), This movie is not for those below 15
*†o/ -°-ü¿l/ -Ææ-È®j† Naresh: ÅßÁ÷u! Çߪ’† ´ßª’-ÂÆqçûª?
above (24), under (20), over (20) -í∫-´’-Eç-î √®Ω’ Ééπ\úø below •ü¿’©’ under ¢√úø-´îª’a. Ajitha: °ü¿l-´-ߪ’-Ææ’-™ ØË îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Å®·ûË
´ßª’-Ææ’™.
éπü∆. Ñ prepositions ÅFo-èπÿú≈ ´ßª’-Ææ’qèπ◊ (below = under Ééπ\úø) b) above/ over a certain Çߪ’† ™‰E ™ô’ ™õ‰. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ 78
v) 14 à∞¡xéπç-õ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ -´-ߪ’Ææ’ °œ©x-©†’ °æ†’-™ x- à∞¡Ÿx. ؈’ °æ¤öÀd-†-°æp-öÀÍé Çߪ’-†èπ◊ 55
Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈ç. 鬕öÀd OöÀE age
prepositions of Age Åçü∆ç. °-ô’d-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿’. °∂晫--† ´-ߪ’-Ææ’qèπ◊ °j•úÕ à∞¡x°jØË. ´÷ Å´’t-´’tèπ◊ 50 ™°æ¤.
1. at (the age of) Nobody shall appoint for any work Naresh: Åçûª ´ßª’-Ææ’-™ †÷ Çߪ’† î√™«
(Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx more M. SURESAN
boys or girls under 14 èπ◊™«-≤ƒ-í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆!
°∂晫-† ´ßª’-Ææ’q-èπ◊/ -°∂æ-™«-† ´ßª’-Ææ-°æ¤púø’/ ÉØÓo-à-ô/- than so many years
É-ØËo-∞¡x-°æ¤púø’ – OöÀ-™ àC îÁ§ƒp-©Ø√o ¢√öÀ 4. È®çúø’ ´ßª’-Ææ’© ´’üµ¿u = between ANSWERS
ņ-´îª’a).
´·ç-ü¿’ at ¢√úøû√ç. Parent: Will you let my daughter partici- a) Pavan: Who were you talking to?
c) below/ under äéπ ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ ™•úÕ.
a) ¢√úø’ 16 à∞¡xèπ◊ school ´C-L-°-ö«dúø’. pate in the competition Ravikanth: To my uncle.
(Less than/ lower than é¬ü¿’)
He left school at 16/ at the age of 16/ (§ÚöÙ ´÷ Å´÷t®·E §ƒ-™Ô_†E-≤ƒh®√?) d) between = È®çúø’ ´ßª’-Ææ’q-© ´’üµ¿u. Pavan: Your uncle? He appears to be
at 16 years of age. Teacher: How old is she? which class is below 25 years. Is he older than
NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:
b) Ç¢Á’èπ◊ 22´ àô °-∞¡}-®·çC. she in? you by two or three years only?
a) Pavan: †’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ Ravikanth: Don't be silly. I am 20 years
she got married at 22/ at the age of 22 (´-ߪ’ÂÆçûª? à class ™ ÖçC?)
c) *†o/ °ü¿l/- Ææ-È®j† ´ßª’Ææ’™ Parent: She is ten plus. she is in VI
(Éçü∆éπ) Old. He is above 35.
Ravikanth: ´÷ ´÷´’-ߪ’uûÓ Pavan: He doesn't (does not) look his
at a young age/ at an old age/ at the class.
Pavan: O’ ´÷´’ߪ÷u? 25 à∞¡x-™ °æ¤ -¢√-úÕ-™« age
proper age (°æüË-∞¡x-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´. -Ç®Ó -ûª®Ωí∫-A éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-úø’. Féπçõ‰ È®çúø’ ´‚úË∞ÏxØ√ Ravikanth: He went abroad at a very
2. äéπ ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ °j•úÕ Öçõ‰ = above îª-ü¿’-´¤-ûÓç-C) °ü¿l? young age. He returned only
a) 60 à∞¡x °j•-úÕ-†- -¢√--∞¡Ÿx senior citizens (above ten/ over ten/ ten plus) Ravikanth: °œ*a-°œ-*aí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. Ø√Íé¢Á÷ last week.
people above 60 years of age are Teacher: I'm sorry. This competition is É®Ω¢Áj. Çߪ’†èπ◊ 35 -éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë. b) Jagadeesh: Are you eligible to partici-
senior citizens. for children between five and Pavan: Åçûª-´-ߪ’-Ææ’-†oô’x éπ†-°æ-úøúË. pate in the competition?
b) Åûª-úø’ 40 à∞¡x-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√-úø’í¬ éπ-E°œç-îª-úøç nine years of age, that is, for Ravikanth: *†o-´-ߪ’-Ææ’-™ ØË Çߪ’† foreign Suma: It is only for those between 20 and
-™‰-ü¿÷? pupils of I class to V class. ¢Á∞«xúø’. Last week AJ-íÌ-î√aúø’. 30 (years of age)
Jagadeesh: Then you are eligible
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) I' asked him not to Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?Sentence *´®Ω not to -v°æ-¨¡o: I Know her (A.V.) Suma: Do you want to make me say that
à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úøû√®Ω’? She is Known by me (P.V.) or I am above 30
2) What the postman must do is provide the address- She is known to me (P.V.) Jagadeesh: Sorry, I thought you were
Åç-õ‰ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’N’-öÀ? A.V. P.V.
°j ¢√éπu-ç-™ E ™éÀ -´÷-JÊÆh à ¢√éπuç Correct? under thirty.
do ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª is à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ´Ææ’hçC? áçü¿’-èπ◊?-N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. c) Naresh: Hi Ajitha, how is every body?
Ajitha: My grandfather died a week ago
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) 'I asked him not to' Åçõ‰ á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ îË≤ƒh-´’E
– -G.®√-ñ‰ç-ü¿®˝, -N’®√u-©í∫÷-úø, -†-™Ô_ç-úø ->-™«x ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬ –
The Water fills the tank (A.V.) (Week back é¬ü¿’)
Åçõ‰, ´ü¿’l ÅE Å®Ωnç. The tank is filled by the water (P.V.) Naresh: Sorry to hear that. What was his
A: He said he would complain to the police. (or) age? / How old was he?
B: I asked him/ told him not to. The tank is filled with the water (P.V.) Ajitha: He died at an old age. We do
(Åçõ‰ Police complaint É´y-´-ü¿lE îÁ§ƒp†’, ÅE) P.V. ™ à ¢√éπuçCorrect? miss him, of course. He was 78.
2) What the postman must do is Åçõ‰ Postman àç îËߪ÷-©çõ‰ -– ü¿-´·t -¢Áçéπ-ô -Å-§ƒp®√-´¤, When I was born he was above/
ÅE Å®Ωnç. What the Postman must do is provide the over 55. Grand mother was
-ï-¢√-•’: Passive ™, know -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™-†÷, fill -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™-†÷
-´·-†í∫-§ƒéπ, -N-¨»-ê°æ-ôoç ->-™«x
address = Postman îËߪ÷-Lqç-üËç-ôçõ‰ address É´y-úøç. ÉD below/ under 50.
D†®Ωnç. Ñ éÀçC Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ do is ´Ææ’hçC. by ®√-ü¿’. is known to, is filled with ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. Naresh: Even at such an age he was
What you must do (now) is, study well and get good marks 'fill' N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ á´®Ω’ fill î˨»®Ω’ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ by ´Ææ’hçC. healthy.
†’Ny-°æ¤p-úø’ îËߪ÷-Lqç-ü¿™«x ¶«í¬ îªCN marks ûÁa-éÓ-´-úøç. The tank is filled with water by Ram.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 18 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Kranthi: Hi Karuna, How are you?
2. Between: È®çúø’ £æ«Ùü∆© ´’üµ¿u
Karuna: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
a) MROèπ◊ Collectorèπ◊ ´’üµ¿u™ Sub-collector
Kranthi: Fine too. How is your new job?
(F éÌûªh job ᙫ ÖçC?)
Öçö«®Ω’.
The Sub collector is between the MRO
Karuna: Absolutely no complaints. None
and the collector in rank and power.
above me. I am the boss.
(¶«üµ¿™‰ç ™‰´¤. °æ‹Jhí¬ ¶«í∫’çC. Ø√°j† Ñ prepositions í∫’-Jç-* Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬:
a) above/ over= °j†/ áèπ◊\-´-®·†/ N’ç*† –
á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. boss †’ ØËØË.) £æ«Ùü∆™/ Ææçêu™
absolute = °æ‹Jhí¬
b) below/ under = éÀçü¿/ ûªèπ◊\-´-®·† / ûªT_† –
Kranthi: How many are there in all?
(O’ office ™ ¢Á·ûªhç áçûª´’çC?) £æ«Ùü∆™/ Ææçêu™
c) between = ´’üµ¿u (£æ«Ùü∆™/ Ææçêu™)
(in all = ¢Á·ûªhç) Dharani: Some Officers were also there, I Dharmendra: It is on the riverside. Far off
Karuna: There are five under me. My posi- NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:
think. from the town. A lonely spot.
tion is below that of the Area 1) Bharani: Hi Dharani, ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?
Bharani: They are all my dad's col- It is an ideal spot for a picnic.
Manager. Dharani: èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË, Éçûªéà ¢Á·†o F birthday
leagues. Two or three of them (†C äúø’f† ÜJéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬. î√™«
party éÀ -áç-ûª´’çC ´î√a®Ω’?
are above the rank of marketing Åçü¿-¢Á’i† îÓô’. Picnic èπ◊ ņ’-
(Ø√ éÀçü¿ âü¿’-í∫’-®Ω’- °æ-E-îËÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’. ؈’
Area Manager -ûª®√y-ûª ≤ƒn®·-™  Bharani: ؈’ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ ™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰ü¿’. 35, 40
Managers. ¢Áj† îÓô’).
ÖØ√o†’) ´’üµ¿u -´-*a-†-ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’. Dharani: Are they above your dad? -Éç-ü¿’-™ a, an, the Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç. -É-C-
Kranthi: How many branches has your Dharani: éÌçûª ´’çC Officers èπÿú≈ ´*a-†- Bharani: Most of them are below/ under ´®Ω-™ a/ an Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
Company? ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’? 1) Countable singulars (™„éπ\-°õ‰d ¢√-öÀ-™  äéπ-
ü∆Eo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤p-úø’) ´·çü¿’ A/ An

The pen is mine

´Ææ’hçC. (ûÁ©’í∫’ ¨¡¶«l©’, Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, à,
â, ä, ã, å ©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u English
´÷ô©´·çü¿’ An, N’í∫û√ ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ A ÅE
îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.)
2) Uncountables (™„éπ\-°-ôdE ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ A/ An
®√ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ 'The' ¢√úøéπç îª÷ü∆lç.
A) ¢Á·ü¿ô 'The' pronunciation: ûÁ©’í∫’
Karuna: Between 12 and 14. Bharani: ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷Ø√†o
(12, 14 ´’üµ¿u. branches – Ææçêu) Colleagues ¨¡¶«l©’ 'Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, à, â., ä, ã, å—
Kranthi: Is the work heavy? (Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu- ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u English ´÷ô©
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 48
(î√-™« °æ†’ç-ô’çü∆) í∫’©’). ¢√- ´·çü¿’, 'C— -¢√-úø-û√-ç.
The order (C Çúø), The egg (C áí˚),
heavy– áèπ◊\-´í¬ (Ééπ\úø) ∞¡x™  Éü¿l®Ω’
The industry (C ÉçúøÆ )‘Z , The Owl (C
Karuna: No. Not above 15 files a day. On ´·í∫’_®Ω’
Marketing my dad. one or two of them are 噸), The honour (C dž) etc. a †’
Saturday it is even below 7 or 8.
Manager above my dad. bank, ant ™ ™«í¬ °æL-éÀ-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ 'C—
(®ÓVèπ◊ 15 files éπçõ‰
°j M. SURESAN
Öçúø´¤. 2) Chandra: Hi, Surya, come in. Where Åçö«ç. The ant (C ant), the (C) hour,
Saturday Å®·ûË 7, 8 éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\¢Ë) éπçõ‰
were you yesterday. etc. N’í∫û√ ¨¡¶«l-©èπ◊ ´·çü¿’, 'ü¿— °æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç.
Kranthi: How Hours at office? ¢√∞¡Ÿx.
Dharani: O’ Ø√†oí¬J éπçõ‰ °j¢√∞«x? Surya : My classmates and I went for a The (ü¿) book, the (ü¿) tree, the (ü¿)
(®ÓVèπ◊ áEo í∫çô©’?)
Bharani: î√™«-´’çC ´÷Ø√†oí¬J-éπçõ‰ éÀçC- picnic. We were about ten. University etc.
Karuna: Not so rigid. We are there between
Chandra: Did you enjoy yourselves?/ Did B) Countables, uncountables, singulars,
10 AM and 6 PM for above six to ¢√∞Ïx. äéπ-J-ü¿l®Ω’ ´÷Ø√†oéπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´
you enjoy the day (Picnic)? / plurals- OöÀE í∫ ’- Jç-* °∂æ-™«-Ø√ ÅE
six and a half hours. £æ«Ùü∆™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx.
2) Chandra: Hi Surya, come in. E†o áéπ\-úø’- Had a good time? v°æûËu-éπçí¬ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ 'The' ¢√úøû√ç.
(Åçõ‰ éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’ ™‰´¤. °æCç-
Ø√o´¤? Surya: Yesterday was very pleasant. A book is there. (Åéπ\úÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC).
öÀéÀ ÇJç-öÀéÀ ´’üµ¿u 6, 6 1/2 í∫çô©
§ƒô’ Öçö«ç) Surya: ؈÷, Ø√ Classmates Picnic èπ◊ The temperature was below 20 The book is my borther's
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E prepositions í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆: ¢Á∞«xç. -ü∆-ü∆°æ¤ °æC´’çC-N’. degrees. cool and pleasant. We (ÅC ´÷ brotherC).
above, below, under, between. Chandra: ¶«í¬ í∫úÕ§ƒ®√? were there for over six hours. Ééπ\úø A, the ¢√úøéπç §Ú©açúÕ. ¢Á·ü¿ô àüÓ/ ã
1. 'Above' èπ◊ -Ö†o éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ Éçûª-èπ◊- Surya: Ç, E†o î√™« Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. one of us brought a Cake. It was ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'A' ¢√ú≈ç. È®çúÓ sentence ™ Ç
´·çü¿’ lesson™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø Ö≥Úg-ví∫ûª 25 úÕvU© éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\¢Ë. above 2 Kgs. (Åçõ‰ °∂晫Ø√) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'The' ¢√ú≈ç. 鬕öÀd
'above' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç -îª÷ü∆lç. xí¬ £æ…®·í¬ ÖçC. ¢Ë’-´’éπ\úø - Chandra: How much did each spend? °∂晫Ø√ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ countables (singular &
Karuna: None above me. I am the boss. Ç®Ω’í∫çô© °jØË í∫úÕ-§ƒ´·. ´÷™ Surya: Between Rs 250 and 300 each. plural), uncountables (singular and plural)
Åçõ‰ ´÷ office™ Ø√°j† á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. äéπ®Ω’ äéπ Cake ûÁî√a®Ω’. È®ç-úø’




´·çü¿’ the ¢√úøû√ç, ¢√ú≈L.
ØËØË ÅCµ-é¬-JE. éÀ™© éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ •®Ω’´¤ç-C. (´·êu-¢Á’†i Å稡ç: éÌEoîÓôx ûª°æp Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo,
ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™, £æ«Ùü∆™ äéπ-J-°j† ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ Öçúø-ö«Eo Chandra: äéÌ\-éπ\-JéÀ áçûª -ê®Ωa-®·çC? Dharmendra: We are all going on a Picnic. Å®√nFo•öÀd English™ A é¬F, An é¬F, the é¬F
Surya: Won’t you join us? nouns ™ éÌEo ûÁí∫© ´·çü¿’ ¢√ú≈-LqçüË)
'above' Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí 'there are five under
250, 300 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© ´’üµ¿u.
me' – Ééπ\úø under Åçõ‰ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™, £æ«Ùü∆™ ANSWERS (¢Ë’´’çû√ Picnic ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: äéπöÀ/ àüÓ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å®·ûË
A/ An ¢√úøû√ç. °∂晫-Ø√ Å®·ûË 'The' ¢√úøû√ç.
éÀçü¿ Öçúøôç. 1) Bharani: Hi Dharani, how are you? †’´¤y ®√èπÿ-úøü¿÷?)
Home Minister £æ«Ùü∆ Chief Minister £æ«Ùü∆ Dharani: Fine, By the by, how many Damodar: When is the Picnic? a) A pen is for writing (pen ®√ߪ’-ú≈EéÀ)
éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ attended your birthday party the (Picnic á°æ¤púø÷?) (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ A/ Anèπ◊ ûªí∫_ô’d ¢√úøéπç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.)
The rank of the Home Minister is below that day before (yesterday)? Dharmendra: On Sunday. It is a nice spot. b) The pen in your pocket is mine.
of the Chief minister. The Home Minister Bharani: I didn't count exactly. There (Sunday ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. Ç °œéÀoé˙ ¢Á∞Ïx (F ñ‰•’™ Ö†o pen -Ø√-C).
under the Chief Minister in power and rank. were between 35 and 40 v°æü˨¡ç èπÿú≈ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.) Ééπ\úø The ¢√úø-ö«-EéÀ äéπ rule. à-C? ÅE v°æ¨¡o
(Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† Å稡ç. äéπ £æ«Ùü∆ éπØ√o (The people present were Damodar: Where is the spot? ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√éπ-§ÚûË, A/ An ¢√úøû√ç.
ûªèπ◊\-´/ -ä-éπJ éÀçü¿= below. between 35 and 40) (Ç îÓô’ áéπ\úø?) Ææ-´÷--üµ∆†ç ´ÊÆh 'The' ¢√úøû√ç.
äéπJ éÀçü¿= under Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË 'Officers
below/ under the rank of the district collector
– É™«çöÀ sentences ™ below, under È®çúø÷
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Where did you go? -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Where did you go? Åçõ‰ – †’¢Áy-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x´¤? ÅE.
Where have you went? Where did you went? Correct é¬ü¿’.
¢√úø-´îª’a) 2) It is time we left Did ûª®√yûª go ´Ææ’hçC; went ®√ü¿’.
a) VEO £æ«Ùü∆ °j† Ö†o officers èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 2) It is time we left. It is high time we left-
It is high time we left.
jeep -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îË Å®Ω|ûª Öçô’çC. Those / OöÀ È®çöÀéà ŮΩnç äéπõ‰ – ´’†ç á°æ¤púÓ ¢Á-∞¡Ÿ}ç-ú≈-LqçC, ÅE.
O-öÀ-´’-üµ¿u -ûË-ú≈ -N-´-J-ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.
officers above the rank of the VEO are eli- Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ¢Á∞«}-Lq† Time ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿E.
3) No, ifs and buts, young man, you
gible for jeeps. (eligible= Å®Ω|ûª éπL-T†) 3) -Ñ -¢√é¬u-EéÀ -Å®Ωnç – Å®·-ûË, T®·-ûË ÅE Ü£œ«ç--éÓ--´-úøç -´ü¿’l, F ´’†-Ææ’™
must speak out your mind.
b) Collector £æ«Ùü∆èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ñ à´·çüÓ îÁ°æ¤p – ÅE. ´’†ç @N-ûªç™ î√-™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ÅüË ïJT Öçõ‰/-ï-JT Öçúø-
ÅCµ-鬮Ωç ™‰ü¿’ Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?
4) I want to ask him for help éπ-§ÚûË à´’-ßË’uüÓ ÅE Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç. Å™«Íí Å™« ïJ-T-ûË/- ï-®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË
Those below/ under the rank/ position of à´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ 'ifs and buts'
the Collector do not have this power.
؈’ Åûª-úÕE Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í¬-©E
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Åçö«ç. If Åçõ‰– Å®·ûË; but Åçõ‰– Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ.
c) v°æA °æC´’çC-°j† ã Supervisor Öçö«úø’ Ñ If Gandhi had been alive... í¬ç-Dµ •AéÀ Öçõ‰...
Office™
؈’ Åûª-úÕE Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í¬-©E
ņ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úÕo (í∫ûªç™). but he is not... Å®·ûË, Çߪ’† ™‰úø’í¬...
There is a supervisor over/ above every no ifs and buts Åç-õ‰ É™«çöÀN Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´-úøç E®Ω-®Ωnéπç ÅE.
ten workers.
-D-E-E English ™ -á-™« -Å-Ø√-L?
4) I used to think of asking him for help
Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx rank èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, position, level, – -ñ„.®Ω-¢Ë’-¨¸, -ñ„-.-Å-E-™¸, -´-úøx-´‚®Ω’, Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í¬-©E ņ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úÕo.
designation -Å-Eèπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. '£æ«Ùü∆—- Å®Ωnç™. -ûª÷®Ω’píÓ-ü∆-´-J ->-™«x. (I used to feel like asking him for help)
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 20 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Gowtham: Hi Gambhir, I saw a bike in front
3) Robert: Where is Vijayawada?
of the bank by your home.
(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø áéπ\-úø’çC)
(O’ ÉçöÀ °æéπ\ bank ´·çü¿’ ã Guide: About 300 kms to the South East
bike†’ -îª÷-¨»-†’)
of Hyderabad. On the banks of
Gambhir: Wasn't it (was it not) yesterday? I
the Krishna.
saw the bike too. Really stunning.
(Hyderabad èπ◊ ØÁj®Ω’A -C-¨¡-™ ,
(E†o éπü∆? ؈÷ îª÷-¨»†’ bike †’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 300 kms ü¿÷®Ωç™ éπ%≠æg
î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. äúø’f† -Öç-C)
Stunning = Ǩ¡a®Ωuç íÌLÊ° (Åçü¿ç) Robert: I have heard of Rajahmundry.
Gowtham: (Do you) know the owner? Where is it?
(ÅüÁ-´-JüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) (®√ï-´’çvúÕ í∫’-Jç-* NØ√o†’.
conversations ™ Åçõ‰ spoken form ™ ÅüÁ-éπ\úø -Öç-ô’ç-C?) 2) Pranav: Where is Vijayawada?
(Do you) ™«çöÀN ´C-™‰Æ œ know him? ™«çöÀ Guide: A little distance from Prakash: About 40 kms off the sea coast.
(ÉC èπÿú≈ price, rate é¬ü¿’. Rate á°æ¤púø÷ äéπ
questions ¢ËÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. unit ߪ‚Eö¸ üµ¿®Ω ´÷vûª¢Ë’.)
Vijayawada. It is on the (Ééπ\úø about = ü∆ü∆°æ¤, off =
Gambhir: Yes. It is the bank manager's PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:
Godavari. Where are you com- ü¿÷®√† ÅØË prepositions ¢√úøéπç
(ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅC Ç bank manager C) Vinai: Ñ É©’x O’ ≤Òçûª-¢Ë’Ø√?
ing from? í∫÷ú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)
Gowtham: Perhaps you have an account (Do ûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ)
(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úøèπ◊ éÌçûª-ü¿÷-®Ωç™. íÓü∆-´J Pranav: Is the Krishna a big river?
with the bank. A big account, Vijai: Å´¤†’. ´÷ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿-ô 11
äúø’f†. O’È®-éπ\-úÕ-†’ç-* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) Prakash: Yes. It is a very big river. One of
(Ç bank ™ Fèπ◊ account Öçü¿-†’- Robert: From Goa. The beaches of the the twelve major rivers in India.
©éπ~-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o®Ω’.
Vinai: Éçöx curtains ÅFo ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. Ç cur-
èπ◊çö«. °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªh-¢Ë’-Ø√?) Arabian sea are really grand. How





tain í∫’úøf áçûªèπ◊ éÌØ√o®Ω’? ÅFo äéπ í∫’úøf-

rate.. at, price.. for

´·éπ\™‰Ø√?
Vijai: Å´¤†’. O’ô®Ω’ ®Ω÷.320 v°æ鬮Ωç éÌØ√oç.
¢Á·ûªhç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 4500 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Å®·çC.
Vinai: Ñ chairs ?
Vijai: Ñ chairs, Ç sofa, Ç table ÅFo-éπ-L°œ
12000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Å®·çC.
ANSWER:
1) ´’†ç last lesson™ 'The' E Vinai: Do you own this house ?
í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’- far is
èπ◊-†o-C: äéπ ´÷ô´·çü¿’ 'The' Vijai: Yes. My father bought it for Rs.11 lakh
¢√ú≈™«, -´-ü∆l - Vijayawada
two years ago.
from the Bay
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 49
Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊– Ç ´÷ôèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ 'à-?—/
which? ņo question -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-E -ü∆-EéÀ Ææ´÷- Vinai: The curtains are really nice. How
of Bengal?
üµ∆†ç ´ÊÆh The ¢√ú≈--L. (íÓ¢√ †’ç*. much did you buy the curtain cloth
a) He bought a book yesterday. Åéπ\úÕ ÅÍ®-Gߪ÷ for? Are all of them the pieces of the
E†oÅûª-úø’ °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌ-Ø√o-úø’. à °æ¤Ææhéπç– which same cloth?
Ææ´·-vü¿ -B®√-©’ Khalid: The mangoes are good. How much
book? (éÌØ√oúø’) ÅØË question èπ◊, no -áç-ûÓ -Åç-ü¿çí¬ M. SURESAN Vijai: Yes. We bought it at Rs.320 a metre.
did you buy them for?
answer. So 'a book' in the sentence. -Ö-Ø√o®·. Nï-ߪ’- We bought the whole cloth for about
(Ñ ´÷N’úÕ°æ-ç-úø’x ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. ᙫ éÌØ√o¢˛?) Rs.4500 (The whole thing cost us
b) The book there is mine. ¢√úø Bay of Bengal †’ç* Kesav: At Rs. 80 a dozen. I bought all these
Åéπ\-úø’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç -Ø√-C. 'à °æ¤Ææhéπç/ which about Rs.4500)
áçûªü¿÷®Ωç?) for Rs. 160/-. There was a better
book?' ÅØË question èπ◊, The book there – Guide: About 40 kms Vinai: What about these chairs?
variety, but the price I felt was too
Åéπ\-úø’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅE answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'The' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷úøçúÕ: Vijai: These (the) chairs, that (the) sofa,
high. I was not prepared to buy them
2) Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†o-°æ¤úø’ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-Jéà To the Southeast, The Krishna, The that (the) table - we bought all of them
at that price.
ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æߪ’ç ´·çü¿’ The ´Ææ’hçC. °j Ææ綵«- Godavari, The Arabia Sea, The Bay of together for Rs.12000/- (All these cost
(Dozen 80 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-© -îÌ°æ¤p-† éÌ-Ø√o.-
≠æ-ù™ îª÷úøçúÕ. The bank by your home, Bengal. Åçõ‰ †ü¿’© Ê°®Ωx´·çü¿’, Ææ-´·-vü∆-© Ê°®Ωx- us Rs.12000/-)
O-öÀéÀ 160 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-®·çC. Éçûª-éπØ√o É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Vocabulary items îª÷úøçúÕ.
the bike, the owner, the bank manager. ´·ç-ü¿’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ the ¢√ú≈-LqçüË. Å™«Íí Cèπ◊\©-†’ ´’ç*-®Ωéπç ÖçC. é¬F Ø√èπ◊ üµ¿®Ω ´’K
Ééπ\úø Oô-EoçöÀ´·çü¿’ 'The' ´≤ÚhçC. Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈EéÀ èπÿú≈ (to the southeast) ¢√úøû√ç. 1) ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞¡}-úøç = go to a movie/ film/ picture.
áèπ◊\´ -ÅE-°œç-*çC. Åçûª üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ éÌØËç- 2) ¶µï-†ç-™«çöÀN ´úÕfç-îª-úøç
áç-ü¿’éπF?É-´-Fo èπÿú≈
´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING: ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ™‰†’)
Gowtham, Gambhir Éü¿l-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ 1) Ram: Ééπ\úø library áéπ\úø? serve a meal/ food/ lunch/ dinner
鬕öÀd. Ééπ\úø 'at' 'for' prepositions Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç 3) öé’, 鬰∂‘-©-™«çöÀN ÉçöÀéÀ ´*a† ¢√∞¡x-éÀ-´y-úøç
Bank, bike, owner, bank manager v°æ≤ƒh-´- Raghu: éÌClí¬ Öûªh®Ωç -¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á-R}, áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷ü∆lç. Rate ´·çü¿’ ã dozen üµ¿®Ó, ã éÀ™ üµ¿®Ó,
A®Ω-í∫çúÕ. library éπ-E°œÆæ’hçC. offer tea/ coffee/ a drink/ a seat
†çû√ èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷™‰– Åçü¿’-éπE. ã O’ô®Ω’ üµ¿®Ó Å®·ûË at ¢√úøû√ç.
Pavan: Where are the books? Ram: -Ç library °ü¿l-üËØ√? (Is ûÓ begin 1) Ñ Gߪ’uç éÀ™  20 ®Ω÷. -îÌ°æ¤p-† éÌØ√o
(èπÿîÓ-´’E -îÁ°æp-úøç)
4) Åûª†’ coffee Éî√aúø’ é¬E ؈’ BÆæ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’
(Ç °æ¤-Ææh-é¬-™„-éπ\úø?) îËߪ÷L) I bought this rice at Rs 20 a Kg.
Ravi: Can't you see? They are on the Raghu: GLfçí˚ *†oüË. °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ´÷vûªç ¶™„- He offered me coffee but I didn't take it.
2) She bought her dress material at Rs. 300
table. 5) ØË-†ûª-EéÀ coffee É*aØ√ Ø√ O’ü¿ éÓ°æç ´©x
úø’-Ø√o®·. a metre.
(éπ-E°œç-îª-úøç ™‰ü¿÷? Ç table O’ü¿’-Ø√o®·.) 2) Pranav: Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø áéπ\úø? (-Ç-¢Á’ -vúÁÆˇ -¢Á’-öÃ-J-ߪ’-™¸ O’ô®˝ 300 ®Ω÷. îÌ°æ¤p† BÆæ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’
Pavan: And where's (where is) the pen? Prakash: Ææ´·vü¿B®√-EéÀ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 40 km I offered him coffee, but because he was
éÌ-†oC) angry with me, he refused it/ to take it.
Ravi: There too. On the table. ü¿÷®√† ÖçC. When we say we bought mangoes at Rs.80
(Åéπ\úË. Ç table O’üË) Pranav: éπ%-≠æg °-ü¿l -†-üË-Ø√? refuse= A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç-îª-úøç, ä°æ¤p-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç
a dozen, (´’†ç dozen 80®Ω÷. v°æ鬮Ωç éÌØ√oç)
Pavan: Where is the paper for me to write Prakash: î√-™« °ü¿l †C. ¶µ«®Ω-û˝-™ E 12 °ü¿l 6) Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îª-úøç = accept
Åçõ‰, ÅC Rate. 鬕öÀd ü∆E-´·çü¿’ at. Ñ
(®√ߪ’-ú≈EéÀ paper àC?) †ü¿’™x ÅC äéπöÀ. N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ûªhç áEo °æ∞¡Ÿx éÌØ√oç, ØËE-*a† 鬆’éπ Åûª†’ BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’
Ravi: You find a lot of paper in the shelf ANSWERS: He did not accept my gift
¢Á·ûªhç üµ¿®Ω áçûª Å®·çD -ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
there. 1) Ram: Where is the library here? ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Åûª†’ 鬆’-éπ©’ Æ‘yéπ-Jçîªúø’
He bought these mangoes for Rs.200
(Ç shelf ™ 鬴-©-Æœ-†ç-ûª paper ÖçC) Raghu: Walk a little to the north and turn (BÆæ’éÓúø’)
(to the) left. You see the library.
Ñ °æç-úø’x ¢Á·ûªhç ®Ω÷.200 °öÀd-éÌ-Ø√o†’. He doesn't (does not) accept gifts.
Ééπ\úø The books, The table, The pen, (ÉC price; rate é¬ü¿’, 鬕öÀd for)
The shelf Åçô’Ø√oç. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ravi, Pavan Ram: Is the library big/ a big one? not accept = reject
Raghu: The building is small, but the
Ñ •≤ƒh Gߪ’uç 1600 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-®·çC He rejected my gift =
v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h†o books, table, pen, shelf ¢√Rx-ü¿l-Jéà I bought this bag of rice for Rs. 1600/-
ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢Ë. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\-úøçû√ 'The' -¢√-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oç. books are many. He did not accept my gift.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) O’®Ω’ Q&A QJ{-éπ™ -ã v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-†-N’Ææ÷h... 2) éÀçC situation ™ ¢√é¬u-Eo present passive ™ future ™ ïJÍí °æEE Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.
''regular í¬ ™‰ü∆ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ïJÍí actions †’ Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç--î√-™«, perfect passive ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç--î√-™«? 2) Which is provided ÅØËC correct. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púø÷
present passive ™ îÁ§ƒh-®Ω-Ø√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ Öü∆-£æ«- -à-C éπÈ®é˙d? ïJ-Íí-üËçöÀ..? Mouse, keyboard ™«çöÀ input
®Ω-ùí¬ ''A lecturer is appointed by the commit- Input:- "A computer accepts data which is provided devices data †’ ÅçC-≤ƒh®·. ü∆EE computer
tee" text book
Å-ØË ¢√é¬uEo -îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’. é¬F äéπ ™ by means of a input device like mouse, or key board" BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’çC. O’J-*a† sentence †’ È®çúø’í¬
regular í¬ ™‰ü∆ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ïJÍí actions †’ (Input device -™„j-† éö®Ω’f, ´’¯Æˇ-©ûÓ éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ü¿û√hç-¨»-Eo Núø-íÌ-ôdçúÕ. Å°æ¤úË´’´¤-ûª’çC?
present passive simple future passive
™ í¬éπ "input"
Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îª-ú≈Eo Åçö«®Ω’). ûÁ©’í∫’ v°æ鬮Ωç ¢√éπuç-™E 1) An input device like a mouse or keyboard pro-
™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’. Öü∆: "In every business 'data'
Å®Ωnç îª÷ÊÆh ' éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ O’èπ◊ †’ ÅçCç-*† ûª®√y-ûË vides the data.
enterprise, the accounts will be classified on "A computer accepts
éπü∆ ÅC Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îËC. 鬕öÀd ¢√öÀ-™- 2) The computer accepts it. É°æ¤púø’ sentence no.1
the basis of one key factor. That key factor is data which has been provided by means of input passive í¬ ´÷Ja È®çúÕç-öÀ-E éπL°œûË is provides
debit and credit. îª÷¨»-®Ω’í¬ ¢√é¬uEo. ' ë«û√-©†’ device like a mouse or key board" ÅE îÁ°æp-´î√a? éπÈ®é˙d ÅE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. äéπ ´÷ô. data,
Debit, Credit ´÷´‚-©’í¬ plural. Computer °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ™ ´÷vûªç
-ï-¢√-•’:
Å稻© Çüµ∆-®Ωç-í¬ØË ´K_-éπ-J-≤ƒh®Ω’— . ÉC – Ç®˝.-á-Æˇ.-´’-Ê£«≠ˇ, ņç-ûª-°æ¤®Ωç
á°æ¤púø÷ ïJÍí °æØË éπü∆. accounts are classified 1) Ééπ\úø The accounts are classified singular í¬ØË ¢√úøû√®Ω’.
ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’? ÆæçüË£æ«ç B®Ωa-í∫-©®Ω’. ņ--úø¢Ë’ correct, will be classified ÅØËC
I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 22 šúšídÙñô¢ª 2005

Ganesh: Hi Harish, pleasure seeing you šíj ú£Ù-òÅ°-ù£-éö˺ made (make) êÁ ÷#aì prepo-
here. Welcome. Do come in. sitions Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…– made of, made from,
(óÀª, KùÃ! Eìªo ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[è[Ù/ made out of.
ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦÷è[Ù à¦ö° ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ 1) All the furniture is made of teak.
ÑÙC. ö˺í£-LÚ¨ ô¦!) Do come in = ö˺í£- íÆ£Jo-àŸô ÍÙê¦ ç¶ÚÛªêÁ à¶ø‹ô¢ª.
LÚ¨ ô¦ ÍE Þœæ¨dÞ¥ àµí£pè[Ù. ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± ë¶EêÁ Íô³û¦ à¶óŸª-è¯Eo made of
Oª conversation ö˺ practise à¶óŸªÙè…. ÍÙæ°Ù. `of' ÏÚÛ\è[ êŸí£p-E-ú£J.
Harish: Pleasure is equally mine/ Pleasure We make tables of wood.
is mine too. So this is your new (÷ªìÙ tables (çµóÀª-ñªöËÀq)ìª àµÚÛ\êÁ à¶þ§hÙ.)
home. Really splendid. The furniture a) Ð ôÁVö˺x ÷ªìÙ Eô¦t-é°-÷-ú£-ô¦-õÚÛª Ïìª÷³,
is elegant too. ÑÚÛª\êÁ à¶ú‡ì šíjí£±-õÚÛª ñë]ªõª Þœæ¨d ð§xú‡d-ÚÂêÁ
(û¦ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ú£ÙêÁù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙC. Ïë]-ìo- à¶ú‡ì šíjí£±-õû¶ î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ.
÷«å Oª Ú•êŸh Ïõªx. à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC. Oª Nowadays we are using pipes made of
pieces.
íÆ£Jo-àŸô ÚÛ«è¯ à¦ö° û¦W-ÚÛªÞ¥ ÑÙC.) (pipes of) hard plastic instead of pipes ò°ÞœªÙë¯?
Ð 'pleasure' -expressions ÍFo conversa- curtain
(Î <ô¢õ ÷³ÚÛ\-õêÁ Î à¶ú‡ÙC.) Suguna:
made of iron and steel for construction pur- ÏÙêŸ ÓÙè[ö˺ í£åªd vèµúà Óö° î¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-
tional bits. Oª conversationö˺ î¦è[ªêŸ« b) She made a beautiful figure out of the
poses. æ°÷±? àµ÷ªå í£åd-è[Ù-ö¶ë¯?
pieces of coloured paper. sweat- àµ÷ªå – šúyæËÀ
ÑÙè[Ùè…. êŸóŸ«-·ôjì ÷ú£ªh÷± (finished product) ë¶EêÁ
Splendid = excellent êŸóŸ«·ôjìëÁ ÚÛEí‡ú£«h ÑÙç¶ Íí£±pè[ª made of
(Î ô¢ÙÞœª Ú¥T-ê¦õ ÷³ÚÛ\-õêÁ ò˹÷ªt êŸóŸ«ô¢ª Suseela: ö¶ë]ª. û¶ìª ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÷« Óú‡ Îíƈ-
Elegant = û¦W-·Újì ÍÙæ°Ù. à¶ú‡ÙC). úÃö˺û¶ ÑÙæ°Þ¥?
This Table is made of wood- Íìo-í£±pè[ª àµÚÛ\
ÏD made of, made from, made out of ÷ªëÅ]u- Answers:
ê¶è¯. 1. Raghu: What do you want, sir?

of... from... out of

made of.
ÚÛEí‡-ú£«hû¶ ÑÙåªÙC. Ú¥ñæ¨d Ram: I am looking for good tables and
Now practise the following aloud in English.
2) The sweet is made from flour and milk. chairs.
1) Raghu: ÔÙ Ú¥î¦-õÙè† OªÚÛª?
(Î úˆyæËÀ í‡Ùè…, ð§õêÁ à¶þ§hô¢ª (à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC)). Raghu: How about these tables and
Ram: ñõxõª, ÚÛªKaõª ÷ªÙ#-î¶-÷ªû¦o Ñû¦o-
ÏÚÛ\è[ made êŸô¦yêŸ from ÷þ¼hÙC ÚÛë¯! í‡Ùè…, chairs, sir?
ð§õêÁ(from flour and milk) Íìo-í£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ó¶ªîµ« àŸ«ú£ªhû¦o. Ram: They are made of plastic. I want
Raghu: Ð ñõxõª, ÚÛªKaõª àŸ«è[Ùè….
êŸóŸ«-·ôjì ÷ú£ªh÷± (finished product) Ô í£ë¯-ô¦n- tables and chairs made of good
Ram: ÍN ð§xú‡d-ÚÂêÁ teak.
à¶ú‡ìN ÚÛë¯. Raghu: There they are sir. Of good teak
û¦ÚÛª ÷ªÙ# and in a variety of designs.
ç¶ÚÛªêÁ Ram: They're (they are) OK. I need
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 50
à¶ú‡ìN some mattresses and pillows too.
Ú¥î¦L. mattress = í£ô¢ªí£±
Your drink is good. How did you make it? Raghu: ÍN ÍÚÛ\-è[ª-
bed = í£ô¢ª-í£±êÁ Ñìo ÷ªÙàŸÙ
õêÁ (raw material - ÷³è…-ú£-ô¢ªÚÛª/ ú£ô¢ª-ÚÛªõª) û¦oô³. ÷ªÙ#
Raghu: Here are they sir. Made from
Ganesh: Thank you. The furniture is all êŸóŸ«·ôjÙëÁ ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d made from. ç¶ÚÛªêÁ, NNëÅ] M. SURESAN
Sponge, rubberized coir- no prob-
made of teak. Dad got the wood Made of ÚÛª, made from ÚÛª ê¶è¯ Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè….
ô¢Ú¥õè…âµj-ìxö˺.
Ram: lem in summer as they are not
specially from Bhadrachalam
ÏN ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oô³. û¦ÚÛª Ú•Eo
ÍÙê¶-Ú¥-ÚÛªÙè¯ ·ôÙè[ª, ÷´è[ª ÷ú£ªh-÷±õ ÚÛõ-ô³-ÚÛêÁ made only of sponge.
forests. How about having this êŸóŸ«-·ôj-ì-í£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯ from Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¦L. í£ô¢ª-í£±õª, CÙè[ªx Ú¥î¦L.
Raghu: ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô³ àŸ«è[Ùè…. î¶ú£-Nö˺ Ram: That's OK. How much are they?
sweet? It's vilakand. Mom's (Mom a) Ú¥T-ê¦Eo àµêŸhêÁ (ìªÙ#) êŸóŸ«ô¢ª à¶þ§hô¢ª. 2) Suguna: Your drink is good. How did you
has) made it. Paper is made from waste material.
ÏñsÙC ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙæ°ô³. ÑêŸh
þ§pÙâÉÀêÁ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ sponge, rubber- make it?
(íÆ£Jo-àŸô ÍÙê¦ ç¶ÚÛªêÁ à¶ú‡Ùë¶. ÷« Paper `from'.
ö˺ àµêŸh ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d Suseela: From a mix of grape juice,
ized íˆàŸªêÁ êŸóŸ«-·ôj-ìN.
û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª òÅ¡vë¯-àŸõÙ Íè[÷±õ ìªÙ# b) è¯ÚÛdô Р÷ªÙë]ª Ú•Eo ÷´L-ÚÛ-õêÁ à¶ø‹ô¢ª. orange juice, ginger extract,
êµí‡pÙ-à¦ô¢ª. Ð úˆyæËÀ Bú£ªÚÁ. ÍC Nö°- The doctor made this medicine from some
(íˆàŸª= coir)
Ram: ÍC ú£¸ô. ëÅ]ô¢õª Óæ°x Ñû¦oô³? sugar, and a little pepper pow-
ÚÛÙèÂ. Í÷ªt à¶ú‡ÙC.) herbs. der.
2) Suguna: ìªNy-#aì vè…ÙÚ à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC.
Harish: (After taking a bite) It's delicious! herbs)
(÷´L-ÚÛõª= (ginger = ÍõxÙ, extract = Bú‡ì ô¢ú£Ù)
What's the stuff it is made of? 3) Our carpenter made it out of the wooden
Óö° à¶ø‹÷±?
Suseela: v믤Ûô¢ú£Ù, ÚÛ÷ª-ö°-ô¢ú£Ù, Ú•ClÞ¥ ÍõxÙ- Suguna: Really fine. How about this
((Ú•ÙêŸ AE) à¦ö° ô¢ª#Þ¥ ÑÙC. ë¶EêÁ pieces. dress of yours?
à¶þ§hô¢ª DEo?) ô¢ú£Ù, ë¯ÙêÁ-ð§åª í£ÙàŸ-ë¯ô¢, NªJ-óŸ«-
(÷« ÷vè[ÙT DEo NªT-L-ð¼-ô³ì àµÚÛ\-÷³-ÚÛ\-õêÁ Suseela: It is made of pure silk. Is it good?
stuff = í£ë¯ô¢nÙ
õ-ð»è… ÚÛL-í‡ì NªvøŒ-÷ªÙêÁ.
Suguna: How are you able to wear it in
êŸóŸ«-ô¢ª-à¶-ø‹è[ª.)
Ganesh: It's a new variety. It is made from a ÏÚÛ\è[ out of î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ. Ú•Eo ÷ú£ªh-÷±-õ쪖 ÓÚÛª\- (Þœ÷ª-EÚÛ: ÏC Ð î¦uú£Ù ÚÁú£Ù ô¦ú‡Ùë¶. ví£óŸªêŸoÙ
such hot sun? Don't you sweat?
mix of rice and wheat flour, milk, ÷Þ¥ Ö¸Ú ô¢Ú¥EN Íô³ìí£±pè[ª `make out of' à¶óŸª-ÚÛÙè….)
Suguna: à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC. Ïë¶Ùæ¨ Ð vèµúÃ? Suseela: No. I am most of the time in our
ghee etc. ÍÙæ°Ù. Suseela: îµ³êŸhÙ í£åªdêÁ êŸóŸ«ô¢ª à¶ú‡ÙC air conditioned office.
(GóŸªu-í‡pÙè…, ÞÁëÅ]ª-÷ª-í‡Ùè…, ð§õª, ûµô³u a) She made the curtain out of the sari
ÚÛLí‡ à¶þ§hô¢ª.)
ûËÁæËÀ: Nö°-ÚÛÙè úˆyæËÀ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é ÚÁú£Ù ÚÛLpÙ#ìC ví£øŒo: An awareness programme will be held at kurnool on saturday. Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ Íí£±pè[ª Oª sentence DEÚ¨ continuation
÷«vêŸî¶ª. êŸóŸ«-ô¢ªà¶›úÙë]ªÚÛª ví£óŸª-AoÙ-àŸ-ÚÛÙè…. future tense ö˺ ÑÙë]E êµõªú£ª. Íô³ê¶ Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ àŸ«è[Ùè…. Íô³ê¶ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íö° Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ an amount of
(flour = í‡Ùè…, pronunciation- íÆ£xÍ, flour, flower a) An amount of Rs. 104 crores would be paid in Rajampet constituen- Rs. 104 Crore would be paid... Íû¶C
- ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨Ú© Ö¸Ú pronunciation) cy of Cuddapah district on Saturday. independent sentence Íô³ê¶ ÏÚÛ\è[
Harish: That flower vase stand over there, ·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ Indirect Speech past tense
ö˺ ÑÙë¯? ö¶ë¯ ¸Ú÷õÙ refer ìª would be paid ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯-
that particularly attracts me. Is it very à¶ú£ªhÙë¯? û¶ìª ›íí£ôÁx ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù àŸ«›ú-û¦-æ¨Ú¨ è[ñªs í£Ùí‡é© áJ-Tìæ°x ö¶ë¯ áô¢- Lqì verb will be paid. Íë¶ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Oªô¢ª
expensive? Þœìæ°x? ›íí£ô àŸC-î¶-û¦-æ¨Ú¨ í£Ùí‡é© áô¢-Þœ-ìç¶x. Future
(ÍÚÛ\è… íÆ£xÍ î¦âÉÀ þ§dÙè à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC. b) 'Dr YSR is sure that availability of funds would not be a hindrance'- Ð ö˺ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
ÍC à¦ö° ÜKë¯?) î¦ÚÛuÙ Indirect Speech Íìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ YSR was sure ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯! Ú¥F b) Dr YSR is sure that the availability
flower vase= í£²õªÙචޥV/ åöËÀð§vêŸ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª News paper ö˺ is sure ÍE î¦è¯ô¢ª? ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ is sure ÍE î¦è¯Lq of funds would not be a hindrance-
vase- pronunciation- British - î¦âÉÀ, ÷›úh will be hindrance ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯! N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª. ÷ªìÙ Óí£±pè[ª main clause verb
ìª ñæ¨d
American - îµóÀª-úÃ/-îµ-óÀªâÉÀ) sub-ordinate clause verb
ìª ú£÷-JÙ-à¦L.
Ganesh: No. Our carpenter made it out of
– ÓúÃN FL÷ª, ò˹õx-÷ô¢Ù
ÏÚÛ\è[ Dr YSR is sure
ÍE report
à¶ú£ªh-
the wooden pieces left over. will not be
áî¦ñª: a) An amount of Rs. 104 ñæ¨d ÷«vêŸî¶ª àµí£p-ÞœõÙ. ÍÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª
ì-í£±pè[ª Íû¶ ô¦î¦L. Íë¶ Ð
(ö¶ë]ª. NªT-L-ð¼-ô³ì àµÚÛ\÷³-ÚÛ\-õêÁ sentence
ÚÛª correct form.
ÖÚÛ î¶üŒ Dr
÷« ÷vè[ÙT ë¯Eo à¶ø‹è[ª.) crores would be paid in Rajampet con- î¦ÚÛuÙ Ïö° ÑÙë]-ìª-ÚÁÙè…– The Minister YSR was sure
ÍE report
ඛúh (ÓÙë]ª-
left over = NªT-L-ð¼-ô³-ÙC. stituency of Cuddapah district on said that money would be disbursed to
ÚÛÙç¶ YSR
ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ñìo ú‡nAE Ïí£±pè[ª
eg. She gave the left overs to the beggar. Saturday- Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ Indirect Speech ö˺ the deserving (Íô¢ª|-öµjì î¦JÚ¨ è[ñªs Ï÷y- report
à¶ú£ªhû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d was) would not
(Î NªT-L-ð¼-ô³ì î¦æ¨E GàŸa-Þ¥-è…Ú¨ Ï#aÙC.) ÑÙë¯ ö¶ë¯ Íû¶C, ÍÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª î¦Ú¥uEo ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC.) Ð sentence ÑÙë]ìªÚÛªÙç¶ be- correct.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 25 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Radhika: Hi Rama, (are you) in a hurry?
British English ™ Quarter past, half past
ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o¢√? etc., áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’
Rama: You bet I am. I am on my way to
èπÿ-ú≈ É™« îÁ°æp-´îª’a.
class. I'm afraid I shall be late. It's
02.10- Ten minutes past two
already 7.50 and the class is at 8
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ Two ten),
(O' clock)
02.50- Ten (minutes) to three
you bet I am -
éπ-*a-ûªçí¬. ( ؈’
ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o-†E †’´¤y bet é¬ßª’- (´÷´‚-©’í¬ Two fifty)
°j expressions ™ past Å®Ωnç: 'ü∆öÀ— ÅE.
´îª’a. Åçõ‰ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅE éπü∆.)
(Past - pronunciation = §ƒÆˇd)
class èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. Late Å´¤-û√-ØË¢Á÷.
É°æp-öÀÍé 7.50 Å®·çC. é¬xÆæ’ 8 éÀ) Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç, Ææn™«Eo
Radhika: Shall I see you in the evening ü∆öÀ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøçèπÿú≈ past. He is past the building. 6) Before 'of' phrases, if 'of' comes after a Prakash: Yes. From the old testament in the
then? äéπ ´ßª’Ææ’ ü∆ô-úøç = Past the age. plural (plural form of phrases
ûª®√yûª ´ÊÆh Ç Bible.
Kapil Dev is past the age of playing cricket. plural form The
Å®·ûË E†’o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓØ√? ´·çü¿’ ¢√-úø-û√ç). Bible old testament
™E ™-EC
Rama: I'm afraid it's a bit early. Make it cricket ÇúË ´ßª’Ææ’ ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC. 7) Before the names of famous buildings, of Prabhat: Just as Maya Bazar is an episode
quarter past five. Past that will be ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ historical buildings, of big hotels, of mon- from the Mahabharatam
too late again. Saikiran: Hi Lakshman, where are you uments, etc. ´’£æ…-¶µ«-®Ω-ûªç-™--E -ã -¶µ«-í¬-Eo ´÷ߪ÷ -
coming from? Pavithra: Hi, Puneetha, did you see the •-ñ«®˝ ÆœE´÷ -BÆœ-†-ô’x
Lakshman: (I am) returning from a party. professor?
Prakash: But I Doubt if Maya Bazar is from
Saikiran: Where? v§Ò°∂-Ææ-®˝†’ îª÷¨»¢√? the Original Mahabharatam
Puneetha: No, she left for the US yesterday.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 51 Lakshman: At the wine n' dine Hotel.
Saikiran: Where is it?
No idea when she will be back.
Å®·ûË ´’£æ…-¶µ«-®Ωûªç ´‚©ç™ -´÷-ߪ÷-
•-ñ«®˝ -Öç-ü∆ -Å-E -Ø√ -Å-†’-´÷-†ç.
On her way back she is going to
Lakshman: Don't you know? It's near the îª÷¨»-®Ω’-éπü∆, íÌ°æp íÌ°æp ví∫çü∑∆©, °æNvûª
spend a week in the UK. She will
ÅC éÌçîÁç ûÌçü¿®Ω Å´¤ûª’çüË¢Á÷. the Krishna Studio. return home by the UAE. ví∫çü∑∆© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ 'the' ûª°æpéπ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
(Ééπ\úø I'm afraid = I am afraid Saikiran: A nice place, isn't it? What about Pavithra: I think she is the first in her This is the Telugu translation of the koran.
Åçõ‰ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁ-©°æ-úøç; üËØÁj oØ√ the Shelton Hotel near the department to be invited to so ÉC èπ◊®√Ø˛ ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç.
´’®√u-ü¿í¬ ™‰ü¿-†-úøç. Charminar? many countries. Å™«Íí the Grandhsahib etc. Å®·ûË ®Ωîª-®·-
ûª© Ê°®Ωx ûª®√yûª ví∫çü∑∆© Ê°®Ω’x îÁ°œûË 'the' ®√ü¿’.
Valmiki's Ramayanam, Vyasa's Maha

India.. The US..

bharatam etc.
Practise the following aloud in English.
Karuna: Hi Kranthi, É¢√-Rd ÑØ√úø’ îª÷¨»¢√?
E®Ω’-üÓu-í∫’-©èπ◊ ´·êu-´’ç-vA éÌûªh °æü∑¿-é¬Eo
v°æéπ-öÀç-î√®Ω’.
Kranthi: àçö« °æü∑¿éπç?
eg: I'm afraid it is not possible for î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆? The Professor, The US,
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™: Karuna: 22†’ç* 32´’üµ¿u ´ßª ’-Ææ ’\-©ç-ü¿-JéÀ
me to give it = ÅC É´y--™‰-ØË-¢Á÷ – Charminarü¿í∫_®Ω Shelton Hotel The UK, The UAE. Åçõ‰ -v°æ-üË-¨»-©’, £æ«Ùü∆-©’ E®Ω’-üÓuí∫ -¶µº%A É≤ƒh®Ω’
É´y†’ ÅE ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ îÁ°æp-úøç.) 5-15 ᙫ Öçô’çC? (designations), 'The'
°æü¿-´¤© ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. (éπLpûªç – ÉC Íé-´-©ç -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ùÍé)
èπ◊ ®√. (Make it ¢√úø’éπ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Laxman: Don't know much about it. By the The District Collector, The Prime Minister of Kranthi: Å™«í¬? Å¢Á’-Jé¬ (US) ™, Britain
by I am leaving for Delhi tonight. I India, etc. (UK) ™ Ñ °æü∑¿éπç î√-™«-é¬-©çí¬
5.15èπ◊ ´îËaô’d îª÷ú≈-©E) Å-C ü∆-öÀ-ûË
´’Sx Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. am going to stop for two days at (a) The Prime Å´’™x ÖçC éπü∆?
Agra to see my uncle Minister of India, Karuna: Å´¤†’. ´’†-¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™«-´’çC Ééπ\úø
Radhika: That suits me fine.
ok
(Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ØË ÅE) -ü∆-E í∫’-Jç-* -Ø√èπ◊ Åçûªí¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. Mr Manmohan ÖüÓu-í¬-´-é¬-¨»©’ ™‰éπ UAE, US, UK ©èπ◊
ÉC èπÿú≈ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ ÅC ÆæÍ® é¬F, -Ñ-¢√-∞¡ ®√vA úµÕMx ¢Á∞¡Ÿ- Singh ¢ÁRx §Úûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¶µ«®Ωûª ®√-≠Z°æ æ-A -Å-•’l-™¸
lessons
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ dia-
™ ¢√úÕ† ûª’Ø√o. ü∆J™ È®çvúÓ-V©’ Çví¬™ ´÷ (b) Mr Manmohan éπ-™«ç Ñ ¢Ë’üµ∆-N-´-©Ææ (brain drain)
logues ÅFo èπÿú≈ NNüµ¿ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úË uncle Éçöx Öçö« Singh, Prime í∫’-Jç-* ¢Á·†o ã Ö°æ-¢√u-Ææç™ -î√-™«
Spoken English forms. OöÀE Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ Saikiran: You will sure see the Taj, Won't Minister of India.
ÇçüÓ-∞¡† ´uéπh-°æ-J-î√®Ω’ éπü∆.
you? Kranthi: ´÷ ņoߪ’u èπÿú≈ Maldives ™
practise Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ £æ«Ùü∆, M. SURESAN
Lecturer Post èπ◊ Apply î˨»úø’. ´ÊÆh
éπLÆœ áçûª îËÊÆh Åçûª ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-
conversation
û√ñ¸-´’-£æ«™¸ ûª°æpéπ îª÷≤ƒh´¤ í∫ü∆? °æü¿N ´ÊÆh -Ç £æ«Ùü∆/
©®Ω’. O’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ Çéπ-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’çC
Laxman: And also the Rashtrapathi -°æ-ü¿N ´·çü¿’ 'The' ¢ÁRx-§Ú-û√úø’. Ç Job ´ÊÆh £œ«´÷-©-ߪ÷©’
time expressions
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E †’ í∫´’-
Bhavan in New Delhi. ´Ææ’hçC (a) ™- ´-™„. ´·ç-ü¿’ ´uéÀh Ê°®Ω÷, ûª®√yûª áéÀ\-†çûª ÆæçûÓ≠æç Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.
Eç-îªçúÕ. 7.50, 8 (O' clock), half past five, Answer:
quarter past 5, past that.
úµÕMx™ ®√≠æ-Z°æA ¶µº´Ø˛ èπÿú≈ îª÷≤ƒh. £æ«Ùü∆/ -°æ-ü¿N´ÊÆh ü∆E´·çü¿’ 'The' ®√ü¿’ (b) ™
Karuna: Did you see/ go through the
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'The' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: -´-™„. ÉC î√™« ´·êuç. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ £æ«Ùü∆, °æü¿N
É-C-´®Ω-™ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç éπü∆: °∂晫-Ø√ õ„jçèπ◊ Eenadu Today ? The Chief Minister
The Wine n' Dine Hotel, The Krishna Studio, (designation, office - office Åçõ‰ Ééπ\-úø
ÅE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫-L-T-†-°æ¤púø’ at ¢√úøû√ç. The Charminar, The Taj, The Rashtrapathi
has announced a new scheme for
Æ洒ߪ’ç ´·çü¿’ At 3 pm, at 4.15 etc. 鬮√u-©ßª’ç é¬ü¿’, °æü¿N -Å-E Å®Ωnç) ´·çü¿’ The
the benefit of the unemployed peo-
Bhavan. éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h-©’í¬ îÁÊ°p v°æÆœü¿l¥ ¶µº´-Ø√© ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
English ™ ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ ple.
´·çü¿’, íÌ°æp íÌ°æphotels ´·çü¿’, î√J-vûªéπ éπôd- éÌEo ®√≥ƒZ© éπ©-®·éπûÓ à®Ωpúøf ü˨»© ´·çü¿’
AM, PM (AM = Ante Meridian, PM = Post Kranthi: What's (What is) the scheme?
ú≈©÷ ñ«c°æéπ *£æ…o-©(monuments/ memorials) èπÿú≈ 'the' ¢√úøû√ç. îª÷¨»-®Ω’-éπü∆: The US (The
Meridian) formal
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√úøç. ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’í¬F, Karuna: All the unemployed persons
The
´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË Hotel ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç United states of America - ÉC éÌEo ®√≥ƒZ©
con-
í¬ v°æéπ-ô† ÉîËa-ô-°æ¤púø’í¬F ¢√úøû√ç. ´’†ç between the age of 22 and 32 will
ÅßË’u Hotels The
Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ At the
®√ü¿’– éπ©®·éπ), the UK (The United Kingdom -
versation îËÆæ’h†o°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd §Òü¿’lØ√, get unemployment allowance
Centurian, at the Krishna Oberoi Åçö«ç. é¬F England, Scotland, Wales and Northern
Kranthi: Is it so? This has been in force in
´’üµ∆u-£æ«o´÷ ÅØËC ûÁ-©’-Ææ÷hØË Öçô’çC éπü∆. at the Hotel Sheraton At the Sheraton
ņç. Ireland The UAE (The
éπLÆœ à®Ωpúøf Ææ´÷êu),
Åçûªí¬ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ -ûÁ-©-§ƒLq ´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ in the US and the UK
Hotel éπÈ®é˙d. United Arab Emirates - ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬
the morning, in the evening etc Åçö«ç. in force -
( Å´’™x)
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Gulf countries Dubai
ÅF, Abudabhi,
ÅF,
°æ‹®Ωh-®·† í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ O' clock Karuna: Yes. A good number of our people
The ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’. Sharja ÅE Åçô’çö«ç). ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ èπÿú≈
Åçö«ç. O' clock = of the clock. Éçü¿’™ f the are leaving for the UAE, the US
1) °∂晫-Ø√ ÅE ûÁL-Æ œ† ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ ( à?/ which The India
®√≥ƒZ™‰ éπü∆, ´’J ņç. ´’†ç äÍé
omit îË≤ƒhç 鬕öÀd O °æéπ\† apostrophe (') and the UK. All because of there
Å-ØË questions èπ◊ answer ´îËa îÓôx) ü˨¡çí¬ Ö†o ü∆Eo ®√≥ƒZ-©’í¬ N¶µº->çî√ç. ÅüË are no employment opportunities.
°úøû√ç. N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° Nüµ¿ç: 2) ´÷ö«x-úø’èπ◊ç-ô’†o ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁL-Æ œ† N≠æ-ߪ÷© The US, The UK N≠æ-ߪ÷™x, Çߪ÷ ®√≥ƒZ©÷,
10.00 AM/ PM - 10 O' clock - Ten O' Clock The President of India, Mr Abdul
´·çü¿’ v°æüË-¨»©÷ äÍé ü˨¡çí¬ à®Ωp-ú≈f®·. India N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Kalam expressed concern over this
10.40 AM/ PM - Ten forty 3) †ü¿’©’, Ææ®Ω-Ææ’q©’, Ææ´·-vü∆©’, ´’£æ… Ææ´·-vü∆© èπÿú≈, Indian Union ÅE ´u´-£æ«-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ The brain drain in his speech the day
04.20 - four twenty Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ Indian Union Åçö«ç.
before yesterday.
äéπ í∫ç-ô™ 15´ EN’≠æç, 30´ EN’≠æç, 45´ 4) °æ®Ωyûª °æçèπ◊h© (mountain ranges) Ê°®Ωx Prabhat: What movie did you go to,
Kranthi: My brother too has applied for a
EN’≠æç È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç. ´·çü¿’, (äÍé °æ®Ωyûªç ´·çü¿’ The ®√ü¿’) Yesterday?
lecturer’s job in the maldives. If he
02.15 - Two fifteen/ Quarter past two 5) Before the names of groups of islands Prakash: The Ten Commandments. An Old
gets it he will go. He says getting a
(Quarter = 1/4 hour) (D´¤© Ææ´‚-£æ…© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’) but not one
job will make him as happy as if he
02.30 - Two thirty/ Half past two before the name of a single island (äÍé Prabhat: Isn’t it an episode from the Bible?
had climbed up the Himalayas.
02.45 - Two forty five/ Quarter to three The
Dy°æç Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ ®√ü¿’) ÅCBible Episode
™E éπü∆
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 27 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Deepak: Hi Dheeraj, do come in. Pavan: Who was the boy with you yester-
Dheeraj: You had a book with you yester- day?
day. What was it? Ravi: The boy with a bundle of books?
(E†o F ü¿í∫_®Ω ã °æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC éπü∆. (°æ¤Ææh-鬩 éπôdûÓ Ö†oûªØËØ√?)
àç °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅC?) Pavan: Yes, he had also with him a cell
Deepak: You mean the book with the green phone. (Åûª-EûÓ (ü¿í∫_®Ω) ã Cell phone
cover? èπÿú≈ ÖçC)
(Green cover ûÓ Ö†o book †’ Ravi: That's my cousin Raghu. He has
í∫’-Jç-î√ F´-úÕ-ÍíC?) come down with his mother to spend
Dheeraj: Yes, Isn't it a novel? a few days with us.
(ÅC novel éπü∆?) (éÌCl-®Ó-V©’ ´÷ûÓ í∫úø-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ -Å-ûª-úø’
Ravali: I am busy with the exams.
Deepak: Yes, it is. (Do) you want it? ¢√∞¡x-´’tûÓ ´î√aúø’) a) ¶µ«®Ωû˝ v°æ°æç-îªç™E v°æñ«-≤ƒy-´÷u-©Eoç-öÀ-™†÷
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ with †’ 'ûÓ— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓØË ¢√ú≈ç. Ramya: Are you studying alone, or with
(Å´¤†’. Fèπ◊ 鬢√™«?) ÅA °ü¿lC
some one else?
Dheeraj: Yes, I am leaving this afternoon for India is the largest democracy in the
Ravali: Alone.
Mumbai. I want to take it with me, world. (largest - superlative)
Ramya: Your dress is nice. Where did
to read it during the journey. b) AP
ü¿éÀ~-ù«C ®√≥ƒZ™x ÅA °ü¿lC
you buy it?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
Andhra Pradesh is the biggest state in the
(-Å-´¤-†’. -Ñ -´’-üµ∆u£æ«oç -ØË-†’ Ravali: At Wear n' See. A hot pack is free
52 South India.
-´·ç-¶«®·éÀ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-†’. Ø√ûÓ BÆæ’Èé- with it.
c) v°æ°æç-îªç™ Åûª’u-†oûª °æ®Ωy-ûªPê®Ωç Mt
-∞«}-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†’. v°æߪ÷-ùç™ îªü¿’- b) Krishna: How were the police able to
Bhaskar: Here is a mango. Very tempting. Everest. Mt Everest (Mt= mount = °æ®Ωyûªç)
´¤-éÓ-¢√-©E) catch the thieves so quickly?
(Ééπ\úø ´÷N’úÕ°æçúø’ ÖçC. ØÓ®Ω÷-J- is the highest peak (Pê®Ωç) in the world.
Deepak: First let's have some hot idlis Karim: With the help of their sniffer
≤ÚhçC) Superlatives ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤p-úø÷ 'the'
¢√úøôç Å´-
(¢Á·ü¿ô ÉúŒx Açü∆ç ®√.) Here are dogs (sniffer dogs- °æÆœ-í∫-ôd-í∫©
Bhanu: Let's eat it. Cut it with this knife. Ææ®Ωç. Å™«Íí first, second, third, fourth, etc. -
they and here's the spoon to eat sniff-
èπ◊éπ\©’. °æÆœ-í∫-ôd-úøç).
(Ñ î√èπ◊ûÓ éÌ®·u) OöÀE ordinals 'the'
Åçö«®Ω’, OöÀ-´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç.
them with Krishna: Were they able to find the stolen
Bhaskar: Let's have some forks also to eat 1) Class first mark
(ÉNíÓ ÉúŒx©’. ¢√öÀE AØËç- ™ Åûª-EüË
spoon). Have some ghee money with the thieves?
ü¿’èπ◊ it with. His is the first mark in the class.
also. Ghees goes well with idlis,
doesn't it? (é¬Ææh ØÁ®·u ¢Ë≤Ú\, ÉúŒx-©ûÓ

I am with you..
ØÁ®·u ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆.) (go well
with = suit Å´-úøç)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Preposition- 'with' ¢√úøéπç
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. with èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’-™ 'ûÓ— ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.
The book with you = FûÓ Ö†o °æ¤Ææhéπç – F ü¿í∫_-
®Ω’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç; the book with the green cover =
green cover ûÓ Ö†o- °æ¤-Ææhéπç. with me = Ø√ûÓ; (éÌEoforks- ´·∞¡x-îÁç-î√©’ –èπÿú≈ °ævö«) Karim: No. One of them escaped with 2) He is the fourth Prime Minister of India
a spoon to eat with = AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ spoon. goes Bhanu: I bought these mangoes with the the hot stuff. Çߪ’† ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ -Ø√-©’íÓ v°æüµ∆E
well with = äéπü∆EûÓ ÉçéÓöÀ éπLÆœ ¶«í∫’çõ‰. money my uncle had given me. (hot stuff = )
üÌçí∫-≤Òûª’h (O’ Ø√†o-í¬-JéÀ †’´¤y á†o´ èπ◊´÷-®Ω’-úÕN?, Dr
鬕öÀd with Åçõ‰ '-ûÓ— ÅE. uncle






(´÷ É*a† úø•’s™h éÌØ√o) ´’ØÓt-£æ«-Ø˛-Æœçí˚ ¶µ«®Ωûªü˨»-EéÀ á†o´ v°æüµ∆E,
Åçõ‰ 'with'
†’ instruments, tools, weapons
´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. with a knife, with a pen, with Manoj: Hi Mallesh, how goes life?
™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u--™x 'á†o´— ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ English ™
a gun, etc.
ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. éÌçûª-´’çC What is the
Mallesh: Getting on, Thanks; What's new?
ordinal of Dr Manmohan Singh as PM? ÅØË
1) Åûªúø’ §ƒ-´·†’ éπv®ΩûÓ éÌö«dúø’ Manoj: (Do you) know this, Chandra's
He beat the snake with a stick expression ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’. Ç ´÷ô Åçü¿-
selection as
2) Ø√ ÅvúøÆˇ ÅûªE Pen ûÓ ®√Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oúø’ the best
Jéà ŮΩn-´’¢√yL éπü∆?)
He wrote/ noted down my address with cadet of the
ûª®√yûª ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ.
-v°æ-¨¡o: a) If I have money, I wish to buy this car. his pen. country?
Pranav: Who is that friend of yours that
was with you yesterday.
b) If I had money. I would have spent It. 3) The killer killed the girl with a gun
best
(îªçv-ü¿
had, have gun ûÓ îªç§ƒúø’ Prakash: He was my school mate. He was
-Ééπ\-úø äÍé Å®Ωnç ´îËa™« cadet
4) Post office †’ Naxals bomb ûÓ Ê°™‰a-¨»®Ω’ one of my best friends at school.
ÖØ√o®·.- O-öÀ -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’-ö N´-®Ωçí¬ (NCC) í¬
ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. They blasted the post office with a bomb. We used to compete with each
– °œ.-á.≤ƒy-N’, -N-ï-ߪ’-†í∫®Ωç With Åçõ‰ ÇÆæ®√: áç°œéπ´-úøç M. SURESAN other in the exams, and we have
-ï-¢√-•’: have Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ àüÁj-Ø√ troubles
ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
F ™ Fèπ◊ -ÇÆæ®√í¬ ÖØ√o-†’ always on top at school.
Mallesh: That's the happiest news I've had
Öçúø-úøç. I am with you in your troubles. Pranav: Of you two, who was not better
She is competing with her sister in a month.
I have a Car Ééπ\úø better -Å-ØËC comparative degree.
(É°æ¤púø’) Ø√èπ◊ Car ÖçC. sister (Ñ ØÁ©™ ؈’ N†o happiest news ÅC.)
Ç¢Á’ ûÓ §Úöà °æúø’-ûÓçC. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ +er, 'r'*´®Ω ´îËa adjectives é¬F,
had Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ´’†-Íé-üÁjØ√ Öç-úø-úøç Practise the following: Manoj: Some thing more for you. Ours is the
more ´·çü¿-®Ω-´îËa adjectivesé¬F comparative
I had a car. äéπ-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ Car ÖçúËC. a) Ramya: Hi Ravali, àçôÆæ©’ éπ-E°œç-îª-úø-¢Ë’ first college in the state to win this
degree ™ Öçö«®·. Eg: Taller (tall+er),
If I had money. I would have spent it - Ñ ™‰ü¿’? kind of award.
(ÉçéÓöÀ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? ®√≠æZç braver (brave+r), more beautiful (more +
sentence correct é¬ü¿’. Ravali: Exams ûÓ busy í¬ ÖØ√o. ¢Á·ûªhç™ Éô’-´çöÀ °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç ûÁa-èπ◊†o
a) If I had money, I would spend it -Å-Ø√-L, beautiful).
Ramya: †’¢Ìy-éπ\-ü∆-E¢Ë îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? ÉçÈé- ¢Á·ü¿öÀ College ´’†C)
-™‰-ü∆ (b) If I had had money, I would have ´÷´‚-©’í¬ comparative than
ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC.
´-J-ûÓ-†-®·Ø√ éπLÆœ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? Ééπ\úø 'The' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. The (best), He is taller than his brother.
spent it ÅØ√L. Å®·ûË È®ç-úÕç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ Ravali: ؈’ äéπ\-ü∆ØËo îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. the (happiest), the (first) etc. Åçõ‰ superla-
ÖçC. Ramya: F dress î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. áéπ\-úø- ÅûªE brother éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ §Òúø´¤.
tive degree of the adjective ´·çü¿-®Ωçû√ 'the'
a) éÀ Å®Ωnç, Ø√ ü¿-í∫_®Ω É°æ¤púø’ -úø-•’s™‰ü¿’, Öçõ‰ éÌ-Ø√o´¤? Comparative ™ than ´ÊÆh, comparative
¢√úøû√ç; Å™«Íí, first, second, third, etc., ™«çöÀ the comparative
ê®Ω’a °úø-û√†’. ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ê®Ω’a °ôd†’. (ÉC Ravali: Wear n' See shop ™. DçûÓ-§ƒô’ ´·çü¿’ ®√-ü¿’. Å®·ûË ûª®√yûª
present situation) ÉC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’. ordinals ´·çü¿-®Ωçû√ ®√¢√L.
ã hot pack free. than ®√éπ-§ÚûË,comparative ´·çü¿’ 'the' ûª°æpéπ
b) éÀ Å®Ωnç í∫ûªç™ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, Superlative degree Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆: Öü∆:
b) Krishna: àçöÀ? üÌçí∫-©-†’ -§Ú-MÆæ’-©’ Åçûª ´Ææ’hçC.
Largest, greatest, richest, tallest, most beau-
a) Suman is taller than Suseel
ê®Ω’a-°öÀd ÖçúË-¢√-úÕØË. Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø-•÷s Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®√?
™‰ü¿’, ê®Ω’a °ôd-†÷ -™‰ü¿’. tiful etc. adjective + est
-™‰-ü∆ + st
Karim: ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√∞¡x èπ◊éπ\© ≤ƒßª ’çûÓ Suman
Åçõ‰ *´®Ω (Ææ’Q™¸ éπØ√o §Ò-úø’í∫’)
c) If he studied well, he would pass. É-°æp-öÀ í¬F, adjective ´·çü¿’ most ÅEí¬F ´ÊÆh ÅC
°æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ b) Of Suman and Suseel, Suman is the
Ææçí∫A ÉC. ¢√úø’ îªü¿-´-úø’; îªü¿-´-úø-´’çô÷ Krishna: üÌçí∫-©-ûÓ-§ƒô’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx üÌçT-Lç-*† superlative degree. (Adjective - äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤/ taller.
ïJ-TûË §ƒÆæ-´¤-û√úø’. ´’-E≠œ í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’; tall boy -
(Ñ È®çúø÷ present ™ ï®Ω-í∫-EN.) úø•’s èπÿú≈ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®√? a) Comparative, taller
™ îª÷úøçúÕ – ûª®√yûª
d) If he had studied well, he would have
Karim: ™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x™  äéπúø’ Ç úø•’sûÓ á™«çöÀ boy ©ØË question èπ◊ tall ÅØË answer than Comparative
ÖçC. 鬕öÀd 'the'
´·çü¿’
passed ûª°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd, tall Ééπ\úø adjective). ûÁ©’-í∫’™ b)
™‰ü¿’. ™, Comparative taller
ûª®√yûª Åçõ‰
¢√úø’ ¶«í¬ îªCN -Öçõ‰ (í∫ûªç™), ¢√úø’ ANSWERS: Å®Ωnç 'Åûªuçûª— ÅE. than
ûª®√yûª Comparative taller
™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd,
pass Å®· ÖçúË¢√úø’ (îªü¿-´-™‰ü¿’, fail a) Ramya: Hi, Ravali, not to be seen at all Superlative degree of the adjective ´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ 'the'´≤ÚhçC.
Åߪ÷uúø’). (these days)? 'the' ¢√úøû√ç.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 29 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Ram: Raghu, how tall are you? Salesperson: The price has gone up by Rs.
(®Ω°∂æ·, †’¢Áyçûª §Òúø’í∫’?) 3000/-
Raghu: I am 5'9". (؈’ 5'9") (üµ¿®Ω ´‚úø’¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’
Ram: Does it mean you are taller than me °J-TçC. à ¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ – by Rs.
by an inch? 3000/-)
(Does it mean)
(Åçõ‰ = †’´¤y Ø√éπØ√o Practise the following in English:
inch
äéπ §Òúø¢√?) 1.
Raghu: of course, and I weigh less than you Priya: Ø√éπçõ‰ †’´¤y °ü¿l-¢√-úÕ¢√?
by 5 Kgs - Sekhar: Å´¤†’. éπFÆæç È®çúË∞¡Ÿx (by ¢√úøçúÕ).
5 Kg
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ´’Sx FéπØ√o ؈’ © Priya: Åçü¿’-éπØ√ E†’o ´·çü¿’ °œL-î√®Ω’
•®Ω’´¤ ûªèπ◊\´) Interview éÀ.
Ram: But the length of my shirt is more Sekhar: áçûª-´·çüËN’öÀ? 10 EN’-≥ƒ-™‰í¬. The Indian is not so hardworking as the
Priya: Sreekanth á°æ¤p-úÌ-î √a-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ? Sasikanth: í∫´÷uEo ü¿%≠œd™ Öç-éÌ-E éπ≠d-°æ æ-úË
than yours by atleast 4 Cms. Japanese.
Sekhar: Ø√ éπçõ‰ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’. (the Indians) (the
-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ Nïߪ’ç ûªü∑¿uç
(Å®·ûË Ø√ shirt shirt
-F 4 Cmséπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’ ï§ƒØ˛ ¢√∞¡xçûª 2.
Priya: Å®·ûË ÅûªEo Féπçõ‰ §ƒ´¤-í∫çô late í¬ Japanese) éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’®Ω’.
§Òúø-¢Á-èπ◊\´) Pramod: >çéπ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æJ-Èí-úø’-ûª’çC éπü∆?
°œL-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. The cheetah ( all cheetahs - is the *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L)
2. Prasad: *®Ω’ûª°æ¤L (Cheetah) >çéπ éπçõ‰ ¢Ëí∫ç.
fastest of all animals.
Santosh: ¢√öÀ üµ¿®Ω™ x ûËú≈ éπFÆæç 50 Pramod: -v°æéπ%-A-™ ≤ƒüµ¿’ v§ƒù’-©Íé -áèπ◊\-´ £æ…E
(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤-©’©’ ÅEo ïçûª’-´¤-©-éπØ√o ¢Ëí∫ç éπ©N) ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ô’çC (≤ƒüµ¿’ v§ƒ-ù’©’ =
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’. The lotus is a lovely flower
Sunil: Meek creatures). üË´¤-úø’ ≤ƒüµ¿’ v§ƒù’-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 53
¢√öÀ È®çúÕöx àC áèπ◊\´ •®Ω’´¤? û√´’®Ω °æ¤´¤y Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC (ÅEo û√´’®Ω
áEo éÀ™©’? °æ‹´¤©’ ÅE). ©†’ ®ΩéÀ~ç-îª-úËç-ö?
Santosh: Ç Â°ü¿lC, *†o-ü∆-E-éπØ√o 4 Kg©’ •®Ω’- ANSWERS
äçõ„ áú≈-J™ ãúø ™«çöÀC
Raghu: That's because you are fatter than ¢Á-èπ◊\´. The camel is the ship of the desert. Sasikanth: Have you finished the assign-
me by 3 Cms Sunil: ÉC ü∆E-éπçõ‰ 50 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ûªèπ◊\´. Kuntala: Your friend Kamala has failed ment?
3 Cms
(†’´¤y Ø√éπØ√o ™«´¤-é¬-•öÀd) ANSWERS again friend
(O’ fail
éπ´’© ´’S} Srikanth: No. I will begin it in the evening.
'by' Sasikanth: The lazy always postpone
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. 1. Å®·çC)
Karuna: She is lazy. The lazy never suc- Srikanth: Do the industrious always suc-
by
È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ´’üµ¿u à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ûËú≈ ÖçC ÅØËC Priya: Are you older than I/ me?
ceed ceed?
ü∆y®√ ûÁ©’°æ¤û√ç. Sekhar: Yes, atleast by 2 years. (Ç¢Á’ ≤Ú´’J. ≤Ú´’®Ω’x Nïߪ’ç
Sasikanth: The industrious with a clear idea
of their goals always succeed.
2.

By nine points..
Pramod: Doesn't (Does not) the deer run
very fast?
Prasad: The cheetah is faster than the
deer.
Pramod: The meek always are harmed/
always suffer in nature. Wonder
why God doesn't protect the
a) you are taller than (I)/ me by an inch Priya: Is that why they called you earlier §Òçü¿®Ω’). She is rich of course, so meek (Wonder = I wonder - Å®Ωnç
äéπ Åçí∫’∞¡ç ûËú≈ for the interview? she does 鬴--úøç-™‰-ü¿E/ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁ-©°æ-úøç)
b) I weigh less than you by 5 kgs Sekhar: How much earlier? Just by 10 min- not care. from the ferocious.
FéπØ√o ؈’ 5 Kg ûªèπ◊\´ •®Ω’´¤ utes. (¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ¶«í¬ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
c) by atleast 4 cms Priya: When did Sreekanth come here? úø•’sçC, í∫´’-Eéπ: Comparative degree ™ adjective
éπFÆæç 4 Cms ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ áèπ◊\´ Sekhar: Half an hour earlier than I/ me Åçü¿’-éπE Öçõ‰ than ûª®√yûª me or I? him or he? her or
d) fatter than I/ me by 3 cms = 3 Cms © ûËú≈. (Earlier than I by half an hour) °ü¿lí¬ °æöÀdç- she? them or they? - -à-C -¢√-ú≈-©-ØË ÆæçüË£æ«ç
Prakash: Congrats, Lakshman. That was Priya: But they called him later than you -éÓü¿’) ´Ææ’hçô’çC éπü∆.
a marvellous game you played by just 15 minutes. Kuntala: But not all Suman is taller than me/ taller than I.
2. the rich are Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öx àC correct? Grammatical í¬
yesterday (Lakshman, congrats
like that.
M. SURESAN taller than I correct. modern
Santosh: They differ in their prices by Rs ÅØËüË Å®·ûË
E†o î√-™« ¶«í¬ Çú≈´¤). How
50/- (Åçü¿®Ω’ üµ¿†- usage v°æ鬮Ωç taller/ stronger/ cleverer than
many points did you win the
Sunil: Which of the two is the heavier, ´ç-ûª’©÷ Å™« Öçúø®Ω’ éπü∆) me/ him/ her/ them/ us ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™éÀ ´îËa-
match by? (áEo §ƒ®·çôx ûËú≈ûÓ and by how many kgs? Karuna: That's right. Among the hardwork- ÆœçC. ÉüË ¢√úø-úøç better. taller than I ™«çöÀC
I know you were win-
Èí-L-î√´¤?). ing, there are many who are rich.
Santosh: The bigger one is heavier than the é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç. É°æ¤púø’ Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø’éπ™ ™‰ü¿’.
ning and left before the end of
smaller by 4 kgs. (ÅC Eï¢Ë’. éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡x™, Å®·ûË Ñ éÀçC ¢√é¬u©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.
the match (†’´¤y Èí©’-≤ƒh-´E ûÁLÆœ a) My friend likes the mango better than I
Sunil: It costs less than that by Rs 50/- î√™«-´’çC üµ¿E-èπ◊©’ ÖØ√o®Ω’)
´·çüË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷†’). Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ: The rich, the lazy, the hard- b) My friend likes the mango better than me.
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Lakshman: By nine points (9 points ûËú≈/ working. rich (úø•’s†o, üµ¿E-èπ◊-™„j†), lazy (≤Ú´’J Ééπ\úø È®çúø÷ Correct, ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Å®√n-©ûÓ.
Anjan: Hi Arun, which is your most favourite
ÇCµ-éπu-ûªûÓ) Å®·-†), hardworking (industrious) = éπ≠d-°æ æúË – a) èπ◊ Å®Ωnç. Ø√èπ◊mango É≠ædç. Ç¢Á’èπÿ É≠ædç.
wild animal? mango
Prakash: At the half time itself you were Oô-Eoç-öÀF adjectives Åçö«ç – Åçõ‰ í∫’ù«-©†’ Ø√éπçõ‰ Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç.
leading by 4 points. (Half time
(ÅúøN ´’%í¬-©™ FÈé-èπ◊\´ É≠æd-¢Á’i-†-üËC?) ûÁLÊ° °æü∆-©†o ´÷ô. ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ the ¢√úÕûË Ç b) èπ◊ Å®Ωnç. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ؈çõ‰ É≠ædç. Å®·ûË Ç¢Á’èπ◊
Arun: The tiger, of course (°æ¤L) mango
Å°æ¤p-úË †’´¤y 4 points ÇCµ-éπu-ûª-ûÓ/ í∫’ùç í∫©-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË ÅC °æôx Ö†oçûª É≠ædç Ø√°æôx ™‰ü¿’– ÅE.
Anjan: Doesn't the lion look more majestic plural. Tall = §Òúø-¢Áj†, the tall = §Òúø-í∫®Ω’x (plu- clear (a) My friend likes
-ûË-ú≈ûÓ ´·çü¿’-Ø√o´¤) That's a ÉC í¬ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ™
than the tiger? (°æ¤L-éπØ√o Æœç£æ«ç™ ral); Fat = ™«¢Áj†, the fat = ™«´¤í¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx; the mango better than I do do
good lead. (´’ç* ÇCµ-éπuûË) ÅE °æ-ü∆--Eo
áèπ◊\´ ®√ïÆæç éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-ô’çC éπü∆?) poor = Hü¿, the poor = Hü¿-¢√∞¡Ÿx. extra í¬ îË®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’.
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ûËú≈/-Ç-Cµ-éπuûª ÅØËC Amar: The elephant is my favourite (Ø√ 1) §Òúø-í∫®Ω’x §ÒöÀd-¢√∞¡x éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ Çúø-û√®Ω’
'by'ûÓ îª÷°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oç éπü∆.
favourite à†’í∫’). It looks grand and The tall play better than the short.
a) Ç¢Á’ Ç¢Á’ îÁLx-éπçõ‰ È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °ü¿lC
is not at all ferocious like the tiger or 2) üµ¿E-èπ◊©’ Hü¿-¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷L.
She is her sister's elder/ older than her sis-
the lion. (î√-™« grand í¬ éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. The rich should help the poor.
ter by two years.
3)
-v°æ- ¨¡o:
°æ¤L, Æœç£æ«ç-™«í¬ vèπÿ®Ω-¢Á’içC é¬ü¿’) üµ¿E-èπ◊©’ áèπ◊\´ üµ¿E-èπ◊-©-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Hü¿-¢√∞¡Ÿx
b) necklace necklace Did not he play cricket?
Ñ éπçõ‰ Ç È®çúø’¢Ë© Ééπ\úø, 'the' ¢√úøéπç îª÷úøçúÕ. The E Ééπ\úø Éçé¬ Hü¿-¢√-∞¡x-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ -Ñ -¢√éπuç-™
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„-èπ◊\´. countable singulars... lion, tiger, elephant The rich are getting richer, the poor are Interrogative negative ‘not’ he
- ™ èπ◊ -´·ç-ü¿’
This necklace is costlier than that by Rs. ´·çü¿’ ¢√ú≈ç. The tiger, the lion, the ele- getting poorer. -´-*aç-C. é¬-E éÌ-Eo Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x °æ-vAéπ-™x, -•’é˙q-™
2000/- phant. 4) ≤Ú´’®Ω’x °jéÀ-®√®Ω’ ‘not’ he èπ◊ -ûª®√y-ûª -´Ææ’hç-C. -ûË-ú≈ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.
Salesperson: What do you want, please? The tiger is my favourite The lazy never prosper -Ö-ü∆: Did he not speak the truth?
Customer: How much is this wrist the tiger Practise the following in English:
-ï-¢√--•’: (a) Did not he play cricket? ÅØ√o,
Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ Ç ñ«AéÀ îÁçC† ïçûª’-´¤- – -áç.Ææ’Í®ç-vü¿-Ø√-ü∑˛, -üµ¿-´-∞Ï-¨¡y®Ωç
watch? watch(Ñ êK-üÁçûª?) ©Fo ÅE. Å™«Íí the lion, the elephant = 1.
Salesperson: It's Rs. 2000/- (È®çúø’ ¢Ë© Æœç£æ…©’, à†’-í∫’©÷ ÅE. Sasikanth: Assignment °æ‹Jh-îË-¨»-¢√? (b) Did he not play Cricket? ÅØ√o äéπõ‰.
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’) The dog is a faithful animal Sreekanth: ™‰ü¿’. ®√vA v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒh. (b) áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖçC. Å®·ûË, con-
Customer: But it was Rs 1700/- last èπ◊éπ\ (ÅEo èπ◊éπ\©÷) N¨»y-Ææç-éπ© ïçûª’´¤(©’) Sasikanth: ≤Ú´’È®x°æ¤púø÷ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’. tracted form ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, (a) ´Ææ’hçC.
week. (í∫ûª-¢√®Ωç 1700 ÅØË äéπ ñ«AE ¢Á·ûªhç í∫’-Jç-* îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ count- Sreekanth: éπ≠d-°æ æ-úË-¢√-∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿’- Didn't (Did not he) he play cricket? ÉC
ÅØ√o®Ω’) able singular ´·çü¿’ the ¢√úÕûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. ûª’ç-ö«®√? spoken english ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√®Ω’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Bhaskar: What are you looking at, Bhanu? 鬕öÀd prepositions Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’í∫’,
(üËEo îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛ ¶µ«†’?) English ©™ èπ◊-úÕ, áúø´’í¬ Öçö«®·. èπ◊úÕ áúø-
Bhanu: At the little boy there; He is sitting ¢Á’iûË Ééπ\úø §Ò®Ω-§ƒõ‰.
on the arms of the chair. He may
prepositions -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úøç í∫’Jç* éÌEo
fall down any moment.
general principles -ûÁ-©’Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç î√™«-´·êuç.
(Ç *†o-°œ-™«xúÕo. ¢√úø’ èπ◊Ka îËûª’-©-O’ü¿ Spoken English Correct í¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ ÅN
èπÿ®Ω’aE ÖØ√oúø’. à éπ~ù«-ØÁj oØ√ éÀçü¿-°æ-úø- áç-ûÓ -Å-´Ææ®Ωç.
´îª’a)
1) Pavan: I wrote a letter to my sister yes-
Bhaskar: He is in real trouble. let's go to
terday
him and put him down.
(¢√úø’ Eïçí¬ É•sç-C™ ÖØ√oúø’. (´÷ sister èπ◊ E†o letter ®√¨»)
Ravikanth: Did you tell her about the Suneetha: Is your home the one behind the side of it (beside it/ by it/ near
¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ¢ÁRx éÀçü¿èπ◊ Cçü∆ç
°æü¿) book exhibition here? post office? to it) there is a book shop.
(O’ É©’x Post office ¢Á†-éπØ√?) What books do you want to

èπ◊-úÕ -á-úø-¢Á’i-ûË -§Ò®Ω-§ƒ--õ‰!

Bhanu: That will save him from trouble. (Ééπ\úÕ °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† í∫’Jç*
(¢√úÕE É•sçC †’ç* 鬧ƒ-úø’-ûª’çC.) Ç¢Á’èπ◊ îÁ§ƒp¢√?) Supriya: No, it is by the Post office. buy at the shop?
Bhaskar: Surprising, no body to take care
of the child
(Ç Gúøf†’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ¢√Rx-
éπ\úø ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç Ǩ¡a®Ωuçí¬ØË ÖçC)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´÷ô-©†’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ÅN...
at, on, of, in, to, from. ´’†™ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ
ûÁ©’Ææ’ É™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©†’ prepositions Åçö«ç.
English ™ prepositions èπ◊ Ö†o v§ƒüµ∆†uç
î√™« áèπ◊\´. Ñ prepositions Ææçí∫A, ´·êuçí¬
¢√öÀ ¢√úøéπç î√™« Nçûªí¬ Öçô’çC. preposition Pavan: Yes, I did. I wrote to her to start Karim: I want some Computer books.
èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ææ´÷-†¢Á’i†N N¶µºéÀh v°æûªu-ߪ÷©’. by the 9 AM train which arrives They are not available in our
Prepositions ¢√úø-éπç™ Ææ´’-Ææu©èπ◊ 鬮Ωùç, here at 5 PM. town.
ü∆EéÀ ã Ê£«ûª’-•ü¿l¥¢Á’i† N´-®Ωù ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. à ´÷ô (îÁ§ƒp†’. ûÌN’tC í∫çô© train ™ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 41 Kamesh: Then you get the books you
´·çü¿’ à preposition, ûª®√yûª à preposition •ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lqç-Cí¬ ®√¨»†’. Ééπ\-úÕ-éπC 5 want at the book stall behind
áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√¢√L ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ™‰ü¿’. í∫çô-©èπ◊ îË®Ω’-ûª’çC) the theatre. Near that there is
Åçü¿’Íé ¢√öÀ-¢√-úøéπç English ´÷ûª%-¶µ«≠æ é¬E-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ to my sister, about the (é¬ü¿’. °æéπ\†) another book stall too. You get
ûª©-ØÌ°œp. English ¶«í¬ îªC-N-ûËØË é¬F ÅN Å©- book exhibition, by the 9 AM train, arrives there the books you want.
It is between the
here at 5 PM - Ñ expressions ™ to, about, (b) Pranav: Where were you yesterday?
¢√ô’鬴¤. ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ü∆y®√ éÌçûª Å´-í¬- Post office and the
£æ«† à®Ωp-®Ω--éÓ-´îª’a. by, here ÅØË prepositions ÅFo-èπÿú≈ sentence Pratap: At my friend Tarun's
Income Tax office
English ™ prepositions †’ ´’†ç N¶µºéÀh ™ Ö†o ´÷ô© Ææç•ç-üµ∆Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆. Pranav: Where is his home?
(Post office,
v°æûªu-ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ´îËa ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷ sister èπ◊ (to my sister), °æ¤Ææhéπ Pratap: Very near mine. Only three
Income Tax office
v°æûªu-ߪ÷-©-Fo English ™ ´÷ôèπ◊ ´·çü¿’-´-≤ƒh®·. v°æü¿-®Ωz† í∫’Jç* (about the book exhibition), 9 M. SURESAN buildings are there between
Sundar: He has come from Vijayawada.
í∫çô© train ™ (by the 9 AM train), 5 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u) mine and his. There is a big
(Çߪ’† Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç* ´î√aúø’) (at 5 PM) ÅFo ´’† N¶µºéÀh v°æûªu-ߪ÷©’ îËÊÆ °æØË Â°j† îÁ°œp† prepositions ÅEo-èπÿú≈, v°æüË-¨»- tree in front of it.
îª÷¨»®√, ´’†ç Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç* Åçö«ç. îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ÉC prepositions èπ◊ Ö†o ´·êu- ©†’ Ææ÷*çîËNí¬ØÓ, positions ûÁL-Ê°-N-í¬ØÓ Pranav: Isn't there a bank beside his

English ™ from Vijayawada -Å-E ¢Á’i† §ƒvûª. Sentence ™ ´÷ôèπÿ ´÷ôèπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ÖØ√o®· éπü∆? home?
Ææç•çüµ¿ç îª÷°æúøç. Practice the following aloud in English: Pratap: Yes.
Öçô’çC. á´-JéÀ? to my sister; (c) Sravanthi: My book was on the table
a) Karim: Ñ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™  áéπ\-úø-®·Ø√ Book shop
He will be here till 5'o clock.
üËE í∫’Jç*?: about the book exhibition; Öçü∆? yesterday. Why / How is it in
(till 5'o clock = 5 ´®Ωèπ◊) à train ™?: by 9 AM train; Kamesh: Ñ OCµ *´®Ω ã ´’çü¿’© ≥ƒ°æ¤ your bag today?
Sukumar: When will he go back to áEoç-öÀéÀ : at 5 PM. Swarna: Yes, I took it. I wanted some
ÖçC. ü∆EE dž’-èπ◊ØË ã book
Vijayawada? É´Fo ´’†ç English NÆæh %-ûªçí¬ îªü¿-´úøç, information in it.
shop ÖçC. Ç book shop ™
(Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøèπ◊ = to Vijayawada) N†úøç ´©x Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·. àç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? Sravanthi: Why did you keep your bag
Sundar: He hasn't (has not) yet told me of Prepositions ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ áéπ\úø Öçö«®·? Karim: Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo computer books 鬢√L. under the table?
it. 2) Ramana: These flowers are nice. Are ÅN ´÷ Ü∞x üÌ®Ω-éπ-úøç-™‰ü¿’. Swarna: Because there was no room
(of it = ü∆E í∫’Jç* Ø√éÀçé¬ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’) they from your garden? Kamesh: Å®·ûË, Fèπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† •’é˙q Ç cin- on the table.
(Ñ °æ‹©’ î√™« ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. O’ ema hall ¢Á†éπ Ö†o book stall ™ (English ™ îÓô’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Éô’-´çöÀ Ææçü¿-

v°æ¨¡o:
ûÓ-ô-™¢√?) üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. ü∆E ü¿í∫_Í® ÉçéÓ ®Ωs¥ç™ place/ space ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô-é¬ü¿’. Room
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – from- garden èπ◊ ´·çü¿’. ÅüË book stall ÖçC. Åéπ\úø èπÿú≈ ¢√ú≈L.
1. Discuss ûª®√yûª About ûÁ©’-í∫’-™-ØÁjûË 'ûÓô™— Åçö«ç. '™—– ûÓô ûª®√yûª üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. Bus™ ´·Â°jp¥ ´’çCéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÓô’çC.
®√ü∆? ´îËaC. b) Pranav: E†o †’¢Áyéπ\úø’Ø√o´¤? There is room in the bus only for 30 passen-
Explain îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’ Rahul: No. They were in the basket on Pratap: ´÷ friend ûª®Ω’ù˝ Éçöx gers)
2. Çߪ’† Fèπ◊ à´’-´¤-û√úø’? the table. I took them from the Pranav: ÅûªúÕ É™„x-éπ\úø? É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ position †’ ûÁLÊ° preposition
(Eg: ´÷´’, Å©’xúø’) basket. Pratap: ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ î√™« ü¿í∫_®Ω. ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ´÷ éÌEoç-öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. áéπ\úø? ÅE v°æ¨¡o-¢ËÊÆh
DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’ (é¬ü¿’, Table O’ü¿’†o •’ôd™  ÉçöÀéÀ ´’üµ¿u ´‚úø’ buildings É¢√y-Lq† Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-EéÀ Ñ prepositions ¢√úøû√ç.
3. '؈’ O’èπ◊ äé𠧃ô NE-°œ- ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ ü∆ØÓxç* BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®·. ¢√RxçöÀ ´·çüÓ positions †’ ûÁLÊ° ´’JéÌEo prepositions:
≤ƒh†’— – DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? from, in, on Ñ Â°ü¿l îÁô’d èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Sukumar: Why has the train stopped?
ÅØ√L? prepositions ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ Pranav: ÅûªúÕçöÀ °æéπ\† ã bank ÖçC éπü∆? (Train áçü¿’èπ◊ ÇTçC)
4. 'Just' ÅØË °æü¿ç usage ™ ü∆E ´÷®Ω’p©’ ®√´úøç. Pratap: Å´¤†’. Suman: There is flood water over the
ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 3) Prathibha: Where are the flowers? c) Sravanthi: Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç E†o Ç table O’ü¿ bridge
ÖçC. É¢√∞¡ F bag ™ (Bridge O’ü¿ ´®Ωü¿ F®Ω’ ÖçC)
5. 'Åûªúø’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u ††’o úø•’s©’ Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ ÆæçéÓ- (Ç °æ‹©’ áéπ\úø ÖØ√o®·?)
Prabha: They are in the basket. The ÖçüËçöÀ? The whole area on either side
*-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’— – DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?
basket is on the table. I bought Swarna: Å´¤†’. ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Åçü¿’™ of the track is under water.
– >.¢Áç-éπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, éπ†÷o®˝, éπKç-†-í∫®˝ >™«x
ï¢√•’: the flowers at the flower stall, éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Ø√èπ◊ 鬢√Lq (Bridge èπ◊ È®çúø’-¢Áj-°æ¤© Ö†o v°æüË-¨¡-
beside my uncle's place near ´*açC. ´’çû√ ´·E-T-§Ú-®·çC= under
1. Discuss, describe, mention, explain, the Post office. Sravanthi: F bag †’ table éÀçü¿ °ö«d-¢Áç- water =F∞¡x éÀçü¿)
state, remark- OöÀ ûª®√yûª about ®√ü¿’. (in the basket= •’ôd™ , on the table= ü¿’èπ◊? Sukumar: Thank God, All the passen-
2. What is he to you?/ How is he related to table O’ü¿; at the flower stall= °æ‹©-éÌ-ô’d™ ; Swarna: Table O’ü¿ îÓô’-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd gers in the train are safe
you? beside my uncle's place= ´÷ ´÷´’-¢√-RxçöÀ (§ÚF™‰ train ™E v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊-
ANSWERS:
3. I will give you a song/ Let me sing a song °æéπ\†; near the Post office= Post office ü¿í∫_®Ω) ©çû√ Íé~´’çí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’)
to you. (a) Karim: Is there a book shop anywhere Above, below, inside, outside, beyond -
É´-Fo-èπÿú≈– in, on, at, beside, near- v°æüË-
4. Just= É°æ¤púË, just= only, ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¨»Eo ûÁLÊ° prepositions. °∂晫Ø√-îÓô ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈- near here? ÉN èπÿú≈ positions ûÁLÊ° prepositions. OöÀE
5. Of late he has been hesitating to ask me EéÀ OöÀE ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆? positions ûÁLÊ° ÉçéÌEo Kamesh: At the end of the street there O’ ¢√é¬u™x ¢√úÕ îª÷úøçúÕ.
for money. prepositions îª÷ü∆lç. is a medical shop. Just by the
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 2 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Ram: Hi Shyam and Prem, well met
at: 'at' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬--©’ -Éç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ î√™« ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
You are talking
(éπ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç ¨¡Ÿ¶µºç).
about the college day perhaps.
èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆. É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷ü∆lç.
Sekhar: How good are you at Telugu?
College Day
(O’®Ω’ †’ í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«x-
- well met
úø’-ûª’-†o-ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’? = éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- (O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ áçûª -¶«í¬ ´îª’a?)
Sanjeev: Just give me some time. I will be
conversation
´-úøç ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC. ™ as good at it as you are. (Ø√é¬\Ææh
practise îËߪ’çúÕ) time É´¤y. ؈’ èπÿú≈ F Åçûª ¶«í¬
Shyam: Yea, about the item we want to
present.
´÷ö«x-úø-û√†’)
Sekhar: I am poor at Hindi (Ø√èπ◊ £œ«çC ®√ü¿’)
(Å´¤†’. Ç®ÓV ¢Ë’ç v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-¶ßË’ Sanjeev: I am quick at picking up languages
Å稡ç í∫’Jç*) (¶µ«≠æ-©’ Ø√èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ ´≤ƒh®·)
Ram: And what's that going to be? (àç
´’†ç ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ îª÷¨»ç-éπü∆.
v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?) the temple supervising some repairs.
a) He is good at giving such talks. Sushma: Doesn't matter. conversa-
(ÉD O’
Prem: We are yet to take a decision about (¢√úø’ í∫’úÕ-éÀ -¢Á-∞«}-úø’. Ñ ®ÓV ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç
b) Our Principal is good at picking such tions I am at
™ ¢√úø’-ûª÷ç-úøçúÕ-)
it. (ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* Éçé¬ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éÓ- éπü∆. v°æA ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç ¢Á∞«húø’. ¢√∞¡x
experts. leisure. (at leisure – pronun-
ë«-S;
¢√Lq ÖçC) Engineer friend èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’.)
good at – àüÁjØ√ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ¶«í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-úøç. ciation: measure
-™„ï. ï – ™ ™«í¬,
Ram: OK. O, that reminds me. There will Dad: Your mother needs some medicines.
Poor at Maths – Maths ®√ü¿’. pleasure What do you
™ ™«í¬).
be a talk on 'Decision Making' by Perhaps the shop is open now.
Quick at understanding want?
Prof. Nischai tomorrow at 6 at col- Shop
(Å´’tèπ◊ ´’çü¿’©’ 鬢√L. ûÁJîË
ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©í∫-úøç. É™«çöÀ îÓôxçû√ Ç Sumana: You are good at English, Please
lege. Are you coming? (Ç, Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh- Öçô’ç-üË¢Á÷?)
*açC. – reminds me = í∫’®Ìh*a ´÷ö«x- í∫’ù«©’, Ωu© ûª®√yûª 'at' ¢√úøû√ç. explain this lesson.
Amar: That shop is my friend’s. He opens
a) Åûª-úø’ °æ†’-©’-îËÊÆ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«°æuç îË≤ƒhúø’ Sushma: I am good at English, but I am not
úË-ô°æ¤p-úø’ -Åç-ô’ç-ö«ç-éπü∆ – 'ņoô’d í∫’®Ìh- shop quite early. I think it is open
He is slow at doing things. so good at explaining.
*açC—, ÅE – ü∆E-éÀC English. O’ con-
versation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. Í®°æ¤ ÇJç-öÀéÀ 'E®Ωg-

talking about..
ߪ’-véπ´’ç— Å稡ç í∫’-Jç-* Prof. E¨¡a-ß˝’-
´÷ö«x-úø-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ college ™. -O’®Ω’-
´Ææ’h-Ø√o®√?)
Shyam and
Prem: Oh, sure. No missing it. Prof.
Nischai is very good at giving
Sumana: I am a little
such talks. We will certainly now. (Ç shop ´÷ friend C. ¢√úø’
slow at under-
make it. miss
(ÅüÁ™« Å´¤û√ç. ûªy®Ωí¬-ØË B≤ƒhúø’. É°æ¤púø’ ûÁJîË Öçô’ç-
standing

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 54
Åô’-´çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç-O’ü¿ î√™« ¶«í¬ things. Our
ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«)
´÷ö«x-úøû√úø’) teacher is fast.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-*çC– äÍé ´÷ô
Ram: Just as our Principal is good at pick- ´·çü¿’, äéπ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ 'the' ¢√úø-úøç, ÉçéÓ
Many of my
ing such experts. (Å™«çöÀ E°æ¤-ù’-©†’ classmates
Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ 'the' ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç. Ñ °æJ-ÆœnA
Principal
áç°œéπ îËߪ’-úøç™ ´’† -™«í∫) b) Maths
Åûª-úø’ èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ °æE-éÀ-®√úø’ ´·êuçí¬ v°æüË-¨»© ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC.
He is hopeless at Maths. are quick at
Shyam: That's true. M. SURESAN éÌEo v°æüË-¨»©’ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©Íé
c) grammar learning.
Prem: You are right. Åûª-úÕéÀ ®√ü¿’
Sushma: OK I'll try. Let us see how good I
°æJ-N’-ûªçí¬ Öçö«®·. School, college, institu-
prepositions– about, on, at He is bad at grammar. tion ™«çöÀN Nü∆u-¶µ«u-≤ƒ-EéÀ, Nü∆u ¶üµ¿-†èπ◊
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ am at it.
d) Ç¢Á’ §ƒô™ ´÷ Åç-ü¿-J™ Côd (learning and teaching) °æJ-N’ûªç, v°æûËuéπç.
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†™ î√-™«´’ç-CéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’, b) Pavan: What do you know about the
about Åçõ‰ í∫’Jç* ÅE. About the book = Ç She is the best of all of us at singing. Å™«Íí hospital, clinic, nursing home ™«çöÀN
movie?
Now practise the following aloud in ¢Ájü¿uç §Òçü¿-ú≈EéÀ, ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ v°æûËuéπç. Ééπ
°æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo í∫’Jç*. Prakash: What movie are you talking
a) ¢Ë’ç E†o Åûª-úÕ í∫’-Jç-* paper ™ îªC¢√ç English: temples, churches, mosques (masjids)
about?
Sushma: Hi, Sumana, ™«çöÀN °æ‹ï-©èπÿ, Ç®√-üµ¿-†èπ◊, v§ƒ®Ωn-†-©èπ◊ v°æûËuéπ
We read about him in the paper.
àçöÀ™« ´î√a´¤? Pavan: The one showing at Navrang.
Sumana: busy v°æüË-¨»©’. Ñ v°æüË-¨»©/ Ææn™«© v°æûËuéπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’
b) school days
¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√-∞¡x í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’ †’¢Áyçûª í¬ ÖØ√o-N-°æ¤púø’? (Showing – The movie is
Çúø-úøç.
-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ Sushma: °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. -ë«S-í¬ØË ÖØ√o, àç 鬢√L now showing at the theatre. äéπ v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ 'the' ®√ü¿’.
îÁ°æ¤p? I A B
They talked about their school days. ÆœE´÷ Çúø-úøç 'run' ÅE èπÿú≈
Sumana: Fèπ◊ English ¶«í¬-´îª’a éπü∆. Ñ les- Students/ go to school, college,
c) ü∆E í∫’-J-ç-* Ø√Íéç í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’ Åçö«ç. The movie ran for a hun-
son é¬Ææh explain -îË®·. lecturers/ are at university etc.
I do not remember any thing about it. dred days)
Sushma: Ø√èπ◊ English ¶«í¬ØË -´-a. é¬-E professors...
on: Prakash: I think it’s (it is) a movie about
A éÀçü¿ îÁ°œp† ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ B éÀçü¿ îÁ°œp† îÓôxèπ◊
éÌçîÁç °ü¿l, ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’-J-ç-* Explain îËߪ’-úøç-™  ؈çûª íÌ°æp-é¬ü¿’.
on
ÅØË-ô°æ¤p-úø’ ¢√úøû√ç. corruption in politics.
Sumana: Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ--´-úøç-™  ؈’ é¬Ææh slow. Pavan: Yes, that reminds me. I read an
¢√öÀ v°æûËuéπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç éÓÆæç ¢Á∞«h®Ω’ 鬕öÀd,
He is going to talk on decision making school, college, etc ´·çü¿’ 'the' ®√ü¿’. N’í∫-û√-
´÷ teacher î√-™« fast í¬ îÁ°æ¤hçC. article in the paper on the same
E®Ωgߪ’ v°ævéÀߪ’ í∫’-J-ç-*. ´÷ classmates î√-™«-´’çC ûªy®Ωí¬ topic yesterday. maga-
¢√∞¡Ÿx, Åçõ‰ schools, colleges, etc Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫çûÓ
a) ´’† v°æñ«-≤ƒy--´÷u-Eo í∫’-J-ç-* ®√Æœ† ¢√uÆæç ÅC (°ævA-éπ-©™, Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰E¢√∞¡Ÿx, go to/ are at the school/
It is essay on our democracy.
ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫-©®Ω’. zines ™ ¢√u≤ƒ-©†’ articles
college etc.
Sushma: OK. ؈’ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. îª÷ü∆lç ØËØÁçûª Åçö«®Ω’) There were some lines
b) È®jûª’© Çûªt-£æ«-ûªu-© í∫’-J-ç-* E¢Ë-Céπ ÅC A student goes to college/ their parents go
¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©ØÓ. in it about this movie.
It is a report on farmers suicides. to the college.
b) Pavan: Ç ´‚O í∫’-Jç-* FÍéç ûÁ©’Ææ’? Prakash: I read it too. The writer is very
(to meet the principal, pay the fees, etc)
Prakash: à movie í∫’-Jç-* †’´yúø-í∫-úøç? clever at this kind of analysis.
II (devotees),
¶µºèπ◊h©’ °æ‹ñ«-®Ω’©’ -v§ƒ®Ωn-† Ææ-n™«-©èπ◊
Pavan: †´-®Ωç-í˚™  É°æ¤p-úø’ -Ç-úø’-ûª’†o movie Pavan: Talking about articles, (N≠æ-ߪ÷-E- They go to temple/ to church/ to
-¢Á-∞¡-û√®Ω’.
éÌÊÆh –talking about/ coming to) all
í∫’Jç* mosque, etc.
Prakash: ÅC ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷-©™ ÅN-F-AE í∫’Jç* the centre page articles in the
the engineer is at the
Éçü∆-éπöÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™,
paper are good. The trouble is, all
ņ’-èπ◊çö«. temple to supervise some repairs .-Å-Ø√oç
of them are on politics.
Pavan: Ç É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. E†o paper ™






(-Åéπ\úø Çߪ’† °æ‹ïéÓÆæç ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆)
-v°æ-¨¡o: Direct †’ç-* Indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷Í®a- Ñ Å稻Eo í∫’-J-ç-* ØËØÓ Â°ü¿l ¢√uÆæç
îªC¢√. Åçü¿’™ éÌEo lines Ñ Amar: Dad, I am starting for college. When
III Doctors, nurses, patients go to hospital.
O∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÀhospital hospital
ûÓ °æE 鬕öÀd,
ô°æ¤púø’ Interoggative sentence if
-©-™ will you be there? ´·çü¿’ 'the' Amar's
®√ü¿’. Éçü∆-éπöÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™
*vû√Eo í∫’-J-ç-* èπÿú≈ -Ö-Ø√o®·.
™‰ü∆ whether if
´Ææ’hçC. é¬E á°æ¤púø’ college father, after returning from the hospital
Prakash: ؈÷ îªC¢√ Ç ¢√uÆæç. ü∆E ®Ωîª-®·ûª (؈’ éÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. O’È®-°æ¤p-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’
¢√ú≈L? whether á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈-™ ûÁL-ߪ’ Åéπ\úø?) ÅØ√oúø’ éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Çߪ’† Åéπ\-úÕéÀ patient í¬ØÓ,
Éô’-´çöÀ N¨Ïx-≠æ-ù™ î√-™« ûÁL-N-í∫-©- doctor
Synthesis of sentences (so- Dad: You mean, at the college? (†’´y-†-úøç, í¬ØÓ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç-™‰-ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆.
-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. ¢√úø’. (N¨Ïx-≠æù – analysis) college You know, mother is A patient is at hospital. Their friends and rel-
that/ neither nor, not only but also) Ö°æ- Pavan: ¢√u≤ƒ© N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh, Ç °ævAéπ cen-
™Ø√?)
going to hospital. I am taking her atives go to the hospital to see.
ßÁ÷-Tç-îË °æ-ü¿l¥-ûª’-©’ -N-´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. tre page articles ÅFo ¶«í¬ØË business persons open
there; after coming back from the -É™«Íí -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™
– ᙸ.-ü¿’-®√_-v°æ-≤ƒü˛, Öçö«®·. Å®·ûË ÅFo ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷-©-†’- hospital I will see you at the college. shop, close shop, are at shop. go to
Éûª-®Ω’-™„j-ûË
Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø í∫’-Jç-îË Öçö«®·. (Å´’t hospital èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûÓç-C éπü∆. the shop, are at the shop.

-ï-¢√-•’: Direct †’ç* Indirect speech ™éÀ Answers

Sushma: Hi Sumana, What brings you ´*a-† ûª®√yûª
Hospital
؈’ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o†’.
college
†’ç*
èπ◊-´≤ƒh†’.)
Karun: What's your brother, Kesav?
brother
(O’ àç îËÆæ’hç-ö«úø’ Íé-¨¡-¢˛?)
´÷Ja-†-°æ¤púø’, (Interrogative sentences here? conversational expres-
(ÉC Where is Arun? (Å®Ω’ù˝ áéπ\úø?) Keshav: He goes to college.
™) if Å®·Ø√, whether Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰. sion. conversation
ÉC O’ ™ Amar: He has gone to temple. You know college student
(Åçõ‰– Åûª-úø’ ņo-
Synthesis of sentences í∫ ’-Jç-* 'He goes to college'
¢√úøçúÕ) today is friday. Every friday he goes ´÷ô. D-E-ØË
N´-J≤ƒhç. Sumana: How busy are you now? to temple. His engineer friend is at -Å-E ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æp-úøç).
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 4 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Aravind: When are you starting for college? Praphul: Too many visitors for you
(College èπ◊ -á°æ¤p-úø’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’- (FéÓÆæç ´îËa-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’K -áèπ◊\-´)
ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) 3) For •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç, ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç, ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-úøç (pre-
Bhanu: Why, as usual at 9. pare), ûªßª÷-®Ω’í¬ Öçúø-úøç (ready) ™«çöÀ
(àç? ´÷´‚-©’í¬ØË ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀéÀ) ¢√öÀE ûÁ-LÊ° verbs °æéπ\† ´Ææ’hçC. °j Ææ綵«-
Aravind: But yesterday you left even at 8. ≠æ-ù™–
(é¬E E†o †’´¤y áE-N’-CçöÀÍé •ßª’-™‰l- a) start for, leave for, set out for (ÅEo-öÀéÃ
®√´¤ éπü∆. Even at 8= at 8 itself = Å®Ωnç •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç Å-ØË)
áE-N’-Cç-öÀÍé) Delhi éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç / -¢Á-∞¡xúøç
Bhanu: No, I started at 8, but it was not for leave for Delhi (setout for Delhi)
college. I went to Suman's and b) prepare for the match; be ready for the
from there, we two set out for col- match; practise for the match b) The names of things unique of their kind
b) A†o-éÌDl ™«¢Á-èπ◊\û√ç = The more we eat,
lege at 8.45. (Unique =
4) Famous, well known, known, (Ê°®Ω’-§Òç-C†/ àÈéj-éπ – äéπ ñ«AéÀ îÁçC† ´Ææ’h´¤ the fatter we become.
(áE-N’-Cç-öÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-JçC, college éÀ v°æÆœ-Cl¥-îÁç-C†, etc) ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ 'for' -´Ææ’hç-C. äéπõ‰ äéπ-ô-®·ûË) c) †úÕ-*-†-éÌDl ®Ω’í¬_ Öçö«´¤ = The more you
é¬ü¿’. Ææ’´’Ø˛ ÉçöÀéÀ. Åéπ\-úÕoç* éπLÆœ Notorious for. c) The names of rivers, seas, oceans,
college éÀ •ßª’-™‰l®√ç) walk, the more active you are.
Practise the following: ranges of mountains, groups of islands,
set out= •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç– conversation d) áûª’h áéÀ\-†-éÌDl îªL áèπ◊\´ = The higher
Subha: (over phone) Hi Sobha, î√-™« thanks countries formed by groups of states.
™ ¢√úøçúÕ. you climb, the colder it.
Sobha: áçü¿’èπ◊ (for ¢√úøçúÕ) [Imp: No 'the' before the name of a single
Aravind: Have you sent for Bharat yet? No.2: ´uèπ◊h© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’, °∂晫-Ø√ ´Ææ’h´¤, °∂晫Ø√
Subha: †’´¤y ´÷N’úÕ °æç-úø’x °æç°œ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊. mountain/ single island]
(¶µº®Ωû˝ éÓÆæç/ ¶µº®Ωû˝èπ◊ éπ•’®Ω’ áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ÅN? d) Designations and offices (No 'the' before
îÓô, Ê°®Ωx (proper nouns) ´·çü¿’, the ®√ü¿’.
°ö«d¢√?) Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø The Amitab, The Sharook Khan
áçü¿’-éπØ√oç – ¢√∞¡x-™E ´·êu-¢Á’i† í∫’ù«©’ ÉçéÌ-éπ-

What for?..
J™ Öçõ‰, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ç Ê°Jx*a, ü∆E ´·çü¿’ 'the'
°úøû√ç.
1) Ñߪ’† 21´ ¨¡û√-•l°æ¤ í¬çDµ –
He is the Gandhi of the 20th C.
(Åçõ‰ í¬çDµ-í¬J í∫’ù«™x Ñߪ’-†èπ◊ î√™«
Bhanu : What for? (áçü¿’èπ◊?– ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ designations and ÖØ√o®·. í¬çDµE ûª©-°œç-°æ-ñ‰-≤ƒh-úø’ ÅE)
for what ÅE ņ®Ω’) offices if you mention 2) He is the Bhima of class - ¢√úø’ -Ç class
thereafter the name
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 55
Aravind : Have you forgotten? We have got Hµ´·úø’.
to practise for the match next of the person) Now Practise the Following:
week. e) before a countable
(´’-®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷-¢√? ´îËa-¢√®Ωç a) Krishna: Hi Kumar É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊áéπ\úø’Ø√o´¤?
Match practise Sobha: singular, to talk of the
éÀ îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L éπü∆?) Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç*. Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø v°æÆœ-Cl¥-éπü∆ Kumar: ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ Hollywood ™«çöÀ-îÓô.
Bhanu : He is in Chennai for his cousin's whole class
®Ω≤ƒ©÷, •çT-†-°æLx ®Ωé¬-©èπ◊ (®Ω鬩’ –
f) the superlative degree
M. SURESAN Krishna: Åçõ‰ Mumbai ™Ø√?
wedding. I'll (I will) call him today varieties) Kumar: Å´¤†’. Åéπ\úø Ö-†oéÌ--Dl Éçé¬ Öçú≈-©-
and tell him that we should pre- Subha: of the adjective,
pare for the match.
Å®·ûË Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ -á-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-
g) the comparative degree, when it is not fol-
E-°œç-*çC. áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ Mumbai.
®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? (Start ¢√úøçúÕ.) Krishna: v°æéπ%A ≤˘çü¿®Ωuç (Beauty of Nature)
(¢√∞¡x cousin °R}éÀ îÁØÁj o -¢Á-∞«}úø’. Sobha: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛? áçü¿’èπ◊? lowed by 'then'.
Ñ¢√∞¡ phone îËÆœ match éÀ ready Subha: Ø√ûÓ È®çvúÓ-V-©’ç-úø-ú≈EéÀ. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøç-úÕ: 鬢√-©çõ‰ é¬QtÍ®. ÅC ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊
Manohar: Good morning Mahesh, why are Switzerland ™«çöÀC. Åéπ\úø Dal Ææ®Ω-
Å¢√Lq Öçü¿E îÁ§ƒh) Sobha: ´÷Ø√†o Ñ ®√vA ´·ç•®· ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o®Ω’.
Aravind: Tell him to start early. He is known you up so early? (àçôçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Ææ’q™ Boat trip î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
Çߪ’† AJ-íÌ-*aç-ûª-®√yûË Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
for his game but notorious for his Evü¿ ™‰î√´¤? Up Ééπ\úø Evü¿-™‰-´-úøç. Åéπ\úø èπÿú≈ áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤Ø√o Éçé¬ -Öç-ú≈-
Ææçí∫A Ç™-*-≤ƒh†’. (Leave ¢√úøçúÕ).
lack of time sense. îª÷úøçúÕ áçûª simpleí¬ ÖçüÓ. ©-E°œ-Ææ’hçC.
Å´’t äçô-Jí¬ Öçô’çC éπü∆.
(ûªy®Ωí¬ ®Ω´’t†’. Game ¶«í¬ Ç-úø- Subha: †’´¤y í∫†éπ ´ÊÆh éπFÆæç ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV-©’ - Conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ). b) Prabhat: Hi Prakash, àçöÀ Å™« Cí∫’-©’í¬
û√úøE Ê°®Ω’çC. -Å-™«Íí Time sense = Öç-ú≈-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ. Mahesh: I get up (am up) by this time ÖØ√o´¤?
punctuality = Ææ´ ’-ߪ ’-§ƒ-©† ™‰ü¿F every day. I go for a morning walk Prakash: ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ´î√aúø’. ´÷ fami-
Sobha: OK.
Ê°®Ω’çC.) (ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø’ Ñ timeÍé ™‰* †úø’-≤ƒh†’). ly™ Çߪ’† ¨¡èπ◊E ™«çöÀ-¢√úø’.
Notorious=ØÌ-öÔJ-ߪ’Æˇ– öÔ ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-é¬L Answer:
Manohar: Walking is good. The longer you Prabhat: àç Åçûª ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_ú≈?
Shubha: (over phone) Hi Sobha, Thanks a
walk the stronger you are.
= îÁ-úø’ °æ†xèπ◊, îÁúø’ í∫’ù«-©èπ◊ Ê°®Ω’ (áçûª Prakash: Å™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡x†’ í∫’-Jç-* áçûª -ûªèπ◊\´
§Òçü¿-úøç. a notorious murderer= Ê°®Ω’ lot.
Sobha: What for?
ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh Åçûª •©ç) ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª ´’ç*C.
§ÒçC† £æ«çûª-èπ◊úø’. Famous actor = Mahesh: That's true. But my classmate ANSWERS:
v°æÆœ-ü¿l¥ †ô’úø’) Shubha: For sending me mangoes. Where
Sudheer walks 6 kms every morn- a) krishna: Hi Kumar, Where have you
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ for ¢√úøéπç îª÷úøçúÕ. are they from?
ing. And really he is the Amitab of been?
1) Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç– äéπ ´u´Cµ (period of Sobha: From Vijayawada. You know
´÷ classmate
our College. ( Kumar: I was in the Hollywood of india
time) ´·çü¿’ for ´Ææ’hçC– for 10 minutes Vijayawada is famous for the two
Sudheer ®ÓW 6 Kms †úø’-≤ƒhúø’. Krishna: You mean Mumbai?
(10 E-N’-≥ƒ©’í¬), for an hour (í∫çôí¬), for 3 varieties. Rasaalu and
years (´‚úË-∞¡Ÿxí¬) etc.
Åûªúø’ ´÷ College ÅN’-û√¶¸) Kumar: Yes, the more I stayed there, the
Banginapalli.
Manohar: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?)
2) 'for' ´·êuçí¬ ¢√-úø-úøç– éÓÆæç, ÖüËl-Pç-*† ÅØË Shubha: Then when are you starting for more/ the longer I wanted to stay.
Mahesh: He is as tall as Amitab (ÅN’-û√¶¸
Å®√n-©ûÓ. Hyderabad? How beautiful Mumbai is.
Åçûª §Òúø’í∫’) Krishna: If you talk of the beauty of nature,
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Sobha: Hyderabad, what for?
a) Send for Bharat = ¶µº®Ω-û˝-èπ◊ /-¶µº-®Ωû˝ éÓÆæç Manohar: And who is the Sharook Khan of
Subha: To spend a few days with me/ nothing to beat Kashmir (Kashmir
b) what for? = áçü¿’-èπ◊ /- áç-ü¿’éÓÆæç your class?
for spending a few days with me. †’ éÌöÀdçC ™‰ü¿’. Nothing to beat
c) for the match = match éÓÆæç/match éÀ (O’ class Sharook Khan á´®Ω’?)
Sobha: Dad is leaving for Mumbai tonight. Kashmir). That is the Switzerland
Mahesh: I haven't (have not) thought of it
(ÖüËl¨¡ç) Only after he returns, do I think of of India. The boat trip in the Dal
d) for his cousin's marriage = cousin (ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* -ØËØ√-™-*ç-îª-™‰ü¿’)
Hyderabad. lake is very pleasant. There too
°Rx-éÓ-Ææç/- °-RxéÀ Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù™ éÌ-Eo-îÓôx 'The' ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆!
Subha: If you come I want you to be here the more you stay, the more you
e) ´÷ Ø√†o Ñ vúÁÆˇ Ø√èπ◊ Delhi ™ éÌØ√o®Ω’ = The longer you walk, The stronger you are.
for a week. want to stay.
Dad bought this dress for me in Delhi. (Ø√ The Amitab of the College; The Sharook
Sobha: Ok. b) Prabhat: Hi Prakash, you look sad
éÓÆæç/ -Ø√èπ◊ ÖüËl-Pç-*†) Khan.
f) Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇèπ◊ = This book is for z z z z z z No. 1: áçûª îËÊÆh Åçûª ´’ç*C. É™«çöÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Prakash: My Uncle has come he is the

Ramesh. -É°æp-öÀ-´®Ωèπ◊ éÌEo lessons ™ 'the' ¢√úøéπç Sakuni of our Family

¢√é¬u-©†’ English ™ îÁÊ°p-°æ¤púø’ Comparatives
g) Praphul: some one has come for you. í∫’-Jç-* ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬: ¢√úøû√ç. -¢√-öÀ -´·ç-ü¿’ 'the' ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√L. Prabhat: Is he so bad?
(-F -éÓÆæç á´®Ó ´î√a®Ω’.) We use ‘the’ before a) Ç ÆœE´÷ -Fèπ◊ îª÷Æœ† éÌDl îª÷ú≈-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Prakash: The less we talk about such
Prasanth: for me? at this hour? a) The names of great and holy books (The The more you see it, the more you wish to people, the better for us.
(Ø√éÓ-Ææ´÷? Ñ -õ„iç™Ø√?) Ramayanam, etc.) see it.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 9 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Charan: Hi Chandra, how are you?
a) F´¤ ´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-èπ◊†oçü¿’èπ◊ ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-
Chandra: Fine Thanks, how are you? †©’ = congratulations/ congrats on your
Charan: Same here. Thanks. Congrats. good marks.
(Congrats = Congratulations éπç-ví¬- Congratulations = á´-È®jØ√ -à-üÁj-Ø√ ≤ƒ-Cµç-*-†°æ¤p-úø’
ô’u-™„-ß˝’-≠æ-Ø˛q – -™„-ß˝’ -ØÌéÀ\ °æ-©éπç-úÕ = -îÁÊ°p-C. -ü∆-EéÀ -•-ü¿’-©’í¬ thanks îÁ§ƒhç.
-Å-Gµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’) b) †’´¤y áEo-Èéj-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Congrats
Chandra: What on? (áçü¿’èπ◊?) Congrats on your election.
Charan: On your fine performance in the c) congrats
î√™« ¶«í¬ †öÀç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
play yesterday. Congrats on your excellent action/ per-
formance.
(†’´¤y E†o Ø√ô-éπç™ î√™« ¶«í¬ îËÆœ- d) Congress con-
î√™« ¶«í¬ ÈíL*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ – †öÀç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊) grats. Congrats to congress on its excel-
Performance - °æ-§∂ƒ-´’-Ø˛q – -§∂ƒ ØÌéÀ\- lent performance in the elections.
a) ¢√úø’ v°æA-ü∆-Eéà ¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-û√úø’ Mohan: ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Çúø-¢√∞¡Ÿx •ôd© O’ü¿ áèπ◊\´
°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç = à °æØÁjØ√, ´·êuçí¬ (Performance ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) úø•’s, Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ time ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’hç-
He depends on his sister for every thing.
éÌçîÁç ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îËߪ’-úøç 2) Comment on: Comment Åçõ‰ ¢√uêu©’ ö«®Ω’. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ time Å©ç-éπ-®Ω-
b) °æçô©’ ´®√{Eo •öÀd Öçö«®·
Performance in a play/ movie/ Comment
îËߪ’-úøç/-Å-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ¢ÁL-•’-îªa-úøç.
'on'. Crops depend on rains. ù™.
game/ as a leader = Ø√ô-éπç™/ ÆœE- ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ Girija and
a) c) ÅFo úø•’s†’-•-õ‰d éπü∆?
perform-
´÷™/ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕí¬ äéπJ á°æ¤púø÷ Éûª-®Ω’-©-†’ í∫’-Jç-* àüÓ äéπöÀ Åçô’ç- Sailaja: †’´¤y ´÷ O’ü¿ comments îËÆæ’h-†oô’d.
He always on comments on others. Everything depends on money.
ance play=
¢√J E®Ωy-£æ«ù/ °æE-B®Ω’. ö«úø’= b) Lakshman: á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’ü∆ç?
make comments/ pass comments d) Nïߪ’ç v¨¡´’†’ •öÀd -Öç-ô’ç-C
°xß˝’ = Çúø-úøç ´÷-´‚-©’í¬; Ø√ôéπç ÅE Madhu: Åçû√ F O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ -ÖçC.
èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç ¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’-úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Success depends on hard work. †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ ready Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púË.
ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿ-ú≈ ÖçC.
Chandra: Thank you.

on the campus..
Charan: Every one was commenting on
your action only. They were all
praise for you
Chandra: Oh, that's (that was nothing).
Thanks any way. How's your
practice of cricket going? Hope
you will be on the college team for
5) Spend on: Lakshman: éÌçûª late Å®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´’†
the finals. ( -Åç-ûËç-™‰-ü¿’-™‰. é¬E ÉC î√™«
thanks. cricket practice
´·êuç. Ê°®Ω’x ñ«G-û√™ *´®Ω éπü∆ ÖØ√o®·.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 56
F ᙫ
ÖçC? College finals team ™ Spend = ê®Ω’a-°-ôd-úøç. ´’† Ê°®Ω’x °œL-îË-ô°æp-öÀéÀ ´’†ç îË®Ω’-
†’´¤yç--ö«-´E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o) í∫úø-°æ-úøç (®ÓV©÷, èπ◊çö«ç.
Madhu: ´’†ç é¬éπ Éçé¬ öÃç™ îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ
Charan: Not so bad. Every thing depends b) -Å-ûª-ØÁ-°æ¤p-úø÷ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’-Jç-* ¢√uë«u-Eç-îª-úø’
Æ洒ߪ’ç Å®·ûË)
on my game in the first two a) ¢√ú≈ ÉçöÀ-O’ü¿ î√™« á´-®Ì-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?
He never comments/ makes comments/ Lakshman: F áç°œéπ -éπ*aûªç. ü∆EéÀ congrats.
matches. passes comments on others.
ê®Ω’a °ö«dúø’ M. SURESAN
Chandra: And what are you going to do dur- c) performance
Éûª-®Ω’© í∫’-Jç-* ¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’- He has spent a lot ´’J -Ø√ Ææçí∫Açé¬ ûÁMü¿’.
(of money) on the house. Lakshmi: Ñ selections áéπ\úø ï®Ω-í∫-† ’-
ing the vacation? úøç Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’. é¬-E ÅüË ´’†ç -Ç °æ-E áçûª-
b)
´-®Ωèπ◊ îË≤ƒhç ÅØË-C v°æ¨¡o. ؈’ ®ÓW È®çúø’í∫çô©’ ¢√uߪ÷´’ç îË≤ƒh†’ Ø√o®·?
(ÂÆ©-´¤™x àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Lakshman: ´÷ College campus ™ØË.
Charan: (I am going to) spend some time It's (It is) easy to comment/ pass com- I spend two hours (every day) on exercise.
ments/ make comments on others' per- Answers:
on bowling practice. (I) need to c) §Ú®·†¢√®Ωç Åçû√ practice ™ØË í∫úÕ-§ƒúø’
formance but how well we do a thing is the a) Girija: How much did you spend on the
improve my bowling. bowl- He spent the whole of last week on prac-
(éÌçûª question. dress?
ing practice bowling tice.
îËߪ÷L. Ø√ 3) On the team. team ™. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’- Sailaja: I spent Rs. 2500/- on it. Isn't (is not)
d) ÅE™¸ á°æ¤púø÷ •ôd-©èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√úø’
¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-®Ω-éÓ-¢√Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC) (in
Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '™— Å®ΩnçûÓ) ¢√úË it worth so much?
Chandra: Ok, then. Good luck, bye. Anil spends a lot (of money) on clothes.
î√™«-îÓ-ôxEnglish on
™ ´Ææ’hçC. ñ«G-û√™ (worth = N©’´; is worth = N©’´ Öçúø-úøç
(ÆæÍ®, F Åü¿%≠ædç ¶«í∫’ç-ú≈-©E éÓJéπ, = on the list; on the rolls,
£æ…ï®˝ °æöÃd™ = Spend ûª®√yûª on ™«í¬ØË, waste ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª N©’´ îËߪ’-úøç / -îË-ߪ’-éπ-
on the premises; on.
´≤ƒh-´’J) Ç´-®Ω-ù™= Nü∆u-©ßª’ Ç´- §Ú-´úøç = Worth/ not worth. The movie
Charan: Bye ®Ω-ù™ = on the campus, etc. e) TV îª÷Ææ÷h time ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’ is not worth half the price of the ticket =
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ preposition– 'on' ¢√úøéπç a) E†’o team ™ îË®Ω’aéÓç He wastes time on the TV/watching the TV. Ç ÆœE´÷ ticket èπ◊ °öÀd† úø•’s-™ Ææí∫-´’çûª
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. We do not take you on the team. f) î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ friends ûÓ time ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’ü¿’. Waste.
1) Ωù˝ Congratulations îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, b) ñ«G-û√™ -Å-ûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC He wastes time/ a lot of time on friends. Girija: I think you wasted at least Rs. 400.
îªçvü¿: What on? His name is first on the list. Now practise the following in English: I won't (will not) spend more than
c) Ø√ Ç´-®Ω-ù™ ØËE-™«ç-öÀN Ææ´’t-Aç-’ a) Girija: dress áçûª °öÀd éÌØ√o¢˛?
Ωù˝: On your fine performance. I do not allow such things on my premises.
†’´¤y Ç Rs. 2000/- on it.
2) commenting on (Spend¢√úøçúÕ) Sailaja: I spent at least two hours on that
d) ÅC College Ç´-®Ωù™ ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’
3) on the college team Sailaja: 2500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’. Åü¿çûª îËÆæ’hçC éπü∆? selection.
It did not happen on the campus.
4) depends on Girija: éπFÆæç 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ü∆E O’ü¿ ´%ü∑∆ Mohan: Generally women waste a lot (of
4) Depend on = ÉC î√™« common. î√™«-
5) spend time on ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ depend = Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-úøç. ûÁ©’- ņ’-èπ◊çö«. ؈-®·ûË 2000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©- money), a lot more of time, on
ÉO preposition 'on' ¢√úË éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’. í∫’™ èπÿú≈ äéπü∆E/ äéπJO’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-úøç éπçõ‰ °ôd†’. dresses, and still more on make up
1) Congratulations (Congrats ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç éπü∆. English ™†÷ ÅçûË. Depend Sailaja: éπFÆæç È®çúø’ í∫çô©’ °æöÀdçC selec- (still =Éçé¬).
On.
Åçö«®Ω’) ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ 'on'. tion èπ◊. (spend, I ûÓ ¢√úøçúÕ) Girija and
Sailaja: Just as you are commenting on us.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Home, House, Residence - Ñ ´‚úø’ Home, house - -à-N’-öÀ ûË-ú≈? She has two houses in Hyderabad, and one b) Lakshman: When shall we start?
°æü∆© Å®√n™x ¶µ‰ü∆-™‰-N’öÀ? OöÀE á°æ¤p-úÁ- in Vijayawada = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ È®çúÕ∞¡⁄x, Nï- Madhu: (Everything) depends on you,
°æ¤púø’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ߪ’-¢√-úø™ äéπ É©÷x -ÖØ√o®·. But She lives in whenever you are ready.
– -¢√C Ææ’v•-£æ«tùuç, á´J ÉçöÀE í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ ¢√∞¡x É©’x, Guntur. Her home there is very close to the sta- Lakshman: Doesn't matter if we are late.
home. tion = Guntur Doesn't (does not) matter =
-ï-¢√--•’: I. Home- ´’†ç,
´’*-M-°æôoç Ç¢Á’ ÖçúËC ´÷vûªç ™. Ç¢Á’ É©’x °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.
Home Åçõ‰ ÆæyÆæn©ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿ-ú≈ ÖçC. House
(E¢√Ææç) í∫’çô÷®Óx. business house,
†’, Conversation ™ practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
´’† èπ◊ô’ç•Æ涵º’u-©ûÓ E´- My home is Nellore. ´÷ ÆæyÆæn©ç ØÁ©÷x®Ω’. The House of Tatas- ™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√u§ƒ®Ω Our names are the last on the
ÆœçîË É©’x home. á´-È®jØ√ He left his books at home
E©ßª’ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. list. We shall be able to reach by
¢√J ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©ûÓ, ņo-ü¿-´·t- ¢√úø’ ¢√úÕ books †’ (¢√úÕ) -Éçöx ´C-™‰-¨»úø’. III. Residence: ÉC éÌç-îÁç formal. Phone the time our turn comes.
©ûÓ, Åéπ\-îÁ-™„x-∞¡xûÓ ÖçúËC– 3) Home = His home is England.
ü˨¡ç.
numbers, address ©’ ´’† ÉçöÀN îÁÊ°p--ô°æ¤púø’ Madhu: Who else is coming to
(ÉçÈé-´®Ω’)
home. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ home 4) Home = Minister for home affairs.
üËQߪ’.
¢√úøû√ç. Residence phone no; Residential be on the team?
´·çü¿’ î√-™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x my, (üËQߪ’– Åçûª-®Ω_ûª ´u´-£æ…®√© ´’çvA)
your, his, her, etc. ¢√úø-†-éπ\-®Ω- 5) at home and abroad = ÆæyüË-¨¡ç™, NüË-¨»™x. address (office phone no; office address èπ◊ Lakshman: Your selection is definite
™‰ü¿’. 6) Old age Home, Home for the blind- É™«çöÀ Gµ†oçí¬). Ééπ\úøèπÿ-ú≈ home phone no.,/ address (éπ*aûªç). Congrats on that. I
I am going home îÓôx 'Çv¨¡ßª’ç—. ņ-´îª’a. don't know about my position
(to my home
ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. ņç) II. House = à Éç-öÀØÁjØ√ house Åçö«ç. éÌçîÁç £æ«Ùü∆-í∫© ´uèπ◊h© E¢√-≤ƒ-©ØË Residence (position = °æJ-Æœn-A/ -Ææç-í∫A)
He went home an hour ago He bought a house last year ņúøç Ææ••’– The Prime Minister's residence, Lakshmi: Where are the selections?
(His home
í∫çô véÀûªç ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«xúø’. Å-†éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’) í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç É©’x éÌØ√oúø’. The governor's residence, etc. Lakshman: On our college campus.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 11 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Sheriff: Peter, Who are you waiting for? His parents are waiting for their daugh-
á´J éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? ter's marriage. Once that is over, they will
Peter: For sagar. I've (I have) asked him marry him off.
for some information and a few d) Ø√èπ◊ Çéπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC. ÉçÈéçûªÊÆ§Ú ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ wait
books.
îËߪ’-™‰†’.
≤ƒí∫®˝ éÓÆæç. ¢√úÕo ؈’ àüÓ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç, I'm (I am) very hungry. I am not able to
éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÅúÕ-í¬†’.
wait for the meal any more.
Sheriff: You have waited for an hour now.
He hasn't even phoned you. Wait for = await. Å®·ûË await éÌçîÁç
†’´¤y ÅûªE éÓÆæç í∫çôí¬ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ ví¬çC∑éπç. conversation ™ wait for ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.
éπü∆. Fèπ◊ Phone èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ ´’J. 2) Ask for: á´-J-ØÁjØ√ àüÁjØ√ Åúø-í∫úøç
a) I am looking for a good book on Spoken
Peter: I am sure he will come. Any way, Samrat: ®Ωîª-®·ûª á´®Ω’?
a) ¢√úÕo Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅúÕ-í¬†’. ¢√úø’ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
English
let's hope for the best. I need the
I asked (him) for his help. But he did not
(®Ωîª-®·ûª = author/ writer)
books badly. Spoken English O’ü¿ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç éÓÆæç Sarat: Åûª-úø’ èπÿú≈ ã ÂÆjE-èπ◊úË. Åûª-úÕ Ê°®Ω’
help me.
¢√úø’ ´≤ƒh-úøØË Ø√ †´’téπç. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ¢Áü¿’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o†’. John stall.
b) ÅûªúÕo Ç¢Á’ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÅúÕ-TçC
´’çîË ÇPü∆lç. Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ î√™« b) What are you looking for? Samrat: Eïçí¬ Åçûª íÌ°æp °æ¤Ææhéπ´÷?
Å´-Ææ®Ωç. She asked him for some books. Sarat: FéπC îªC-N-†-éÌDl îªü¿-¢√-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
üËE-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛/ ¢Áü¿’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛?
(need badly = î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç) c) Åûª-úÕ-éÓÆæç Ééπ\úø îª÷úøúøç E®Ω’°æßÁ÷í∫ç. ÉC ü∆Eo îªü¿-´-úøç -ã Å®Ω’-üÁj† ņ’-¶µº´ç
Sheriff: How long more are you going to (Å®Ω’-üÁj† = rare)
wait? It's already time for dinner.
Åûªúø’ College èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ï} time
b) Chakri: F ü¿í∫_®Ω pen Öçü∆?
ÉçÈéç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ îª÷≤ƒh´¤? É°æp-öÀÍé ¶µï† -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 57 No use looking for him here. It's the time
for his college.
Charan: ÖçC. Fèπ◊ 鬢√™«?
Æ洒ߪ’ç Å®·çC éπü∆? Chakri: Ø√ pen refill Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.
Assignment complete îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ ؈’.

Have you a pen? Charan: Assignment?

Chakri:
Charan:
Å´¤†’. Physics ™ ã chapter O’ü¿.
Ø√èπÿ\ú≈ pen Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Ééπ\úø à shop
™ ØÁjØ√ refill ûÁa-éÓ-´-a/ -üÌ-®Ω’-èπ◊-
ûª’çC.
Practise the following:
Chakri: Ç Ææ©-£æ…èπ◊ thanks.
Peter: I told him to be here for dinner. So Å®·ûË v°æ¨¡o©’ Åúø-í∫úøç Suman: á´-J-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?
I'm sure he will come in a few min- Answers:
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, äéπ °æE îËߪ’- Suresh: College bus éÓÆæç.
utes. Ah, look, here he comes. Hi, ´’ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ask ûª®√yûª a) Sarat: Have you read the book on the
Suman: ؈’ N≠æflg éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Åûªúø’
Sagar, why the delay? for ®√ü¿’. ††’oéÌçûª úø•’s ÅúÕ-í¬úø’. table?
¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’ ¢√úÕE. 鬕öÀd é¬ÊÆq- -Ö-ü∆: I asked him a few Suresh: ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø Öçú≈-Lq† time Å®·çC. Samrat: What's the book on?
°æ-öÀ™ ´îËa-≤ƒh-úøØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC. questions ´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊. Sarat: It's (It is) on an important event/
ÅCíÓ ´÷ô-™xØË ´îËa-¨»úø’. àçöÀ ≤ƒí∫®˝, éÌEo v°æ¨¡o©’ ÅúÕ-í¬†’. M. SURESAN Suman: ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV™x °æçÊ° episode in World War II. This is one
áçü¿’-é¬-©Ææuç? She asked her friend to úø•’s éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. (Wait of the best books on the subject.
Sagar: Looking for an auto took all my time. wait ¢√úøçúÕ) Samrat: Who is the Writer?
é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçúø-´’E ÅúÕ-TçC. Suresh: ¢√úËüÓ job èπ◊ apply îËÆ œ-†-ô’d-Ø√oúø’. Sarat: He was also a soldier. Name, John
Çö éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’-´©x Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. Next week orders ´≤ƒh-ߪ’E ÇP-Ææ’h-
They asked me why I was there stall.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ preposition 'for' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’- Ø√oúø’.
Eç-îªçúÕ.1) Waiting for 2) asked for 3) hope for ؈-éπ\úø áçü¿’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†E ¢√∞¡Ÿx ††o-úÕ-í¬®Ω’. Samrat: Is it such a great book?
Answer:
4) time for 5) look for. -É-C-´®Ω-™  for èπ◊ -Ö†o °j Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ask ûª®√yûª for ®√ü¿’. Sarat: The more you read it, the more you
Suman: Who are you waiting for?
Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©÷ éÌEo îª÷¨»ç. 3) hope for: üËE-ØÁj-Ø√ ÇPç-îª-úøç. hope ûª®√yûª feel like reading it. Reading it is a
for Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Suresh: For the college bus.
English áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøéπç Ö†o prepositions ™ rare experience.
Suman: I am waiting for Vishnu. He has
a) ´’ç* ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿ØË ÇPü∆lç. let's (let us)
for äéπöÀ. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆E Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ÆæJí¬ ûÁ©’- asked me for some money. b) Chakri: Have you a pen?
hope for the best.
Ææ’-èπ◊E conversation ™ ¢√úÕûË ´’† conversa- Suresh: (It is) time for him to be here. Charan: I have. Do you want it?
b) They hope for an early appointment.
tion effective í¬ Öçô’çC. Perhaps he will be here in a few Chakri: My refill is/ has gone dry (has run
1. Wait for: äéπJ éÓÆæç, äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤, Ææç°∂æ’-ô†
ûªy®Ω™ ã ÖüÓuí∫ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. minutes. out of ink - is dry/ has gone dry -
éÓÆæç ¢Ë* îª÷úøúøç. Å®·ûË hope ûª®√yûª 'that' ûÓ begin ÅßË’u Suman: He is waiting for the money his dad ü∆ØÓx ink Å®·-§Ú-®·çC = run out of
Wait for me, please
´÷ô©’ ´ÊÆh for ®√ü¿’. will send him in two or three days. ink). I have not (haven't) completed
c) He hopes that he will get the job Suresh: He has applied for a job. He hopes
é¬Ææh Ø√éÓÆæç îª÷úø¢√? my assignment.
4) time for: üËE-ÈéjØ√ time´îËa-ÆœçC/Å®·çC for the orders next week.
a) Train éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç Charan: Assignment?
ņ--ú≈-EéÀ time for Åçö«ç. ÉC î√™« 2) Ñ éÀçCN a/ an, the éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N.
We are waiting for the train Common. Chakri: Yes. It's on a chapter in Physics.
Practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
b) Exams a) It's time for dinner (Dinner time Charan: I need the pen too. You get a refill
Å®·§ÚßË’ ´®Ωèπ◊ îª÷ü∆lç Å®·çC) a) Sarat: Ç table O’ü¿ Ö†o °æ¤Ææhéπç îªC-¢√¢√?
Let's wait for the exams to be over b) Time has come for us to leave in any of the shops here. (Refills
Samrat: üËEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅC?
(Let's wait till the exams are over) ´’†ç •ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lq† time Å®·çC are available in any of the shops
Sarat: È®çúÓ v°æ°æçîª ßª·ü¿l¥ç-™ E ã ´·êu-¢Á’i†
here.)
c) ¢√úÕ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ¢√∞¡x-´÷t®· °Rx éÓÆæç é¬îª’- Å™«Íí time for breakfast, for dinner, etc. Ææç°∂æ’-ô† í∫’Jç*. Ç Å稡ç O’ü¿ °æ¤Ææh-
éÌE ÖØ√o®Ω’. Å®·-§ÚûË ¢√úÕéà îËÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’. 5) Look for: ¢Áü¿-éπ-úøç é¬-©™ ÉC best. Chakri: Thank you for the advice.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Below, beneath © ÆæJ-ßÁi’† Å®√n-©†’ ûÁL°œ,

¢√öÀE ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’; -Å-™«Íí Famous, Famous.. Popular.. -Åç-õ‰? A popular movie star- v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç §ÒçC† û√®Ω–
ÆœE-´÷-©†’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡⁄x, ÆœE-´÷©’ ¶«í¬ îª÷ÊÆ-
Popular © ÆæJ-ßÁi’† Å®√n-©†’ ûÁL°œ, ¢√öÀE ¢√úË ¢√∞¡Ÿx É≠æd-°æúË û√®Ω©’.
Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. popular Åçõ‰ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç éπ© ÅE. famous ņo- ã cinema star, famous, popular È®çúø÷ 鬴a.
°æ¤púø’ ûÁLÆœ, NE Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç ûªèπ◊\´. 'popu- °æ®Ω-¶µ«≥ƒ *vû√© íÌ°æp actor ©†’ í∫’-Jç-* ´’†èπ◊ ûÁLÊÆh
-ï-¢√-•’: Below, beneath © ûËú≈ -ûªy®Ω-™ N´-J≤ƒhç.
– Èé.´ç-Q-éπ%≠æg, °æ®Ω-鬩, ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ ->-™«x
lar' ™ äéπ ®Ωçí∫ç™ ®√ùÀç-*-†-¢√-JE Ç ´®√_-EéÀ Ææç•ç- ¢√∞¡Ÿx famous. ´’† ¶µ«≥ƒ *vû√© íÌ°æp-û√-®Ω©’, ´’†ç
Famous Åçõ‰ v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-Èé-éÀ\†, v°æë«uA îÁçC†. Åçõ‰ Cµç-*† v°æï©’ ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îª-úøç, É≠æd-°æ-úø-úøç. v°æÆœ-Cl-Èé-éÀ\-†- ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx popular stars.
v°æñ«-F-éπç™ î√-™«´’çCéÀ ûÁL-Æœ†, î√-™«-´’çC NE Ö†o ¢√∞¡x/ ¢√öÀ °æôx ´’†èπ◊ É≥ƒd-E-éπçõ‰, ¢Á’°æ¤p, íı®Ω´ç A famous song - Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-éÌØË §ƒô.
ÅE. áèπ◊\´. Popular Å®·† ´uèπ◊h-©†’ ´’†ç É≠æd-°æ-úøû√ç, A popular song- Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË, Åçõ‰ éÌClí¬
Abdul Kalam is a famous scientist = Çߪ’† v°æÆ œCl¥ ¢√∞¡x-†’ í∫’-Jç-* Éûª®Ω ®Ωçí¬© ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a– 'mass' song ÅE.
îÁçC† ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh – î√-™«´’ç-CéÀ, ¨»ÆæYçûÓ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰E A famous movie star - v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-Èé-éÀ\† ÆœE-´÷-û√®Ω– ÆœE- Tendulkar is a famous cricketer- Ééπ\úø popular
¢√∞¡xèπ◊ èπÿ-ú≈ -Ç-ߪ’-†- í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’Ææ’– Çߪ’† í∫’-Jç-* NE ´÷-©-†’ í∫’-Jç-* Åçûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’E/ interest ™‰E ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ņç éπü∆.
ÖØ√o®Ω’ ÅE. Åûª-úÕ/- Ç-¢Á’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’Ææ’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 16 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Anil: Hi, Trishal, where were you last
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ:
evening?
b) By the time I reached the station, the train
(E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?) had left. station
؈’ train
îËÍ®-Ææ-JéÀ, ¢ÁR}§Ú-
Trishal: Most of the time at home.
®·çC. Train sta-
¢Á-R}-§Ú-´-úøç ´·çü¿÷, ؈’
(E†o áèπ◊\´ÊÆ°æ¤ ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o) tion the train had left.
îË®Ω-úøç ûª®√yûª, 鬕öÀd
Why, what's the matter?
c) My uncle too had waited for me for ten
(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) minutes - Ø√ éÓÆæç 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ îª÷Æœ, ûª®√yûª
Anil: But Sunil told me he had seen you
ÉçöÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’, had waited - had + pp
going somewhere
d) Seeing that I had not come– ؈’ ®√™‰-ü¿E
(Å®·ûË †’-¢Áy-éπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡Ÿhç-úø-úøç- îª÷Æœ, he started for home. ؈’ ®√éπ-§Ú-´-úøç,
îª÷¨»†E Sunil îÁ§ƒpúø’) earlier past action, 鬕öÀd had come - had
Trishal: He seen me on my way to the sta- Lakshmi:
+ past participle. Ñ éÀçC È®çúø÷ §Ú©açúÕ: Éçé¬ éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. ´’†ç ¢Á-R}
tion to receive my uncle. But by the a) The Moghuls had ruled India before the
e) I had kept it for two days... when I îª÷ü∆lç °æü¿.
time I reached the station the train British ruled it (British b) Pratap: Hi Pramod, †’´¤y bike éÌØ√o-´E
returned it to the library. had
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ¢√-Jéπç-õ„ -´·ç-ü¿’
had left. My uncle too had waited for had ruled,
-¢Á·í∫-©’-©’ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ §ƒLç-î√®Ω’. Prasanth îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√ûÓ, ¢Á·†o-†’-
kept – had + past participle (pp) ´·çü¿®Ω
me for 10 minutes. Seeing that I ruled).
ïJ-T†past action †’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤Úhç-C éπü∆.- èπ◊çö«.
had not come, he started for home b) India had been under Moghul rule before Pramod: Éçé¬ é̆-™‰ü¿’. éÌØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
Ééπ\-úø ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊†o ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç: it was under British rule (British
on his own. §ƒ©-†™ Pratap: O’ cousin bike éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√?
had + past participle always expresses the Moghul
(؈’ ´÷ uncle éÓÆæç station èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh- ÖçúË ´·çü¿’, §ƒ©-†™ ÖçúËC). Pramod: ™‰ü¿’. E†oØË ûÁL-Æ œçC, ¢√úøC
earlier of two past actions. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ, Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊†o
†o-°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»úø’. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ station Ţ˒t-¨»-úøE.
èπ◊ -¢Á-∞Ï}Ææ-JÍé train -´-*a -¢Á-R}-§Ú®·ç-C.

He had been an actor

´÷ uncle èπÿú≈ Ø√ éÓÆæç 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’
îª÷Æœ ÉçöÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’)
But why did you want to see me?
(Å®·ûË †’´¤y †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-
Ø√o´¤?)
Anil: I wanted that book on computers verbs: had been (be Pratap: á´-JéÀ?
from you. form - í∫ûªç™ Ö†o Pramod: ¢√úÕ §ƒûª bike †’ éÌûªh bike ûÓ
(F ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* Ç computer book
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 58
È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©™ exchange îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.
BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o) ´·çü¿®Ω Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Answers:
Trishal: I am sorry, I don't have it. I had kept îÁ°æ¤ hçC), had + pp
it for only two days till the day (action - í∫ûªç™ ïJ- a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha, when did you return?
before when I returned it to the a) ¢√úø’ pass Åߪ÷u-úøE Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. When I phoned yesterday your
T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x
library. He told me that he had passed. (pass ¢Á·ü¿öÀ °æEE ûÁ-LÊ°ç- M. SURESAN mother told me you had not
(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰C-°æ¤púø’, È®çvúÓ-V©’ Öç- Å´-úøç ´·çü¿÷, îÁ°æp-úøç ûª®√yûª éπü∆. 鬕öÀd ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç) returned yet.
èπ◊E ¢Á·†oØË library ™ -ÉîËa¨».) ´·çü¿J past action, had + passed (had + a) ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îË-´·çü¿’ Çߪ’† teacher í¬ Ajitha: That's right. I arrived half an hour
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E verbs: had seen, had left, pp) ÖçúË-¢√úø’ = He had been a teacher before after you had phone. What's the
had waited, had come, had kept É´Fo èπÿú≈ b) Ç¢Á’ °R}éÀ ´·çü¿’ teacher í¬ °æE-îË-ÆœçC. he started business. matter?
She had worked as teacher before she b) Lawyer í¬ practice rail-
v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îË -´·çü¿’ Lakshmi: Leela told me yesterday she had
had + past participle form ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆.
ways ™ °æEî˨»®Ω’ = He had worked/ He brought some sarees from
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ form of verb †’ ´’†ç Ñ les- got married.
had been (ÖØ√o®Ω’) in the railways before Mumbai. How about seeing
sons ™ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Ñ verb form: had + past had + pp éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† 'be' form had been. he started practising as a lawyer. them?
participle. DØËo past perfect tense Åçö«®Ω’. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆, 'be' form á°æ¤púø÷ Öçúø-ú≈-Eo c) sisters unmarried
¢√∞¡x °R} ÅßË’uç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ajitha: She told me the day before she
DE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç- îª÷ü∆lç: ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’ = He had been unmarried
had given away most of them.
a) Sunil told me he had seen you. Ééπ\úø two Ñ éÀçC È®ç-úø÷ §Ú©açúÕ: until his sisters got married.
Lakshmi: Still some more are there. Let's go
past actions (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’--©’– a) NTR had acted in movies before he Now practise the following in English. and see.
äéπöÀ Sunil E†’o îª÷úø-úøç, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Ø√ûÓ entered politics (politics -™  v°æ¢Ë-PçîË a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤? O’ b) Pratap: Prasanth told me that you had
îÁ°æp-úøç) ÖØ√o®·. Ççü¿’™ äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’, ´·çü¿’, ÆœE-´÷™x †öÀç-î√úø’. †öÀç-îª-úøç – -ÉC ÉçöÀéÀ ؈’ E†o phone îËÊÆh O’ bought a bike. I think, the day
ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûªéπü∆. Sunil, Trishal †’ îª÷-úø-úøç action (Ωu). ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† past action Å´’t †’Nyçé¬ ®√™‰-ü¿E îÁ°œpçC. before (yesterday).
´·çü¿’, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Anil ûÓ îÁ°æpúøç ûª®√yûª 鬕öÀd, had acted - had + past participle) Ajitha: Å´¤†’. †’´¤y phone îËÆœ† Å®Ω-í∫çô Pramod: Not yet. I think of buying one.
éπü∆. Ééπ\úø ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† °æE Sunil, b) NTR had been an actor before he was a ûª®√yûª ؈’ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®√†’. àçöÀ Pratap: (Are you) buying your cousin's
Trishal †’ îª÷úø-úøç, had seen – had + past CM (CM í¬ ÖçúË ´·çü¿’, actor í¬ ÖØ√oúø’). N≠æߪ’ç? bike?
participle form ™ Öçúø-úøç í∫´’-Eç-î √L Ééπ\-úø verbs – had been, was. Ñ È®çúø÷ Lakshmi: M© ´·ç¶„j †’ç* éÌEo <®Ω©’ ûÁî √a- Pramod: No. Only yesterday I came to know
´’†ç. Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ past actions ™ äéπöÀ èπÿú≈ 'be' forms ü∆. Åçü¿’-éπØË, he was a CM - †E îÁ°œpçC E†o. ´’†ç ¢ÁRx he had sold it off.
´·çü¿’, ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûª ïJ-TûË, ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† (äéπ-°æ¤púø’) CM í¬ ÖçúË¢√®Ω’ (É°æ¤púø’ -™‰®Ω’). îª÷ü∆l´÷? Pratap: Who to?
past action á°æ¤púø÷ had + past participle Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ actor - 鬕öÀd had been an Ajitha: É°æp-öÀÍé î√-™« ÉîËa-¨»-†E ¢Á·†oØË Pramod: He told me he had exchanged his
form ™ Öçô’çC. actor. îÁ°œpçC Ø√ûÓ. old bike for a new one.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Would you come please? -v°æ-¨¡o: English Newspapers ™ Headlines Å-Fo simple present
Could you come please? tense ™ ®√≤ƒhÈ®çü¿’-éπE?Å-´-Fo ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ éπü∆!
Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? would - past tense of will 2) Could éÀ would éÀ difference -à-N’-öÀ? -¢√-öÀ-E -à-ßË’
éπ-ü∆. Ééπ\úø would, could áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’? Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x use îËߪ’-´îª’a?
2) Sell this vehicle off (Active Voice),
-ï-¢√-•’:
– °œ.í∫-ù‰-¨¸, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø.
What does she want (Active Voice). -O-öÀE Passive Voice ™ please ? ÅØËC more formal (áèπ◊\´ ™«ç-†-v§ƒßª’ç,
à N-üµ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ÷™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) î√-™« -´’ç-* question. English èπ◊ -Ö†o v°æûËuéπ ©éπ~ùç, historic
could éπçõ‰). Åçõ‰ ´’†-éπç-ûªí¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E, ´’†ç íı®Ω-NçîË
3) The function went off well Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰Ææ÷h, went off present. Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-†-¢√-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ present tense (sim-
´uèπ◊h-©†’ îËÊÆ request. ple) ¢√úø-úøç. ÉC newspaper headlines ™ áèπ◊\´.
™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ áéπ\úø, ᙫçöÀ °æ¤Ææh-é¬--™-x -Öç-ö«-ßÁ÷ ûÁL-ߪ’- 2) sell this vehicle off. DEéÀ passive voice – Let this vehicle
Prime Minister Inaugurates the conference.
ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. be sold off.
– ÅçûªöÀ °çîª-©ßª’u, What does she want èπ◊ passive – what is wanted by her. Ééπ\úø Inaugurates Åçõ‰ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-®ΩF é¬ü¿÷, îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-®ΩF
éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x-ØË ûª°æp Éô’-´çöÀ sentences active ™ Öçõ‰ØË é¬ü¿’. îËÊÆ-¨»-®ΩE. ÉC English ™ ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
-ï-¢√-•’:
®√ïç-Ê°ô.
natural í¬ Öçô’çC. Here was I already late to the station. Just then my brother

1) would, should, could í∫’-Jç-* ûªy®Ω™ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. could 3) went off well - Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ïJ-TçC ÅE. Éô’-´çöÀ phrases èπ◊ comes with the news that I have forgotten my ticket. Ééπ\úø
you come please? ÅØËC, 'would you come please' éπØ√o Å®Ωnç oxford/ longman's ™«çöÀ ´’ç* dictionaries ™, 'go' éÀçü¿ comes ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. effect éÓÆæç ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
áèπ◊\´ ´’®√uü¿ Ææ÷*çîË request. Å®·ûË would you come, îª÷úøçúÕ. 2) could, would í∫’-Jç-* ÆæN-´-®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 18 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Sivaram: Hi Unni, what's new? c) His mother told me that some one had
(°æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô -É-C. Practice it in stolen them.
your conversation) üÌçT-Lç-îª-úøç ´·çü¿’, îÁ°æp-úøç ûª®√yûª– 鬕öÀd
Unni: Have you seen Kiran of late? had stolen (had + pp)
éÀ®Ω-ù˝†’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u à´’Ø√o îª÷¨»¢√? d) She was sure that they had gone for
(of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u) good.
Sivaram: No, yesterday I did go to Kiran's. ÅN §Ú´--úø-¢Ë’í¬-F -Éçéπ -üÌ®Ωéπ-úø-´’ç-ô÷ -Öç--úø-ü¿-E
But by the time I reached there, he Ç¢Á’ †´’t-éπçí¬ ÖçC. §Ú´-úøç ´·çü¿’, 鬕öÀd
had gone out. I missed him by had gone (had + pp)
minutes. Krishna: That means you applied for it last
had + pp N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† ´·ê-u¢Á’i† Gopal: á´y®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË
Saturday
™‰ü¿’. E†o ¢√R}ç-öÀÍé ¢Á∞«}†’. é¬F N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ È®çúø’-Ø√o®·.
؈’ ¢Á∞Ï}-ô°æp-öÀéÀ Åûª-úø’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á-R}-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.
b) Sarat: Who are the police searching for?
¢ÁR}§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Åûª-úÕ-E éÌ-Eo -E-N’-≥ƒ-© - Krishna: Åéπ\úø watchman ™‰ú≈?
(Police ¢√∞¡Ÿx (Plural). äéπ Police = a
ûË-ú≈-ûÓ miss Åߪ÷u†’. Gopal: Åûª-úË îÁ§ƒpúø’ Principal ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç
Police man. Plural í¬ Policemen/
Unni: Why did you want to see him? classes ÅFo cancel î˨»-®ΩF, Åçü¿’-
Police persons èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa.)
áçü¿’-Èé-∞«}´¤ ¢√-R}ç-öÀéÀ?
Sivaram: He had promised to lend me the
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 59 éπØË Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢ÁR}§Ú-ߪ÷-®ΩE. Karim: For the chitfund company director
Krishna: †’´¤y TC (Transfer certificate) éÀ Sarat: What happened?
CDs of some latest movies. So I
apply îËÆ œç-üÁ-°æ¤púø’? Karim: He had collected money from all and
went to him to get them. a) had + pp ¢√úË Å´-鬨¡ç, Å´-Ææ®Ωç – í∫ûªç™
Gopal: Apply îËߪ ’-´ ’E †’´¤y îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ disappeared/ left town
Ø√éÌ\Eo ÆœE-´÷© CDs É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. È®çúø’ °æ†’©’ ïJT, ¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’,
ÅN ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E ¢Á∞«x†’. ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûª ïJ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ´·çüË î˨»†’. Sarat: When did people know he had dis-
b) í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† äÍé °æEE v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Krishna: Åçõ‰ †’´¤y last saturday ØË apply appeared?
Unni: Let's go now and get them now.
É°æ¤p-úÁR} ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ¢√öÀE? had + pp Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçúøü¿’. î˨»-´-†o-´÷ô. Karim: Just Yesterday. He had run the com-
pany for two years when he ran
away. He had collected by then

They had gone for.. Rs. 2 crore.

Sarat: When do people learn? A number of
chitfund companies had closed
shops even before this (happened).
Practise the following also:
Sivaram: No chance. His mom told me yes- Anil: I saw the movie, 'Nenodda Neeku?' on b) Sarat:á´JéÓÆæç ¢Áü¿’èπ◊ûª’Ø√o®Ω’ police
Prasad:
terday that some one had stolen the TV last night. (E†o ®√vA TV ™, ¢√∞¡Ÿx? É°æ¤pú≈ •çúÕ áéπ\-úø’çC?
the suit case with the CDs in it. It 'ØËØÌü∆l Fèπ◊?— ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨») Karim: Chit Company director éÓÆæç.
(•çúÕ= Vehicle)
was to the police that he had gone Kumar: éÀ®Ωù˝ ü∆Eo ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞«}úø’.
Krishna: I have seen it too. What a bore! Sarat: àç ïJ-TçC?
when I went there. He wanted to Prasad: Mechanic - ü∆-Eo- á°æ¤p-úø’ °æ‹Jhí¬
(؈÷ îª÷¨»ØËx. áçûª NÆæ’íÓ!) Karim: Åçü¿J ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s BÆæ’-éÌE §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’
report it to the police. I saw it last Saturday, I think. repair î˨»úø’?
(§ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’= disappeared/ left
CDs suit Anil Ç Kumar: E†o repairs °æ‹Jh î˨»úø’. É°æ¤púø’
Ç Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. Ç Ö†o ÆœE´÷ town)
case á´®Ó üÌçT-Lç-î √-®ΩE E†o îª÷¨»úø’ E†o-®√vA – ÉC Sarat: Åûª-úø’ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøE á°æ¤púø’ ûÁLÆœçC? ´’ç* condition ™ØË ÖçC.
¢√∞¡x´’t Ø√ûÓ îÁ°œpçC. ØËEo†o Åéπ\- past action, time Prasad: á´®Ω’ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ ü∆Eo-°æ¤púø’?
Karim: E†oØË. §ƒJ-§Ú-ßË’-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ company
úÕéÀ ¢ÁR}-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’ ¢ÁR}çC police known - saw
Åçü¿’-éπE È®çúË∞¡Ÿx †úÕ-§ƒúø’. Å°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’ éÓôx Kumar: éÀ®Ωù˝ ¢√∞¡x†o. Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢Á·†oØË sales-
report É´y--ú≈EÍé. (past doing word) man í¬ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´*açC.
Unni: Does he hope to get them back?
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ collect î˨»úø’.
Krishna èπÿú≈ Ç (Collect= ´Ææ÷©’) Prasad: Çߪ’† Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ àç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’?
ÅN üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√-ߪ’ØË Ç¨¡ Éçé¬ Öçü∆ ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»--†Ø√oúø’ – Sarat: á°æ¤púø’ í∫’ù-§ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ ï†ç? Kumar: Student. Åûª-úÕéÀ job ´îËa time èπ◊
Åûª-úÕéÀ? ÉC past action, time DEéÀ ´·çü¿’ î√™« Chit Fund îªü¿’´¤ °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’.
Sivaram: I don't know. His mother was how- not known - Åçü¿’-éπE M. SURESAN Answer:
Companies ´‚ûª-°æ-ú≈f®· éπü∆.
ever sure that they had gone for Ééπ\úø have + pp. ´’S} Prasad: Where is the vehicle (now)?
last Saturday ÅE time îÁ°æ¤ h-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd saw. ANSWERS:
good. Kumar: Kiran has taken it home.
à¢Á÷ ´’J. ¢√∞¡x´’t ´÷vûªç Éçéπ üÌ®Ω- îª÷úøçúÕ– Ñ independent, single past actions a) Krishna: Was there any one/ Was any
Prasad: When did the mechanic complete
éπ-ü¿ØË †´’t-éπç™ ÖçC. èπ◊ ¢ËöÀE èπÿú≈, had+pp ™ îÁ°æp-úøç ™‰ü¿’. õ„jç one there when you went there?
the repairs?
(For good = permanently = °æ‹Jhí¬/ ûÁL-Æœ† past actions - past doing word; time Gopal: None. People (Every one) had left
Kumar: Yesterday. It is now in good condi-
¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬. Practise it in your con- îÁ°æpE past action have+ pp/ has + pp. the place.
tion.
versation)
Å®·ûË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd È®çúø’ related past Krishna: Wasn't (was not) the watchman
Prasad: Who is using it now?
actions, È®çúø’ NúÕ sentences ™ îÁÊ°h Å°æ¤púø’ there?
Unni: Really unfortunate. Kumar: Kiran's elder brother. He got the job
had + pp ¢√úø-´îª’a. Gopal: He told me that the principal had
Eïçí¬ ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç. I went there at 4 PM. He had already gone. of a salesman just the day before
cancelled all afternoon classes.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† verbs sets ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ≤ƒ-ߪ’ç-vûªç -Ø√-©’í∫’ í∫ç-ô-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}†’. (yesterday).
That was why all of them had gone
îª÷úøçúÕ: a) reached- had gone out; b) had Å°æp-öÀÍé Åûª-úø’ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Prasad: What was he before that?
away.
promised- went; c) told- had stolen; d) had Kumar: He was a student. But he had not
Practise the following aloud in English: Krishna: When did you apply for the TC?
gone, went; d) was- had gone. completed his studies when he got
a) Krishna: E†o †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á-∞Ï}-ô°æp-öÀÍé Gopal: I had applied for it before you told
°j verbs v°æA ïçô™ éÀçü¿öÀ lesson™ the job.
á´È®jØ√ ÖØ√o®√? me to.
´’†ç îª÷Æœ† had + participle form ™ Ö†o
verbs ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. a) had gone out, b) had -v°æ-¨¡o: "General" - DE pronunciation -ï†-®Ω™¸ Dictionary™ É*a† Phonetic symbols †’ •öÀd, ®√ùÀç-îªôç – make a mark / distinguish
promised, c) had stolen, d) had gone. éπü∆! ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ "G" ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª "e" ÅØË Åéπ~®Ωç TV English News Caste †’ îª÷Æœ, NE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- (oneself).
´’†ç éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– had + past ´ÊÆh ü∆EE ' ñ„— í¬-ØË °æ©-é¬-©çö«®Ω’. -´’-J ´-©-ÆœçüË. -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) She goes to her friend's on sundays
participle (PP) form ™ Ö†o verb á°æ¤púø÷, the "Get" pronunciation -†’ -Å-™«í¬éπ ' Èíö¸—— -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) "Would" †’ Present ™, Past ™ 2) She goes her friends on sundays.
Åçö«®Ω’ áçü¿’èπ◊? Future ™†÷ ¢√úø-û√-®Ωô éπü∆. Ñ ´‚úø’
earlier of two past actions (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† - Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-™ -à-C ÆæÈ®j-†-C?
È®ç-úø’ °æ-†’-™x ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† ü∆Eo) îÁ°æ¤hç-ü¿E. – °œ. Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝, *†o-´’-™«x-È®úÕf, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 鬙«-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* usage †’ °æ‹Jhí¬ -v°æ-¨¡o-© Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x -When, Why, What,
-ï-¢√-•’: ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. How ©-†’ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úø-¢Á’-™«?
É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´’J-éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’: 'g' ûª®√yûª 'e' ´ÊÆh 'ï—í¬ °æ©-é¬-©E 2) ǧƒu-ߪ’ûª, ņ’-®√í∫ç, ņ’-•çüµ¿ç– Ñ ´‚úø’ – -´’-ØÓ-ñ¸, ´÷Ωx
a) By the time I reached his place he had rule àO’ ™‰ü¿’. English °æü∆-©†’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ' ®√ùÀç-îªôç—— ï-¢√-•’:
gone out. Pronunciation ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ ÆæJ-ßÁi’† Éç-Tx-≠ˇ °æü¿ç àC? Ñ È®ç--úø’ -¢√é¬u-™x 1- ) Correct; 2) Wrong.
؈’ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ îËÍ®-Ææ-JéÀ Åûª-úø’ -¢Á-R}-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. §ƒöÀç-îª-í∫© rules î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. – Èé.Ææ’v•-´’ùuç, ´·†-í¬©§ƒúø’ English™ È®çúø’®Ω鬩Questions: i) 'Wh' words
b) He had promised the CDs and I went G ûª®√yûª e ´ÊÆh 'ï— í¬ °æ©-鬙«, ï-¢√-•’: (What, When, Where, etc.,)ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u
there to get them. 'í∫— í¬ °æ©-鬙« ÅØËC, Ç ´÷ô à 1) Would Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûªy®Ω-™ ØË -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. v°æ¨¡o©÷, ii) ÅN ™‰E v°æ¨¡o©’. 'Wh' ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u
CD©’ É≤ƒh-†-†-úøç ´·çü¿’, ؈’ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç ¶µ«≠æ-†’ç* English™éÀ ´*aç-ü¿-ØË- 2) ǧƒu-ߪ’ûª – Warmth/ affection; v°æ¨¡o™x 'Wh' word ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L.
ûª®√yûª– 鬕öÀd had promised. ü∆Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. ņ’-®√í∫ç– affection; ņ’-•çüµ¿ç– attachment.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 20 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Pavan: How long can we be here? Mohan: He says you will soon be a minister
´’†ç áçûª-ÊÆ-°œ-éπ\úø Öçúø-í∫©ç? Ravi: I, A minister!! It's sheer nonsense.
Ravi: Why? There's no hurry. We can be How can I be a Minister
here as long as we like. What's the ؈’ ´’çvAØ√!! Åçûª-éπçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ™‰E
matter? N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÓöÀ Öçúøü¿’.
àç? ´’†ç áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ é¬¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ look at the expressions- can
Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçúø-í∫©ç. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? be, can understand, can read, can't (Cannot)
Pavan: Then let's listen to this man. He is speak, cannot follow, can translate etc.
saying some thing in Tamil. Can you É´Fo èπÿú≈ can ûÓ èπÿúÕ† verbs éπü∆. ÉN two
understand what he says? forms(È®çúø’ ®Ω÷§ƒ-©)™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆?
Å®·ûË Éûª†’ îÁ°æ¤h-†oC Nçü∆ç. ûªN’- 1) can be-ÉC be form - Öçúø-ú≈Eo ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.
∞¡ç™ àüÓ îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√oúø’. Åûª†’ îÁÊ°pC 2) can understand, can read, can speak, etc.
†’´¤y Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©¢√? É´Focan + 1st Regular Doing Word (1st
Prabha: Come, Prasanthi, how can you
Ravi: I can, but only a little. He says he is a RDW) form. e) Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úÕéÀ°æ¤púø’ ®√™‰ü¿’
She can't (cannot) come here now. be so harsh/ unkind to me?
palmist. He can read our palms and ÉN °æ†’-©†’ (Actions) Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®·.
tell us of our future. 1. Can: (ability)
-É-C ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo verb.
ûÁLÊ° f) Éçûª *†o N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰¢√? Prasanthi: How can you talk so much non-
àüÓ éÌçûª (Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©†’). Åûª†’ v°æÆæ’hûªç(present) ™ é¬F, ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ Can't you (can you not) understand this sense?
Palmist - £æ«Ææh-≤ƒ-´·-vCéπç-– îË®· îª÷Æœ (Future) ™ é¬F Öçúø-í∫-©í∫úøç, îËߪ’-í∫- simple thing? Ñ éÀçC day to day situations ™ ¢√úË vocab-
©í∫úøç ÅE îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊can ¢√úøû√ç. Practise the following in English: ulary/ expressions practise îËߪ’çúÕ: (Prn:
a) He can be here in ten minutes. Prabha: ؈’ CM (become
†’ é¬í∫-L-T-ûË...- Pronunciation)
Åûª†’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ--™x Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-©úø’. ¢√úøçúÕ)
1. get up -
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 60
(can be - be form éπü∆ – Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç -ûÁ-©’°æ¤- Prasanthi: Çí¬í∫’. †’´¤y CM ᙫ Å´-í∫-©´¤? Evü¿-™‰-´-úøç
ûª’ç-C) Prabha: ؈’ Å´-™‰-†Ø√ F †´’téπç? (wakeup ÅØÌa – é¬F ÅC é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç)
2. have/ take a bath - ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’úøç.
(bathe - ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’úøç, Ææ´·vü¿ ≤ƒo†ç – Ñ

I can speak..
´÷ô Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà DØÁo-´®Ω÷ É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøúøç ™‰ü¿’.
§ƒûª-•-úÕ† ¢√úø’éπ – Ææ´·-vü¿-≤ƒo†ç – a swim in
the sea)
3. have/ take breakfast (Prn: -v¶„é˙-°∂æÆˇd) – §Òü¿’-löÀ
°∂æ-™«-£æ…®Ωç.
4. boil: (prn: ¶«ß˝’™¸) ´’J-Tç-îª-úøç/-´’-®Ω-í∫úøç
ñÆæuç îÁÊ°p-¢√úø’. ´’† £æ«Ææhͮ꩒ îª÷Æœ b) FÈéç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ é¬¢√-©çõ‰ Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ØËE-éπ\úø Öçúø- Prasanthi: †’´¤y CM
é¬í∫-©¢Ó, 5. fry: ¢Ë®·ç-îªúøç, ¢Ë°æ¤úø’ èπÿ®Ω
´’† ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ îÁ°æp-í∫-©-†çô’-Ø√o--úø’. í∫-©†’
(Read the palm – ͮ꩒ îª÷úøôç– I can be here as long as you like/ want. ™‰üÓ é¬F, 6. bake: (prn: ¶„ß˝’é˙) †÷ØÁ-™«ç-öÀN ™‰èπ◊çú≈
£æ«Ææh-Í®-ê©’) c) ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø í∫çô-éπçõ‰ Öçúø-™‰úø’ nonsense E°æ¤p© O’ü¿ 鬩aúøç. Bread Å™«Íí îË≤ƒh®Ω’
Pavan: But how can we understand him? He He cannot be (can't be) here for more than ´÷vûªç 鬕öÀd Bread îËÊÆ îÓô’: Bakery (¶„ß˝’-éπ-J)
can't (can not) speak Telugu and we an hour. î√™« ´÷ö«x- Snacks/ refreshments/ eats - ´’†ç
can't follow his Tamil. d) President
¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ §˘®Ω’úÁ´-®Ω-®·Ø√ í¬ Öçúø- úø-í∫-©´¤. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ -Å-ØË öÀ°∂œ-Ø˛èπ◊ correct English
Åûª-úÕ -´÷-ô-©’ ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊-ØË-C? Åûª- í∫-©úø’ Prabha: †’´¤y Ø√ M. SURESAN ´÷ô©’. öÀ°∂œØ˛ English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’.
úËË¢Á÷ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰úø’. ´’†ç ÅûªE Any Indian citizen can be the president. N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ 7. pastime: 鬩-Íé ~-§ƒ-EéÀ NØÓü¿ç.
Tamil Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰ç. ᙫí¬? (ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å®Ω’|úø’) Åçûª éπJ∏- 8. lunch: °æí∫-öÀ/ -´’-üµ∆u£æ«oç ¶µï†ç.
Ravi: Ah, here comes Mohan. He can e) F ï†t™ †’´¤y CMí¬ Öçúø-™‰´¤ †çí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-©¢Ë? (harsh/
unkind - éπJ∏-†-¢Á’i†) 9. Dinner: (´’†èπ◊) ®√vA ¶µï†ç. (prn: úÕ†– 'úÕ—
speak Tamil. You cannot (can't) be a CM for your life
Mohan Tamil
´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úø’ ´÷ö«x-úø- É´Fo èπÿú≈ (can be) be forms- Öçúø-í∫-©í∫ú≈Eo - Prasanthi: Å®·ûË †’´yçûª nonsense ᙫ E ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç.) äéπ ®ÓV™ ´’†ç îËÊÆ
í∫-©úø’. ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰≤ƒh®·. ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©¢˛? ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¶µï†ç. ´’† ü˨¡ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™
Mohan: What's going on? (àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC?) 2. can + 1st RDW - action. Answer: Dinner ®√vA ¶µï-†¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. îªL-üË-¨»™x
Prabha: If I can become the C.M..
Ravi: Here's a Tamil Palmist. Can you a) ؈’ £œ«çC ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©†’ ´’üµ∆u£æ«o ¶µï†ç 鬴a.
Prasanthi: Wait. How can you become the 10. Supper: (prn: Ææ°æ– Ææ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) –
translate his tamil for us? I can speak Hindi well.
CM?
Tamil palmist.
Éûª†’ Tamil
-Ñ-ߪ’-† ™ b) Åûª†’Tendulkar ™« Çúø-í∫-©ú≈? ®ÓV™ *´J ¶µï†ç – v°æA-®ÓW Öçú≈-©E
Prabha: Are you sure (that) I can't (can-
îÁÊ°pC ´÷èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ îÁ°æp-í∫-©¢√? Can he play like Tendulkar? ™‰ü¿’. Åçûª ´·êuç é¬ü¿’.
not) be the CM?
Mohan: That's OK. Go on then. c) subjects
O’Í® ¶Cµç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’?
breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper - ´’†ç
Prasanthi: I don't (do not) know if you can
(The Palmist studies Ravi's palm What subjects can you teach?
become the CM or not; but you ®ÓW îËÊÆ¢ÁjûË OöÀ ´·çü¿’, A/ An, The ®√´¤.
and says some thing in Tamil - Åûª†’ d) English
O’È®çûª ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’? can certainly talk a lot of non-
Tamil ™ àüÓ îÁ§ƒhúø’) How well can you speak English?
sense.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Infinitive ûÓ, modal verbs ûÓ éÌEo ®Ω鬩 ¢√é¬u©’ Aéπ-´’éπ 3 a) Book, Madras èπ◊ °æç°œç-î√-Lqç-üË. -v°æ-¨¡o: Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™ commands, orders ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ (™‰ü∆) Conditions
°úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·. -Ñ -¢√é¬u-™x -ûË-ú≈-©’ -N-´-Jç--îªí∫-©®Ω’. (é¬F °æç°œç-î√®Ó ™‰üÓ-ûÁLߪ’ü¿’) NCµç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Should ™‰ü∆ must ©†’ ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆. é¬F ØËØÌéπ
1) a) They have to have gone there ÉC clear í¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’ Ñ sentence ™. text book ™ îª÷ÊÆh be forms Å®·† is, are ©†’ ¢√ú≈®Ω’.
b) They should have gone there b) -™  should been sent •ü¿’©’, should have been sent áçü¿’-éπ™«?
2) a) They have to have been there Å®·-ûËØË correct. Å°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç. °æ¤Ææhéπç °æç°æ-•-ú≈-LqçüË é¬F 1) äéπ Çü∆ߪ’ç ´u´-≤ƒßª’ Çü∆ߪ’ç. ÅC ¶µº÷N’ †’ç* -Öçú≈L – ÅØË
b) They should have been there °æç°æ-•-úø-™‰ü¿’.
3) a) The book was to have been sent to Madras 4 a) O’ car †’ green í¬ paint îË®·ç* Öçú≈-LqçC.
≠æ®Ω-ûª’-©†’ text book ™ To be an agricultural income... The
revenue is derived from land ÅE ≠æ®Ω-ûª’í¬ Ê°®Ì\-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«-é¬éπ
b) The book should been sent to Madras (Å™« îË®·ç-î√®Ó ™‰üÓ, Ñ sentence clear í¬ ûÁ-©°æü¿’)
The revenue should be derived.. ÅE ¢√úÌa éπü∆.
4) a) You have to have your car painted green b) O’ car †’ green í¬ paint îËÆ œ Öçú≈-LqçC.
b) You should have painted your car green (Å™« îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’, O’®Ω’. ÉçéÓ colour ûÓ paint î˨»®Ω’) 2) Å™«Íí äéπ vôÆæ’d Çü∆ߪ’ç °æ†’o †’ç-* N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤ §Òçü∆-©çõ‰
5) a) She was to have taken that bus ÅC ÉØ˛-éπç-ö«èπ◊q éπ-N’≠æ-†®˝îË †¢Á÷üÁj -Öçú≈L ÅØË ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’; äéπ text
b) She must/ should have taken that bus . book ™ The trust should be registered with the commis-
sioner of I.T ÅE ¢√úøí¬, ´’®Ìéπ text ™ The trust is registered
-ï-¢√-•’:
– áÆˇ.-®√-ï-¨Ï-ê®˝, éπ®Ω÷o©’
with commissioner of I.T as per the provision of 12A ÅE -
1 a) They have to have gone there ÖçC. ´’J Ééπ\-úø is registered éÀ should be registered éÀ ´’üµ¿u
¢√∞¡xéπ\úÕéÀ ¢ÁR} Öçú≈-LqçC, ¢Á∞«}®Ó ™‰üÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. í∫© ûËú≈ àçöÀ? È®çúÕç-öÀ™ à ¢√éπuç áô’-´çöÀ Å®√nEo ÉÆæ’hçC?
b) They should have gone there
™‰ü∆ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u©’ äéπ-õ‰Ø√?
¢√∞¡x-éπ\-úÕéÀ -¢Á-∞«}-LqçC, é¬F ¢Á∞¡}-™‰ü¿’.
-ï-¢√-•’:
Sentence 1) a construction
Åçûª ´’ç* have to have
é¬ü¿’. –Ê≠é˙ Å°∂æb™¸ ë«Ø˛, ´·çîÁ´·†-í¬©§ƒúø’
gone ™«çöÀexpressions, usage ™ î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ 5 a) Ç¢Á’ Ç bus áéÀ\ Öçú≈-LqçC.
1) 'The revenue should be derived' Åçõ‰-ØË correct,
They had to go there simple
Åçõ‰ í¬ ÅüË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. (áéÀ\çüÓ ™‰üÓ, Ñ sentence ´©x clear í¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’)
2 a) 1a) sentence
DEéà Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-†-¢Ë’ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Ñ b) She must have taken that bus. O’®Ωç-ô’-†oô’x.
They had to be there,
•ü¿’-©’ simpler direct
Åçõ‰ í¬ í¬ bus
Ç¢Á’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ç ØË áéÀ\ Öçô’çC. 2) ÉC èπÿú≈, The trust should be registered Åçõ‰ØË correct.
Öçô’çC. Ñ sentence Å®Ωnç ¢√Rx-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC (í∫ûªç™). (ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’, áéÀ\çC) O’®Ω’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-ô’xí¬, is derived, is registered Åçõ‰
(é¬F ÖØ√o®Ó ™‰üÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’). DEo Ñ sentence clear í¬ She should have taken that bus. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ïJ-ÍíC ÉüË ÅE. Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ rule í¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰
îÁ°æpü¿’. Ç¢Á’ Çbus áé¬\Lq ÖçúÕçC, é¬F áéπ\-™‰ü¿’. should be derived, should be registered ÅØË¢Ë correct.
b) -D-†®Ωnç: ¢√Rx-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC, é¬F ™‰®Ω’. bus
(ÉçÍé-üÓ áéÀ\çC).
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Mahesh: Hi Ramesh, you can sing, can't you?
Kishore:
àçöÀ problem?
®Ω-¢Ë’-¨¸, †’´¤y §ƒúø-í∫-©´¤ éπü∆? Kumar:
´÷ cousins Ñ weekend Ééπ\úø
Ramesh: Of course I can. Why, what's the mat- Öçö«®Ω’.
ter? Kishore: ¢√∞¡x†’ èπÿú≈ ´’†ûÓ ®Ω´’t†’.
Å´¤†’. áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Kumar: ¢√∞¡Ÿx ®√™‰®Ω’. ¢√Rx-éπ\-úÕéÀ -ã interview -éÓÆæç
Mahesh: You can participate in the singing -´Ææ’hØ√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-é¬-¢Ë∞¡ interview ÖçC.
competition at college next week. Kishore: -†’-´¤y -™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ -ØË-Ø√ picnic enjoy -îË-ߪ’-
´îËa-¢√®Ωç §ƒô-© -§Ú-öÙ §ƒ™Ô_-†-´îª’a. ™‰-†’. -†’-¢Áy-™«Èíj-Ø√ ®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ -v°æ-ߪ’-Aoç-.
Ramesh: Oh, no. I can sing but not in a com- Kumar: ´÷ cousins Ééπ\-úø’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ᙫ ®√í∫-
petition. ©†’? îª÷ü∆lç. ¢√∞¡Ÿx Í®§Ú, á©’xçúÓ
Åçûª ™‰ü¿’. àüÓ §ƒúø-í∫-©†’ é¬F §ÚöÙx phone îË≤ƒh®Ω’. correctí¬ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒh®Ó?
´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. ü∆Eo-•öÀd Fèπ◊ îÁ§ƒh†’. Answers: b) Bhavan: Hi Bhaskar, Congrats.
Mahesh: O come Ramesh. Tell yourself you Kishore: †’´¤y ††’o E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ω-îª-´ØË (disappoint) a) Kumar: Hi Kishore, What news? Bhaskar: What on?
can, and you will. ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. †’´¤y ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æpéπ Kishore: How about coming for a picnic / join-
®√í∫-©´¤. ´’†-Ææ’çõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç Öçô’çC éπü∆. Bhavan: Sekhar told me yesterday (that) you
®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ, Ø√ ´÷ô N†’. †’´¤y §ƒúø-í∫-©-´E
Kumar: §ÚF picnic postpone îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-¢√? ing a picnic this weekend? will you had got/ won a prize.
Fèπ◊ †’¢Ëy îÁ°æ¤péÓ, §ƒúË-ߪ’-í∫-©´¤.
Picnic miss Å´-úøç Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. come for/ will you join a picnic this Bhaskar: O, That's nothing. I got that prize for
Ramesh: I am not so sure. (Åçûª- †-´’téπç Ø√èπ◊ weekend? Ten of us are going. the best essay in the essay writing
™‰ü¿’) Kumar: This weekend? I'm (I am) afraid I can't competition.
Mahesh: You can try at least, Keep telling your- (cannot) come. Bhavan: I Know you can write very well/ I know
self you can, and you will be able to Kishore: What's (What is) the problem? you are very / quiet good at writing.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 61
do it. Kumar: My cousins will be here this weekend.
But I didn't know that you had got/
؈’ §ƒúø-í∫-©†’, §ƒúø-í∫-©†’, ÅE îÁ°æ¤p- Kishore: Ask them to join us too.
èπ◊çô÷ (ņ’-èπ◊çô÷) Öçúø’. †’´¤y §ƒúø- won the prize until sekhar told me. let
í∫-©’í∫’-û√´¤.

How can we..

(keep telling - îÁ°æ‹h-Öç--úø-úøç – continue
telling. keep doing something / contin-
ue to do some thing - äéπ °æE îËÆæ÷h
Öçúøôç)
Ramesh: Ok, I'll try. v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’.
can
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ûÓ Ö†o verbs †’ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ me tell you. I can't (cannot) write so
Kumar: They can't (can
éπü∆. ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊†o Å®ΩnçûÓØË Kishore: Å-Eo -à®√p-ô’x -îËÊÆ-¨»ç. -Éçéπ -á-™« post- well as you. congrats again.
pone -îË-ߪ’-´’ç-ö«--´¤? not). They are
Ééπ\úøcan †’ ¢√ú≈ç. Åçõ‰ 'í∫©— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ – Bhaskar: O, You're praising me too much/
Kumar: Ok. äéπ\-®ÓV Çí∫’. Í®°æ¤ îÁ§ƒh à N≠æߪ’ç. coming here
≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç(ability) can
ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ®Ω-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈ç. that's praising too much. How is your
Kishore: †’´¤y ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. for an inter-
Ñ response (reply) Ramesh: Of
îª÷úøçúÕ. cricket practice?/ How is your cricket
b) Bhavan: Hi, congrats Bhaskar. view. They
course, I can. conversation can you do
™ practice going on?
Bhaskar: have an inter-
something? Å-ØËquestion èπ◊ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’ ÅØË üËEéÀ? (That's praising too much- spoken
Bhavan: prize view that day.
I can do it, FÍéüÓ ´*aç-ü¿E ¨Ïê®˝ E†o Ø√ûÓ
English
Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç É´y--ú≈-EéÀ ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ Å†-
èπ◊çú≈,I can I
Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ÅØ√oúø’. Kishore: I can't (can not) M. SURESAN ™ áèπ◊\´)
Bhaskar: Åü∆. ÅüË-´’çûª °ü¿l N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’. ´÷ enjoy the picnic Bhavan: We have been practising for the past
can't (cannot) Åçö«ç. °æ‹Jh sentence ņç.
college §ÚöÙ x Åûª ’u-ûªh´ ’ ¢√u≤ƒ-EéÀ without you. Do try to come/ try to one week. only four days are left
Bhaskar: I can play cricket very well. In fact I
prize ´*açC. come. (Do try - í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ Å-™« (N’TL ÖØ√o®·) for the tournament.
can play better than some of the
Bhavan: †’´yçûª ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-©-´E Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ My Fielding needs some improve-
players in the Indian team.
Åçö«ç)
ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË Fèπ◊ prize ´*a† N≠æߪ’ç Kumar: How can I come when my cousins are ment. I am sure our team will make it/
Bhavan: Oh, can you? (Å™«í¬?) -¨Ï-ê®˝ îÁÊ°p-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’™‰ü¿’. îÁ°æ¤hØ√o éπü∆. here? Let's (let us) see. They will reach the finals.
Bhaskar: You think I can't (cannot) ?
Bhavan: (Do) You mean the selectors don't
؈’ F Åçûª ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰†’. ´’®Ó≤ƒ-J phone/ call / ring me tomorrow or the (make it - (àüÁjØ√) îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫-úøç)
ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. day after, when they will be/ will come Bhaskar: Isn't' (Is not) the tourney (tournament
know your greatness? Bhaskar: †’´¤y ††’o ´’K §ÒT-úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Thank
selectors here exactly. Depending on that I'll (I èπ◊ ÉçéÓ-´÷ô) in Hyderabad?/ the
Åçõ‰ èπ◊ F íÌ°æp-ûª†ç ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿ç-ö«¢√? you. F cricket practice ᙫ ÖçC?
Bhaskar: They can't. Moreover, I can, but I will) let you know. tourney is in hyderabad, isn't it? when
Bhavan: í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV-©’í¬ practice îËÆæ’hØ√oç.
don't play. Ééπ tournaments èπ◊ Ø√-©’í∫’ -®Ó-V™‰í¬ Kishore: I'm (I am) sure you will not disappoint will you be there for the first match?
¢√∞¡x®Ωnç îË≤ÚéÓ-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ Çúø-í∫-©†’, é¬E ÖçC. Ø√ fielding éÌçûª ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-ú≈-Lq† me. If you want you can come. Where Bhavan: On the 22nd. Our first match is with
Çúø†’. Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC. ´÷ team finals ü∆é¬ ®√í∫- there is a will there is a way, you the khammam team/ the team from
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Spoken English ™ can, can't ©-ü¿ØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC. know. (you know - éπü∆-) khammam.
(can not) -ûÓ äéπJ ability (≤ƒ´’-®Ωn uç) í∫’-Jç-* Bhaskar: £j«vü∆-¶«-ü˛™  éπü∆ Ñ tournaments. Kumar: Why don't you postpone your picnic? Bhaskar: Ok It's time for me to leave. All the
áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·Ø√ Ææ綵«-≠æù ï®Ω-°æ-´îª’a. O’È®-°æ¤púø’çö«®Ω’ Åéπ\úø 1st matchéÀ? Kishore: We have made all arrangements. best.
Now, Practise the following aloud in English. Bhavan: 22´ û√K-ê’†. ´÷ 1st match ê´’tç How can we postpone it? Bhavan: Thank you.
a) Kumar: Hi Kishore, team ûÓ. Kumar: Wait for a day I'll let you know tomor-
àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? Vocabulary / Expressions:
Bhaskar: OK. ´’J Ø√èπ◊ time Å®·çC. -¢Á-∞«}-L. row.
Kishore: Ñ ¢√®√çûªçpicnic èπ◊ ´≤ƒh¢√? Ñ (Prn- Pronunciation)
All the best. Kishore: You are coming definitely.
weekend ã °æC-´’ç-CN’ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. 1. Attend (Prn:
Bhavan: Thank you. Åõ„çú˛– õ„ç ØÌ-éÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) -– £æ…ï-
Kumar: Ñ ¢√®√ç-ûª´÷? ®√™‰-ØË¢Á÷. (Definitely) certainly - éπ*a-ûªçí¬). ®Ω-´-úøç– attend/ school/ college/ place of work

-v°æ-¨¡o:
(´’†ç ´%Ah/ NCµ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË îÓôxèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}-úøç/
1) Rajani has to work along with Ravi We have to start now to meet him - Åûª-úÕ-E éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ £æ…ï-®Ω-´-úø-ç)/ Marriage/ meeting/ dinner/ party/
Rajani is to work along with Ravi •ßª’-©’-üË-®√L– ÉC ´’† Å´-Ææ-®√Eo/ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© -äAh-úÕE Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. celebrations etc. Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ £æ…ï-®Ω-´-úøç,
2) They have to hold the programme She has to stay at office from 10 to 4. ®√´-úøç, ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ come, go, be
They are to hold the programme Ç¢Á’ Office ™ 10 †’ç* 4 ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçú≈L– NCµ. present •ü¿’©’ attend áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.
3) The SP, Naveen Chand who was to She has to take care of her child, so she is unable to come.
a) E†o-¢√úø’ School èπ◊ ®√-™‰ü¿’.
attend as a chief guest in this pro- Ç¢Á’ °æJ-ÆœnA (Gúøf†’ îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç) Ç¢Á’†’ ®√E-´y-ü¿’.- He didn't (did not) attend school yesterday.
gramme was not / had not/ did not come You have to be here at 10 – O’J-éπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈L– ÉC Çïc.
b) O’®Ω’ °-R}-Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’?
yesterday. 2) Rajani is to work along with Ravi – Rajani Ravi ûÓ éπ-LÆœ °æE-îË-ߪ÷-L/
°j ¢√é¬u-™xE is/ has to, how to/ are to, was/ had -îË-ߪ’-¶-ûª’ç-C/ -îË-Ææ’hçC– Ééπ\úø ÉC ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ßË’-ü∆Eo í∫’-Jç-* -îÁ-•’-ûª’ç-C. ÉC Whyriage?
didn't you (did you not) attend the mar-

not ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ éπ*aûªç. Åçõ‰ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îËÆæ’èπ◊†o à®√p-ô’-´©xé¬F,

Ç Rajani, Ravi ©èπ◊ ´*a† Çïc´©xé¬E ¢√∞¡Ÿx -éπ-LÆœ °æEîËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’/ îË≤ƒh®Ω’ c) Æ涵ºèπ◊ î√-™«-´’çC ´î√a®Ω’.
-Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?-N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.
– Å•’l™¸ ´·Ø√°∂ˇ, †çC-éÌ-ô÷\®Ω’ ÅE. have to/ has to Åçõ‰ îËߪ÷L– îË≤ƒh®Ó, ™‰üÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. am to/ is to/ A large number (of people) attended the
-ï-¢√-•’: are to/ was to/ were to N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Å®·ûË îËߪ÷L, îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç î√™«
meeting.
1) Rajani has to work along with Ravi Åçõ‰ – ®ΩïE ®ΩNûÓ °æE-îË-ߪ÷-L/-°æE áèπ◊\´, îËߪ’-úøç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. d) Í®°æ¤ dinner éÌÆæ’h-Ø√o®√?
îËߪ÷Lq Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø Rajani has to – °æE îËߪ÷L. á´-JûÓ?– Ç¢Á’-éÀ- 3) ´·êu-Å-AC∑ †O-Ø˛-îªçü˛ ®√´-©-Æ œçC/ ®√-¢√-Lq-†-¢√úø’, é¬F Çߪ’† ®√™‰ü¿’, ÅE DE Will you/ are you going to, attend the dinner
*a† Çïc-´©x/ Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-´©x/ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© v§Úü¿s-©ç-´©x– Ñ é¬®Ω-ù«-©™ ¶µ«´ç. Ñ Å®Ωnç correct í¬ ´îËa-ôô’x îÁÊ°p sentence- The SP, Navin tomorrow? / Are you attending the dinner
üËE-´-©x-ØÁjØ√ Ç¢Á’ ®ΩNûÓ °æE-îË-ߪ÷-L/ -îË-ߪ÷Lq ´Ææ’hçC ÅE. has to †’ he, Chand who was to have attended as the chief guest did not come yes- tomorrow?
she, it ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. have to †’ I, We, You and they ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. terday. was not come- English
ÆæÈ®j† had not come
é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 27 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Sridhar: Hi Neeraj, just how busy are you?
busy
-F®Ω-ñ ¸, †’´¤y busy
Ø√?/ áçûª í¬ Ééπ\-úø can -†’ question form ™, permission
ÖØ√o´¤? Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ (ņ’-´’-A- §Òç-ü¿-ú≈-EéÀ) ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç.
a) ´’-S} á°æ¤púø’ éπ©-´-´’ç-ö«®Ω’ N’´’tLo?
(Ééπ\úø just = ÅÆæ©’. conversation ™ When can I see you again?
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '´’J— -™«í¬ just ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.) (asking for permission)
Tarun: Not at all. What's the matter? b) ØËEéπ ¢Á∞¡xØ√?
-Å-üËç -™‰-ü¿’. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? Can I go now? (asking for permission)
Sridhar: I am in a hurry to get home. Can you c) Can I use your pen?
drive me home on your bike? pen
O’ (permission)
¢√úø’-éÓØ√?
bike
ÉçöÀéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL. F O’ü¿ †-†’o - 3. Question form ™permission Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ
Éç-öÀéÀ -BÆæ’Èé-∞¡-û√-¢√? can
¢√úÕ-†õ‰x, †’ statement form permission
™
Tarun: Drive you home? O no. You can take É´y-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
my bike if you want. I am tired of driv- a) You can keep the bike till 5'o clock. Answer:
b) Question form ™ I/ we ûÓ permission Åúø-í∫-
ing for the day. †’´¤y bike †’ Å®·-Cç-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Öç-éÓ-´îª’a. Kareem: Can I see you/ speak to you for a few
ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. minutes?
EEoç-öÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-úø-´÷? Ø√´©x -é¬ü¿’. Å©- (giving permission) c) Statement form ™ request, permission É´y-
kasyap: What about?
Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. 鬢√-©ç-õ‰ Ø√ bike BÆæ’éÓ-. b) You can take my bike. ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
d) Statement form ™ possibility éÀ (≤ƒüµ¿u¢Ë’ Å´¤- Kareem: It's a bit important.
Ø√ bike BÆæ’éÓ´-a/ -BÆæ’éÓ.
kasyap: You can talk now. I am at leisure.
(giving permission) ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊†o -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ) ¢√úøû√ç.
Kareem: There are a few vacancies for typists
c) †’Nyéπ ¢Á-∞Ô}a. - Practise the following aloud in English:
jobs in your friend's company. I've
You can go now. (giving permission) Kareem: ؈’ O’ûÓ é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ (a few minutes) ´÷ö«x-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 62 d) †’´¤y ´çü¿-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-©-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a °ôd-ú≈-
EéÀ -O-™‰x-ü¿’.
úø-´î√a? (see/ speak ¢√úøçúÕ)
Kasyap: üËE N≠æߪ’ç?
(have) applied for one of them. Can
you help me to get the job? My father
told me to talk to you.
Kasyap: Who is your father?

You can talk now

Kareem: Syed Mustafa.
kasyap: O, I know him well. Your father knows
my friend too. Your father can talk to
him.
Kareem: You can influence him better.
Kasyap: Can you come here tomorrow?
Sridhar: How long can I have it? you cannot spend more than Rs. 100/-. Kareem:
é¬Ææh ´·êu-¢Á’i† Kareem: Certainly- when shall I come?
áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤ç--éÓ†’? (you can spend = you have permission to N≠æߪ’ç. Kasyap: (At) this time tomorrow.
Tarun: Will three hours do? spend upto Rs. 100/-) Kasyap: É°æ¤púø’ ´÷ö«x- Vocabulary/ Expressions
´‚úø’ í∫çô©ÊÆ°æ¤ î√™«? 4. Ææ’Dµ®˝: úøçúÕ. ؈’ BJ- (prn=pronunciation)
(will do =î√©’. An income of Rs a) Driving in such traffic can be dangerous. í¬_ØË ÖØ√o†’. tnap = é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Evü¿/ Evü¿-§Ú-´-úøç; ´·êuçí¬ ´’üµ∆u£æ«o
10000/- a day will do for me. I don't É™«çöÀ traffic ™ drive îËߪ’-úøç v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç Kareem: O’ friend com- ¶µï†ç ûª®√yûª (After lunch, he usually
want more. ®ÓVèπ◊ °æC-¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© 鬴a/ í¬ Öçô’çC. pany ™ typist has a nap)
Çü∆ߪ’ç î√©’ Ø√èπ◊. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´ü¿’l) Ééπ\úø can, possibility (≤ƒüµ¿u-¢Ë’¢Á÷ ņ’-èπ◊-ØË- jobs ë«Sí¬ M. SURESAN tCut it out = Ééπ Ç°æ¤. Åü¿çû√ éπöÀd-°ô’d
Sridhar: O that's fine. Thank you. ü∆-E-E) ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC éπü∆. ÅC can èπ◊ ÉçéÓ ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ (á´-È®jØ√ ņ-´-Ææ®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-ûÓ NÆœ-TÊÆh
Tarun: You can keep the bike till 5 o'clock. Go Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. èπÿú≈ apply î˨»†’. ´÷ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ O’ûÓ cut it out, come to the point Åçö«ç)
by the other road. The traffic along this b) <éπöx ¢Á∞ Ô}ü¿’l. §ƒ´·-©’ç-ö«®·. tClass áíÌ_-ôdúøç = bunk;
Don't go out in the dark. There can be
´÷ö«x -úø-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ø√é¬ job ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ O’®Ω’ tï•’s †öÀç*, class, °æE áíÌ_-ôdúøç = malinger
road at this hour can be heavy. Driving
in such traffic can be dangerous. snakes. (possibility)
≤ƒßª ’ - ° æ-úø-û√®√? (prn: ´’Lçí∫; 'Lç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç),
Kasyap: O’ Ø√†o-í¬-È®-´®Ω’?
鬢√-©çõ‰ 5 í∫çô© ü∆é¬ -ÖçéÓ. Ç ®Ó-úø’f c) Ç v°æߪ÷ùç î√™« Å©-Ææ-ô éπ-L-Tç-îª-´-a. •úÕ üÌçí∫ = malingerer.
Kareem: Syed Mustafa. tÇö/ Jé~¬/ ö«éÃq ™«çöÀN îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç (-áéπ\-úøç,
í∫’ç-ú≈ ¢Á-∞¡Ÿ}. Ñ road ´ü¿’l. Ñ time ™ (Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC)
Ñ road ™ traffic ®ΩDl áèπ◊\-´í¬ The journey can be very tiresome/ tiring. Kasyap: Ø√é¬-ߪ’† ¶«í¬ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ø√ friend O’ Ø√†o- -¢Á-∞¡}-úøç) = take an auto/ rickshaw/ taxi, etc.
ÖçúÌa. Driving Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ éÌçîÁç d) He can give you trouble. Be careful. í¬-JéÀ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Çߪ’ØË ´÷ö«x-úø-´îª’a You take bus no.7 to go to the station.
v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω¢Ë’ Ŵa. ñ«ví∫ûªh. ¢√úø’ Fèπ◊ trouble É≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷/ É´y-í∫-©úø’ éπü∆. (7 number bus
´ áéπ\çúÕ)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ can ûÓ Ö†o verbs îª÷úøçúÕ. (possibility / ability). Kareem: O’®Ω-®·ûË áèπ◊\´ influence îËߪ’-í∫-©-®ΩE. t´·JéÀ •ôd©’ = soiled clothes
1) Can you drive me home? ÉO can èπ◊ -Ö†o Éûª®Ω uses. Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ 'can' †’– Kasyap: Í®°æ¤ †’Ny-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√í∫-©¢√? His clothes are soiled.
ÅûªE •ôd©’ ´·J-éπ-ߪ÷u®·–
ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-í∫-©¢√? a) Question form ™ ´·êuçí¬, I/ we ûÓ Kareem: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. ͮ°-°æ¤púø’ ®√†’? trags = The beggar is in rags
°‘L-éπ©’.
2) You can take my bike – Ø√ bike BÆæ’Èé-∞¡Ÿ}. REQUESTS èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Kasyap: ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ñ õ„jçèπ◊ ®√. Ç ´·≠œd-¢√úø’ *J-T† í∫’úøf™x ÖØ√oúø’.
3) How long can I have it?
áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤ç--éÓ-´’ç-ö«´¤? v°æ¨¡o: O’®Ω’ Spoken English QJ{-éπ™ ' ¢√é¬u-©†’ Practice -ï-¢√-•’: 1) What about you? ÅØËC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ How about you? ûÓ Ææ´÷-†¢Ë’.
4) You can keep the bike till 5'o clock. îËߪ’çúÕ—— ÅE noun form ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. °ü¿l ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. àC ¢√ú≈L ÅØËC á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd O’Íé
5) The traffic at this hour can be heavy. Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ ' practise îËߪ’çúÕ— ÅE verb form - ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.
6) Driving in such traffic can be dangerous. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªúøç ÆæÈ®j-†-C éπü∆! 2) I haven't money ÅE ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Å†ç. I haven't any money
can can ÅEí¬F, I haven't the money ÅE-í¬E Åçö«ç. I have no money
-ï-¢√-•’: Practice, Practise èπ◊ -ÖçúË ûËú≈ advice èπ◊,
í∫’Jç* ´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oN: – §Úûª’© XE-¢√Ææ’, ¢Ëí¬-ߪ’´’tÊ°ô, ûª÷.íÓ.->™«x
ability (≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo) ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E éπü∆. Åçõ‰– éÀ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-†C I haven't any money.
'í∫©— – Öçúø-í∫-©í∫-úøç, îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫-úøç ™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ. advise èπ◊ -ÖçúË ûËú≈ äéπõ‰. Practice Ŷµ«uÆæç; I haven't the money éÀ Å®Ωnç, ü∆EéÀ (àüÓ °∂晫--Ø√-ü∆-EéÀ) 鬴-©-Æ œ†
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ can èπ◊ -Ö†o ´’J-éÌEo Å®√n©’, practise- Ŷµºu-Æ œç-îª-úøç. úø•’s Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’ ÅE.
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷ü∆lç: a) I have the practice - Ø√èπ◊ Ŷµ«u-Ææç/- 'Are you buying a car?/ Why don't you buy a car?'
1. Can you drive me home? Ééπ\úø can drive, Å-©-¢√ô’ ÖçC. Practice makes us 'I'd like to, but I haven't the money/ but I don't have the
ability é¬ü¿’ í∫ü∆! Ééπ\úø Tarun †’ request perfect - Ŷµ«uÆæç ´©x °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωgûª ´Ææ’hçC. money.' (the money = car
v°æ¨¡o: May èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ can ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. May I help you éÀ •ü¿’-©’í¬ can I
éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ úø•’s)
îËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ Sudheer can ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆ b) We practise the game everyday - ¢Ë’ç ®ÓW Çô†’
(ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞Ï}-ü∆?ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). Åçõ‰ can †’ Ŷµºu-Æœ≤ƒhç (Çúøû√ç). Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø practise Ŷµ«uÆæç îËߪ’çúÕ help you ÅE ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Can ÅØËC Natural ability éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-ç-
request (Nïc°œh) îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úø-´îª’a, question ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√¢√-©çõ‰ practice îËߪ’çúÕ ÅØ√L éπü∆. may •ü¿’©’ can áçü¿’èπ◊ use îËߪ÷L? can E Natural ability
v°æ¨¡o: 1) Seventh class English Reader (Mother tongue) page No 52
ü¿®·-ûË
form ™. ™ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éçé¬ áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ use îËߪ’-´îª’a.
1) é¬Ææh -F pen -É≤ƒh-¢√? 'Trees' Poem When evening changes into night, and when
-ï-¢√-•’: Can, natural ability E ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC, correct í¬ 'í∫©— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
™ – °œ.-í∫-ù‰-¨¸, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø
Can you give me your pen? / Can I have a moon floats on the sky. They hum a drowsy lullaby. the Ééπ\úø
your pen? moon a moon
Öç-ú≈-L éπ-ü∆.áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-ú≈®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. He can do it, Åçõ‰ ¢√úø’ ÅC îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’. Å®·ûË can èπ◊ -Ö-†o
2) O’ûÓ È®çúø’ EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a? 2) Are you studying in Seventh Class? DEéÀ ï¢√-¶„-™« -îÁ°æp-´-a? ´’J-éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©™ offer äéπöÀ. Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ Åúø-èπ◊\çú≈ ´’†ç
Can I speak to you/ see you for a few min- ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ àüÁjØ√ É´y--úøç/-îË-ߪ’-úøç. ü∆EéÀ can question form ™
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) 'a moon' Ñ line ™ Åa ûª°æ¤p (printer's error). The moon
–í∫’-v®Ωç -¨¡çéπ®˝, Íé-¨¡-´°æ-ôoç
utes? ¢√úøû√ç, may ™«í¬.
3) Can you lend me some money? ÅØË îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-¢√L. May I help you? = O’èπ◊ Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√-™«?/- ØË-ØË-´’Ø√o O’èπ◊
é¬Ææh Å°œp-≤ƒh®√? 2) Yes, I am. ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-í∫-©-Ø√? – ÉC offer. Å®·ûË ÉC éÌçîÁç formal - Åçõ‰ Åçûª
-Ééπ\-úø can †’ question form ™ requests èπ◊ -
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*-†-ô’x -ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C éπ-ü∆! Åçõ‰ can †’
v°æ¨¡o: How about you? What about you Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ Å®·ûË Ñ °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’† offer.
Can I help you? D†®Ωnç èπÿú≈ O’èπ◊/ -Fèπ◊ Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√-™«?/
È®çúø÷ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úøç™ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ´’†ç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’
question form ™ ´·êuçí¬ you ûÓ, I/ we ûÓ Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´î√a? ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. I haven't -O’-èπ◊/ -Fèπ◊ ØËØË Nüµ¿çí¬ Å®·Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©Ø√? ÅE informal
requests èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a. money / I have no money Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√, é¬-†-ôx®·-ûË ¢√öÀE ᙫ í¬, Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îËÊÆ offer. May I help
2. How long can I have it? Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. you? - formal offer. Can I help you? - less formal/ informal
bike
áçûªÊÆ°æ¤ -؈’ F Öç-éÓ-´îª’a? – ´çQ, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ offer.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 31 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Pooja: Hi Raasi, what a surprise! you, here!
àçöÀ ®√Q, †’-Ny-éπ\úø! àçöà Nçûª? °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’, canûÓ ´îËa
verbs Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç-îª÷-Æœ-†¢Ë éπü∆.
Raasi: I am on my way to the spoken English
Institution near here. You know it. The 1. You can't (cannot) find the time
4th building from your place. F´¤ BJ-éπ- -îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ -Ö-Ø√o-´¤. (ability)
spoken English Institution
Ééπ\úø ü¿í∫_®Óx èπ◊ 2. Can you do me a favour?
¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬. O’ ÉçöÀ-†’ç* ã ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©¢√? (Can - request)
Ø√-©’íÓ building. 3. Can you let me spend...
(I am on my way to – ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o†’.
O’ Éçöx ؈’ç-úøØ√? (Permission/ request)
On the way – ü∆J™)
Pooja: Come, Raasi, you go there everyday, 4. I can neither go home...
and you can't find the time to drop in at ØËEç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x†÷ ™‰†’, Öçúø†÷ ™‰†’ (ability)
my place. 5. You can, by all means–
†’´¤yçúÌa, ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Bhavani: ûª°æp-èπ◊ç-ú≈®√. c) Manoj: üË-E í∫’-Jç-* îªJa-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ O’®Ω’?
®ÓW Åéπ\úÕ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤, ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√´--ú≈-EéÀ (can – permission/ request)
´÷vûªç -B-Jéπ îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰éπ§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆! b) Prakash: Sekhar †’ í∫’-Jç-* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Rajeev: ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’°æúø-í∫-©ú≈, ™‰-ú≈ ÅE.
6. I can't (cannot) give – É´y-™‰†’. (ability)
Raasi: I joined there only a week ago. I had àN’öÀ? (Whether -ûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ)
been thinking of seeing you and we met. Manoj: àçô-Ææ©’ N≠æߪ’ç?
Vinai: áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
Can you do me a favour?
Prakash: Åûª†’ ´’ç* player Å®·ûË ´’† team Raghav: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™  Cricket Match éÀ tickets

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 63
؈-éπ\úø îËJ ¢√®Ω-¢Ë’ -Å-®·çC. O’ ÉçöÀéÀ
®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’, ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ã ™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E. 鬢√L ´÷èπ◊. ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇèπ◊ cricket board ™
*†o ≤ƒ-ߪ’ç îËÆœ-°-ôd-í∫-©-¢√ Ø√èπ◊?
(Do a favour – ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-úøç)

I can't give..
Pooja: Doing you a favour! That will be a real
pleasure for me. What's it?
Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-úøç Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’.
àçöÀ îÁ°æ¤p.
Raasi: Can you let me spend the lunch break in
your home? We have two sessions with
a break of an hour in between. Vinai: Åûª†’ î√™« ¶«í¬ Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’-éπE Åûª-ØË-
7. You can have– Öçô’çC. Possibility– Å´-鬨¡ç.
I can neither go home nor stay at the Çúø-í∫-©úø’. E©-éπ-úøí¬ ´’Ø√o ûÁ°œpç-îª-í∫-©-úË-¢Á÷-†E.
institution.
É´Foèπÿú≈ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-†o 'can'
Concentration ûÓ - Manoj: ¢√úø’ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’ é¬F îËߪ’úø’. Åûª-ØÁ°æ¤púø÷
؈’ lunch break O’ Éçöx í∫úø-§Òî√a. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.
classes break
Çúø-û√úø’. á´-JéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’úø’. Ø√éÀç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ à
´÷èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u™ ã í∫çô Now Practise the following aloud in English.
Öçô’çC. ÉçöÀéà ¢Á∞¡x†÷ ™‰†’, Åçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-éπ\úø Prakash: Å®·ûË ´’†ç Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’.
(Use all that you have learnt so far)
Öçúø-†÷ ™‰†’. ÅûªEo Rajeev: ÉC î√™« E®√--¨¡ éπ-L-Tç-îË -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç.
Pooja: You can, by all means. Only I can't be a) Bhavani: Í®°æ¤ Ø√ birthday. O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ ûª°æpéπ BÆæ’éӴa éπü∆. M. SURESAN Raghav: àç worry Å´èπ◊. -ØË-†’ ûÁ°œpç-îª-í∫-©-†’-™‰
there at the time. I am sorry I can't give ´≤ƒh®Ω’ éπü∆? Vinai: Å®·ûË ØË-†’ Åûª-Eéà ᙫíÓ äéπ™«.
you company. I go for my dance classes Sucharitha: O’
at the time. Don't worry. You can have
Éçöx á°æ¤púø’çúø´’ç-ö«´¤ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ-°æpØ√? ´’† match á°æpúø’ éπÈ®- d) Nagaraj: †’Ny-°æp-öÀÍé Ø√ time î√™« waste
´’´’tLo? é˙dí¬?
my sister Pallavi's company. î˨»´¤ ††’o ¢Á∞¡}F.
Chandra: Cake á°æ¤púø’ éÓ≤ƒh´¤? Prakash: Fèπ◊ ûÁMü∆. ´îËa Sunday ØË éπü∆?
ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, Å®·ûË, Çtime ™ Ø√éÀçöx Prahlad: ´’S} ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’. E†’o?
company Bhavani: Correct í¬ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5.30éÀ. Å´-ûªL team ™ î√-™«´’ç* players
Öçúø-úøç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. Fèπ◊ É´y-™‰†’. Nagaraj: Í®°æ¤ à time ™-ØÁj-Ø√.
time dance Sucharitha: àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’,. âCç-öÀÍé ؈-éπ\úø
ÅüË ™ ؈’ é¬xÆæ’-©-Èé-∞«h†’.°∂æ®Ω-¢√- ÖØ√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-L-T† ¢√∞Ïx. Prahlad: Í®°æ¤ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰†’. Ø√èπ◊ examÖçC. Ç
™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´÷ îÁLx °æ©xN Fèπ◊ ûÓúø’ç-úø-í∫-©ü¿’. Öçö«. Vinai: Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ¢√∞¡xûÓ È®çúø’ N≠æߪ’ç Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆.
F鬢Á’ company Öçô’çC. Chandra: Ø√èπ◊ Í®°æ¤ 5 ´®Ωèπ◊ class ÖçC. 5.30éÀ matches Çú≈ç. äéπöÀ ´’†ç, ÉçéÓöÀ ¢√∞¡⁄x
(By all means – ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, ÅEoNüµ∆™«) Nagaraj: á©’xçúÕ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√í∫-©¢√?
ØË®√-™‰†’. äéπ Å®Ω-í∫çô late í¬ ´≤ƒh. Èí-L-î√®Ω’. Prahlad: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈.
Raasi: Thank you.

-v°æ-¨¡o: ' Ç <®Ω î√™« ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆?—— ÅØË ¢√é¬uEo O’®Ω’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™ ''Isn't -v°æ-¨¡o: I saw a devil, I happend to see a devil – Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’
that sari nice/ beautiful"? ÅØ√o®Ω’. ûÁ©’í∫’¢√éπuç™ ØÁí∫-öÀ¢˛ÂÆØ˛q Å®Ωnç, ü¿ßª÷uEo îª÷¨»†’. é¬E verbs ™ Ç ´÷®Ω’p áçü¿’èπ◊ ´*açC.
™‰ü¿’ é¬E Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ´îËaÆæJéÀ ØÁí∫-öÀ-¢˛ÂÆØ˛q™ ÖçC. Ç ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬uEo Model auxiliary verbs °æéπ\† have been ´ÊÆh ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç
''Is that sari nice/ beautiful?" ņ-èπÿ-úøü∆? à´’E ´Ææ’hçC?Å™«Íí could be E áEo ®Ω鬩 Å®√n-©’ ´îËa-ôô’x
-ï-¢√-•’: A very good question. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ negative sense ûÁ-LÊ°
– -Ê≠é˙ -†-@®Ω’-Fo≤ƒ, -Å-´’%-ûª-©÷®Ω’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
-ï-¢√-•’: I saw a devil- ؈’ devil †’ îª÷¨»†’/devil éπ†-•-úÕçC.
– XE-¢√-Ææ-®√´¤, ´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’
´÷ô ™‰èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, 'éπü∆— ÅØË ´÷ô™ negative tone ´Ææ’hçC
éπü∆. Is that sari beautiful Åçõ‰ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Ç <®Ω ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ x, y Will be
éÀ É´y-†’-Ø√o-®ΩE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. I happend to see a devil- ؈’ devil †’ îª÷úøôç ûªô-Æ œnç-
¶«í∫’çü∆? ÅE éπü∆. 'Ç <®Ω ¶«í∫’çü∆?— Å-†-ú≈-EéÀ, 'Ç <®Ω given Man of the match
ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË ¢√úø’-éπ™ *çC/ devil Ø√èπ◊ éπ†-°æ-úøôç ûªô-Æœnç-*çC. I happened to -
¶«í∫’çC éπü∆?— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ûËú≈ English ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, 'Isn't award to be given áèπ◊\´. ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈/ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøE Ææç°∂æ’-ô-††’ í∫’-Jç-* É™« îÁ§ƒhç.
that sari beautiful?' ÅE-é¬F, 'That sari is beautiful, isn't (wedding) to be solemnized by x ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °æNvûª I bought it in that shop – ؈C Ç shop ™ éÌØ√o†’.
it?' ÅE-é¬F Åçõ‰ ûª°æp, ûÁ©’-í∫’-™ E ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆? ÅØË Å®Ωnç (by somebody),
鬮Ωuç E®Ωy-£œ«ç-°æ-•-úø-¶-ûª’-†oC Åçõ‰ -´÷´‚©’ I happened to buy it in that shop – ؈C Ç shop ™
somebody (x), to solemnize the wedding
-v°æ-¨¡o: Ñ -´‚-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ English Translation îÁ°æpí∫-©®Ω’.
®√ü¿’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ (Ñ °æNvûª é̆ôç ïJ-TçC (Ç shop -™ éÌçö«-†E ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ é¬F
To be solemnized correct
鬮√uEo E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-†’-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE). í¬
-v°æ-¨¡o: àéπ-é¬-©ç™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o È®çúø’ Ωu-©†’ É™« îÁ§Òpî√a? He is think-
Å®·ûË is to be solemnized is, omit
ÅE ÅØ√L. to be sol-
îËÆœ Åéπ\úË éÌØ√o†’).
1. ؈’ Í®°æ¤ áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«h-†E O’®Ω’ ņ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?
2. Ç¢Á’ Ø√ í∫’Jç* à´’†’éÌçöç-ü¿E O’®Ω’ ņ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? emnized ÅØËC ¢√úø’éπ. Will be solemnized ÅE èπÿú≈ ing by walking (-†-úø’Ææ÷h -Ç-™-*Ææ’h-Ø√-o-úø’). Gita is singing by
3. Åûª†’ ††’o NÆæ’-èπ◊\ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. Å-†´îª’a ¢√éπu E®√t-ù«Eo •öÀd. working (§ƒúø’ûª÷ °æE-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ç--öçC).
b) To be + past participle ´·êuçí¬ passive construction. He is
-ï-¢√-•’:
– -vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -A®Ω’°æ-A
-ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† È®çúø÷ ÆæÈ®j-†-N é¬-´¤. Ist sentence: D-E-™ È®çúø÷
1. Where, do you think, I am going/ I will go tomorrow? to do it (active) - It is to be done by him.
– §Úûª’© XE-¢√Ææ’, ¢Ëí¬-ߪ’-´’t-Ê°ô, ûª÷.íÓ.->™«x.
2. What do you think she thinks of me? (îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆- to be done - to be + pp)
3. He feels vexed with me. I am to take them home (active) - They are to be taken (to àéπ-鬩 Ωu-©’– É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-´-†’éÓç-úÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ (is
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. véÀÈé-ö¸™Man of the match ''to be given''
ÉîËa-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅE be + pp) home by me. thinking correct é¬ü¿’). He thinks as he is walking/ He
thinks and is walking at the same time, ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË
''to be solemnised by (some
Åçö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí °R} 鬮Ω’f-©™ 2) I could have found the way all right - ؈’ ü∆J ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-LÍí
- Past tense. Ñ È®çúø’ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh ᶄs-ô’dí¬ éπEp-Ææ’hØ√o®· 鬕öÀd, He
-v°æ-¨¡o:
body)'' ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. Ø√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç– to be will be
•ü¿’©’ ÅE ¢√úÕØË (é¬E, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)
Parts of speech Preposition The thinks as he walks ņ-úøç better. äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J I/ II regular
¢√úÌa éπü∆!To be + PP á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? ™ †’ áéπ\úø ᙫ ¢√ú≈™,
2. ''I could have found the way all right''. Tenses,
†’ èπÿú≈ áéπ\úø ¢√ú≈™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. OöÀûÓ§ƒô’ doing word †’ É°æp¤úø’ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd.
Ñ ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ÉC à õ„Ø˛q™ Öç-C? direct & indirect speech í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. He thinks as he walks ÅØË sentence èπ◊ ¢√-úÁ°æ¤p-úø÷ îËÊÆ

-ï-¢√-•’: Parts of speech ™ prepositions †’ í∫’-Jç-* lessons ™

°æE ÅC (¢√-úÁ°æ¤p-úø÷ †úø’Ææ÷h Ç™-*-≤ƒhúø’/ Ç™-*ç-îË-ô°æ¤p-úø’
-ï-¢√-•’: To be given, to be seen ™«çöÀN passive infinitives.
– -áÆˇ.-ñ-≠œ, -äçíÓ-©’ – -öÀ.Ææç-ûÓ-≠ˇ π◊-´÷®˝, -ߪ÷®√-úø
†úø’-≤ƒhúø’) ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.
1) To be given Åçõ‰ É´y-•-úø-ôç/ -É-´y-•-úø-ö«-EéÀ/ É´y-•-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊– N´-JÆæ’h-Ø√oç. Å™«Íí tenses í∫’Jç* -Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N´- 2nd sentence: Gita is singing and working at the same
´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®·ûË É´y-úøç, É´y--ú≈-EéÀ, ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçö«ç Jçî√ç, Å®·ûË tenses Ê°®Ω’x îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈. English ¶«í¬ time Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπü∆ (Ç¢Á’ Ç °æ†’©’ îËÆæ’h-†oC É°æ¤p-
éπü∆. Man of the match award to be given to Åçõ‰ Man of the ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ tenses + Ê°®Ω’x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. úø-®·ûË). Ç¢Á’ °æE îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤p-úøçû√ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC ÅØ√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰
match °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç x îËûª y éÀ É´y-•-úø-¶-ûª’çC ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC; verb form ´·êuç– ÅC N´-Jçî√ç. §ƒûª papers îª÷úøçúÕ. Gita sings as/while she works ņ-´îª’a éπü∆.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 3 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Kalyan: Hi Sasikanth, good to see you 1) When are you going to resign?
though after a long time. Where are 2) The company is going to open its branch
you and what are you? here.
î√©-®Ó-V© ûª®√yûª®·Ø√ îª÷úø-úøç î√© 3) I am going to be the first branch manager.
ÆæçûÓ≠æç. áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤? àçîË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? 4) Is your salary going to be any the better?
Good to see you – °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô; 5) There's going to be a difference.
(practise îËߪ’çúÕ conversation™) 6) I am going to buy a flat.
am going
Sasikanth: Equally glad to see you.
´’†ç àüÁjØ√ °æ-E-E, îË-ߪ’-¶-ûª’†o °æEE
to, is going to, are going to expressions
™«çöÀ ™
I am here very much. I am with a
tyre company now. I have had a
ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çö«ç.
1) When are you going to resign?
better offer from one of the leading
á°æ¤púø’ ®√@-Ø√´÷ îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
telecom company. I am leaving this regular word (am going to/ is going to/ are going
2) The company is going to open its branch d) ؈’ éÌûªh ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ îË®Ω-¶-ûª’Ø√o.
company. to sing, talk, etc)
áèπ◊\´ éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’
here. I am going to take a new job.
Company
Ø√èπÿ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖçC. ØËE-éπ\úË Ç ûª† ¨»ê†’ Ééπ\úø v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª- Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ will/ shall
éπü∆? ÅN °æ
future
† ’- © †’ ûÁ © ’°æ ¤ - û √®·.
ÖØ√o†’. ã -õ„i®Ωx company ™ °æE-îË-Ææ’h- ¶-ûª’-†oC. ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü∆? ¢√úø-´îª’a. ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË, will/ shall ؈’ CM -†’ É¢√∞Ï éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†’/ -éπ-©’-Ææ’éÓ
Ø√o†’. Ê°®Ω’†o telecom company ™ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ am/ is/ are going to ņo-°æ¤púø’, °æE ï®Ω- -¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’–
Ø√éÀç-ûª-éπØ√o ´’ç* Å´-鬨¡ç ´*açC. í∫-¶-´-úøç éπ*aûªç, ü∆EE í∫’-Jç-* E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´úøç I am going to meet the CM today.
Ñ job ´C-™‰-Ææ’hØ√o. Å®·-§Ú-®·çD, Ééπ ï®Ω-í∫-úø¢Ë’ ûª®Ω’-¢√-®· -Å-ØË Å®Ωnç Ç¢Á’ party ™ §ƒúø-†’çC –
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 64 ûª´Ææy®Ω’íhç¬C.ïJÍam/ is/ are going to ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅC é¬Ææh She is going to sing at the party.
Kalyan: When are you going to resign this
Job? í Ææ÷îª-†©’ áèπ◊\´. ¢√∞¡Ÿx debate ™ §ƒ™Ô_-†-†’-Ø√o®Ω’ –
They are going to participate in the debate.
Now practise the following aloud in English:

He is going to..
Sasikanth: àçöÀ Åçûª £æ«ú≈-N-úÕí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?
(Hurry ¢√úøçúÕ)
Ravikanth: °æ´Ø˛ bike é̆-¶-ûª ’-Ø√oúø’. ††’o
Selection èπ◊ ®Ω´’t-Ø√oúø’.
Sasikanth: É¢√∞Ï é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√oú≈?
Sasikanth: In a week's time at the most. The 3) I am going to be the first branch manager. Ravikanth: Å´¤†’. ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç-* ¢√úÕéÀ
a) I will buy a car soon.
Telecom company is going to open first manager DD ®√¶-ûª’çC. ÅC BÆæ’èπ◊-E shop
Ç ¨»êèπ◊ ؈’ í¬ Öçúø-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’. ؈’ ûªy®Ω™  car
its branch here and I am going to be 4) Is your salary going to be any the better? ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ´≤ƒhúø’. ؈-ûªEo shop ™
éÌçö«†’.
the first branch manager. F @ûªç ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Öçúø-¶-ûÓçü∆? éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√o.
Kalyan: Glad to hear that. Congrats. Is your
(E¨¡a-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o†’)
5) There's going to be a difference. b) I am going to a buy a Sasikanth: †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ bike †’?
salary going to be any the better? Ravikanth: Bike Ø√ status èπ◊ ´’K ûªèπ◊\´.
àüÓ éÌçûª ûËú≈ Öçúø-¶-ûÓçC. car.
congrats.
ÆæçûÓ≠æç. @ûªç à´’Ø√o
6) I am going to buy a flat. ؈’ car é̆-¶-ûª’Ø√o Helicopter é̆-¶-ûª’Ø√o.
M. SURESAN
áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çü∆? Answer:
Sasikanth: There's going to be a difference of ؈’
é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-†’. flat (O©-®·-†çûª ûªy®Ω™).
future ™ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’†o °æ†’©’, ´’†ç ´·çü¿Í® Sasikanth: Why are you in a hurry?
atleast Rs. 2000/- (ÉC °j-ü∆-EéπØ√o áèπ◊\´
éπFÆæç 2000 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’© ûËú≈ Öçô’ç-C. ņ’èπ◊-E éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’-©èπ◊ am going to/ éπ*aûªç) Ravikanth: Pavan is going to buy a bike. He
Kalyan: Very glad then. Hope you will call is going to/ are going to + 1st regular doing word c) He will join duty soon. wanted me to help him in the selec-
me before you join. By the by, I am ¢√úøû√ç. duty
¢√úø’ ûªy®Ω-™ØË ™ îË®Ω-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. tion.
going to buy a flat soon, that too, in a) She is going to buy a new dress. d) He is going to join duty soon. Sasikanth: Is he going to buy it today?
a week. I will move in soon after. Ç¢Á’ éÌûªh dress é̆-¶-ûÓçC. (éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ E¨¡a- duty ¢√úø’ ûªy®Ω™ ™ îË®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ Ravikanth: Yes. He is going to get the DD from
Here's the new address. his dad today. He will take it and
®·ç- î ª ’ - è π ◊ çC. Ééπ é̆- - ú ø ¢ Ë ’ ûª ® Ω ’ - ¢ √®·) will join (ÉC éπ Ø √o áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç)
Phone
éÌûªh éπç°-F™ îËÍ®-´·çü¿’ Ø√èπ◊ come to the shop. I am going to
b) ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ¢√®Ωç-§ƒ-ô’ classes attend Å´-¶-ûª’- ÅC ûªy®Ω™  ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’çC. †’¢Ëyç Cí∫’-©’-°æ-úøèπ◊.
îË≤ƒh-´-E -Ç-PÆæ’h-Ø√o. ņoô’x îÁ°æpôç
Ø√oúø’. It is going to happen. Don't you worry. meet him at the shop.
´’Jî√ (by the by) éÌûªh flat é̆-¶- Sasikanth: When are you going to buy a bike?
ûª’Ø√o, ã ¢√®Ωç-™ØË. ¢ÁçôØË îË®Ω’-ûª’Ø√o- He is going to attend classes here for a week. (î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x 'you don't worry' éÀ •ü¿’©’ 'Don't you
c) bank worry' Ravikanth: A bike is too low for my status. I am
†ç-ü¿’-™. ÉD éÌûªh address. Ñ ™ç* ¢Á · ûª h ç úø • ’s†’ BÊÆ- ß ª ’ - ¶ - û ª ’ - Ø √o®Ω ’ . ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’).
going to buy a helicopter.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ am going to, is going to, are They are going to withdraw all the money É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç: will/ shall
going to ©ûÓ ¢√úÕ† expressions îª÷úøçúÕ: from this bank. éπØ√o am going to/ is going to/ are going to + 1st
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) House Åçõ‰ ÅüÁl-èπ◊-†o- É©’x, Home Åçõ‰ ≤Òçûªç É©’x-éπü∆! -v°æ-¨¡o: Present Continuous tense ™– -This land belongs -v°æ-¨¡o: Having †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h A.Voice, P.Voice ™ éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-
2) Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤úø’ House wife ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L. ÅÆæ©’ Home wife ÅE to him (Correct). é¬E This land is belonging to L´y-ç-úÕ. Having †’ à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç? to have †’
him ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√-ߪ’èπÿ-úø-ü¿’? 鬮Ωùç ûÁ-©’°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
– éπçü¿í∫ôx ®√Íé≠ˇ π◊´÷®˝, áv®Ω-¶„-Lx-í∫÷úÁç -ï-¢√-•’: Having AV ™ØË ´Ææ’hçC. Passive ™ ®√ü¿’éπü∆. Passive
áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp®Ω’?ØË-†’ -Ñ Ææç-üË£æ…-Eo -ã -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -™„éπa®Ω®˝ -ü¿%-≠œdéÀ -B-Ææ’Èé-R-ûË ÅÆæ©’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-L-´yí∫-©®Ω’. – -á.--vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’
Homewife ņo-°æü¿ç ™‰ü¿’ ÅØ√o®Ω’. Homewife ÅE °œ©-´-éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç
àN’öÀ? -ï-¢√-•’: éÌEo verbs, am+ing, is+ing, are+ing forms ™ ™ á°æ¤púø÷ past participle, ü∆E´·çü¿’ 'be' form ´≤ƒh®·.
House wife ÅØË áçü¿’èπ◊ °œ©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ®√´¤. ¢√öÀ™x belong äéπöÀ. áçü¿’èπ◊ am Having ®√ü¿’. Active voice ™ having ûÓ áØÁj oØ√ sen-
ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©-®Ω’. belonging/ is belonging/ are belonging ®√ü¿’ tences ´≤ƒh®·. I am having coffee; My father is hav-
3) Communication skills °ç-éÓ-´-ú≈- Åçõ‰ Åçü¿’èπ◊ rule àç ™‰ü¿’. ÅC English ¶µ«≠æ ing a bath,etc. To have ûÓ– eg: I am happy to have a
EéÀ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫-éπ®Ω-¢Á’i-† ã ´’ç* ©éπ~ùç. É™«çöÀ verbs †’ í∫’-Jç-* î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ car. To have a car like this makes me happy. É™«
°æ¤Ææh-éπç Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°æpçúÕ. Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿J lessons ™ îªJaçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. áØÁj oØ√ ´≤ƒh®·.
– -áç.-á-™¸.-áÆˇ.®√-ߪ·-úø’, éπ®Ω÷o-©’ -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) I have to attend meeting 3) I ought to obey the order: Çïc §ƒöÀç-îª-úøç Ø√NCµ.
-ï-¢√-•’: House Åçõ‰ ÅüÁl É©’x é¬ü¿’. à ÉçöÀ-ØÁjØ√, Åçü¿’Ø√ ´’†’-≠æfl©’ E´-Æœç-îª-í∫© - 2) I must leave this place Ought to ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ äéπ °æE-îË-ߪ÷L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
3) I ought to obey the order
ü∆-E-E (any building for people to live in) house Åçö«ç, ≤Òçûª, ÅüÁl ÅØË Å®·ûË ´·êuçí¬ DEo FA v°æ鬮Ωç, ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿u-ûª†’ í∫’-Jç-*
The underlined words give same meaning. So
v°æÆæéÀh ™‰èπ◊çú≈.Home Åçõ‰ ≤Òçûª É©’x 鬆-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ÅüÁl É©x-®·Ø√, ´’† kindly explain, is there any difference in mean-
ûÁ L - ß ª ’ - ñ ‰ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-úø-û√®Ω’.
èπ◊ô’ç-•-Ææ-¶µº’u-©ûÓ ´’†ç ÖçúË É©’x, home. O’èπ◊ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ ≤Òçûª É©’x You ought to respect elders – °ü¿l¢√∞¡x†’ íı®Ω-Nç-î √L.
ing? In what context those words are to used?- °ü¿ l ¢ √∞¡ x † ’ íı®Ω -Nç-îª-úøç ÅØËC ã E•ç-üµ¿ØÓ, îªôd¢Á÷, -Ç-ñ c
ÖçúÕ, éπ®Ω÷o™x ÅüÁl Éçöx O’J-°æ¤úø’ E¢√Ææç Öçô’çõ‰, éπ®Ω÷o™x O’®Ω’ç-ô’†o-C
É©’x, O’ home. Hyderabad ™ ≤Òçûª É©’x-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, O’®Ω-éπ\úø E¢√Ææç -ï-¢√-•’: 1) I have to attend the meeting ؈’ meeting èπ◊
– -úÕ.Ææ’-¶«s-®√-´¤, é¬V-©÷®Ω’, ûª÷.íÓ. >™«x é¬ü¿’í∫ü∆. ØÁjA-éπçí¬, FA v°æ鬮Ωç ´’†ç íı®Ω-Nç-î√L.
-Öç-úø-úø癉ü¿’ 鬕öÀd you have a house in Hyderabad. Your home éπ®Ω÷o™x, É™«çöÀîÓôx ought to Åçö«ç.
¢Á∞«}L – Ééπ\úø ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç-™ Ø√ Å-´-Ææ®Ωç áèπ◊\´. a) She ought not to speak so rudely.
O’®Ω’ç-ô’†o É©’x ≤Òçûª-üÁj-Ø√, ÅüÁl-üÁjØ√. Éûª-®Ω’© order ´©x 鬴a– é¬F Ø√ Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÀ
2) Homewife ÅØË ´÷ô ¢√úø’-éπ™  ™‰ü¿’. Housewife ÅØËüË correct. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v§ƒ´·êuç – ¢Á-∞¡}-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√èπ◊ †≠ædç. Åçûª ü¿’®Ω’-Ææ’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫÷-úøü¿’.
Housewife ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ home maker éÌûªhí¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™ éÀ ´Ææ’h†o´÷ô. DE-éπçõ‰ b) You ought not to waste money.
2) I must leave the place - Ééπ\úø Éûª-®Ω’© order ´©x ؈’
Éçé¬ éÌûªh ´÷ô ´·êuçí¬ American usage™, houseworker (=housewife/ ¢Á-R}-§Ú-¢√Lq ÖçC ÅØË ¶µ«´ç, Ø√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´©x ؈’ Åçûª úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
home maker). ¢Á-R}-§Ú-¢√L ÅØË ¶µ«´ç éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ææ’p¥J-Ææ’hçC. É´Fo †úø-´-úÕéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N, îªö«d-©ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰EN.
3) Communication skills °ç-éÓ--ú≈-EéÀ ´’ç* English newspaper v°æA-®ÓW ã I must do this. ØËEC îËߪ÷L, order ´©x 鬴a, -Ø√ You ought to have helped her
í∫çô-§ƒô’ îªü¿-´çúÕ. TV newscasts N†çúÕ. English story books *†o-*†o Å´-Ææ®Ωç 鬴a – îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√èπ◊ éπ≠dçæ 鬴a. must Ç¢Á ’ èπ ◊ Ææ £ æ … ߪ ’ç îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC.
¢√öÀ-ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* °ü¿lN îªü¿-´çúÕ. ÅØËC have to/ has to éπØ√o é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ powerful. É™«çöÀ îÓôx should, must, have to/ has to ®√´¤.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 6 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Bhavan: I am going to apply for the job. What e) They are going to transfer him.
about you? transfer
¢√∞¡x-ûªEo îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. E®Ωgߪ’ç -BÆæ’èπ◊-
job
؈’ apply
èπ◊ îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’. F will transfer
Ø√o®Ω’. îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Ééπ\úø are going
èπ◊
´÷õ‰çöÀ? to transfer Åçûª éπ*aûªç™‰ü¿’.
Chalam: I have filled in the application. I will f) Once he gets this job, he will resign the pres-
post it as soon as I get my certificates. ent job. Ñjob job
®√í¬ØË, É°æpöÀ ´÷ØË-≤ƒhúø’.
Application certificates
°æ‹Jh î˨»†’. Ø√ Ééπ\úø 'will' resign
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ; Åûª-úø’
ready post
Å´-í¬ØË îË≤ƒh†’. job
îËߪ’-úø-´’-ØË-C ´’®Ó ®√´-úøç O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ
Bhavan: Haven't you got them yet? ÖçC. °æ‹Jhí¬ Åûª-úÕ- îËûª’™x ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø
-¢√-öÀ-Eçé¬ -ûÁ-aéÓ-™‰-ü∆? will.
Chalam: I am going to collect them from college g) If he doesn't get the transfer he will continue.
tomorrow. Nagaraj is going to apply transfer
Åûª-úø’ éÌ-†≤ƒí∫-úø-´÷ -™‰-ü∆ -Å-ØË-C Å´-úøç,
too. é¬éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈-Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC éπü∆– Åçü¿’-éπE will.
will/ shall am going to/ is going to/ are Sankar: We will, if we get a good price.
college
Í®°æ¤ ؈’ certificates
†’ç* ÉO èπÿ Venkat: Í®°æ¤ ´’ç*®ÓïE ´÷ Å´’t îÁ°œpçC. Í®°æ¤ -
going to + 1st RDW îË≤ƒh. -§ƒÆˇ-§Ú®Ω’dèπ◊ application, D.D. ÅFo Tarun: How long are you going to keep it
Nagaraj apply
-ûÁa-éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√o. èπÿú≈ èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈. Ñ ûËú≈
í∫´’-Eç* ´÷ö«x-úø-úøç spoken english ™ î√-™« Í®°æ¤ BÆæ’èπ◊çö«. é¬Ææh procedure à-N’ö vacant?
îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. If, unless, suppose, in case
Bhavan: Why? Isn't he happy with his present
´·êuç. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ îÁ°æp¢√? (´’ç*-®ÓV = Auspicious day) Sankar: We are not in a hurry. We are going to
Ö†o sentences ™ am going to/ is going to/ are Akhil: let it out. Whenever we get a good
job? ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Å®·ûË ã Å®Ω-í∫ç-ô™ ´÷
going to (If = in case = suppose =
friend äéπúø’ ††’o éπ©-´-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. price we will sell it (off)/ dispose it of.
job
áçü¿’èπ◊? É°æ¤p-úø’†o Åûª-EéÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü∆? ®√ü¿’. Å®·ûË,
unless–
Ç °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x; Å®·ûË ûª°æp;) when = Å™«ç-
Chalam: They are going to transfer him to
am/ is/ are
ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈, Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√-†’. Tarun: I will ask my father if he is interested.
Tamilnadu. His father is against it. So Åü¿-®·ç-ûª-®√yûª ´’†ç BJí¬_ èπÿ®Ω’a-E The other day he was talking of buying
going to ®√´¤.
once he gets this job he will resign the ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÓ-´îª’a. a house.
present job. But if he doesn't get the Venkat: Å®·ûË á°æ¤púø’ free í¬ Öçö«´¤? Sankar: No hurry at all. Find out from your
transfer he will continue in it. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ ®√Ø√? father if he is interested. We will
future actions (Ñ È®çúø’ exercises ™ Shall/ Will èπÿ
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 65
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ †’ í∫’-Jç-îË reduce the price if it is for you.
future
≤ƒ-TçC éπü∆? éÌEoÆæç-ü¿-®√s¥™x will/
-ûÁ-©°æ-ú≈-EéÀ am/ is/ are going to èπ◊ ûËú≈©’
Tarun: I will let you know tomorrow.
shall ´’J-éÌEoîÓôx am going to/ is going to/ are í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)
going to + 1st Regular doing word ¢√ú≈ç-éπü∆?
Shall/ Will, am going to/ is going to/ are going
to forms È®çúÕç-öÀFfuture ûÁ©°æ-ú≈-EÍé ¢√úøû√ç.
Å®·ûË ¢√öÀéÀ ûËú≈ ÖçC. Ç ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç
î√-™« ´·êuç. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
shall, will ´’† control ™ ™‰E future ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·.
Am going to/ is going to/ are going to forms
When will you be free?
Éçü¿’èπ◊ éÌç-îÁç ûËú≈í¬ ´’† E®Ωgߪ’ç O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Now practise the following aloud in English: 2) Akhil: Hi Venkat,
´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’°æ¤-û√®·. îª÷úøçúÕ 1) Sankar: ¢Ë’-´· Í®°æ¤ éÌûªh ÉçöxéÀ ´÷®Ω-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. Akhil: ã Å™«Íí. What brings
a) I am going to apply for the job; Tarun: É°æ¤púø’†o É©’x Ţ˒t-Ææ’h-Ø√o®√? 3) Manoj: Hi Fareed, áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? you here?
job apply Sankar: Fareed: bike é¬Ææh trouble ÉÊÆh, mechanic Venkat: I am going to
èπ◊ îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’. îËߪ’-úøç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ´’ç*üµ¿®Ω ´ÊÆh Ţ˒t-≤ƒh-†ç--ô’Ø√oúø’ ´÷ Ø√
éπ*aûªç. E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç ïJ-TçC. Ø√†o. èπ◊ -É-*a ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡ŸhØ√o. apply for a
b) I will post it as soon as I get my certificates. Tarun: áçûª-鬩ç Ç ÉçöÀE ë«Sí¬ Öçîª-¶-ûª’- Manoj: F bike ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ trouble ÉÆæ’hç-üËçöÀ? passport. I
certificates®√í¬ØË Øˆ’ post îË≤ƒh†’. Ééπ\úø Ø√o®Ω’? (ë«S = vacant) Fareed: II hand bike é̆-úøç -ØË-† ’ îËÆ œ†
need your
application†’ post certificates
îËߪ’-úøç ûÁa-éÓ- Sankar: ´÷Íéç Åçûª ûÌçü¿®Ω ™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ ü∆Eo §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’. help. M. SURESAN
´-úøç O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ ÖçC. Certificates ®√´-úøç ÅüÁl-éÀ-´y-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. á°æ¤púø’ ´’ç* -üµ¿-®Ω ´ÊÆh Manoj: áçûª-é¬-©çí¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ ü∆Eo?
apply condition Akhil: When are you
؈’ îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø Å°æ¤p-úø-¢Ë’t≤ƒhç. Fareed: È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬. Ñ È®çúË-∞¡x™ repairs Íé ü∆ü∆°æ¤
will postÅçô’Ø√oç. É™«çöÀîÓôx I am going to (ÅüÁléÀ´y-úøç– let out. ûÌçü¿®Ω – in a hurry) going to apply?
È®çúø’¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ °ö«d.
post Tarun: ´÷ Ø√†o-†’ Åúø’-í∫’-û√†’, Çߪ’†Íé´’Ø√o Venkat: Mom says/ has said that tomorrow is
ņç. Manoj: á´J ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌØ√o´¤ ü∆Eo?
c) I am going to collect them from college an auspicious day. I will take the pass
ÇÆæéÀh ÖçüË-¢Á÷-†E. ¢Á·-ØÁo-°æ¤púÓ É©’x éÌ-†-úøç Fareed: ´÷ ü¿÷®Ω°æ¤ ôdç †’ç*. Çߪ’†üËç
tomorrow. ؈’ Í®°æ¤ ¢√öÀEcollege †’ç* ûÁa- í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-ú≈®Ω’. ûª°æ¤p ™‰ü¿’. Ç bike é̆--´ü¿lF îÁ§ƒpúø’. port application, DD, etc., tomorrow.
èπ◊çö«-†’. -¢Á-R} -ûÁ-a-éÓ-´-úø-¢Ë’ ûª®Ω’-¢√®·. ÉC ï®Ω’-í∫’- Sankar: ûÌçü¿Í®ç™‰ü¿’. O’ Ø√†oí¬J-Íé-´’Ø√o Interest ØËØË foolish í¬ éÌØ√o, ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®ΩéÌÆæ’hçC won't you (will you not) let me know
ûª’çC. DEéÀ conditions à--O’™‰´¤ 鬕öÀd am ÖçüË¢Á÷ éπ†’éÓ\. O’Íé Å´·tû√ç. éÌçûª üµ¿®Ω éπü∆ -ÅE. the procedure?
going to collect. will collect ¢√úø-´îª’aí¬F Ñ Akhil: Sure. But in half an hour my friend/
Manoj:
èπÿú≈ ûªT_≤ƒhç. Ţ˒t--ßÁ·îª’a éπü∆?
Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Tarun: Í®°æ¤ îÁ§ƒhØË N≠æߪ’ç. a friend of mine is going to meet me.
Answers:
d) Nagaraj is going to apply too. Ø√í∫-®√ñ¸ èπÿú≈ 2) Akhil: Hi Venkat, àçöÀ-™«-´-î √a´¤? I am going to take him to doctor. Once
Sankar: We are moving into the new home
apply îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. îË≤ƒhúø’. He will apply Venkat: Passport èπ◊ apply îËߪ’-¶-ûª’Ø√o. é¬Ææh F
tomorrow. that's over we can sit over your pass-
too èπ◊ Ñ force ™‰-ü¿’. will apply -Å-ØË-C is going Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√L. Tarun: Are you selling away/ going to sell the port business at leisure.
to apply Åçûª éπ*aûªçé¬ü¿’. Akhil: á°æ¤púø’ apply îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? house you are in? Venkat: When will you be free then? Shall I
-v°æ-¨¡o: Contrary sense & positive sense Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-ö N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 2) He might not have gone - ¢Á∞¡Ÿ}ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a (¢Á∞¡Ÿ}ç-úø-´îª’a èπÿú≈) see you at 4 this evening?
Contrary sense Akhil: That's OK
™ -Ö†o Ñ -¢√é¬u-©’ -ûª°æ¤p -Å-E éÌEo ví¬´’®˝ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™x Ê°®Ì\- Ééπ\úø contrary sense™‰ü¿’ – ÆæçüË£æ«ç.
3) Manoj: Hi Fareed, where are you coming
Ø√o®Ω’. -É-N áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. They might have seen you - E†’o ¢√∞¡Ÿx îª÷Ææ’ç-úÌa (îª÷úø-éπ-§Ú®‚
1. He should not have gone - -Ñ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç ™‰ü¿’ ÅE ®√-¨»®Ω’. from?
Öç-úÌa) – No contrary sense - doubt. Fareed: My bike has had/ had some trouble. I
2. He might not have gone - -Ñ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç ™‰ü¿’. 3) He must not have gone - Éü¿ç-ûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. Ééπ\úø contrary sense
have left it at the mechanic's and am
3. He must not have gone - -Ñ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç ™‰ü¿’.
®√´-úøç éÓÆæç, Ñ sentence ûª°æ¤p. (D†®Ωnç– ¢ÁR} Öçúøúø’– éπ*aûªç– ¢Á∞¡}-™‰ü¿’) on my way home/ am going home.
Mood and model verbs, subjunctive í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
Ééπ\úø Ñ È®çúø÷ §Ú©açúÕ. Manoj: Why does your bike give trouble so
subjunctive usage, perfect subjunctive verbs í∫’Jç* -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.
a) He should not have gone - ¢Á∞«}úø’ (contrary sense) - correct often?
– Èé-.-†-Jqç£æ…È®-úÕf, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ b) He must not have gone - éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢ÁR} Fareed: Buying a used bike (modern word for
-ï-¢√-•’: Positive sense Åçõ‰ - '™‰ü¿’, é¬ü¿’— ÅE Öçúøúø’ – ¢Á∞¡}-™‰ü¿’ (ÉC contrary sense - ´uA- II hand) is the mistake I made/ I made
Å®Ωnç ®√èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-úøç. Í®-鬮Ωnç ®√ü¿’) – positive sense ´Ææ’hçC. a mistake - buying a used bike.
Contrary sense - ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ®√´-úøç -´’®Ó È®ç-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -§Ú-La -îª÷-úøç-úÕ: Manoj: How long have you been using it?
1) He should not have gone. Fareed: For two years now/ For the past two
a) He should have gone - ¢Á∞¡Ÿ}ç-ú≈-LqçC – ¢Á∞¡}-
Åûª†’ ¢ÁR} Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ years. I have spent Rs 2000/- on
™‰ü¿’ – contrary sense.
(¢Á-∞¡Ÿ}ç-ú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’) – é¬F ¢Á-∞«}úø’. repairs so far.
b) He must have gone - ¢Á∞Ï} Öçö«úø’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈
Ééπ\úø 'He should not have gone' ÅØË-ü∆- Manoj: Who did you buy it from?
EéÀ '¢Á∞«}úø’— ÅE ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ´≤ÚhçC, – ¢Á∞«}úø’ Positive sense. Fareed: From a distant relative of ours. I can't
(cannot) blame him. He told me not
鬕öÀd ÉC contrary sense - ÉC ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’ ÉC à gram-
-´’®Ó -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù:
mar book™ îª÷¨»®Ó ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. He must have passed the exam. Otherwise he would not have applied to buy it/ He advised me/ warned me
They should not have talked like that. for the job. against buying it. I bought it foolishly
Å™« ´÷ö«x-ú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F Å™« ´÷ö«x-ú≈®Ω’) - contrary sense. -Å-ûªúø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ pass Å®· Öçö«úø’. (pass Åߪ÷uúø’– positive sense) because I got it cheap.
They should have done that. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ job èπ◊ apply îËÆœ Öçúøúø’ (î˨»úø’– contrary sense). Manoj: Why don't you sell it (off)?
¢√-∞¡x-C îËÆæ’ç-ú≈-LqçC (é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) - contrary sense. Subjunctive usage, etc., ûªy®Ω™  N´-J≤ƒhç-.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 8 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Kapil: Hi Subhash, Well met. Any idea of how
´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æߪ’ç – say éÀ, tell éà î√™«
many of us are going on the picnic next
Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ – îÁ°æp-úøç, ņ-úøç ÅE.
weekend?
Å®·ûË OöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. °j
éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC(well met). ´îËa- Ææ綵«≠æù™ØË îª÷ü∆lç.
¢√®Ωç picnic èπ◊ áçûª´’çCN’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç? A (tell)
Suhas: About 15 of us. ã °æC-Ê£«-†’-´’ç-ü¿-´îª’a.
i) I told him of it
Kapil: Does Rahul know about it?
B (say)
®√£æ›™¸èπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? i) What did he say?
Suhas: He does. I told him of it yesterday.
ii) He said that he was not sure.
ûÁ©’Ææ’. ØË-†’ E†o Åûª-úÕ-éÀ -îÁ-§ƒp†’.
iii) All that he said was ...
Kapil: What did he say? Is he joining us?
tell Tell me why you have done it. (say to me why
π◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† -´’-JéÌ-Eo... The teacher told the students to sit down
you have done it
à´’-Ø√oúø’. ´Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈?
ii) Didn't he tell you and to note down the points.
é¬ü¿’).
Suhas: He said that he was not sure. g) Tell Story
Why he was doubtful? É™«çöÀ îÓôx say ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. (The teacher said á´-JéÀîÁ°œpçDûÁ©’-°æ-èπ◊çú≈ †’ éÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
®√´-úøç éÌçûª ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’ ÅØ√oúø’. Please tell a story. old fashioned.
Å®·ûË ÉC
iii) ... tell him to come to the pupils to sit down
é¬ü¿’.)
Kapil: Didn't he (Did not he) tell you why he ÉO Tell, Say èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† N´-®√©’. É´Fo
d) say ûª®√yûª thanks, good bye, hello, sorry, a
was doubtful? Has he any other pro- èπÿú≈Practice -ûÓ, îªü¿´-úøç ´©x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a.
few words, a little/ little (about something/
gramme that day? Practise the following aloud in English:
some one) ÅE ¢√úø-´îª’a. É™«çöÀîÓôx tell ®√ü¿’. a) Raghu:
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 66
®√´-úøç áçü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Á÷ FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰-ü∆?- ®ΩN FûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√´--úøç-™‰üÓ îÁ§ƒpú≈?
e) Tell ¢Áç•úË to ¢√úøç. He told to me to go/
Ç®Ó-V -¢ËÍ® °æ-ØË-¢Á’i-Ø√ -Öç-ü∆? Ram: ™‰ü¿’
He told to her that he liked cricket ™«çöÀ
Raghu: ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøçí∫’-Jç-* à´’Ø√o îÁ§ƒpú≈?
Ram: -Å-D -îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿’.

What did he say?

Raghu: -ØË-Eéπ\-úø’-Ø√o-†-E -îÁ-§ƒp-¢√-?
Ram: îÁ§ƒp†’. ¢√úÕo-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’ èπÿú≈. ÆæÍ®
ÅØ√oúø’. ¢√úÌîËa time -Ø√-ûÓ -îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿’.
Raghu: avoid
-†-ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úÓ -†’-¢Ëy-´’®·-Ø√ -
îÁ-°æp-í∫-©-¢√?
b) Pavan: Hi Ravi, EØÁo-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y?
Suhas: I don't know. All that he said was he was iv) ... tell him not to disappoint us. sentences ¢√úøç. áçü¿’- Ravi: ØËØ√ N≠æߪ’ç É°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æp-™‰†’
doubtful about coming. I was in a hurry. v) tell stories éπçõ‰ Ééπ\úø tell °æéπ\ØË to Pavan: àçôçûª ®Ω£æ«Ææuç?
I had no time to ask him. A tell sentences B say
éÀçü¿ ûÓ †’, éÀçü¿ ûÓ Ö†o ®√ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Ravi: ûª®√yûª îÁ§ƒh àçöÀ Åçûª ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ÅE
Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ûª†’ îÁ°œpçü¿-™«x ûª†’ sentences †’ §Ú©açúÕ. -É-°æp-öÀÍé í∫´’-Eç* Öçö«®Ω’. f) ÉN îª÷úøçúÕ: a) He told Pavan: O’Ø√-†o-í¬-Í®-´’Ø√o îÁ§ƒp®√ FûÓ?
®√´-úøç ÆæçüË-£æ«-´’E. ؈’ éÌçîÁç ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ 1) tell ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ÅØËC éπ*aûªçí¬ me why he was happy. Ravi: üËEo-í∫÷Ja?
ÖØ√o. Åçü¿’-éπE Åûª-Eoç-ÍéO’ Åúø-í∫-™‰ü¿’. ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆ ( Sentence V ™ ûª°æp) – ÅüË 'say' Pavan: ؈C îÁ°æp†’ Fèπ◊. †’´¤y ´·çü¿’ F ®Ω£æ«Ææuç
b) He said to me why
Kapil: OK. I'll call him and tell him to come °æéπ\† á´JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ®√´--úøç-™‰ü¿’. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ûËú≈, he was happy. Ééπ\úø M. SURESAN îÁ°æ¤p. ûª®√yûª ØËç îÁ§ƒh
without fail. Without him the picnic can't tell èπÿ, say èπÿ. tell ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD Answers:
be fun. sentence (a) ´÷vûª¢Ë’
éπ*aûªçí¬ ®√¢√-LqçüË. say ûª®√yûª Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. say Raghu: Has Ravi told you why he is not coming?
ÆæÍ®™‰! ؈’ Phone îËÆœ ûª°æpéπ ®Ω´’tç-ö«†’. correct. (b) ™ ™«í∫ said á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç. Åçõ‰
ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ûÁ©-§ƒ-©çõ‰ to ¢√úøû√ç. Ram: No.
Åûª†’ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË picnic èπ◊ ¢ÁR}-†õ‰d Öçúøü¿’. a) He told her that he was busy, 'wh' words ûÓ begin ÅßË’u clause (verbûÓ Ö†o
Raghu: Did he say anything about meeting me?
Suhas: That's true. Tell him not to disappoint b) He said to her that he was busy. ´÷ô© Ææ´‚£æ«ç)- Tell ûª®√yûª ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Ram: Not that either.
us. He makes jokes and tell stories too. Å®·ûË -Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-™ (b) éπØ√o (a) áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÅC èπÿú≈ á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-J-ÊÆhØË. (a) ´’Sx Raghu: Have you told him (that) I am here?
He is good at these. You had better call ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îÁ°œpçC á´-JûÓ ÅE îª÷úøçúÕ: Ram: I did. I told him to come here too. He
him now itself. îÁ°æ¤h-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x 'tell' better. He told me why he was... (me ´·çü¿’, Ç said yes. He did not tell me the time of
Correct. ´’†Lo E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ωa-´-ü¿lE îÁ°æ¤p. ¢√úø’ 2) äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† ´÷ô-©†’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°œp-†-ô’xí¬, repeat ûª®√yûª why ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’ßË’u clause ´Ææ’hçC). his coming here
Jokes ¢Ëߪ’-í∫-©úø’, éπü∑¿©’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©úø’. †’´¤y îËÆœ-†-°æ¤p-úø÷, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô-©†’ report îËÆœ-†- Pranav: Did he attend class yesterday? Raghu: Can you say why he is avoiding me?
¢√úÕ-éÀ-°æ¤púË §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’úøç ´’ç*C. °æ¤púø’, say ¢√úøû√ç. Praveen: No, he didn't. b) Pavan: Hi Ravi, Where were you yesterday?
{Had better do (some thing) = îËߪ’úøç a) 'sit down', said the teacher/ the teacher said. Ravi: I cannot tell you now about it. / I Can't
Pranav: Why?
´’ç*C. Ééπ\úø had Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà ÉC b) He said that he was happy. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j Praveen: He did not tell me why he was absent
say anything about it now.
Present N≠æ-ߪ÷ØËo îÁ°æ¤ hçC. You have sentences ™ á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úøç ™‰ü¿’. Pavan: What is so secret about it?
yesterday.
better buy that book = †’¢√y °æ¤Ææhéπç c) 'sit down', said the teacher to the pupils. Ravi: I'll tell you later what the secret about it is.
é̆-úøç ´’ç*C} 'Note down the points'. teacher
ÉC ´÷ô-©†’ Ééπ\úø He did not say to me why... ®√ü¿’. Pavan: Did your father tell you anything?
-Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ say, tell ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. He never tells me where he goes, what he
repeat
ߪ’-ü∑∆-ûª-ü∑¿çí¬ said
îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ééπ\úø Ravi: What about?
(Say - past tense and past participle - said; •ü¿’©’ told ®√ü¿’. ÅüË Ñ ´÷ô-©†’ report does, when he studies or how he studies. Pavan: I will not tell you that. First you tell me of
tell - past tense and past participle - told) îËߪ÷-©-†’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’– (Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ say ®√ü¿’). your secret. Then I will tell you of mine.

v°æ-¨¡o: Ø√èπ◊ Indirect Speech í∫’-Jç-* éÌçûª ÅÆæp-≠ædûª -Öç-C. Ñ ¢√é¬u©’ -v°æ-¨¡o: - Please clarify the difference between simple present we were here some time ago, say 10 minutes ago/ an
hour ago, and since then, we have continued to be here
°æ-J-Q-Lç-* Ææç-üË£æ…-©’ -B®Ωaí∫-©®Ω’. and present perfect tenses used in these sentences.
till now/ we are here even now.
1) "An amount of Rs.104 Crores would be paid in Rajampet con- 1) We are inside. We have been inside.
stituency of Cuddappah District on Saturday. Ñ ¢√é¬u-Eo ؈’ What's the difference?
¢Ë’ç Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’®·, É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊
Indirect Speech
Ê°°æ-®Ω’™ îª÷¨». Ñ ¢√éπuç ™ -Öç-ü∆? 2) We are behind them.
ïJ-Tç-C/ -Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC, ÅE.
Abdul Kalam is our President (Çߪ’† ´’† president -
news paper
(™‰ü∆) Fact
¢√®Ω’ Íé´©ç Ç (will be paid
†’ We have been behind them.
†’ would paid í¬) îÁ°æ¤p-ûª’-Ø√o®√? Éçûªéà ؈’ Ê°°æ®Ω’ 3) She is in town.
ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o N≠æߪ’ç)
Abdul Kalam has been our president for the past two
îª÷Æœ†Ø√öÀéÀ Ç úø•’s °æç°œ-ùÀ/ -îÁ-Lxç°æ¤ ïJ-T-†ö«x? ™‰ü∆? She has been in town.
and a half years= president
È®çúø’-†o-Í®-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Çߪ’† ´’† í¬
2) As the Offense was not cognisable a Magistrate 4) I am uneasy about the situation.
would carry out a investigation.
ÖØ√o®Ω’. (È®çúø’-†o-Í®∞¡x véÀûªç †’ç* É°æpöÀ ´®Ω-èπ◊/-Éçé¬)
Ñ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† -äéπ®Ó-V I have been uneasy about the situa-
would carry
Å™«Íí N’í∫û√ sentences èπÿú≈:
ïJ-TûË -Ç ´’®Ω’Ææ-öÀ®Ó-V Ê°°æ-®Ω’™ ´*açC. -Ñ ¢√éπuç™ tion. -O-öÀ Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 2) i) We are behind them = ¢√∞¡x ¢Á†’éπ ¢Ë’ç ÖØ√oç (É°æ¤púø’)
outÅE -Öç-C. -Ç v°æ鬮Ωç ü¿®√u°æ¤h ïJ-T-§Ú-®·-†ö«d? ï®Ω-í∫-´-©Æœ -Öç-ü∆? As per tense rule, I know the difference of above each
ii) We have been behind them.
sentence which are in simple present as well as in present
-ï-¢√-•’: Sentence No 1 - ÉC indirect speech™ Öçü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC ü∆E
– -áÆˇ. FL´’, ¶Ô-©x-´®Ωç éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ ¢√∞¡x ¢Á†’éπ ¢Ë’ç ÖØ√oç.
perfect tense. But, what is/ may the meaning of above
3) She is in town = Ç--¢Á’ Ü∞x ÖçC (É°æ¤úø’)
´·çü¿®Ω ¢√é¬uEo •öÀd ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. ÅC Mr x said ÅE ÖçúÕ, Ñ sen- sentences whether they are used in simple present or
She has been in town = éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ Ç¢Á’ Ü∞x ÖçöçC.
tence ü∆E continuation Å®·ûË, ÅC indirect speech Å®·ûË, present perfect? Please explain it in detail.
4) I am uneasy about the situation.
would correct. Ñ sentence †’ independent í¬ BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ Ééπ\úø
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) We are inside = we are inside NOW.
– -Ê≠é˙ -¢Á·£œ«-†’-Cl-Ø˛, éπ®Ω÷o-©’ °æJ-ÆœnA Ø√èπ◊ É•sç-Cí¬ ÖçC É°æ¤púø’.
would ûª°æ¤p; will correct Å´¤-ûª’çC. I have been uneasy about the situation.
Sentence No 2 - Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °j rule ´Jh-Ææ’hçC. Independent sen- É°æ¤úø’ ¢Ë’ç ™°æ© ÖØ√oç. éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ °æJ-ÆœnA É•sç-Cí¬ ÖçöçC.
tence í¬ BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ will carry out, better. Å®·ûË indirect speech We have been inside. Please refer to the earlier lessons on 'be' forms for
ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ would carry out ņo-°æ¤púø’ ü¿®√u°æ¤h ï®Ω-í∫-´-©Æœ Ö†oõ‰x. é¬ÊÆ-°æöÀ†’ç* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Ë’ç ™°æ© ÖØ√oç. more information.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 10 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Preethi: Mom, can I have some more milk?
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ some, any Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ í∫´’-Eç-
Å´÷t, Éçé¬Ææh §ƒ©’ 鬢√L Ø√èπ◊. îªçúÕ.OöÀ Å®√n©’ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? Some=
Laxmi: Sorry child. You can't have anymore. éÌçûª, éÌEo. Åçõ‰ some †’ Countables ûÓ†÷
There is some milk left, of course, but ¢√úø-´îª’a, uncountablesûÓ†÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Some
we need it for the payasam this milk = éÌCl-§ƒ©’, Some books = éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’.
evening. Any = àüÁjØ√, à¢ÁjØ√. DEo èπÿú≈ Countables ûÓ,
Éçéπ-™‰-´´÷t. éÌEo §ƒ©’-Ø√o-®·-í¬F, ÅN Uncountables ûÓ È®çúÕç-öÀûÓ†÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Any
≤ƒßª’çvûªç §ƒßª’≤ƒ-EéÀ 鬢√L. book = à °æ¤Ææh-éπ-¢Á’iØ√; any milk = à¢ÁjØ√ §ƒ©’.
Preethi: Can I have something to eat? I am Some, any Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç English ™ î√™«
hungry. áèπ◊\´. áçûª éπÈ®é˙dí¬ ¢√úÕûË conversation Åçûª
AØËçü¿’Íé¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? Ø√èπ◊ Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC. ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Å™«Íí plenty = áèπ◊\´ – counta-
Pranav: Can you lend me some money?
Laxmi: There are plenty of biscuits in the bles, uncountables ûÓ È®çúÕç-öÀûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Ratnakar:
á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. Fèπ◊ ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ?
Can you lend me any money?
-™‰-ü∆
Plenty of milk = Ææ´’%-Cl¥í¬ §ƒ©’; plenty of time; Venkat:
fridge. Have as many as you want. not
éÌç-îÁç -Å°œp-´yí∫-©-¢√? (-Ééπ\-úø -™‰-ü¿’) äé¬-ߪ’† ÖØ√oúø’. Å®·ûË Çߪ’† Ü∞x-
plenty of money, etc. Plenty of books = î√™« ™‰®Ω’.
There is bread too. Eat it if you like. Prakash: I'm afraid, I haven't any. Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’.
°æ¤Ææh-鬩’; plenty of runs - î√™« °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’; plen- Ratnakar: Sumanèπ◊ Ç éπç°-F™ á´®Ó friend
Fridge™ 鬴-©-Æœ-†Eo / î√™« biscuits I am afraid -
( Nî√®Ωç ´uéπhç îËߪ’úøç)
ty of eggs, plenty of biscuits etc. Pranav: Haven't you any. really?
ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª†’ Suman èπ◊ à infor-
ÖØ√o®·. Fé¬\-´©Æœ†Eo A†’. bread èπÿú≈ °j Ææ綵«-≠æù™expressions îª÷úøçúÕ mation Å®·Ø√ É´y-í∫-©úø’.
Eïçí¬ ™‰ü∆?
ÖçC. É≠ædç Öçõ‰ A†’. 1) You can't have any more. 2) Manoj: Ø√èπ◊ Botany O’ü¿ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-鬩’
(Ééπ\úø not ÖçC 鬕öÀd any)
Preethi: I'll (I will) have bread then. Can I have 2) There's some milk left. Prakash: I Have some money of course, but I
鬢√L. O’ ü¿í∫_-Í®-´’Ø√o ÖØ√oߪ÷?
some jam or butter go with it? 3) Can I have something to eat? Shopkeeper: ´÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌEo ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-
need it for paying fees. I shan't (shall
Å®·ûË bread Açö«ØËx. ü∆EéÀ jam é¬F 4) Can I have some jam or butter...? not) have any left after that. Ø√o®·.Botany O’ü¿ à ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-éπ-
¢Á†o-é¬F à¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? 5) No butter any more. éÌçûª ÖçC. é¬F ÅC fees éπôd-ú≈-EéÀ ´’Ø√o îÁ°æpçúÕ. ÅC ´÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω
(go with= äéπ ǣ慮Ω °æü∆®Ωnç ÉçéÓ Ç£æ…®Ω 鬢√L. ÅC éπõ‰dÆœ† ûª®√yûª àç N’í∫-©ü¿’. Öçô’çC.
Not ™‰E-îÓô some ´≤ÚhçC. Not Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ any Manoj: O’ ü¿ í ∫ _ - ® Ω’†o ¢√öÀ™ x éÌEoç-öÀE îÁ°æpçúÕ.
°æü∆®ΩnçûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç.Idli goes well with sam- Shopkeeper: éÌØË o áçü¿’èπ◊? Ñ list îª÷úøçúÕ.
bar ÉúŒxûÓ ≤ƒç¶«®Ω’ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. We have only
´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. ÉC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ¢√L.
2) No any ÅE á°æ¤púø÷ ņç. ÅEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩 Ê°®Ω÷x Åçü¿’™
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 67
chapathis, no kurma to go with it. ƒ-B©’
No ÅØÁjØ√ Åçö«ç. not any, contracted form- ÖØ√o®·. Åéπ\-úø’†o ¢√öÀ™ x àüÁjØ√
´÷vûªç ÖØ√o®·. ü∆EûÓ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ èπ◊®√t ™‰ü¿’) n't any ÅØÁjØ√Åçö«ç. ÅçûË-é¬F no any ®√ü¿’. ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-éπ¢Ë’.
Laxmi: No butter any more for you. You put on
weight. Have jam.
Butter àç ´ü¿’l. ™«¢Á-èπ◊\-û√´¤.
Preethi: What about you? You haven't had any-
thing since morning. Why don't you
have something to eat?
Have you any?
´’J O’ Ææçí∫-ûË-N’öÀ? §Òü¿’l-†’oç* àç A†- 6) You haven't had anything since the morning. 3) Suseela: I have nothing to do today. (I Manoj: Thank you.
™‰ü¿’. àüÁjØ√ A†-èπÿ-úøü∆? 7) Don't you eat anything then? haven't any thing to do today). Answers:
Laxmi: We are fasting today. You know today -Ñ -´÷-ô-™x -àç -ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C? Have you any novel that I can 1) Ratnakar: Have you /
is Karthika Somavaram. i) not ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x any ´≤ÚhçC. Not ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ read? Have You
¢Ë’O’®ÓV Ö°æ-¢√Ææç. é¬Khéπ ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç éπü∆. some ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? ÉC important point. Ñ®Óñ‰ç °æE-™‰ü¿’. F ü¿í∫_-Í®-´’Ø√o †´© had / Do
(fast = Ö°æ-¢√Ææç/ Ç®Óí∫u 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ AçúÕ ´÷ØË- ii) Questions ™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. ™‰ü¿’ (not) ÅØË Öçõ‰ É´y¢√? you have
ߪ’úøç, starve = AçúÕéÀ ™‰éπ °æÆæ’hç-úøúøç. ¶«í¬ Çéπ- answer †’ repeat îËÆ œ-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ question Chandana: There are some here. Take any of any news
™ any ´Ææ’hçC. them. from
™‰-≤Úhç-ü¿E £æ…Ææuçí¬ îÁ°æpúøç– I am starving. Let suman?
M. SURESAN
me have something to eat) a) He has some money. Ééπ\úø éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. àüÁjØ√ BÆæ’éÓ.
'not' Suseela: Let me have some novel that I can Venkat: No. (I don't have / haven't had any.)
Preethi: Don't you eat anything then?
éÌçûª ÖçC (Ééπ\úø ™‰ü¿’)
b) He hasn't any money. finish in a day. What about?
O’Í®ç A†®√ ´’J? novel Ratnakar: Don't you remember? We asked
(ÅÆæ©’) ™‰ü¿’ (Ééπ\úø not ûÓ) äéπ\®ÓV™ °æ‹JhîËߪ’-í∫© àüÁjØ√
Laxmi: Not until after the pooja after sunset.
He hasn't any money = He has no money. Öçõ‰ É´¤y. him for some information about a
<éπöÀ°æúøf ûª®√yûª °æ‹ï-ßË’uç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç A†ç. Å®·ûË conversation He hasn't any money
™ Chandana: I'm afraid that there aren't any job.
Preethi: Why do people fast on Kartheeka such. All of them are lengthy. Venkat: I haven't had any phone call from
ÅØËC more common. ÅC áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-
Somavaram? Have you any money
ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Å™«çöÀ¢ËO’ ™‰´¤. ÅFo °ü¿l †´-©™‰. him (No Phone call from him so
é¬Khéπ ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-¢√Ææç ņo-°æ¤púø’answer No, I haven't any
í¬ ÅE Suseela: Any by Chase? far). Isn't there anyone else who
Öçö«®Ω’? Åçö«®Ω’ money (repeat
´C-™‰Æœ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈). Chase †´-™‰x-´’Ø√o ÖØ√oߪ÷? can give us this information?
Laxmi: Good question. But I haven't the time No, I haven't any
Ééπ\úø °æ‹Jhí¬ àüÁjØ√ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË ¢√ú≈ç.
™‰èπ◊çõ‰, ÅE èπÿú≈ Å-†-´-a. (Anyone= á´-®ΩØ√o, Anyone else=
now to tell you. not
鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø any
™‰èπ◊Ø√o ´Ææ’hçC.
Questions ™ èπÿú≈ 'not' some
-Ö-†o-°æ¤púø’, ®√ü¿’, ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o)
i) Any novel = novel
à Å®·-Ø√/-à-üÁjØ√ novel.
´’ç* v°æ¨¡o. é¬F Ø√éÀ-°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ time any ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.Not some, any
™‰éπ-§ÚûË Ratnakar: None. (Do) you know anyone?
ii) Any by Chase = Chase ®√Æœ† †´-™‰-üÁjØ√?
™‰ü¿’. È®çúø÷ ®√´îª’a. Venkat: I know some one, but he is not in
iii) Some novel = novel.
àüÁjØ√
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ؈’ E†o Ø√ £«®·®˝ éπöÀçí˚ E†o ؈’ (barber îËûª) éπ~´®Ωç îË®·ç-- Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ ¢√∞Îx-´È®jØ√ ÖØ√o®√?
Any one/ anybody who can help me?
town/ out of town (out of station
é¬ü¿’)
îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o†’. èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Ratnakar: Suman has some friend in the com-
I got/ had my hair cut yes- Some
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: àüÓ äéπ / á´®Ó äéπ ÅØË
Got, had- ÉçéÌ-éπJîË ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
terday. Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. pany. He can give suman any infor-
2) I will get my hair cut tomorrow
2) Some book was lying on the table. mation he wants.
؈’ Í®°æ¤ -Ø√ £«®·®˝ éπöÀçí˚ Í®°æ¤ ؈’ éπ~´®Ωç(Barber îËûª) îË®·ç--èπ◊ç-
table O’ü¿ -à-üÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC / °æúÕ ÖçC. 2) Manoj: I want some good books on Botany.
îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. ö«†’. (hair cut
¢ËÍ®, ¢ËÍ®)– D†®Ωnç O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊-
I will get my hair cut tomorrow I came here with the hope that some Do you have/ Have you any?
†oô’d îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬ü¿’. teacher will help me.
3) ¢Ë’´· E†o ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ Ææ’†oç Shopkeeper: We do have some good books.
3) We had/ got our house white washed
¢Ë®·çî√ç. á´®Ó äéπ / à teacher Å®·Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Name any good book on botany,
(white wash correct
Ééπ\úø é¬ü¿’)
we had/ got our house white wash yesterday îË≤ƒh-®ΩØË Ç¨¡ûÓ ´î√a. and we have them.
4)
¢Ë’ç ÉçöÀéÀ Ææ’†oç ¢Ë®·ç-î√´·.
¢Ë’´· Í®°æ¤ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ Ææ’†oç ¢Ë®·≤ƒhç Now practise the following aloud in Manoj: Please let me know some of the good
4) We will have/ get our house white washed.
we will get our house white wash tomorrow. English:
(White wash tomorrow. books you have.
had
é¬ü¿’)
-Å®√n-Eo -N-´-JÆæ÷h, éπÈ®éÓd é¬--¢Ó -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.
Í®°æ¤ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á©x ¢Ë®·≤ƒhç. 1) Ratnakar: FÍé-´’Ø√o news ´*açü∆ Suman Shopkeeper: Why only some? Please see go

-ï-¢√-•’: Hair-cut (äÍé-´÷-ô) = -éπ~-´®Ωç

– -áÆˇ.-´ç-Qéπ%-≠æg, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. †’ç*? through this list. It has all the
I will wash my clothes tomorrow. Venkat: ™‰ü¿’. üËE-í∫’-Jç*?
I have a hair-cut once a month- titles. Any book on the list is a
Ratnakar: í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü∆? ÅûªEo ´’†ç äéπ\ job
؈’ ØÁ©-éÓ-≤ƒJ éπ~´®√-EéÀ ¢Á∞«h†’. Í®°æ¤ ؈’ Öûª’-èπ◊\ç-ö«†’. good book (go through= îªü¿-´úøç
I will have/ get my clothes washed tomor-
í∫’Jç* éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç ÅúÕí¬ç éπü∆. titles =
He had a hair-cut (äÍé´÷ô) yesterday °æ¤Ææh-鬩 Ê°®Ω’x – Ééπ\úø)
Venkat: ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπÿ à
E†o Åûª†’ éπ~´-®√-EéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’. row. Ø√ •ôd©’ Í®°æ¤ ÖA-éÀ-≤ƒh†’. Manoj: Thank you.
phone call ®√™‰ü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç
1) I got/ had my hair cut yesterday. have/ get ûª®√yûª á°æ¤úø÷ past participle
Ééπ\úø hair cut
¢ËÍ® ´÷ö«, ¢ËÍ® ´÷ô. ´Ææ’hçC.
îÁÊ°p-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ ™‰®√?
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ - Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Prabha: Hi Vineela, how was the movie yester-
Åçõ‰ English usage there are two
v°æ鬮Ωç,
day? I am sure you enjoyed it.
kinds of future:
movie
-N-F-™«, E†o ᙫ ÖçC? ¶«í¬ a) Future from the present
enjoy î˨»-´-†’-èπ◊çö«. b) Future from the past
Vineela: What a bore! I thought it would be fun
1. Important:
watching the movie, but it was thor-
i) will, shall future from the present
á°æ¤púø÷ †’
oughly disappointing.
Å•s î√™«bore. áçûÓ NØÓ-ü¿çí¬ Öçô’ç- îÁ§ƒh®·.
ii) WOULD, SHOULD future from the
á°æ¤púø÷
ü¿-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. é¬F î√™« E®√¨¡°æJ-*çC. past †’ îÁ§ƒh®·.
Prabha: Thank god, I didn't go with you. I
2. Future from the present will future
èπ◊ ¢√úËîÓô,
thought I would, but fortunately my
from the past would, future from the pres-
èπ◊
music class came in the way.
ent shall
èπ◊ future from the past
¢√úË-îÓô èπ◊ Krishna: I knew India would win but didn't
•AéÀ§Úߪ÷†’. F-ûÓ ®√éπ-§Ú-´-úøç ´’ç*-ü¿- Krishna:
Ø√èπ◊ Å°æ¤púË ûÁ©’Ææ’ †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-¶-´F, tick-
should would
¢√úøû√ç. É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E think/ never thought that Sri Lanka
®·uçC. Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Ø√ music class verbs
ets cancel îË≤ƒh-´E, úø•’s †≠æd-§Ú-û√-´-F†’.
ûÓ Ö†o í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Ñ would lose by so many wickets.
ÅúÌf-*açC. Kumar: Rajkot ™ -´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ÖØ√oúø’ 鬕öÀd
éÀçCsentences §Ú©açúÕ. Kumar: I was sure that Tendulkar would score
(Thank God - àüÁjØ√ v°æ´÷ü¿ç ™«çöÀC 3. a) He says (that) he will buy the book this
¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Å®·ûË match N≠æߪ’ç
ûª°œp-§Ú-ûË 'Thank God' Åçö«ç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? another century.
evening. Krishna: Sri Lanka's was a low score. I thought
'•A-éÀ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’— ņ’-éÓ-´îª’a) Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌçö«-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’– ÉC Krishna: ÅEo
Indians Èí©’-≤ƒh-®ΩE ûÁ©’Ææ’é¬F, Sri Lanka
NÈé-ô-x ûËú≈ûÓ ãúÕ-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Gambhir and Tendulkar together
É°æ¤púø’. É°æ¤púø’ – present ™ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’... Kumar: Tendulkar ´’®Ó Century éÌ-úø-û√-úø-E would score all the runs needed for
≤ƒßª’çvûªç – future ™ éÌçö«-†E. ÉC pres- éπ * a- û ª ç í¬ Å†’- èπ◊Ø√o. (sure ¢√úøçúÕ) the victory.
ent †’ç* future 鬕öÀd will buy.
Krishna: Sri Lanka C î√™« low score. í∫çHµ®˝, Kumar: I was confident too that they would
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 68
b) He told me yesterday that he would buy
-õ„ç-úø÷-©\®˝ Éü¿l®Ω÷ éπ©Æœ (together) Ç win without losing a single wicket.
the book soon.
score ≤ƒCµ-≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Krishna: Did you think Yuvraj would play so
well?
Kumar: I thought Kaif would score more runs

He would buy me a... than Yuvraj. I didn't think that RP

Singh would bowl so well/ I didn't
expect RP Singh to bowl so well.
2) Dayakar: I came to your place / for you yes-
terday.
Vineela: You are right. When you told me you Kumar: Prabhakar: I didn't know you would come. Why
ÉC– past told
– – E†o îÁ§ƒpúø’ – ûªy®Ω™ – -Ø√èπ◊ N¨»y-Ææç-í¬ØË
would not come I felt sorry you were didn't you call me before coming?
future – éÌçö«-†E – 鬕öÀd would buy – Åçõ‰ ÖçúÕçC – äéπ\
going to miss a lot. But now I know I Dayakar: I didn't think you would go out at
Ééπ\úÕ future, past†’ç* future 鬕öÀd would Wicket §Úèπ◊çú≈
am wrong.
buy. Èí©’-≤ƒh-®ΩE. that time/ I didn't expect you to be
†’´¤y right. †’´¤y ®√†-†o-°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y 4. ´’S} §Ú©açúÕ: Krishna: Yuvraj Åçûª-¶«í¬ out at that time. Aren't you usually
´’ç* ÆœE´÷ miss Å´¤-û√-´E ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f. a) I think (that) he will help me. Ç-úø-û√-úø-E at home at that time?
é¬E §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ôE É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC. b) I thought (that) he would help me. †’´y†’èπ◊Ø√o¢√? Prabhakar: That's true. But my mother wanted
Prabha: Did Smitha accompany you?
[(a)
Å®Ωnç – ¢√úø’ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- Kumar: Yuvraj éπçõ‰ Kaif M. SURESAN me to take her to the doctor. I did-
Æœtûª FûÓ ´*açü∆? (b)
Ø√o†’. Å®Ωnç – ¢√úø’ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-úøE ؈-†’- áèπ◊\´ runs éÌ-úø- n't think you would come. / I didn't
(accompany = éπ©Æœ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç– á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√) ]
èπ◊-Ø√o†’ û√-úø-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. R.P. Singh Åçûª ¶«í¬ expect you at that time. sorry.
Vineela: No. Smitha said she would accompa- É°æ¤úø’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Ö†o would verbs
ûÓöÀ bowl îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Dayakar: That's Ok. Did Sumanth tell you
ny me to the movie if her cousin came í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: v°æ¶µº, NF™« E†oöÀ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç*
along. 2) Dayakar: E†o O’ ÉçöÀ-éÌ-î √a-ØËo†’. †’Nyçöx that he would buy a bike?
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-®ΩE í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. Prabhakar: No. Is he buying one?
®√-™‰-ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x cousin ´ÊÆhØË ûª†’ ´≤ƒh-†E 1) I thought (that) it would be fun: NØÓ-ü¿çí¬ Öçö«-´-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.
îÁ°œpçC Ø√ûÓ. Prabhakar: †’´¤y ´≤ƒh-´E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ ’-ü¿’. Dayakar: Yes. He said that he would be buy-
Öçô’ç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. (ņ’-éÓ-´-úøç ÆœE´÷èπ◊ -¢Á-∞Ï}- ing it this week. His father told him
Prabha: By the way, what is your programme ´·ç-ü¿’ - past ™ - îª÷úø-¶ßË’ ÆœE´÷ í∫’-Jç-* - †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Phone îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
this evening? Dayakar: †’¢√y time ™ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«h-´-†’-éÓ- that he would send the money
future)
Vineela: My dad told me that he would buy me would be - 'be' form - Öçúø-úøç ™‰ü¿’. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Ç time ™ ÉçöxØË shortly.
a new dress for my birthday next 2) I thought (that) I would (go to the movie) Öçö«-´¤í¬? Prabhakar: Luck fellow. Dad told me yesterday
week. So I will go shopping. would go - - (future from the past)
¢Á∞«l-´’E Prabhakar: Eï-¢Ë’-†-†’éÓ. é¬E E†o ´÷ -Å-´’t very strongly / Dad made it clear
Next week Ø√birthday éÀ Ø√†o éÌûªh 3) You told me you would not come - -ûª-†-†’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®ΩéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-´’ç-C. Ç yesterday that he would not buy
dress éÌE-≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. 鬕öÀd Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’´¤y ®√¶-´-úøç ™‰ü¿E ÅØ√o´¤. time ™ †’´¤y- ´-≤ƒh-´E ؈-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. me a bike for another year.
shopping ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. 4) Smitha said that she would accompany me. Sorry.
Prabha: All the best then. Bye. Sunitha Ø√ûÓ ´≤ƒh-†E -Åç-C. Dayakar: ÆæÍ®-é¬F, Ææ’´’ç-ûË-´’Ø√o bike éÌçö«-†E
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ would ûÓ ´*a†verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 5) Dad told me that he would buy a new dress. îÁ§ƒp-ú≈ -FûÓ?
1) I thought (that) it would be fun. dress
Ø√èπ◊ éÌûªh éÌçö«-†E ´÷ Ø√†o îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Prabhakar: àç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. éÌçô’-Ø√oú≈?
2) I thought (that) I would ÉD 'would' past future
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Åçõ‰ †’ç* Dayakar: Ñ ¢√®Ωç™ éÌçö«--†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. ¢√∞¡x
3) You told me you would not come
v°æ-¨¡o: To be ÅØË Phrase -†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h Ñ vÊ°∂ñ¸
îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ø√†o úø•’s °æç°œ-≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒp-úøô.
4) Smitha said (that) she would accompany me. a) would be - be form - Öçúøúøç
Prabhakar: Eïçí¬ Åü¿%-≠æd-´ç-ûª ’úË. ´÷ Ø√†o
5) Dad told me (that) he would buy me a new b) would + 1st Regular Doing Word (would go, áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçüÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.
dress. would come, would see, etc) - action (°æEE ´÷vûªç îÁÊ°p-¨»úø’ E†o éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ÉçéÓ happened + to + verb1; sub+V2
1) Ñ ØÁ© November November-
. v°æÆæ’hûªç– ûÁ © ’°æ ¤ - û ª ’ çC) Ææç´-ûªq®Ωçü∆é¬ Ø√èπ◊ bike é̆-†E. ®Ω÷-§ƒ-™x-†÷ éÌEo ¢√é¬u©’ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.
present. December - future (¶µºN-≠æuûª’h) éπü∆. a i) ¢√úø-éπ\úø Öçö«-úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o– Answers:

-ï-¢√-•’: To be phrase È®çúø’ Nüµ∆©’:

I think he will be there
– ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, -ü¿-Jz
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: 1) Krishna: Didn't you (Did you not) go to
November †’ç*, Åçõ‰ present †’ç*, ii) ¢√úø-éπ\úø Öçö«-úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o –
Rajkot to see the cricket match?
December future. É™«çöÀ future †’ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ I thought he would be there. 1) to be + ing form;
Kumar: I thought I would, but dropped the
will, shall ¢√úøû√ç. [will, shall ©-†’ future îÁ°æp- b i) Ø√èπ◊ I Class ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o – 2) To be + Past participle.
I think I will get a first class. idea. We would enjoy it better viewing
ú≈-EéÀ -á-™« -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh-¢Á÷ Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ les- it on the TV than watching it live.
OöÀûÓ áEo ¢√é¬u-©-®·Ø√ îËߪ’-´îª’a.
sons ™ î√-™« N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç] ii) Ø√èπ ◊ I Class ´Ææ ’hç-ü¿E ņ’- èπ◊Ø√o – 1) to be + ing form -™..
2) August 2005 - ÉC í∫ûªç - Past. I thought that I would get a I class. (Ééπ\úø live = ™„j¢˛ – v°æûªu-éπ~çí¬) a) We expect him to be studying now
September 2005 - ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç - past. Krishna: I told you, there wouldn't (would not)
Now practise the following aloud in english: b) We found to be sleeping soundly, etc.
Å®·ûË August 2005 †’ç* September 2005 1) Krishna: Å®·ûË †’´¤y Rajkot èπ◊ ¢Á-∞¡}-™‰-ü∆, be the replays, the slow motion views.
2) to be + pp -™..
à´’-´¤-ûª’çC? Future (¶µºN-≠æuûª’h) éπü∆? Å®·ûË Kumar: You are right. My brother told me that
Cricket match îª÷-úø-ö«-EéÀ? a) We ordered the work to be finished in
á°æp-öÀ-†’ç* – August (past) †’ç* September Kumar: ¢Á∞«l-´’ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, é¬E ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o. he would cancel the train tickets yes-
terday itself. an hour
2005 future. Åçõ‰ August 2005 †’ç*, Åçõ‰ v°æûªu-éπ~çí¬ îª÷-úø-úøçéπ-Ø√o, TV ™ îª÷ÊÆhØË
Krishna: I knew that you wouldn't be going, b) He wanted them to be seen there.
past †’ç* September 2005 future Å´¤-ûª’çC. ¶«í¬ enjoy îËߪ’-í∫©ç éπü∆ ÅE.
that you would cancel the tickets and Ñ 'to be...' phrases subject
†’ sen- í¬
鬕öÀd – ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çC: Krishna: ØË-†’ îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆ – TV ™ ™«í¬ replays,
a) November 2005 †’ç* December 2005 - that you would lose money. tences
slow motion view Öçúø´¤ ÅE, -†’-´¤y
®√ߪ’çúÕ.
Present †’ç* future. N†-™‰ü¿’. Kumar: You know my uncle is in Rajkot. So I a) I wanted to see him (sub + vb2)
b) August 2005 †’ç* September 2005 - Kumar: †’´¤y right. Train tickets E†o ≤ƒßª’ç- thought I would go. So what do you b) She tried to meet him (sub + v2)
past †’ç* future. vûª¢Ë’ cancel îË≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’, ´÷ ûª-´·túø’. think of the match? c) They wished to succeed (sub + v2)
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 15 ì÷Ùñô¢ª 2005

Spken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Dinesh: Hi Saleem, Welcom. Good to see ê¦Þœª-ê¦ô¢ª. ÎóŸªû¶ Ú¥íƈ TÙáõª í£æ¨dÙ#,
you though after a long time. Have a ð»è… à¶ô³Ù# Ú¥íƈ ÎóŸªû¶ à¶ú£ªÚÛª-û¶-î¦ô¢ª.)
seat. How about some Coffee? Ground - ÏC grindÚ¨ past tense.
(óÀª ú£Mîª! à¦ö°-ôÁ-V-öµjÙC ÚÛLú‡. grind = ð»è…/ í‡Ùè… à¶óŸªè[Ù. grinder= í‡Ùè…/
Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦?) ð»è… machine ÍC grind à¶ú£ªhÙC.
Saleem: No Coffee for me, Dinesh. Thanks ground coffee = ð»è… à¶óŸªè[Ù.
all the same. Coffee seeds/ Coffee beans =Ú¥íƈ TÙáõª.
(Ú¥íƈ ÷ë]ªl ëǯÙÚÂq.) fresh = ê¦â°.
all the same = please. Thanks. (÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª ö¶ì-í£±pè[ª ÷« vñë]ôÂ
Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© (ÍÙç¶ Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÁ-ÚÛ- šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ wouldêÁ ÷#aì verbs Þœ÷ª-EÙ- (Ïí£±pè¶ ê¦Þ¥ìª. ÏÚÛ-÷ë]ªl. ëǯÙÚÂq.) àŸ«ú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª.
ð¼-ô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú©). àŸÙè….
Dinesh: Would you fancy tea then? b) Ï#aì offer, accept ඛúåxô³ê¶– c) Mind your (own) business.
1. Would you fancy?
English î¦üŒx í£ë]lÄA ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù Ï#aì offer ìª Bú£ªÚÁ- (F í£E ìª÷±y àŸ«ú£ªÚÁ.)
(Íô³ê¶ æ© Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦?) 2. Would you mind waiting for a while?
î¦-õE Ñìoí£±pè[ª, -÷«-åí£è¶å-í£±pè[ª Don't poke your nose in others' affairs.
3. Would you move aside a little?
responses-

Ú¥ú£h... Ú¥íÆ̂ Bú£ªÚÛªÙæ°ô¦?

4. He would drink.
(ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõ ÷u÷--ô¢Ùö˺ êŸõ-ë]«-ô¢aÚÛª.)
i) I don't mind (a little coffee/ tea), thanks. ÷ªìÙ êŸõ-ë]«-ô¢ª-ú£ªhÙæ°Ù. English î¦üŒ‰x ÷³ÚÛª\
5. My dad would never drink.

6. He would have the coffee ground.

Ú¨Ùë]æ¨lessons 'would' use-
ö˺ êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªìo (Î... Ï÷yÙè… íÆ£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª.) ë]«ô¢ªþ§hô¢ìo-÷«å.
ii) That'd (that would) be welcome, thanks. d) Mind you. Don't make any mistake.
would expresses future from the past ÍE, iii) That'd (that would) certainly be a pleas- (â°vÞœêŸh ð»ô¢-ð§åªx à¶óŸªÚÛª.)
ÍÙç¶ past future
ìªÙ# would
൛ípÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ure, thank you. Now practise the following in English.
î¦è[ê¦Ù. iv) That's kind of you, thanks. Kishore: óÀª ú£yô¢«íÃ, ìª÷±y ·ôè†û¦? çµjîª
Ramana: He wrote to me that he would see
would
Ïö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x offers.
Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ Íô³uÙC ÚÛë¯!
me last weekend. But he did not
★ Would ìª Present requests
ö˺ ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Swaroop: Ú¥›úí£± îµô³æËÀ à¶þ§hî¦? û¶ìª Ù
turn up.
(ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°-ìE öµåô î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÚÛè[ª-Ú•\E ÷þ§hìª.
Kumar: Can I see your Kishore: F ðƼûË ڥú£h î¦è[ª-ÚÁ-E-þ§hî¦? ÚÛª÷«ôÂÚÛª
ô¦ø‹è[ª. Ú¥F ô¦ö¶ë]ª.) father? ðƼûË à¶ú‡ î¦è…E ÚÛ«è¯ ô¢÷ªtÙæ°.
Bhaskar: Please come Swaroop: êŸyô¢Þ¥ Ú¥F. î¦è…E ·ôè†Þ¥ ÑÙè[-÷ªìª.
Would you care for some coffee? in. Have a seat. ë¯Jö˺ î¦è…E í‡ÚÛíà à¶ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù.
Would you Kishore: Íö°¸Þ.
fancy =
prefer
Ïù£d-í£-è[è[Ù. ÏÚÛ\è[ fancy ñë]ªõª, like/
î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 69 mind waiting
some time?/
Answer
Kishore: Hi Swaroop, Are you ready? It's
Would you wait time.
ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÷#aì î¦üŒxìª ‘Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¦, æ©
for some time? M. SURESAN Swaroop: Would you wait for minutes? I will
Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¦?’ ÍE Íè[-Þœè[Ù, ÷ªì í£ë]lÄ-꟪õ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù Write = öµåô ô¦óŸªè[Ù. Kumar: Not at all. I don't wash my face and come.
ú£JÞ¥ ÷ªô¦uë] à¶óŸªè[Ù Ú¥ë]ª-ÚÛë¯? Ú¥íƈ, æ© Bú£ª- turn up = ô¦÷è[Ù/ á-ô¢-÷è[Ù. mind waiting. Kishore: Mind my using your phone? I would
Ú•#a ÷#a-ì-î¦-üŒxìª Bú£ªÚÁ-÷ªÙæ°Ù. Íô³ê¶ Kesav: He called me yesterday to tell me
English í£ë]lÄ-꟪õ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù Coffee/Tea Bú£ªÚÛªÙ- ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè… 'would' question from
ìª ö˺ call Kumar and ask him to come.
that he would be very busy till next
you
÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ êÁ request ÚÛª î¦è[è[Ù– Swaroop: Be quick. Tell him to be ready. We
æ°ô¦ ÍE Íè[-Þœè[Ù êŸí£±p-Ú¥ë]ª. ÍA-ëÇ]ªõª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªì- week, so he wouldn't be able to
a) Oªô¢ª Ú¥ú£h û¦êÁ-÷-þ§hô¦! can pick him up on our way.
ö°Þ¥ Gè…-óŸª-í£-è[-ÚÛªÙè¯ ‘Bú£ªÚÛªô¦’ ÍE ö¶ë¯ ‘ÑÙç¶ come until after next week.
Ú¥î¦L’ ÍE Íè…T Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª. Would you accompany me? Kishore: Ok
(÷à¶a-î¦-ô¢Ù-ë¯Ú¥ G@Þ¥ ÑÙæ°-ìE û¦ÚÛª b)
Saleem: I don't mind tea. Eìo ðƼûË à¶ø‹è[ª. ÍÙë]ª-÷õx ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú¥›úí£± ÚÛ«ôÁa-÷à¦a!
( æ© û¦ÚÛª ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.) Would you let me sit here for a while? ÏC
êŸô¦y-êŸ-Þ¥F ô¦ö¶-ì-û¦oè[ª.) would
Mind = ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù. ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè…. would ìª past ìªÙ# future ÚÛª ÚÛª ÏÙÚÁ Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ.
Dinesh: Would you mind/ Mind waiting for a Mind: Mind ÚÛª Íô¦nõª ·ôÙè[ª–
î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ ÚÛë¯. ÍÙç¶ past ìªÙ#, ÏÚÛ ÷³Ùë]ª 1) Mind
while? I'll make the tea in no time. áJ¸Þ future ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ would î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÍÙç¶ ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù šíådè[Ù, ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥
questions ö˺ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
(Ú¥›úí£± ÎÞœª-ê¦÷± ÚÛë¯? #æ¨-·Úö˺ à¶þ§h.) Ïí£±pè[ª vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡Ùö˺E ú£ÙòÅ°ù£éö˺ would ÚÛª Ñìo a) Do you mind waiting for some time?
In no time = ¤ÛéÙö˺/ #æ¨-·Úö˺) ÷ªJ Ú•Eo Ñí£-óµ«-Þ¥õª àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
Saleem: Take your (own) time. No hurry. wait
(Ú¥›úí£± à¶óŸªè[Ù Oª¸Ú-÷ªû¦o ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸ-ô¢÷«?
Would you fancy = FÚÛª Ïù£dû¦?
(BJÞ¥_ àµô³u. ê•Ùë]-¸ôÙ-ö¶ë]ª.) ìª÷±y Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦? Dû¶o ô NëÅ]ÙÞ¥– wait
Ú¥›úí£± à¶þ§hô¦? ÍE request.) ví£øŒo: tell, say... Oæ¨E Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£-
take your (own) time = ÏÚÛ\è[ Do you mind Íû¦o Would you mind?
F Ïù£dÙ ÷#aìÙꟛúí£± Would you mind/ Would you like/ Would you
Íû¦o ÖÚÛç¶. Íô³ê¶ would you mind? Íû¶C óµ«-TÙ-à¦L?c ͤÛ-ô¦Eo Ú•Eo-þ§ô¢ªx ú‡ ÍE
Bú£ªÚÁ. like to take/ Would you take/ Would you care Ú•Eo-þ§ô¢ªx ·Ú ÍE Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ ÚÛë¯.
Dinesh: Would you move aside a little? The ÓÚÛª\÷ polite and formal– ÍÙç¶ ÍÙêŸ í£J-àŸóŸªÙ
for some coffee? Óö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ Ô Í¤Û-ô¦Eo ÑàŸa-JÙ-
tea tin is in the shelf behind you. ÍEoÙ-æ¨Ú© Ö¸Ú Íô¢nÙ. Oªô¢ª Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¦/ ö¶E î¦üŒxêÁ.
b) (Would you/ Do you) mind my sitting here? à¦L?
– ô¢N-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂ, Ú¥Ú¨-û¦è[
(Ú¥ú£h í£ÚÛ\ÚÛª áô¢ª-Þœª-ê¦î¦? æ© è[ò°s Fîµ- Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÁÙè… ÍE. conversation
êŸyô¢Þ¥ ÷«æ°xè¶ Do you/
ö˺
áî¦ñª: Usually
ìªÚÛ Ñìo šùöËÀpÄö˺ ÑÙC.) ÍÙç¶ would ìª you êÁ question form ö˺ Would you
Saleem: Not at all. offerÚÛª (ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÷#aì î¦üŒxÚÛª, friends ÚÛª Ôëµjû¦
÷C-ö¶-ú£ªhÙæ°Ù. ÏD ò°Þ¥û¶ ÑÙåªÙC. when the letter 'c' is fol-
c) Mind my using your pen/ Mind if I use your lowed by 'e', or i, it is pronounced as s, as
(ÔÙ í£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª.) coffee ö°Ùæ¨N offer à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨) î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Dinesh: So you like tea more than coffee. pen?
Would you like a little tea? certificate, or as in cinema. In most other
(Oª pen î¦è•à¦a.)
How about a little tea?
î¦è¶ Bô¢ª: cases it is pronounced as k. So rule about it.
(FÚÛª Ú¥íƈ-ÚÛÙç¶ æ© Ïù£dÙ Íìo-÷«å)
Saleem: That's right. I think I got it from my mind mind 'ing' form
êŸô¦yêŸ Þ¥F/
What about some tea? only the dictionary can help us.
mind if
grandad. He would drink a lot of
ví£øŒo:
Ï÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ offer à¶óŸªè[Ù. ÍÙç¶would ÚÛª ·ôÙèÁ Ú¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC.
d) Mind of I accompany you? I don't think you should buy it ÍÙç¶
tea, my dad often says. offer (present
Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ ö˺).
(Í÷±ìª. ÷«ê¦-êŸ-Þ¥J ìªÙ# û¦Ú•-#aÙ-ë]C. Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨ offer ÚÛª responses àŸ«ë¯lÙ. ÍÙç¶ (OªêÁ û¶ìª ô¦÷à¦a?) Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨?
Mind my accompanying you?
÷« ê¦êŸ à¦ö° æ© ê¦¸Þ-î¦-ô¢E ÷«û¦ìo Ú¥íƈ/ æ© ö°Ùæ¨N Ó÷·ôjû¦ offer ඛúh, Ú¥î¦L– ÷ë]ªl ‘û¶ìª ÷« Í÷«t-ô³E Oª ð§ôÈ¢-ø‹-õÚÛª í£Ùí£-
ÍÙåªÙ-æ°-·ô-í£±pè[«.) Mind conversation
Ïö° practice
ö˺ à¶óŸªÙè…. ö¶ìª’ Íû¦-õÙç¶ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Ô÷ª-û¦L?
– ÚÛOÙ-ë]ôÂ, ÷ô¢Ù-ÞœöËÀ
Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è¶ ÷«åõª. 2) Mind manage
Dinesh: My dad would never drink tea. He a) Offer ÷ë]ªl Íû¦-õÙ綖
ÚÛª ·ôÙèÁ Íô¢lÄÙ à¶óŸªè[Ù, Ôëµjû¦
would always prefer coffee. He áî¦ñª: îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ– Oªô¢ª ë¯Eo Ú•û¦-
i) No, thanks
÷u÷--ô¦Eo àŸ«ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù.
would have the coffee ground fresh, a) Who minds the office here?
ii) Not now, please. Thanks all the same. õE ö¶ë]ª/ Oªô¢ª ë¯Eo Ú•û¦õE û¶ìª ÍìªÚÁè[Ù-
and make coffee for himself. (Ïí£±pè¶Oª Bú£ªÚÁö¶ìª. ëǯÙÚÂq.) (Ð ÎíƈúÃ àŸ«›ú-ëµ-÷ô¢ª?
b) My brother minds the office when my ö¶ë]ª. ·ôÙèÁ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Ïö° Íì-÷àŸªa–
(÷« û¦ìo Óí£±pè[« æ© ê¦Þœô¢ª. Ú¥íƈ iii) I have had some just now. No more
father is away. I cannot send my daughter to your school.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 17 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Anand: Janaki, how about giving us a song?
-ñ«-†éÃ, ã §ƒô §ƒúø¢√? ´÷ teacher time Ö†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x °æE-í∫-ô’d-èπ◊E NØËC.
Ñ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'would' ã past habit/
(give a song = §ƒô §ƒúøôç)
habitual action in the past †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆?
Janaki: Me? giving a song? Are you Joking? Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ véπ´’ç-ûª-°æpE °æEéÀ èπÿú≈
Joke
ØËØ√? §ƒ--úø-ô´÷? îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢√? would ¢√úøû√ç.
Bhanu: Oh. Can Janaki sing? This is news to d) ¢√úø’ *†o-°æ¤púø’ ®√v-A°æ‹-ô ûÁí∫ àúËa-¢√úø’.
me. As a child he would cry a lot at night.
Åçõ‰, ñ«†éÀ §ƒúø-í∫-©ü∆? ÉC Ø√èπ◊ éÌûªh e) î√™«-ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ-îË-¢√úø’.
N≠æߪ’ç. He would walk for long distances.
(news to me = Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-E ÉO 'would' ´’J-éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. -¢√u´-£æ…-J- Suguna: It is my mother's. She wouldn't Brahmam: Would you stop telling me of his his-
-N-≠æߪ’ç É°æ¤púø’ ûÁLÊÆh, This is news to éπçí¬ English Would
¢√úø-éπç™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ (would not) let me lend it. If you want tory? Would you atleast tell me
me Åçö«ç. conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ) Do
´Ææ’hç-ô’çC. ûÓ begin ÅßË’u î√™« ques- I can lend you my chain. Would you where he is?
Anand: O, She would sing for hours when we tions would
E begin
ûÓ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’ôç ¢√úø’Íé. like it? / Do you like it? Damodar: I don't know.
were at school. That too very well. Å®·ûË would Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x éÌçîÁç for- Jayanthi: That'd be (That would be) fine. Practise the following:
School mal. Thank you. When shall I take it?
¢Ë’-´· ™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ í∫çô© ûª®Ω-•úÕ ´’J-éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ -ûª®√y-ûª îª÷ü∆lç! Mounika: áØ√o-∞¡Ÿxí¬ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o-N-éπ\úø?
Suguna: When is the function? Isn't it the day
§ƒúËC, Å-D -î√-™« -¶«í¬. Now Practise the following aloud in English: Sarika: âüË-∞¡Ÿxí¬.
(That too = ÅC èπÿú≈) after (tomorrow)? I'd very much like
(O©-®·-†EoîÓôx 'would' ¢√úøçúÕ) Mounika: Åçõ‰ †’´¤y Ñ company v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç
to give you the chain. You look beau-
a) Jayanthi: Function èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o. F tiful/ splendid/ gorgeous with it
†’ç* Ééπ\úË -ÖØ√o¢√?
Necklace é¬Ææh É≤ƒh¢√? (Do you mean/ Does it mean ¢√úøçúÕ)
around your neck.
Sarika: v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç†’ç-* é¬ü¿’. v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å®·†
(lend = Å®Ω’-N-´yôç) Jayanthi: Really I don't / wouldn't like to borrow
éÌEo ®ÓV©†’ç*. Ç.. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 70
Suguna: ÅC ´÷ Å´’tC. ´÷ Å´’t ä°æ¤p-éÓü¿’. it. All my Jewels are in the bank lock-
鬢√-©çõ‰ Fèπ◊ Ø√ chain É≤ƒh. É≠æd-¢Ë’Ø√? er. The keys are with my father. He'll
-†’ç-îË Å†-´îª’a. Å®·ûË É´Fo O’È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊
-Å-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?
Mounika: Ø√ friend †´u éÌEo®ÓV-L-éπ\úø °æE-

Wouldn't you sing?

îË-ÆœçC. FÍé-´’Ø√o ûÁ©’-ÊÆ-¢Á÷-†E.
Sarika: †¢√u? Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.
Mounika: É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úø’çC? ûª††’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ü∆ü∆°æ¤
´‚úË-∞¡x-®·çC.
Sarika: ûª†èπ◊ °∞¡x-®·ç-ü¿E -O’èπ◊ û-Á-L-ߪ’ü∆? Last
September ™. É°æ¤púø’ India ™ ™‰ü¿’.
Bhanu: Janaki, wouldn't you sing for us now? ¢√∞¡x husband ûÓ states èπ◊ ¢Á-R}-
Jayanthi:
ÅD ¶«í¬ØË Öçô’çC. Thanks. á°æ¤púø’ be back only
just one song. §Ú-®·çC.
B≤Ú\†’? the day after
-ñ«-†éÃ, -´÷éÓÆæç §ƒô §ƒúø¢√? äéπ\-≤ƒJ. Mounika: ؈’ ´îËa ØÁ© ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. O’ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ç¢Á’
Suguna: á°æ¤púø’ function? á©’xçúÕ éπü∆? Í®°æ¤ (tomorrow). He
Janaki: Would you stop bothering me, please? address í¬F, phone number í¬F
≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀéÌ≤ƒh¢√? FéÀ-´yôç wouldn't/ does-
é¬Ææh ††’o trouble îËߪ’ôç Ç°æ¤-û√®√? Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’. Ç chain ™ n't allow us to
Öçü∆. Öçõ‰ é¬Ææh É≤ƒh®√?
Anand: She would sing on. I mean, at school Sarika: ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬.
†’´¤y î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Öçö«´¤. keep even a
even if none were there to listen to her. Answer:
Jayanthi: Eïçí¬ B≤Ú\ôç É≠ædç-™‰üË. Ø√ †-í∫-©Fo single orna-
My English teacher would, when she Mounika: How long have you worked/ have
had the time make it a point to listen to
´÷ bank locker ™ ÖØ√o®·. ´÷ Ø√†o- ment at home. M. SURESAN
á©’x çúÕéÀí¬E ®√®Ω’. locker û√∞«©’ Çߪ’† Suguna: Would you you been working here?
her sweet songs. Sarika: For the past five years/ for the last
ü¿ í ∫ _ - ® Ω’-Ø√o®·. äéπ\ †í∫ èπÿú≈ Éçöx Öçúø- stop it? No more words please. I am
NØË-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω÷ ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Å™«Íí §ƒúø’-ûª’ç- giving it to you willingly. Come tomor- five years/ for five years now.
úËC. Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ English Teacher °æE- Suguna: Ééπ Ç°æä°æ¤-û¤√¢√?
ö«- E éÀ p-éÓ®Ω’ Ø√†o-.
Mounika: (Do) you mean/ Does it mean that
ÉEo ´÷ô-©-´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? row and take it.
í∫-ô’d-èπ◊E Janaki §ƒô NØËC. you have been here since the begin-
ØË † ’ É≠æ d ç - í ¬ØË ÉÆæ ’ hØ√o éπü∆. Í®°æ¤ ®√. Jayanthi: Thank you.
Janaki: Ok. I am going to sing just to please ning of the company?
Jayanthi: Thank you. b) Brahmam: Is Sekhar staying on for the
you. Sarika: Not right from the beginning. A few
b) Brahmam: Sekhar O’öÀç-í˚èπ◊ Öçô’-Ø√oú≈? meeting? / Would Sekhar stay
Å™«Íí O’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-éÓÆæç §ƒúø-¶-ûª’Ø√o. (Öçô’-Ø√oú≈ = Stay on) days after the beginning. You can
Ééπ\úø would ûÓ ´*a† verbs í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË- on for the meeting?
Damodar: FûÓ àç îÁ§ƒpúø’? í∫çô™ meeting say, almost from the beginning. But
´·çü¿’, would †’ í∫’-Jç-* Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o (Is Sekhar staying on...? better,
begin Å´¤-ûª’çC. é¬Ææh Ç chairs †’ Ñ why do you ask? / Why are you ask-
would Sekhar? éπçõ‰)
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ îª÷ü∆lç. stage O’ü¿ °-úø-û√¢√? ing all this? (Almost = ü∆ü∆°æ¤)
1) 'I thought he would help me' - Damodar: What did he tell you? The meeting
(°ôdúøç= put/ place/ keep) Mounika: My friend Navya worked here for
will begin in an hour. Would you put
Ø√èπ◊- ¢√úø’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Brahmam: ؈’ ¢√úøo-úÕ-í¬†’ é¬E ¢√úËç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. some time. I was wondering if you
Ééπ\úø 'would help' - future from the past †’ those chairs on the stage / dais?
Damodar: Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúË ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ Öçö«-†E. Ñ knew her. wondering
(Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰
Brahmam: I asked him but he wouldn't say
'I was wonder-
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC. table é¬Ææh stage O’ü¿ °ôd-ú≈-EéÀ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø’-éπ™
2) Would you like some tea? anything / didn't say anything.
≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh¢√? ing' Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√ ïJ-Tç-üË¢Á÷ ÅE ÆæçüË-
tea
é¬Ææh BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√? (Wouldn't Åçõ‰ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’ ÅØË -¶µ«´†
Brahmam: ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬. Å®·ûË ¨Ïê®˝ N≠æߪ’ç é¬Ææh £æ«çí¬ Å†’-éÓ-´ôç)
É™«çöÀîÓôx 'would' offer
èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç– you ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC– îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ É≠æd癉éπ îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿E)
clear í¬ îÁ°æp¢√? ¢√úÕûÓ Ø√é¬\-Ææh-°æE Sarika: (Do) you mean Navya? I know her
question form™. Damodar: He told me he would stay on. Would
ÖçC. very well, of course.
3) Would you wait for a while? you help me place the table on the
Damodar: ¢√úøç-ûªí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-úøE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ Fèπ◊? Mounika: Where is she now? It is three years
é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ wait îË≤ƒh®√? stage?
*†o-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË -¢√úø’. áèπ◊\´ since I met her/ I met her last three
Ééπ\úø ´·êuçí¬ you question form
ûÓ ™ Brahmam: With pleasure / that'd be a pleasure.
´÷ö«x-úË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. á°æ¤púø÷ äçô-Jí¬ years ago.
request èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Would you mind telling me more
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™E Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ èπÿ®Ω’aE àüÓ Ç™-*Ææ÷h ÖçúË-¢√úø’. Éûª- clearly about Sekhar? I have some
(ûª††’ ´‚úË∞¡xvéÀûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o)
®Ω’-©ûÓ Çô™x éπL-ÊÆ-¢√úø’é¬ü¿’. Sarika: Don't you know she has been / is
'would' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. work with him.
Brahmam: ¢√úÕ îªJvûª îÁ°æpôç Ç°æ¤-û√¢√? §ÚF married? She got married last
a) She would sing for hours when we were at Damodar: You know he doesn't talk much.
¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ îÁ§ƒh¢√? September. She has with her hus-
School. Even as a boy he was like that. He
Damodar: Sorry, Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. band for the states.
´÷ School ®ÓV™x í∫çô© ûª®Ω-•úÕ §ƒúËC. wouldn't talk much. He would
Answers: Mounika: I am going to the states too, next
b) She would sing on = Å™«Íí §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-úËC. always sit alone and think of some-
month. Do you have / have you her
c) My English teacher would, when she had the a) Jayanthi: I am attending a function. Would thing. He would not join others at
address or phone no.? would you
time, make it a point... you lend me your necklace? play.
mind giving them to me if you have
-v°æ-¨¡o: -ØË-†’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ Grammatical mistakes -™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈- -v°æ-¨¡o: 'Do' -E -N-E-ßÁ÷-TÆæ’h-†o°æ¤p-úø’ 1st person example -í¬
I know English, them?
´÷-ö«x-úø-™‰-†’. Spoken English, Grammar -ØËÍ®p We watch English movies questions
-Å-E -É-î√a®Ω’. é¬-E2nd -™ -´÷-vûªç Sarika: With pleasure.
Institutes -áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o®·? -•’é˙q -™‰-ü∆ Æ‘-úŒ-©’, é¬uÂÆ-ô’x person (you) 1st person
-¢√-ú≈®Ω’. -Åç-õ‰ ûª-†-†’ -û√-†’ -v°æ-Po-ç-éÓèπÿ-úø-ü∆?
-Åç-ü¿’-¶«-ô’-™- -Ö-Ø√o-ߪ÷? For example: Do I know English? Do we watch English movies ¢- ÷Á ú- ™-ø ¸ éÌy¨- a¡ Ø- q˛ ï- †- ®Ω™- ¸ á- G- L- ö- À ï-¢√-•’-©’
Do I go there every sunday?, Do we sing
-ï-¢√-•’: Spoken English Institutes î√-™« Öç-ô’Ø√o®· v°æA
– -áç.-Å°æ‹®˝y, -îª-©÷x®Ω’ -Å-†èπÿ-úø-ü∆? -O’Í® éÌ-Eo-îÓ-ôx 1.c 2.a 3.c 4.a 5.a 6.b 7.d 8.a 9.b 10.c
well? Å--E -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. -à-C éπÈ®éÓd -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. 11.b 12.d 13.b 14.b 15.b 16.a 17.d 18.a
-°ü¿l-Ü®Óx. -áéπ\-úø áçûª ¶«í¬ îÁ§ƒh-®Ω-ØËC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-L. CD,
-ï-¢√-•’: Å™«
– -¢Á÷-£æ«-Ø˛ π◊-´÷®˝, -vQé¬ π◊-∞¡ç 19.c 20.a 21.c 22.d 23.c 24.a 25.a 26.b
Casettes - Spoken English èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N î√™«ØË Ist person
™ äéπ®Ω’ ûª´’†’ -û√-´· v°æPoç--éÓ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË 27.c 28.c 29.b 30.b 31.d 32.a 33.b 34.c
ÖØ√o®·. CIEFL- Central Institute of English and Foreign English ™ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷-ØË 'Do I know English?' ÅE Åúø-í∫ôç áçûª 35.b 36.a 37.c 38.a 39.a 40.b 41.d 42.c
Languages ¢√J casettes, CDs °ü¿l Ü∞¡x™  üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. Ææ£æ«ïç?Do we watch English movies? ņôç ûª°æ¤pé¬ØËé¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç 43.a 44.a 45.b 46.c 47.a 48.a 49.d 50.b
Oô-Eo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ O’®Ω’ TV English news channels regular í¬ English movies îª÷≤ƒh´÷? ÅE ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç expect îËÊÆ Answer 51.c 52.b 53.b 54.d 55.a 56.d 57.c 58.d
watch îËߪ’çúÕ. O’ îÁNéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’éÓçúÕ. àN’öÀ? -Å£æ…, îª÷úø®Ω’ ÅE, éπü∆. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´îª’a. 59.b 60.c 61.a 62.b 63.b 64.c 65.d.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 20 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Sukumar: Hi Bhaskar, am I late?
English Conversation ™ -É´Fo èπÿú≈ ûª®Ω-í¬
-¶µ«-Ææ \®˝, -ØË-ØË-´’-Ø√o Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√aØ√? ¢√úË expressions. °j¢√-ô-Eo-öÀéà ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®Ωnç, ´’†ç
Bhaskar: You are, of Course. But (that/ it)
´÷´‚©’ Conversation ™ ¢√úË '°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰/ àç
doesn't matter. The function hasn't
yet begun.
°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’/ °ü¿l §Ú®·ç-üËç-™‰ü¿’— ÅØË ´÷ô-©èπ◊
late
†’´¤y func-
é¬F °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰, Éçé¬ Ææ´÷†ç. ´’†ç àü¿Ø√o °ü¿lí¬ -°æ-öÀdç--éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË
Doesn't matter = It does'nt matter Åçö«ç.
tion v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´-™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆. a) Bhavan: Did he come here or did you go to
Sukumar: Where is Shekhar? He always
him?
claims that he is punctual.
Rekha: Never mind where I bought it. Is it real-
punctual
¨Ïê®˝ àúÕ? ûªØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ÅE ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aú≈, †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x¢√? Shriya:
Eïçí¬ î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. ؈’ èπÿú≈
Sumanth: What does it matter? We met. ly good?
Åçô’ç-ö«úø’. é̆’-èπ◊\çö«. áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤?
That's important. Rekha: ´ÆæY-≤ƒ-í∫-®˝™ . Fèπ◊ gift èπÿú≈ É≤ƒh®Ω’, ®Ω÷. Shriya: How much is it?
(punctual = time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ ®√´ôç)
(It doesn't matter/ Doesn't matter Rekha: It doesn't matter how much it is. Is it
Shekhar: I am here. I was here exactly at 4.30 200/– N©’´ îËÊÆC.
whether he came here or I went to good or not?
-Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o-†’. Ææ-Jí¬_ 4.30 éπ-™«x -´-îËa-¨»-†’. 3) Jagan: Í®°æ¤ †’Oy time ™ Éçöx -Öçö«¢√?
him. we met) Suman: àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? Shriya: It is really marvellous. I want to buy it
Sukumar: I am just a few minutes late. A few
ÅC ´·êu´÷ É°æ¤púø’?/ ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´- Jagan: Ø√èπ◊ Physics ™ éÌEo doubts ÖØ√o®·. (one like that) too. Where did you buy it?
minutes' delay makes no difference.
ô´÷, ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-ô´÷ ÅØËC é¬ü¿’, ¢√öÀØË´’Ø√o Clear îËߪ’-í∫-©-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E? Rekha: At Vasthra Sagar. You can also get a
؈’ éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ™‰ Ç©Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u-†’. éÌCl gift worth Rs. 200/-
EN’-≥ƒ© Ç©Ææuç àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. ´·êuç. ¢Ë’ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÅD Suman: ؈’ Fèπ◊ îÁ°æp-í∫-©-†E †’¢Áyç-ü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-
´¶«s? 3) Jagan: Will you be at home tomorrow at this
Bhaskar: It makes little difference whether you ´·êuç.
b) Santan: Have you the money? Jagan: †’´¤y Physics ™ Ø√éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫-E. time?
are a few minutes late or half an
Suman: ÆæÍ®, v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ´÷vûªç †’´¤y Suman: What's the matter?
hour late. You are late. That's the (F ü¿í∫_®Ω úø-•’sçü∆?)
Krishna: Yes. I have it. (ÖçC) disappoint Å´èπ◊. Jagan: I have some doubts in Physics. I feel
point.
Santan: How did you get it? (ᙫ ´*açC?) Jagan: Ø√èπ ◊ disappoint Å´-†ØË †´’téπç ÖçC. you can clear them.
†’´¤y éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææu-´÷, Å®Ω-í∫çô Suman: Å™« Å®·ûË OK. Best of luck. Suman: Just what makes you think I can clear
Ç©-Ææu-´÷ ÅØËC é¬ü¿’ ´·êuç. †’´¤y 4) Pramod: Hi Venkat, Éçûªéà College ™ them?
Ç©Ææuç ÅØËüË -Åç-¨¡ç. îË®√¢√? Jagan: Because you are better at Physics
Shekhar: Let's not talk any more of it. What
Venkat: Éçé¬-™‰ü¿’. ´÷Ø√†o -Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’. Çߪ’† than me (Than I correct)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 71
are there for the dinner after the
èπÿú≈
Í®§Ò-≤ƒh®Ω’. à College ™ îË®√™ Suman: OK. I'll try. But don't be/ get disap-
function? Çߪ’†ûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ îË®√h†’. pointed if I cannot.
Function
Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´C-™‰-ߪ’çúÕ.
dinner

It doesn't matter
ûª®√yûª èπ◊ -à´·-Ø√o®·?
Sukumar: As for me so long as things are good
to eat, it makes no difference to me
what I eat.
A†-ú≈-EéÀ ®Ω’*í¬ Öçõ‰ àç ÖØ√o®·
A†-ú≈-EéÀ -Å-ØË-C Åçûª- ´·êuçé¬ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊.
Krishna: Never mind how I got it. I have it. Jagan: I am sure I
Bhaskar: So long as the things are tasty, I Pramod: à group BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?
shan't (shall
never mind what I eat. (ᙫ ´*açüÓ Å†-´-Ææ®Ωç. Ø√ ü¿í∫_J°æ¤p-úø’ Venkat: ØËØË¢Á÷ MPC îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ´÷
úø•’sçC. ÅD ´·êuç) Ø√†oèπ◊ ´÷vûªç ؈’ BiPC îËߪ÷-©E not) be disap-
A†-ú≈-EéÀ ®Ω’*í¬ Öçõ‰ Ø√Íé-üÁjØ√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’
c) It makes little difference/ It makes no differ- ÖçC. ´÷ family ™ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ doctors pointed.
Shekhar: I'd have none of the hot stuff.
ence whether you come at 10.30 or 11.00 ™‰®Ω’. ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ؈’ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ doc- Suman: Then it's OK.
Ø√èπ◊ 鬮Ωç ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ É≠æd癉ü¿’/ BÆæ’éÓ-†’
when you do not come at 10. tor Å¢√-©E ÖçC. Best of luck.
Bhaskar: Never mind. You have a variety of
things to eat. (†’´¤y °æCç-öÀéÀ ®√†-°æ¤púø’, Ç ûª®√yûª á°æ¤p-úÌ-*aØ√ Pramod: Ç °æØË îÁ®·u-´’J. 4) Pramod: Hi Venkat,
àç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’-Ø√o®· °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’/ °æC-†o-®Ω-éÌ-*aØ√ äéπõ‰, °æü¿-éÌç-úø’-éÌ-*aØ√ Venkat: é¬F Ø√èπ◊ Åçûª interest ™‰ü¿’.Biology ™ have you M. SURESAN
AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. äéπõ‰.) î√™« Ê°®Ω’x ñ«c°æéπç Öç-éÓ-¢√L. joined any
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Ñ expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. í∫ - ´ ’-Eç-î√®√? -É-´-Fo.. •öÀd-°æ-ôdôç Ø√èπ◊ îËûª-é¬ü¿’. college?
a) What does it matter? Pramod: ÅC éπÈ®é˙d. Biology éÀ ´’ç* ñ«c°æ-éπ-¨¡éÀh Venkat: Not yet. Dad is not in town. He will
1. Doesn't (Does not matter)
2. Makes no difference b) It matters little/ It matters nothing/ It doesn't Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Å®·ûË O’ Ø√†oèπ◊ -á-™« †îªa come back tomorrow. I will talk to dad
3. Makes little difference matter much
îÁ°æp-í∫-©´¤? what college I am going to join.
Venkat: ᙫ †îªaîÁ°æp-í∫-©†’? ÅüË Ç™-*-Ææ’hØ√o. Pramod: What group are you going to take?
4. Never mind. c) What difference does it make?/ It doesn't
5) Mohan: Ø√éÓ È®çvúÓ-V™« °æ¤Ææhéπç É´y-í∫-©¢√? Venkat: I want to do MPC. But dad wants me
make any difference/ It makes no/ Little dif-
John: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, BÆæ’éÓ. ¨¡E-¢√-®√-EéÀ AJT´yôç to do BiPC. There hasn't been a doc-
ference
d) Never mind ÅØË expressions èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷- ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊. tor in our family so far (No doctor so
Mohan: Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ÉîËa-≤ƒhØËx. Å®·ûË äéπ far in my family). Dad wants me to be
í¬-©÷†’. OöÀE Conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. -î√-™«
natural í¬ effective í¬ Öçô’çC.
N≠æߪ’ç Åúø-í∫Ø√ E†’o? †’¢Ëy-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË. the first doctor in the family.
John: àçôC?
-v°æ- ¨¡o: 1) How to express the Telugu word Now practise the following aloud in English:
Mohan: †’´¤y v°æA °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌçö«´¤. ¢√öÀ™ x áEo
Pramod: Go ahead then.
Venkat: But I am not so interested. A lot of
in English.
''Üûª-°æü¿ç—— 1) Mukund: ؈’ ®√Ø√ ´ü∆l Station èπ◊?
Shankar:
§ÒíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤? names to remember in biology. I am
2) What can I do to get 'American Accent' àüÁjØ√ °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. †´¤y ´îËa-ôd-®·ûË John: Åü¿-´-Ææ-®Ω´÷ É°æ¤púø’? °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√™« ´ü∆l
Phone poor at mugging.
3) Why do we use the word 'spoken' in îË®·. Fèπ◊?
Mukund: Phone (mugging = •öÃd °æôdôç)
"spoken English"? îËߪ’ôç Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’é¬F Answers:
´’Ja-§Ú-û√-†E. Pramod: That's right. Biology needs good

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Üûª-°æü¿ç = catch word.

– ®√-ñ‰-¨¸ Ƒ£«-î˝, -Ø√í¬-ߪ’-©çéπ 1) Mukund: Shall I go to the station with you or memory. Then how can you convince
Shankar: §ÚF™‰. ØË-†’ ¢ÁR} džç-ü¿’†’ receive
not? your dad? (convince = †îªaîÁ°æpôç)
2) You can get American accent by listening to îËÆæ’èπ◊çö«. †’´¤y ¢√úÕE ûª®√yûª éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- Shankar: It makes no difference/ Little differ-
Venkat: Yes, how can I? That's what I think of.
CNN news channels and also with the help ´îª’a. ence (Whether you go with me or
of Webster's dictionary. Other English dic- Mukund: -DEéÀ ††’o ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ü¿-lE -¢√-úÕéÀ 5) Mohan: Can you/ would you lend me the
not). If you are coming just call me.
tionaries also give American spelling, pro- book for two days?
Mukund: I don't mind giving a call. But I'm
îÁ°æ¤p. ¢√úÕ-E -ØË-†’ ûª®√yûª ûª°æpéπ éπ©’-Ææ’-
nunciation and accent. Watching Hollywood John: Certainly. Take it. Don't forget to return
èπ◊çö«. afraid I will forget.
movies will help. Shankar: àç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ؈’ ¢√úÕéÀ îÁ§ƒh †’¢Áyç- Shankar: Doesn't matter. I will receive Anand it by saturday.
3) 'spoken' is past participle and not past
Ééπ\úø ü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰-ü¿-E. at the station. You can meet him later. Mohan: I will return it even before that. Shall I
tense. Past participle èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ '•úø’-ûª’-†o,— 2) Shriya: Hi Rekha, áéπ\-úø -éÌ-Ø√o´¤ F dress? Mukund: Tell him not to misunderstand me. I ask you one thing if you don't mind?
'•úÕ†— ÅØË Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·. spoken english áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ? will meet him later, certainly. (don't mind = -à-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË)
English
Åçõ‰ ´÷ö«x-úø-•-úË/ -•-úø’-ûª’†o ÅE Å®Ωnç. Rekha: áéπ\úø éÌØ√o-†ØË N≠æߪ’ç Åô’ç. Eïçí¬ Shankar: Never mind. I will tell him why you John: What is it?
English
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®·ûË ´÷ö«xúË Åçö«ç. ¶«í∫’çü∆? aren't able to come. Mohan: You buy every book. How many of
'The boy bitten by the snake,' Åçõ‰ – §ƒ´·îËûª Shriya: áçûª-®·uçüË? 2) Shriya: Hi Rekha, where did you buy your them do you lose?
éπ®Ω-´-•úøf Ŷ«s®·. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™« ņç éπü∆. Rekha: üµ¿®Ω N≠æߪ’ç ´·êuç é¬ü¿’. îÁ°æ¤p. ¶«í∫’çü∆, (the/ this) dress. It's really fine/ fan- John: Is that important now? Do you want
§ƒ´· éπJ-*† Ŷ«s®· Åçö«ç. ™‰ü∆? tastic/ gorgeous. the book or not?
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Sandhya: Where are you going so early, I hope I'll (I will) get a class.
Shyam? I hope that I will get a class.
áéπ\úÕéÀçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤ -¨»uç? ´’†ç ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç– English
Shyam: Mom, I told you yesterday (that) I ™ Question structure èπÿ, statement struc-
would go to Ram's today. I have ture èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈:
some difficulty with Physics, and he Statement ™ á°æ¤púø÷ subject ¢Á·ü¿ô, ü∆E
said (that) he would help me. ûª®√yûª verb -´Ææ’hç-C.
E†o îÁ§ƒp-éπ-ü¿´÷t, ®√ç ¢√-R}ç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«h- -¢√-úø’ -´-î√aúø’ = He has come (sub + verb)
†E. Ø√èπ◊ Physics éÌçûª éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC. ÅüË question Å®·ûË:
¢√úø’ ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. 1) verb + subject
Is he here?
Sandhya: But Dad said (that) he would take Srikar: What happened / What has happened
2) Å®·ûË verb ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’çõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’ i) ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úø’? = Where does he live?
you to the eye specialist today. You Venkat? Why are you so late?
question structure: ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?
were complaining of frequent Venkat: The traffic was very heavy and the
1st word of the verb + subject + other word(s) Do you know where he lives?
headaches. auto broke down on the way.
of the verb (Ééπ\úø ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Do you know ´÷vûª¢Ë’ question
doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ Srikar: Didn't you find a phone any where
Ø√†o E†’o Is he coming?
- È®çúÓ ¶µ«í∫ç, ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úÓ question é¬ü¿’ - there?
BÆæ’Èé∞«h†Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. †’´¤y ´÷öÀ, ´÷öÀéÀ verb, Is coming-
(Ééπ\úÕ Éçü¿’™ È®çúø’ ´÷ô©’
statement) Venkat: I didn't. Even the auto driver did not
ûª©-ØÌ-°æpç-ô’ç-ö«´¤. éπü∆?) know where a phone was.
Shyam: Not today. I have the Physics exam 3) 'wh' words begin
ûÓ questions
ÅßË’u ™ Now practise the following aloud in English:
tomorrow. I told dad (that) I would 'wh' word + verb + sub.
Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô©’ îª÷úøçúÕ:
1) Naresh: Hi Ajitha,
O’ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ áéπ\úø?
not be able to go to the doctor today. where is he? 1) amuse = (Å´‚uñ¸ – ´‚u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, ñ¸
4) 'wh' question verb
Å®·, ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ajitha: Çߪ’† •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«}®Ω’. size ™ z ™«í¬) †´¤y °æ¤öÀdç-îªôç, NØÓü¿ç é-π-L-
´÷ô-©’çõ‰: Naresh: áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«}®Ω’?
Tç-îªôç.
'wh' word + 1st word of the verb + subject + Ajitha: Çߪ’-ØÁ-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞Ï-}-C Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æp®Ω’. á°æ¤púø’ He amuses us with his jokes.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 72 other words of the verb.

where is he going?
AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’.
Naresh: ØË-†’ -E-†o Çߪ’† éÓÆæç ´î√a-†E îÁ§ƒp¢√?
(Jokes ûÓ †Ny-≤ƒhúø’)
The boy in the girl's dress amused us.
Å´÷t®· dress ™ Ŷ«s®· ´÷èπ◊ †´¤y
-ûÁ°œpç-î√-úø’.

He said that..
An amusing movie/ situation - NØÓü¿ç éπ-L-
Tç-îË/- £æ…-Ææu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ÆœE-´÷/- °æ-J-ÆœnA.
2) annoy = (ÅØÌß˝’ – 'ØÌ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-éπçúÕ)
NÆœ-Tç-îªôç; éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªôç.
a) The way he talks annoys me
¢√úø’ ´÷ö«xúË B®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.
Ñ¢√∞¡ é¬ü¿’™‰. Í®°æ¤ Ø√èπ◊ physics exam Ñ°j N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o-®·-éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Ajitha:
Ç. îÁ§ƒp†’. O’È®ç-ü¿’-éÌ-î√a®Ó -ÅúÕT ûÁ©’-Ææ’- b) His silly jokes annoys us
sentence îª÷úøçúÕ:
silly jokes
ÖçC éπü∆. Ø√†oûÓ îÁ§ƒp™‰ Ñ®Ó-V éÓ-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√úÕ ´’´’tLo NÆœ-T-≤ƒh®·.
I know where he is Naresh: FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰-†’™‰, Í®§Ò-≤ƒh†’. c) Don't be annoyed =
ú≈éπd®Ω’ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†E. éÓ°æp-úø-èπ◊/ -éÓ-°æp-úø-éπçúÕ.
Sandhya: That's OK. Would you promise me ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. 2) Omkar: Hi Srikar, †’-´¤y -á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’- üË®Ω’- 3) bitter= (Gô – 'G— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) îËü¿’
(that) you would go tomorrow? No Ñ sentence statement. Question é¬ü¿’. ûª’-Ø√o-´¤? Coffee/ Tea without milk and sugar is bitter.
more postponement, understand? I 'where' ÅØË 'wh' ´÷ô
Srikar: ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-û√ØÓ -Ø√Íé -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.
warn you (that) it will worsen if you Öçúø-ôç-´©x Ñ sen- Åçû√ Venkat ´îËa-ü∆-E-O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úÕ-
§ƒ©’, °æçîª-ü∆®Ω éπ©-°æE 鬰∂‘/ öà îËü¿’.
neglect. tence question à¢Á÷ éÓ°æç: He is bitter that he did not get the pro-
ÅE ÅE°œç-îª-´îª’a. é¬F ÖçC. motion.
ÆæÍ®. Í®°æ¤ ¢Á∞«h-†E ´÷öÀ-≤ƒh¢√? Éçéπ Omkar: ¢√úÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ-îËaC Fèπ◊ phone îËߪ’-™‰ü∆?
é¬ü¿’. ÉC ¢Á·ûªhç state- Promotion ®√™‰-ü¿ØË ¶«üµ¿ûÓ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’èπ◊. †’´¤y ü∆Eo ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç- Srikar: àç ïJ-TçüÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ¢√úÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ phone
*†éÌDl áèπ◊\´´¤ûª’çC. ment. Åçü¿’-éπE state- bitter pill = îËü¿’-´÷vûª.
(worsen- éÃ~ùÀç-îªôç) ment structure (sub-
îËߪ’-™‰üÓ èπÿú≈ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ôç ™‰ü¿’. 4) Chair (îµËÅ) – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç èπ◊Ka. é¬F I want
Omkar: ¢√úÕéÀ O’ train time ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü∆? him to chair the meeting ÅØË sentence ™
°jÆæç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ that ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ject ´·çü¿÷, verb
Srikar: ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒp†’. chair Åçõ‰ Åüµ¿u-éπ~ûª ´£œ«ç-îªôç (Çߪ’† Æ涵ºèπ◊
1) I told you yesterday that I would go... ûª®√yûª ´≤ƒh®·) Omkar: ÅCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Worry Å´èπ◊.
2) he said that he would... ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçô’çC. M. SURESAN Srikar: à´’-®·çC ¢Áçéπö¸? Éçûª late àçöÀ?
Åüµ¿u-éπ~ûª ´£œ«ç-î√-©E Ø√ éÓJ-éπ/ -Å-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)
3) I told Dad that I wouldn't be... É™«çöÀ sentences ™. Venkat: Traffic î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC. Ø√ auto
5) Chase = îµÁß˝’b – ¢Áçô-•úÕ ûª®Ω-´’ôç.
4) Would you promise me that you would... E†o áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰-ü¿E ¢√-úÕ-E ÅúÕ-í¬†’ The tiger chased the deer - °æ¤L >çéπ ¢Áçô-
I asked him why he was absent yesterday.
´’üµ¿u™ ÇT-§Ú-®·çC.
5) I warn you that it will worsen. Srikar: Åéπ\úø ü¿í∫_-È®-éπ\ú≈ phone ™‰ü∆?
•-úÕçC. – ¢Ëô, ¢Ëö«-úøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
(why was he absent é¬ü¿’éπü∆?)
Ñ sentences ™ that èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 'ÅE— ÅE. ã a) Where can I get some good tea? Venkat: Ø√Íéç éπ-E°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Ç auto ¢√úÕéÀ èπÿú≈
N≠æߪ’ç á´-®ΩØ√o îÁÊ°h, Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´·çü¿’ 'that' (´’ç* tea áéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC?) phone áéπ\-úø’çüÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-™‰-ü¿’.
´Ææ’hçC. b) Tell me where I can get some good tea. Answers:
He told me that he would go.
¢√úø’ ¢Á∞«h-†E Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒp-úø’/- Å-Ø√oúø’. (´’ç*tea áéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çüÓ îÁ°æ¤p)
sentence (a) question, can I
Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆ØÓx
1) Naresh: Hi Ajitha, where is your father?
Ajitha: He has gone out.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Iam poor at spellings. Please, give
a) I told you yesterday that I would go information about pronunciation
get Åçö«ç. Naresh: Where has he gone?
Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«h-†E E†o FûÓ ÅØ√o. casettes and CDs.
sentence (b) statement; question é¬ü¿’– Ajitha: He doesn't tell me / He never tells me
b) He said that he would help me
where I can get
-ï-¢√-•’: A Number of Pronunciation casettes
Åçü¿’-éπE Åçö«ç. where he goes. I do not know when he
– -öÀ-.-ñÂÆ°∂ˇÈ®-úÕf, -´®Ωçí∫-™¸
≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√oúø’. c) where does he go every evening?
c) I told dad that I wouldn't be... (would not be) will return / he will be back.
and CDs are available in leading
(v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áéπ\úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«húø’?) Naresh: Did you tell him / Have you told him
؈’ ¢Á∞¡}™‰-†E Ø√†oûÓ îÁ§ƒp. d) Ask him where he goes every evening. Book Shops. Pronunciation and
d) Would you promise me that you would go that I came for him yesterday?
spelling casettes and CDs prepared
tomorrow?
(v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«húÓ ¢√-úÕ-†-úø’í∫’) Ajitha: I did / I have. He told me / wanted me
Í®°æ¤ ¢Á∞«h-†E ´÷öÀ-≤ƒh¢√? sentence (c) question 鬕öÀd where does by Central Institute of English and
e) I warn you that it would worsen to find out why you had come.
he go? Foreign Languages are also avail-
Naresh: I can't tell you (of it). I'll (will) come
£«îªa-J-Ææ’hØ√o– ÅC áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E. sentence (d) statement 鬕öÀd where he able in Hyderabad. A number of for-
tomorrow.
鬕öÀd °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ that Åçõ‰ 'ÅE—. goes. ÉC English ™ î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ûËú≈. eign books on Conversation, pronun-
2) Omkar: Hi Srikar, when are you starting?
Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ conversations ™, writing ™ e) ¢√úÁ-éπ\úø éÌØ√oúø’ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç? ciation and spelling carry casettes
Srikar: I myself do not know when I am
(Ø√Íé)
èπÿú≈ 'that' ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. ¢√úø’éπ. Where did he buy the book? and CDs with them. Enquire for them
going to start. (It) depends on when
f) He did not tell me where he had bought the in the market.
-v°æ-¨¡o: -ØË-†’ -Å-¨é¬ -ô÷u-≠æ-Ø˛ ÂÆç-ô-®˝ °--ö«d-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-
ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. Venkat comes here. / On venkat's com-
°j sentenses that ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ņçúÕ– Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ book ing here.
Ø√o-†’. -î√-™«-´’ç-CTutorials, tution cen-
àç Öçúøü¿’. Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éÌØ√oúÓ Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Omkar: Has'nt he phoned you when he is com-
I told you I would go. tre, tuition centre -Å-E ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. -à-C
(°æ¤Ææhéπç é̆ôç ´·çü¿’, îÁ°æpôç ûª®√yûª – 鬕öÀd ing.
I told you that I would go. had bought) éπÈ®èπ◊d? -ØË-†’ Asoka's tutorials, Asoka
Srikar: I don't know what has happened. I
He said he would help me. g) = Where has he gone? tutorial's
– -à-C ®√-ߪ÷-L?
¢√úÁ-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«}úø’? don't know either (not either)
ûÓ èπÿú≈ =
He said (that) he would help me. (Question - So, has he gone?)
-ï-¢√-•’: Tuition ÅØËC Correct spelling. Asoka
why he has'nt phoned. – -áç.-N.-ï-ߪ’ π◊-´÷®˝, -†-Kq°æ-ôoç
She says she can't sing any more. h) No one knows where he has gone Omkar: Doesn't he know the time of your train.
she says that she can't sing any more. ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«}úÓ á´-Jéà ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. Srikar: He does / He knows. I told him too. Tutorials correct. Ñ È®çúø’ -°æü∆™x üË-EéÃ
Éé𠧃úø-™‰-†E ÅçöçC. (Statement; so - he has gone. Omkar: There he is. Don't worry. Apostrope (') s ('s) ®√ü¿’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 24 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

spoken english -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Raghav: Good morning Doctor
4) Doctor (patient ): examina-
E®Ωy-£œ«çîË °æKéπ~ èπ◊
Doctor: Good morning. Come in. Name and
tion. A doctor examines a patient.
other things please.
5)
®Óí∫¢Ë’çö ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ îËÊÆ °æK-éπ~©’.
Raghav: I am Raghav, aged 19, doing my 3rd
Tests: Blood test, urine test, motion
(´‚vûª)
year degree.
(´’©) test, sputum
(éπ ∞ Î test, etc.
x )
rd year
Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ ®√°∂æ’¢˛, 19 à∞¡Ÿx, 3 6) Diagnosis
(úøߪ’-íÓo-ÆœÆˇ) – 'íÓo— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊ü∆ç = 3 a) v°æé¬≠ˇ °æü∑¿uç BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ Doctor:
ï©’-•’çü∆?
degree îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ®Óí∫ E®Ωgß ª ’ç = ¢√uCµ °∂晫Ø√C ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-îªúøç. Prakash is on diet. Ramesh:
Ç. îªLí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
Doctor: Your complaint? (-F -¶«-üµË-N’-öÀ?) 7) °j† îÁ°œp† tests ÅFo èπÿú≈ diagnostic tests. b) ؈’ E†o-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æü∑¿u°æ¤ Ç£æ…-®Ωç BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o†’ Doctor: O.K.
Raghav: I have had a fever since yesterday
Ñ ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’éÓçúÕ. ÅN
and a headache since last night. I feel
(Åçõ‰ ¢√uCµ -à-N’-ö E®Ωg-®·ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊îËÊÆ °æK-éπ~©’) I was on diet till yesterday. †ßª’ç îË≤ƒh®·.
8) Prescription - Doctor ´’çü¿’©’ ®√ÆœîËa é¬Tûªç. c) Öûªh-§ƒ©’, bread ´÷vûª¢Ë’ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ Ramesh: °æü∑¿uç à´’Ø√o -§ƒ-öÀç-î √-™« doctor?
rather weak too.
E†oöÀ †’ç* ïy®Ωç, ®√vA †’ç* ûª©-ØÌ-°œpí¬ 9) (pronunciation - v°œvÆœ\-°æ{Ø˛ 'vÆœ\— ØÌé¬\L)
Prescribe: Doctor Ñ ´’çü¿’©’, Ñ ¢Ájü¿uç
He has been on diet of milk and bread for Doctor: §ƒ©’, bread ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Barley
ÖçC. éÌçûª F®ΩÆæçí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC. the past four days/ BÆæ’éÓçúÕ.
(rather - é¬Ææh áèπ◊\-´í¬) BÆæ’éÓç-úøE îÁ°æpôç. Doctor ´’çü¿’©’ ®√Æœ-´yôç. He has been taking only bread and milk for 2) Ramana: Hi Ravi, àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?
(Prescribe - v°œwÂÆj \¶¸ – 'wÂÆj \— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
Doctor: You have a temperature of above 100. the past four days. Ravi: éÌçîÁçbad news. ©éπ~ t-ù˝Íéç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’.
10) treat - ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’ôç/ *éÀûªq îËߪ’ôç
Well, take these tablets and have
11) treatment - ¢Ájü¿uç/- *-éÀûªq
ÉO doctors èπÿ, medicines èπÿ, patients èπÿ Ramana: ÅÈ®. Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. áEo
complete rest. Avoid solids today.
12) A course of tablets/ injections - ´÷vûª©,
Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† conversational expressions. ÉC ®ÓV-©’í¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’?
Only liquids. That's my prescription. èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Ravi: Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ temperature
100 úÕvU©Â°jí¬ temperature ÖçC. 13) injections ¢Ájü¿uç §Òçü¿
Ææçêu – Doctor EÍ®l-¨»-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç.
’ûª’çúøôç = to be under treat- 4) He is suffering from a fever- ÖçúÕçC. Ñ®Ó-V Doctor îÁ§ƒpúø’
-Ñ®Ó-V solids - °∂æ’†-°æ-ü∆-®√n©’ – ņoç ment, to undergo treatment, to take treat-
ÉC common í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. ÉC éÌç-îÁç typhoid ©éπ~-ù«-©E. 3 ¢√®√©’ ¢Ájü¿uç,
™«çöÀN ´ü¿’l. vü¿´ °æü∆®√n™‰ BÆæ’éÓ. ment.
§ƒçúÕûªuç. conversational í¬ (spoken form) rest BÆæ’éÓ-´’-Ø√oúø’.
( temperature - pronunciation - õ„çv°æµ Å®·ûË– Ramana: ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
'õ„ç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. a) He has a fever/ He is down with a fever. (éÓ©’-éÓ-´ôç = recover)
Prescription - Doctor ®√ÆœîËa ´’çü¿’©’) b) She has been down with 'flu for the past 2 Answers:
Raghav: What's the dosage doctor?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 73
days.
1) Doctor: How long have you had this fever?
à ´÷vûª©’ áØÁoEo á°æ¤púø’ -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L? 'flu
È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í¬ ÖçC.
Doctor: The first one, three times a day, after Ramesh: For the past/ last two days.
taking in something. The second one
at bed time. See me again tomorrow
evening.
¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-N ®ÓVèπ◊ ´‚úø’ – àüÁjØ√ ǣ慮Ωç
BÆæ’-èπ◊†o ûª®√y-ûË. È®çúÓC ®√vA °æúø’-éÓ-
¶-ßË’-´·çü¿’ äéπöÀ. Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´’S}
®ΩçúÕ.
He has a fever
Raghav: Hope it isn't any thing serious, doctor? 5) Doctor Doctor: Why didn't
14) diet:ǣ慮Ωç/ °æü∑¿uç °æ‹Jh Nv¨»çA BÆæ’éÓ-´’çõ‰–
serious
àç Doctor
é¬ü¿’ éπü∆, ? The doctor's (the doctor has) advised her you come
15) symptoms = ¢√uCµ ©éπ~-ù«©’
Doctor: I don't think so. Don't Worry. It's just complete rest (for a week/ ten days, etc.) earlier?
an ordinary fever. If it doesn't come Look at the following :
6) ï•’s = illness/ ailment/ disease. Ñ ´‚úø÷ (early =
down by tomorrow, let's have some (Read it aloud two or three times)
èπÿú≈countables. plurals – illnesses,
OöÀéÀ ´·çü¿’,ear-
tests done. Nothing to worry about. a) He had had a fever and (a) headache since
ailments, diseases ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖØ√o®·. OöÀE lier = Åçûª-
Take complete rest. yesterday. The doctor examined him this
singular a/ an
í¬ ¢√úÕûË ûª°æpéπ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç. éπçõ‰/
Worry morning and prescribed some tablets. He
ØË-††’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Å´-éπçúÕ. a) He is very weak because of an illness/ an Éçûªèπ◊
´÷´‚©’ ïy®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Í®°æ-öÀéÀ took the prescription to the medical shop and
ailment/ a disease. ´·çü¿’) M. SURESAN
ûªí∫_-éπ-§ÚûË éÌEo °æK-éπ~©’ îË®·ü∆lç. àç bought the medicines. The doctor advised
him complete rest. The doctor put him on a
Çߪ’† àüÓ ï•’s-´©x F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. Ramesh: I took some medicine to bring
°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’. b) The doctor is unable to diagnose their dis-
liquid diet. (Put this passage in Telugu) down the temperature.
(ïy®Ωç, temperature ™«çöÀN ûªí∫_ôç = eases
come down) Practise the following: Doctor: Did it cure you?
¢√∞¡x ¢√uüµ¿’-™‰-N’ö Çߪ’† E®√l¥-Jç-îª-™‰-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æù™– ï•’s-©èπ◊, patients èπ◊, doctors c) He has serious ailments Ramesh: No. That's why I am here/ I came
1 a) This doctor is treating my friend/ the
èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*† expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. patient Çߪ’-†èπ◊ Bv´-¢Á’i† ï•’s©’ ÖØ√o®·. to you.
1) Complaint = Patient (®ÓT) ¶«üµ¿, Ææ´’Ææu. Ñ doctor friend/
Ø√ ®ÓTéÀ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. 7) ¢√uCµ E¢√-®Ωù = cure = †ßª’ç îËߪ’ôç Doctor: O.K. What are your complaints?
2) English™ fever, headache, temperature ÅFo b) My friend/ the patient is taking treatment a) Doctor ÅûªE ï•’s†’ †ßª’ç î˨»úø’ Ramesh: Temperature, headache and body
countables. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀéÀ singular, plural num- from this doctor The doctor has cured his disease/ cured ache/ pains all over the body.
bers Öçö«®·. Singular ´·çü¿’ a/ an ´≤ƒh®·. friend/ doctor him.
Åçü¿’Íé a fever, a temperature, a headache.
´÷ ®ÓT Ñ ü¿í∫_®Ω *éÀûªq §Òçü¿’- Doctor: Have you/ Do you have a cold
ûª’-Ø√oúø’. b) The medicine is a good cure
3) Weak = (Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’) F®ΩÆæçí¬ Öçúøôç. too?
c) My friend/ the patient is under this doctor's Ñ ´’çü¿’ ´’ç*C.
c) The medicine has cured him of his illness (Cold = ï©’•’ – countable)
F®ΩÆæç é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’çúÕ •©-£‘«-†-ûªí¬ Öçõ‰ treatment
= debility (EÆæq-ûª’h´) My friend/ the patient is undergoing treat- ÅûªE ï•’s†’ Ç ´’çü¿’ †ßª’ç îËÆœçC. Ramesh: Yes. And I fell very cold.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Cheer (n&v), cheerful (adj) and yacht ment. Oô-Eo-öÀéà äÍé Å®Ωnç.
My friend, patient I, we, you, he,
8) ï•’sí¬ Öçúøôç = ill.
Åûª-EéÀ ï•’sí¬ ÖçC/- Å-ûª†’ ï•’s-°æ-ú≈fúø’ Doctor:
(feel cold - îªLí¬ Öçúøôç)
O.K. Take these medicines. They
(n) pronunciation
-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. •ü¿’©’
she, they, any name, any relationship He is ill. ÉC î√-™« simple expression. will cure you.
2) 2X5 = 10. two, five
-D-Eo '-ñ«u— ten -Å-E
(brother, cousin, uncle, etc) sen- He has been ill for a week
-îª-ü¿-¢√-©ç-ö«®Ω’. -E-ï-¢Ë’-Ø√? †’ ¢√úÕ Â°j Ramesh: What about the diet?
3) Retired èπ◊ Retd. -™‰-ü∆ Rtd.-©-™ ÆæÈ®j-† tences †’ N’í∫û√ times of action ™ (í∫ûªç™, -Å-ûª-úø’ -¢√®Ωçí¬ ï•’sûÓ ÖØ√oúø’ Doctor: Just bread and milk. You can take
future practice He has been ailing for a week.
abbreviation -à-C? Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, ™) îËߪ’çúÕ (Åçõ‰
barley.
different tenses These are symptoms of Malaria
-ï-¢√-•’: – -öÀ.-P-´, -†ç-CéÌ-ô÷\®Ω’ ™).
Just one example: ´’™‰-Jߪ÷ ©éπ~-ù«©’. 2) Ramana: Hi Ravi, what news?
1) Cheer- *µßª’ (Jߪ’-™ ¸™ Jߪ’-™«í∫). cheerful: Ramesh took/ has taken/ has been taking/ Now Practise the following in English. Ravi: A bit of bad news. Lakshman isn't
*µßª’-°∂ˇ™ ¸; yacht=ߪ’ö¸/-ߪ÷ö¸. (ߪ’ö¸ will take treatment from this doctor- É™« °j† well/ Lakshman is ailing.
1) Doctor: Ñ ïy®Ωç FÈéçûª 鬩çí¬ ÖçC?
ņo°æ¤púø®·ûË, °ü¿-´¤-©†’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp Ø√©’éπ îÁ°œp† ÅEo-®Ω-鬩 sentences practice
†’ Ramana: I'm (I am) really sorry. How long
Ramesh: í∫ûª È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬
éÌçîÁç ™°æ-LéÀ §ÚE-´yçúÕ; ߪ÷ö¸ ņo-°æ¤úø’ îËߪ’çúÕ. Doctor: ´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’? has he been suffering?/ How long
Ø√©’éπ flat í¬ Â°ôdçúÕ) 2) We take treatment from a doctor for a dis-
Ramesh: ØËØË àüÓ ´’çü¿’-¢√-ú≈†’, temperature has he been down?
2) 2$5=10†’ two five 'ñ«u— ten ņôç ûª°æ¤p. DEo ease.
Ravi: He has had a temperature for the
îªü¿-¢√-LqçC, Two fives are ten ÅE. a) He is taking treatment from Dr. Sankar for ûªÍí_ç-ü¿’èπ◊.
Pronunciation: ô’ °∂j¢√b-õ„Ø˛ ÅE; Ééπ\-úø '-ï— -´ûª’h Jaundice (Jaundice= 鬢Á’®Ω’x) Doctor: Fèπ◊ ü∆E-´©x †ßª’-´’-®·çü∆? past four days. The doctor told him
size ™ z ™«í∫ °æ©-éπçúÕ. Are E 'Ç— í¬ °æ©-éπçúÕ; b) She is undergoing treatment for typhoid Ramesh: ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé O’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌ-î √a†’. that it is typhoid. He advised him
*´J 'r' silent. (Tu faivza : ten) - ÉC English (Typhoid èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îË®·ç--éÌç-öçC) Doctor: ÆæÍ®, O’¶«üµ¿-™‰çö îÁ°æpçúÕ.(complaint) rest and treatment for three weeks.
pronunciation. c) He has been under treatment for a week Ramesh: Temperature, headache, -ä∞¡Ÿx Ramana: Let's wish him a speedy recovery.
3) Retd correct.
ÅØËC now. (¢√®Ωçí¬ Çߪ’† *éÀ-ûªq -§Òç-ü¿’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) ØÌ°æ¤p©’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 27 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Bhaskar: Hi Krishna, When are you leaving for Charan: It arrives at 10 and departs at 10.10.
Delhi? It reaches the destination next morn-
Delhi
éπ%-≥ƒg, á°æ¤p-úÁ-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤? ing at 9.
Charan: On Sunday, by the AP Express. 10 éÀ ´Ææ’hçC, 10–10éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’hçC.
AP Express
´îËa ÇC-¢√®Ωç, ™. Destination (= í∫´’uç/ îË®Ω-´-©-Æœ† îÓô’,
Next Sunday
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: 'The' ´·çü¿’ Delhi)
Ééπ\úø ûª®√yA §Òü¿’l†o 9 í∫çô-©èπ◊
Sunday next
¢√úøç; Å®·ûË sunday ņo-°æ¤púø’ îË®Ω’hçC.
The
´·çü¿’ Trains
¢√úøû√ç. 'TheÊ°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ Bhaskar: Have you booked your return jour-
´Ææ’hçC. ney?
Bhaskar: Have you booked the ticket? / Reserve
A®Ω’í∫’ v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o¢√?
reserve your ticket? Charan: I am not sure when I return. Depends
ticket reserve
-F -îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o-¢√? on what my uncle says. High on the waitlist (wait list ™ ´·çü¿’ç-úøôç) 12) arrival = îËJéπ; Departure = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç. -´’®Ó
(Ticket = öÀéÀö¸ – 'öÀ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhØÓ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. low on the wait list (wait list ™ éÀçü¿ Öçúøôç) ®Ωéπçí¬ – ®√éπ (arrival), §Úéπ (departure)
Charan: yes, yesterday. I am travelling II ´÷ uncle îÁÊ°p ü∆Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. 8) Make do with = ÆæJ-°æ¤-a-éÓ-´ôç/ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç. 13) Destination = í∫´’uç, îËÍ®/ -îË-®Ω-´-©-Æ œ† îÓô’.
sleeper class. There was no accom- Bhaskar: OK then, see you tomorrow at sta- a) Fèπ◊ ؈’ ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ É´y-í∫-©†’. The destination of the AP express from
modation in the AC classes. tion. ü∆çûÓ Ææ®Ω’léÓ. Hyderabad is New Delhi.
II sleeper ™ Ø√ v°æߪ÷ùç. AC Í®°æ¤ Station
™ éπ©’ü∆lç. I can give you only Rs 100/-. Make do AP Express
£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ †’ç* •ßª’-™‰lÍ® í∫´’uç
Classes ™ îÓô’-™‰ü¿’. Charan: Bye! with it. New Delhi.
Accommodation =
( Å鬴’úÁ-ß˝’-≠æØ˛ – 'úÁß˝’— Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´*a† v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† b) †’NyîËaü∆çûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. 14) On the train/ on board the train = train ™,
ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. ´·çü¿’-†o '-Å— ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æ©éπç. ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç. I'll make do with whatever you give. on the journey = v°æߪ÷ùç™ (during the
Å®Ωnç = îÓô’, ´ÆæA) 1) Leaving - leave = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç. ¢Á∞¡xôç. 9) Catering service (Èéß˝’-ô-Jçí˚ ÆæNÆˇ) = ´çô, journey ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç)
Bhaskar: Why didn't you go earlier? I leave for college at 9 every day. ´úøf†. on travel = while on travel = -v°æ-ߪ÷-ùç-™
(´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á-∞¡}™‰ü¿’?) (leave - left - left) äéπ îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç/ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç Cater = ´çúÕ ´úÕfç-îªôç, ´·êuçí¬ parties èπÿ, travel = v°æߪ÷ùç, v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-îªôç (vö«´™¸);
leave for a place. °Rx∞¡⁄x ´Èíj-®√-©èπ◊ (cater = Èéß˝’-ô®˝) Comfort = Ææ’êç/ -≤˘-éπ®Ωuç
a) Çߪ’† îÁØÁj o †’ç* Delhi éÀ E†o -¢Á-∞«xúø’ catering = Èéß˝’-ô-Jçí˚ – -Ñ -Å-Eo °æ-ü∆-©-™  'Èé— - Travel in comfort with less luggage
He left Chennai for Delhi yesterday. ØÌéÀ\ °æ-©é¬-L. ûªèπ◊\´ luggage ûÓ Ææ’êçí¬ v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-îªçúÕ.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 74
b) Ç¢Á’ E†o Ééπ\úø †’ç* ¢ÁRxçC. áéπ\-úÕéÓ caterers = Èéß˝’-ô®Ω-ñ ¸ = ´çúÕ, ´úÕfçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx (com-
Now practise the following in English.
ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. pany/ restaurant, etc)
Gowtham:
O’ v°æߪ÷ùç ᙫ ïJ-TçC?
Sekhar:
î√-™« Ææ’êç-í¬ØË ïJ-TçC.

How was your journey?

Gowtham:
Ééπ\úÕéÀ á°æ¤púø’ îË®√®Ω’?
Sekhar: train
îË®√-Lq† time 10.35 é¬E 15
EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC.
Gowtham: ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ á°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒh®Ω’?
Sekhar: Í®°æ¤, á©’xç-úŒ ؈’ busy. Ç ûª®√yûª
Charan: The booking clerk told me that by last
®ÓV university ™ °æ†’çC. Ç ®ÓV
She left here yesterday. No idea where for. 10) See off = send off = time Öçõ‰ ´≤ƒh. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ îÁ°æpôç
sunday itself the AC classes were (No Idea É™«-¢√-úøôçpractice
îËߪ’çúÕ)
full. If I wanted AC, I would be 34 on
OúÓ\-©’/-O-úÓ\©’ éπ≠d¢æ Ë’.
2) Train /bus /plane by train, by bus,
Gowtham: Ç ûª®√yûª ®ÓV ®√´îª’a éπü∆?
™ ™ ™ = É´yôç
the wait list. by plane. a) ؈’ ´÷ friend †’ Sekhar:
sunday AC class-
ÅüË癉ü¿’. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Íé AP express ™ = By the AP express
Ç®ÓV ؈’ AJT ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o.
es clerk
°æç°œç-îª-ö«-EéÀ Gowtham: Ç ®ÓV O’ train á°æ¤púø’? ≤ƒßª’çvûªç
ÅFo EçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷-ߪ’E îÁ§ƒpúø’. 3) Tickets reserve îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ôç/ -éÌ-†’-éÓ\-´ôç = (OúÓ\©’ É´y-ö«-EéÀ –
wait (waiting list)
鬢√-©çõ‰ ™ 34 - book tickets. (book journey. buy tickets éπü∆, ´÷ Éçöx lunch èπ◊ ®ΩçúÕ.
ÉC ûÁ©’-í∫’™ éÌçîÁç Sekhar: ´÷ ÇNúø shopping ¢Á∞«x-
üÌ®Ω’èπ◊-ûª’ç-ü¿-Ø√o-úø’.
Bhaskar: That's risky. You can't be sure of
ņ-´îª’a. Reservation buy tickets in
Å®·ûË §ƒçúÕûªuç, ´÷´‚©’ M. SURESAN Ç®ÓV
advance) ´÷ô™x ¢√úøç ©ç- -ö çC.
accommodation when you are so low Advance booking (´·çü¿’í¬ éÌE Öç-éÓ-´ôç) Gowtham: Ç®ÓV O’ tickets book Åߪ÷uߪ÷?
on the wait(ing) list. current booking (á°æpöÀéπ°æ¤púø’ é̆’-éÓ\-´ôç) éπü∆?) station èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ûª®√yA ®ÓV ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ.
I am going to the station to see my friend
Waiting list ™ 34 Å®·ûË Æ‘ô’ üÌ®Ω-éπôç éπ-≠d-¢æ Ë’. [current = ]
ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o/ v°æÆæ’h-ûª Sekhar: Ç. -Åߪ÷u®·. ûª®√yûª ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©
off (to Delhi)/ to send off my friend (to
Charan: That's why I preferred II sleeper. And 4) ã class
™ v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-îªôç = travel a class. à train ™ ë«S ™‰ü¿’. O©-®·-
Delhi) ´®Ω è π ◊
I got the berth of my choice. a)Åûª†’ á°æ¤púø÷ II sleeper ™ v°æߪ÷ùç îË≤ƒhúø’ b) ؈’ stationèπ◊ ®√Ø√ †’¢Áy-∞Ïx-ô°æ¤p-úø’? †çûª ´®Ω èπÿ Ç ®ÓV O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√´-ö«-
II Sleeper
Åçü¿’Íé áç-èπ◊Ø√o. Ø√é¬\-´- He always travels II class sleeper
shall I see you off at the station. EéÀ v°æ ß ª’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. ®√éπ-§ÚûË à´’-†’-éÓ-
berth
©-Æœ† üÌJ-éÀçC. b) Ç¢Á’ I class ™ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-≤ÚhçC
c) Çߪ ’† Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ’ î√-™«´’çC Çߪ ’-†èπ◊ ´ü¿’l. -Ñ≤ƒJ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ
berth pronunciation 'ber', 'bird'
( 'bir' ™ ™«í¬ She is travelling I class
'r' silent. (by/ on/ in first class é¬ü¿’) OúÓ\-L-î√a®Ω’ (station ™) ´≤ƒh†’.
A numbers of his students saw him off at Gowtham: ††’o E®√¨¡ °æ®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. (disappoint)
(of my choice = of your choice
Ø√é¬\-´-©-Æœ†. 5) Accommodation = Train
´ÆæA. ™ Å®·ûË îÓô’
(seat/ berth) the station. OK. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ Ç®ÓV station èπ◊
= Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ†)
6) Wait (ing) list = Berths/ seats wait 11) See off X receive ´≤ƒh†’ O’èπ◊ O-úÓ\-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ. O’èπ◊
Bhaskar: What about your food on the jour- éÓÆæç îËÊÆ
Receive Åçõ‰ á´È®j oØ√ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç station train ™ AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ food èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÌ-
ney? I suggest you take it from home. v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊© ñ«Gû√. á´-È®jØ√ v°æߪ÷ùç ´÷†’-
The food on the train is expensive èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x Æ‘ô’x ´®Ω’Ææ véπ´’ç™ wait(ing) list™ èπ◊ í¬E, bus stand èπ◊ í¬F ¢ÁRx. ≤ƒh†’.
a) She has gone to the station to receive Sekhar: Station èπ◊ ®ΩçúÕ. é¬E food ´ü¿’l. train
and not so good. Ö†o ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ É≤ƒh®Ω’.
her father
v°æߪ÷-ùç™ ǣ慮Ωç Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ? †’´¤y 7) Wait(ing) list™ Ö†o ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ seat/ berth ë«ßª’- ™ food ûÓ í∫-úÕÊ°≤ƒhç -™„çúÕ.
ÉçöÀ †’ç* BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-ô-¢Ë’ ´’ç*C. ÅüË ´’-´ôç - confirmed. ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o-†’ BÆæ’èπ◊-®√-´-ö«-EéÀ station èπ◊ Gowtham: ††’o BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-E-´yç-úÕ. Ø√éπüÓ
Ø√ Ææ©£æ…. Train ™ Ţ˒t-C üµ¿È®-èπ◊\-¢Ë My tickets/ accommodation has been con- -¢Á-R}ç-C. ÆæçûÓ≠æç.
firmed. b) There was none to receive him at the Sekhar: OK.
é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’.
Charan: Mom is not in town. I am going to
Ø√èπ ◊ îÓô’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ - berth/ seat - ÖçC – ë«ßª’- station
make do with the food on the train.
´’- ® ·uçC. Çߪ’† éÓÆæç á´®Ω÷ ®√™‰ü¿’.
I've (I have) heard that the catering
service on the AP Express isn't so -v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Key words Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? -O-öÀ-E Ê°®√-ví¬°∂æ¤-™ -à -N-üµ¿çí¬ í∫’-Jhç-î√-L?
È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ -´÷-ô-™-ûÓ -Öç-úÕ, verb ™«í¬ °æEE ûÁ-LÊ° expression, phrasal
bad. 2. 'Phrasal verbs'
í∫’-Jç-* -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. i) Transitive, ii) intransitive verb. He put out the light -
Ééπ\úø put out ÅØËC Phrasal verb, ÇÍ®p-¨»úø’ ÅØË
´÷ Å´’t Ü∞x-™‰ü¿’. Train™ AçúÕ-ûÓØË verbs
-†’ -á-™« í∫’-Jhç-î√-L? Å®ΩnçûÓ. take care of -
ÉC èπÿú≈ phrasal verb.
ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. AP Express ¢√∞¡x 3. She will be awarded. -D-E-E She will be award -Å-ØÌ-î√a? i) Transitive verb - object
Ö†o verb. 'Buy' (é̆ôç) – DEéÀ object ÖçC –
(á´Jo), üËEo é̆ôç Åçõ‰ – àüÓ äéπ-ü∆Eo é̆ôç ÅØË answer ´Ææ’hçC– 鬕öÀd
- ï - ¢ √- • ’:
ǣ慮Ωç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿ØË NØ√o. – -Åçéπç Ææ’-üµ∆éπ®˝, °-ü¿l-´’-™«xÈ®-úÕf, -Gµ πÿo®˝
Bhaskar: I wish to see you off at the station. 1. Key words Åçõ‰ äéπ passage ÉC transitive. Å™«Íí 'see' (îª÷úøôç) á´Jo (üËEE îª÷úøôç Åçõ‰, äéπJo/
à N≠æ-ߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* îªJa-Ææ’hçüÓ ûÁLÊ°
What are its times of arrival and ´÷ô©’. Paragraph/ Passage †’ îªC-¢Ë-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.¢√öÀE äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ îª÷úøôç ÅØË answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd ÅC transitive verb.
departure? When do you reach í∫’Jhç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† °æü¿l¥-ûªçô÷ à-D-™‰-ü¿’. ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. ii) Intransitive verb: á´Jo, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ answer ™‰EC. He goes
Delhi? The important task before any government is to provide the to Hyderabad every week. go = ¢Á∞¡xôç – á´Jo/ üËEE ¢Á∞¡xôç Åçõ‰
؈’ Fèπ◊ OúÓ\©’ É´y-ö«-EéÀ Station èπ◊ people with the minimum level of education. Ñ sentence ™ answer ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, ÉC intransitive.
´≤ƒh. Train ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ© times àçöÀ? key word - 'education' ÅE ûÁ©’-≤Úhç-C -éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Ñ sentence 3. She will be award - Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø be form ûª®√yûª ®√´--©ÆœçC past par-
Delhi á°æ¤púø’ îË®√h´¤? ÖçúË Passage Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷ØËo îªJa-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. ticiple – awarded. It will be seen Åçö«ç é¬F, It will be see ņç éπü∆.
(see off = send off = OúÓ\-©’/-O-úÓ\©’ É´yôç) 2. Phrasal verbs - verb ™«í∫ ¢√úø - í ∫ - L - T - † ´÷ô© èπ ÿ ®Ω ’ p†’ Phrasal verb Åçö«ç. v°æA¶µº lessons ™ six forms of the verb ´’®Ó´÷®Ω’ îª÷úøçúÕ.

spoken english -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 29 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Prahlad: Hi Nagaraj, where were you yester- îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ç-ô’ç-D N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-†Eo)
day? you didn't turn up for the meet- Nagaraj: I like the work. I can't bear to see a
ing.(E-†o -áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤? meeting èπ◊ thing out of place. I want the home
®√™‰üËç?) turn up £æ…ï-®Ω-´-úøç; turn up is (Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ´Ææ’h´¤ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Ø√èπ◊
always followed by 'for' ûÓîªü¿’. bear to see = (îª÷Ææ÷h) ¶µºJç-
Nagaraj: I was home all the day. I was busy îªúøç.) I didn't leave out even the attics
tidying up the place. I had thought it (Åô-éπ©’ èπÿú≈ ´ü¿-™‰xü¿’) What a lot of
doing two days before, but didn't find dust! (áçûª ü¿’¢Á÷t) I had to throw
the time (®Óïçû√ ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o. É©’x Ææ®Ω’l- away a number of useless things. (Ö°æ-
ûª’Ø√o.È®ç-úø’ ®Ó-V© éÀçü¿ Ææ®Ω’l-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. ßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ §ƒÍ®¨») I bundled Answers:
é¬F time üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’.) up all the newspapers. I will dispose 8) give a good wash = ¶«í¬ éπúø-í∫úøç
Prahlad: Why? was it so untidy? Koumudi: Hi Priya, You are not to be seen.
them of today. 9) reset = Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ´’Sx °ôdúøç
Priya: We met just the day (before). I went to
(Åçûª *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ Öçü∆?) (§ƒûª news papers Å-Fo éπôd©’ éπö«d†’. 10) cobwebs = ≤ƒ™„-í∫÷∞¡Ÿx, •÷V
Nagaraj: It was. The whole place was in a my uncle's yesterday. They were tidying
¢√öÀF Ñ ®ÓV Ţ˒t-≤ƒh†’.Bundle = éπôd; 11) make up bed = °æéπ\ Ææ®Ωlúøç
mess. I had neglected for two weeks. up their home. I lent a hand.
éπôdúøç. dispose of = Ţ˒t-ߪ’úøç) 12) dirt = ´·JéÀ, dust = ü¿’´·t
Nothing was in its proper place (lend a hand = ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úøúøç)
Prahlad: You appear to be a stickler for clean- 13) attic = ÅöÀé˙ = Åôéπ
Koumudi: You are good at tidying up and
(-É-™xç-û√ í∫ç-ü¿®ΩíÓ-∞¡çí¬- Öç-C. È®ç-úø’ -¢√®√-©’ éÌç--îªç liness (¨¡Ÿv¶µºûª Åçõ‰ î√-™« °æöÀdç-°æ¤í¬ Ö†o- 14) I was through = °æE °æ‹Jh î˨»†’.
keeping things neat. You had better
-ÖÊ°éÀ~ç-î√...-Åç-ûË àD Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ™‰ü¿’) ô’dçC, Fèπ◊.stickler= àüÁjØ√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo a) He is through with his homework =
Prahlad: I'm afraid you are too worried about do a course in interior decoration.
í∫öÀdí¬ °æöÀdç--èπ◊ØË ¢√®Ω’ stickler for punc- Homework °æ‹Jh î˨»úø’.
tidiness (†’´¤y É©’x Å´’-Jéπ í∫’-Jç-* ´’K You can earn a lot (of money).
tuality = Ææ´’-ߪ’-§ƒ-©† °æöÀdç°æ¤çúË ¢√úø’) b) Are you through? = F °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·çü∆?
Priya: I just wonder how people can keep their
°æöÀdç--èπ◊ç-ö«-´-†’-èπ◊çö«) Nagaraj: You can say that. By the time I was 15) Vessels = dishes = utensils = ´çô, ´úøf-†èπ◊
Nagaraj: No. My table was untidy, with a lot of places untidy. Even a chair out of place
through it was 6 in the evening you ¢√úË §ƒvûª©’
at home upsets me.
know mom will be pleasantly sur- 16) pan/ frying pan = °†ç/ ´‚èπ◊úø’
Koumudi: I like tidiness, but I am not very par-
prised to see the glittering stove, and 17) ewer (Ñ´) = îÁç•’
ticular about it ( be particular =
the utensils. ´÷ Å´’t ûª∞¡-ûª∞¡ ¢Á’JÊÆ 18) front room = Éçöx ´·çü¿’ í∫C – ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’,
°æöÀdç-°æ¤í¬ Öçúøúøç) You overdo things.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 75 stove©†’ §ƒvûª-©†÷ îª÷Æœ ÆæçûÓ≠æçûÓ
Ǩ¡a-®Ωu°æúø’ûª’çC.utensils = vessels =
visitors †’ èπÿ®Óa-¶„õ‰d room ÅüË Å®·-ûË ÅC draw-
ing room Å´¤-ûª’çC.
Priya: Call it what you like\ say whatever you
like. I am upset when I see even a speck
of dust.

home •ü¿’©’ place Koumudi: Yours appears to be abnormal psy-

chology.
Priya: I don't mind your saying so. (I don't mind
= Ø√èπ◊ °æ®√y-™‰ü¿’)
Koumudi: How are you able to tolerate your
servant girl's untidy hair?
paper and books piled up or lying all Priya: (Do) you want me to comb her hair (into-
dishes = §ƒvûª©’ – ´çôèπ◊ 19) Portico = °ü¿l É∞¡x™ x,
´úøf-†èπ◊ -¢√úËN
over. The front room was a chatter of plait= ïúø). Then I shall be her servant.
glitter = ûª∞¡-ûª∞¡ ™«úøôç) •çí¬x™ x Æœç£æ«-ü∆y®Ωç
furniture. The TV stand-well, let me °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ÉçöÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’ -ÖØ√o®· ´·çü¿’†o Covered area
not talk about all that. Now that I tided éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE îªJaü∆lç. 20) Balcony = ¢Ë’úø -O’-ü¿ -
up every thing I feel relieved. (°æ¤Ææhé¬-©’
-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù–74-™
1) Home = ´’†ç ´’† ¢√∞¡}ûÓ (members of our †’ç* îª÷úø-ö«-E-èπ◊çúË -É-*a-† -ûÁ-©’í∫’ Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù π◊ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ- -¢Á®Ω{-Ø˛
, é¬-T-û√-©-ûÓ -Ø√ -õ‰-•’-™¸ -Åç-û√ -*ç-ü¿®Ω-´ç- family) ÖçúË É©’x ÅüÁl-üÁjØ√ 鬴a, ≤Òçûª-¢Á’iØ√ ë«S Ææn©ç
ü¿®Ωí¬ -Öç-C.Piled up = üÌçûª-®Ωí¬ Öçúøôç Gowtham: How was your journey?
Ŵa). ´’† ÉçöÀ-éÀ-´-*a† guest ûÓ à´’çö«ç? = 21) Ceiling = ÉçöÀ-™ -°æL M. SURESAN Sekhar: Very comfortable/quite comfortable
Chatter = furniture ™«çöÀC *çü¿®Ω ´çü¿- Please feel at home. (O’ É™‰x ņ’-éÓçúÕ Åçö«ç.) éπ°æ¤p, roof =°jéπ°æ¤p. Gowtham: When did you arrive here?
®Ωí¬ Öçúøôç. 2) Place = éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x home (´’†ç Öçô’†o 22) Tiles = °çèπ◊; (Mosaic/ Floor tile) Sekhar: The arrival times / time of arrival of the
Prahlad: Was there none else at home to help É©’x) •ü¿’©’ place Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ my 23) bolt = ûª©’-°æ¤- í∫úÕߪ’, í∫úÕ-ߪ’-°-ôdúøç.(latch ÅE train is 10.35. But it was late by 15 min-
you? home/our home ÅE, I am going to my/our home èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’) utes.
(Éçöx ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’-Èé-´®Ω÷ -™‰®√?) /it is at my/our home ÅE ņç. Å°æ¤púø’ my place. 24) Cupboard = -îÁéπ\-ûª-©’-°æ¤© Å™«t®√. Gowtham: when are you visiting me?/ when
Nagaraj: Mom and sister are out of town. Dad ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®ΩçúÕ = come (down) to my place: 25) Oven = (Å-¢˛Ø˛) §Ò®·u. oven fresh = Å°æ¤p-úø- are you calling at my place?/ when are you
is too old. I gave the toilet a good come to my home ÅE ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Å†®Ω’. °æ¤púË ûªßª÷È®j† ´çô (oven fresh Dosa) coming to my place?/ when can I have the
wash. I cleaned up the cupboards and 3) tidy = (É©’x, í∫C, Office, etc) Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô 26) Stale= ÂÆdß˝’™¸– E-©y ÖçúÕ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·† (ǣ慮Ω pleasure of your visit? ( formal.)
*´-JC
reset all things. (Å´’t, îÁLx -Ü-∞ x™‰®Ω’. ´Ææ’h´¤-©’ Å´’-J-éπí¬ Öçúøôç. °æü∆-®√n-™«xç-öÀN) Stale food, Stale bread. Sekhar: I am busy with my work tomorrow and
Ø√†o °ü∆l-ߪ’†. Toilet ¶«í¬ éπúÕT, cup- His home is very tidy = É©’x î√™« Å´’-J-éπí¬ (Stale joke èπÿú≈) the day after, the next day I have some work at
boards ™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©Fo ÆæÍ®l-¨»†’) Öçô’çC. Tidy x untidy. Now practise the following: the university. If I have any time left that day, I will
Prahlad: What a job! (áçûª °æE-îË-¨»´¤!) go to your place. Otherwise, it is difficult to say
4) untidy = ´Ææ’h-´¤-©Fo ã order ™ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ -*ç-ü¿®Ω- Koumudi: Hi Priya, àçöà éπ†-°æ-úøúøç ™‰ü¿’?
Nagaraj: That wasn't all. I cleaned the cob- Priya : ¢Á·†oØË éπü∆ ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. E†o ؈’ (If I can visit you or not)
´ç-ü¿®Ωí¬ Öçúøúøç. Gowtham: You can come the day after that.
webs. I cleaned the kitchen, I made The place is untidy= Ç v°æü˨¡ç / É©’x î√™« *çü¿- ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ÉçöÀ-Èé∞«x. ¢√∞¡xçû√ É©’x Ææ®Ω’l-
up the beds. I washed the dishes. Sekhar: That's the day of my return (journey)
®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ ÖçC. èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰ ؈÷ ≤ƒßª’-ç -îË-¨»-†’. Gowtham: What is the time of departure of
(ÅçûË-é¬ü¿’. •÷V ü¿’L°œ ´çöÀ-©xçû√ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç (*çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ Ö†o Vô’d =untidy hair Koumudi : ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Å´’-®Ωa-úøç™ †’´¤y Eïçí¬
your train that day? isn't it in the evening? you
îËÆœ §ƒvûª-©-Fo éπúÕ-í¬†’. °æéπ\-©-Fo Ææ®√l†’) í∫>-G->í¬ Ö†o ®√ûª = untidy writing) íÌ°æp ü∆E¢Ë. £æ…®·í¬ interior can have lunch with us.
Prahlad: My elder sister takes care of all these He has a tidy appearance =neat í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Decoration (É∞¡x ™°æL Å©ç-éπ-®Ωù) Sekhar: My wife wants to go shopping/
things at home. (´÷ Éçöx ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u 5) tidy = Å´’-J-éπí¬ É©’x-™«ç-öÀN Ææ®Ωlúøç = áéπ\úø Öçú≈- course îÁ®·u. ¶«í¬ Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-´îª’a. do some shopping that day
Lq† ´Ææ’h´¤ -Åéπ\-úø neat í¬ Öçîªôç. Priya : ÅÆæ©’ Ø√éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC... É©xçû√ *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿- Gowtham: Have you booked tickets for that
-v°æ-¨¡o -: -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù–7-™ -Ç-¢Á’èπ◊ -Ñ -vúÁÆˇ -î√-™« a) Let me tidy up the home first = ¢Á·ü¿ô É©’x ®Ωí¬ á™« Öç-èπ◊ç-ö«-®Ó -ÅE. ´÷ Éçöx ã day?
-É-≠ædç. -Å-ØË-¢√é¬u-Eo... She likes this Ææ®ΩlF. èπ◊Ka éÌçîÁç éπC-LØ√ Ø√èπ◊ *é¬í¬_ Öçô’çC. Sekhar: Yes. All trains are full the next three
dress Å--E -Å-Ø√o®Ω’.-Éç-ü¿’-™ -î√-™« -É-≠ædç b) He tidied up the room yesterday = E†o í∫ü¿çû√ (*é¬èπ◊ – upset) days. I'll try my best to go to your place that
-Å-ØË -¶µ«-´ç Ææ’p¥-Jç-îª-úøç -™‰-ü¿’ éπ-ü∆! -Å-™«Íí- Ææ®√lúø’. Koumudi : Ø√èπÿ tidy í¬ Öç-éÓ-´úøç É≠æd-¢Ë’-é¬E, day. If I am not able to, don't misunderstand
me. When I come here next, I will certainly
Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù –8-™ -†’--¢Áy°æ¤p-úø÷ -Ç-©Ææ-uçí¬ ®√-´¤ -Å-ØË- c) We must keep our homes neat and tidy = Åçûª °æöÀdç°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’. †’-´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\-´™‰!
¢√é¬u-Eo You do not come late -Å-E -É-î√a®Ω’.Éç-ü¿’- Priya : à´’Ø√o ņ’éÓ. äéπ ü¿’´·t-éπùç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ come to your place.
É∞¡x†’ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ (tidy) Öç-éÓ-¢√L. Gowtham: You disappoint me / that's very
™- á°æ¤p-úø÷ -Å-ØË-¶µ«-´ç Ææp-≠ædçí¬ -™‰-ü¿’. -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 6) Feel relived = •®Ω’´¤ CT-†-ôx-†’-éÓ-´úøç when I éÓ°æç ûÁ°œp-Ææ’hçC.Speck of dust = ü¿’´·t-
disappointing. I will come to the station that day
– Èé.-Ç®˝. -v°œ-ߪ’-ü¿-Jz-E, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø heard that I had passed I felt relieved = pass éπùç)
-ï-¢√-•’: -She likes this dress -Å-ØË -¢√éπuç -•-ü¿’-©’í¬ to see you off. I'll get you some food to eat on
Koumudi : FC éÌçûª Å≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωù ´’†-Ææh-ûªy¢Ë’.
She likes this dress a lot \very much Å--E -Öç-
Åߪ÷u-†E N†-í¬ØË N´·éÀh ™«çöÀ ¶µ«´† éπL-Tç-C. the train.
Once the exams are over, students feel relived Priya: †’´y™« ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o Ø√Íéç ¶«üµ¿-™‰ü¿’. Sekhar: Do come to the station, but don't
ú≈-L.-You do not come late •-ü¿’-©’í¬You never = It is a great relief = Exams Å®·-§Ú-´úøç ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Koumudi: ´’K O’ °æE °œ©x Vô’d *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ bother about the food. I'll manage (make do)
come late -Å-E -Öç-ú≈--Lqç-C.-- O’®Ω’ -Éç-ûª -ñ«-ví∫-ûªhí¬
N´·éÀh. ÖØ√o ¶µºJ-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢Ëç? with the food on the train.
í∫-´’-Eç--*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’. We appreciate it. 7) chatter = *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿®Ω (furniture - chairs, sofas Priya: Ç Å´÷t-®·éÀ ††’o ®ÓW ïúË-ߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√? Gowtham: Let me get it. It is my pleasure.
Keep it up.
™«çöÀN *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ Öçõ‰,) Å°æ¤p-ú≈´÷t®·éÀ ؈’ servant Å´¤û√. Sekhar: OK

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 1 è…šúÙñô¢ª 2005

Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Bhanu: Ravi, you are late. But what's the óµ«ÞœÙ àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
matter? You appear to be in a shock.
(ô¢N, ìª÷±y Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷à¦a÷±. ÔÙæ¨ Traffic accident ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ#ì ÷«åõª
ú£ÙÞœA? ÔëÁ ÿ§ÚÂö˺ Ñìo-åªx-û¦oîËÂ!) 1) hit, crash into, ram
èņڕ-ìè[Ù =
Ravi: You can say that. Some thing terrible a) The lorry hit the cyclist.
happened. (ö°K šújÚ¨xúÃdìª èņڕÙC.)
(Í÷±ìª. íÆ£ªËºô¢Ù áJ-T-ð¼-ô³ÙC.) b) The truck crashed into the bus.
terrible = òÅ¡óŸªÙ-ÚÛ-ô¢-iì, íÆ£ªËºô¢-iì (våÚ Óë]ª-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhìo/ Ñìo ñúÃìª èņڕÙC.) d) With severe injuries he joined a hospital. lorry hit/ crashed. In another acci-
Bhanu: But what happened Ravi? crash ÚÛª ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Óë]ª-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhìo î¦ï£°- (Bv÷-iì Þ¥óŸ«-õêÁ Îú£p-vAö˺ à¶ô¦è[ª.) dent a lorry ran over a man, while
(ÔÙ áJ-TÙC?) û¦Eo èņڕìè[Ù ÍE Íô¢nÙ. they were taking him to hospital,
Ravi: Just wait. Let me recover. e) severe injury = major injury (major -
c) The truck rammed the bus. ' with severe injuries, he died on the
(Ú¥ú£h ÎÞœª. ììªo ê¶ô¢ª-ÚÁF) x minor injury.
óÀªá)
(ñúÃìª våÚ à¦ö° Þœæ¨dÞ¥ èņڕÙC.) 6) die of an injury = way.

íÆ£ªËºô¢Ù áJTð¼ô³ÙC...!
recover = ê¶ô¢ªÚÁ÷è[Ù, ÚÁõªÚÁ÷è[Ù d) The truck ran into the bus from behind/
Þ¥óŸªÙ ÷õx àŸEð¼÷è[Ù
7) spilling of blood = Venu: The other day I saw a man bleeding
Recover from fever. rammed the bus from behind.
ô¢ÚÛhÙ #Ùë]è[Ù
8) bleed = ô¢ÚÛhÙ Ú¥ô¢è[Ù from injuries. An auto hit him. While
áyô¢Ù ìªÙ# ÚÁõªÚÁ÷è[Ù. he was crossing the road in peak
traffic, the auto knocked him down.
Kiran: Did he die? (Hope he did not die)
Venu: I don't know. But his injuries were
serious. It is difficult for any one to
survive such injuries.
(survive = ë¶E ìªÙ# Íô³û¦ ñóŸª-å-
í£è… ñêŸÚÛè[Ù)
(ñúÃìª våÚ îµìªÚÛ ìªÙ# èņڕÙC.) bleeding injuries = Kiran: The number of people dying in traffic
recovery = ú£yú£nêŸ e) The car crashed into a tree.
ô¢ÚÛhÙ-
accidents is more in our country than
Wish you a speedy recovery. Ú¥-ô¢ªêŸªìo Þ¥óŸ«õª
(Ú¥ô¢ª àµåªdÚÛª èņڕÙC.) uncontrollable bleeding in many other countries.
(ìª÷±y/ Oªô¢ª êŸyô¢Þ¥ ÚÁõª-ÚÁ-î¦-õE û¦/ ÷« ÚÁJÚÛ) f) The vehicle ran over the boy.
= Îí£-ö¶E ô¢ÚÛh-vþ§÷Ù
Bhanu: OK OK. Take your time. Calm down. (Î î¦ï£°ìÙ ÚÛªvô¦è… Oªë] ìªÙ# îµRxÙC.) Bleed- bled (past)- bled
(ú£¸ô. BJ-Þ¥_û¶ àµí£±p. ÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛªë]ª-å-í£è[ª.) (past participle)
Ravi: (After a few minutes) I was on my way
They admitted him into
here on my bike. Just as I took the turn
hospital with bleeding
at the last cross roads, I heard a loud
injuries.
noise. I stopped and turned round to
see what it was. Oh, God! a lorry had
(Þ¥óŸ«-õêÁ ô¢ÚÛhÙ Ú¥ô¢ª-꟪ìo M. SURESAN
hit a boy on his cycle. Believe me, the
ÍêŸè…E î¦üŒ‰x Îú£p-vAö˺
à¶JpÙ-à¦ô¢ª.) ví£øŒo: 1. Where do we keep Quotation
boy and his cycle flew into the air and marks at the end of the sentence?
Hospitalise = Îú£pvAö˺ à¶JpÙàŸè[Ù
landed on the road. The boy hit the ( after full stop or before full stop)
ground head on. Blood spilled all over. 2. Kindly give a Pronunciation Guide’
‘
In no time a large crowd gathered. The for all the typical words which we
boy in no more. Spot dead, I am sure. use in regular English.
(û¦ òµjÚ Oªë] ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú•ú£ªhû¦o. Î vÚ¥úÃ-ôÁèÂq
ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÷ªõªí£± Aô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o. šíë]l øŒñlÙ. ÎT ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 76 3. Tatas and Birlas are tycoons. Is this
correct to say the above sentence
AJT àŸ«ø‹. šújÚ¨öËÀ Oªë] Ñìo ÚÛªvô¦è…E ö°K as Both the Tatas and Birlas are
‘‘
èņڕÙC. ì÷³t... ì÷ªt-ÚÛð¼ šújÚ¨öËÀêÁ ú£ï£„ Î Tycoons .’’
9) peak traffic = ÍêŸuÙêŸ ô¢DlÞ¥ Ñìo væ°íƇÚÂ
ÚÛªvô¦è[ª šíjÚ¨ ÓTJ Ú¨Ùë]-í£-è¯fè[ª êŸõ ôÁè[ªfÚ¨ 4. Kindly give some examples with the
10 cross roads =
) û¦õªÞœª OëÅ]ªõ ÚÛ«è[L
êŸTö¶ö°. ÍÙê¦ ô¢ÚÛhÙ #ÙCÙC. áìÙ ÍÙê¦ operators must, need, dare, used
11) overtake = ÷³Ùë]ªìo î¦ï£°-û¦Eo ë¯æ¨-îµ-üŒxè[Ù
ð¼Þœ-óŸ«uô¢ª. ÚÛªvô¦è[ª ÍÚÛ\-è…-ÚÛ-ÚÛ\è¶ àŸE- to, ought to (Positive statement,
12) cross = î¦ï£°-û¦-EÚ¨ Óë]ª-ô¢ªîµüŒxè[Ù
ð¼óŸ«è[ª.) Negative, Yes-No Q, wh-Q)
overtake x cross (opposites)
spill = #Ùë]è[Ù/ Öõ-ÚÛè[Ù. 5. Is it correct to say passive forms for
All over = Î àŸªå«d Oh, God! a lorry had hit a boy on his cycle Now practise the following in English present perfect continuous,
In no time= ¤ÛéÙö˺ future continuous and future perfect
1) Kiran: Ð ö°K, Îæ˺ wèµj÷ô¢ªx Óí£p-æ¨Ú© êµõª-ú£ª
No more = àŸE-ð¼÷è[Ù run over = Oªë] ìªÙ# îµüŒxè[Ù (passiveö˺ continuous tenses.
spot dead = ÍÚÛ\-è…-ÚÛ-ÚÛ\è¶, Íí£p-æ¨-ÚÛ-í£±pè¶
ÚÁô¢ª!
– ÓúÃ. ô¦@, ꟪E
ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ î¦è[ê¦ô¢ª). Venu: ÔÙæ¨ ú£ÙÞœA?
spot= àÁåª The man was ran over by the car.
Kiran: Ð ì«uúà ›íí£ôÂ àŸ«è[ª. ·ôÙè[ª ví£÷«-
flew= ÓT-ô¦è[ª (past tense of fly) (ÍêŸè… Oªë] ìªÙ# Ú¥ô¢ª îµRxÙC.) ë¯õª. ÖÚÛ-ë¯Ùæ˺x Óë]ª-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhìo áî¦ñª:
Head on= êŸõ êŸTö¶ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ (Óë]ª-·ô-ë]ª- g) knock down ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦ô¢ª. 1. If the whole sentence is to be placed in
The lorry knocked down the man.
ñúÃE èņڕìo ö°K. í£C-÷ªÙC Þ¥óŸª-í£-
ô¢ªÞ¥ – ÏêŸô¢ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x) è¯fô¢ª. ÏÙÚÁ ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ ÷ªEù‡ Oªë] quotations, they are placed after the full
Bhanu: How shocking! (ö°K ÍêŸè…E Ú•ç¶d-ú‡ÙC.) stop\ question mark\ exclamation.
2) die in an accident =
ìªÙ# ö°K îµRxÙC. Þ¥óŸªí£è…ì ÍêŸ-è…E
(ÓÙêŸ òÅ¡óŸªÙ-ÚÛô¢Ù!) ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ àŸEð¼÷è[Ù Îú£p-vAÚ¨ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒ‰-꟪Ùç¶ ÷ªëÅ]uö˺û¶ àŸE- She said, I am no longer interested in it
‘‘ .’’
Ravi: The body is lying there in a pool of 3) fatal = ÷ªô¢-é°-EÚ¨ Ú¥ô¢-é-÷ªó¶ªu He said, How can you do that?
‘ ’
blood. I was unable to bear the sight fatal accident =
ð¼-óŸ«è[ª.
÷ªô¢-é°-EÚ¨ ë¯J-B›ú ví£÷«ë]Ù Venu: îµ³ìo Îæ˺ èņ Ú•ì-è[ÙêÁ ÖÚÛ-JÚ¨ Bv÷ÙÞ¥ The tourist said, How beautiful the Taj is
‘ !’
any longer. I came away. Poor boy. A fatal road accident- three died in a fatal If a word or group of words is to be placed
road accident.
Þ¥óŸ«öµj ô¢ÚÛhÙ Ú¥ô¢è[Ù àŸ«ø‹. ÍêŸè[ª
(ÍêŸè… ë¶ï£°Ù ô¢ÚÛhÙ ÷ªè[ªÞœªö˺ í£è… ÑÙC. væ°íƇÚ ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª ôÁè ë¯åª- in quotation the full stop comes after the
û¶ìª àŸ«è[-ö¶ÚÛ ÷à¶aø‹. ð§í£Ù!) (÷ªô¢-é°-EÚ¨ Ú¥ô¢-é-iì ví£÷«ë]Ù – íÆ£ªËºô¢ví£÷«- ꟪Ùç¶ Îæ˺ èņڕÙC. question.
pool = ÷ªè[ªÞœª (÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶ FüŒx ë]Ùö˺ ÷³Þœª_ô¢ª àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª.) The Minister wants this to be, Indiraraj
' óÀª-æËÀöËÀ (‘šíÆóÀª’ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L) Kiran: àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«è¯? ‘‘ ’’.
ÞœªÙåõª) fatal - šíÆ 2. We will do it, in fact we are doing it.
' áJ – ‘ÏÙ’ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õÚ¥L) = Þ¥óŸªÙ Venu: û¦ÚÛª êµMë]ª. Ú¥F ÍêŸè… Þ¥óŸ«õª ÷«vêŸÙ
bear = òÅ¡JÙàŸè[Ù 4) injury (ÏÙ 3. Correct sentences:
any longer = ÏÙÚÛ Ô÷«vêŸÙ. '
5) injure (ÏÙ á – ‘ÏÙ’ ûË•Ú¨\í£õÚ¥L) =
à¦ö° Bv÷-i-ìî¶. êŸõÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ Þ¥óŸªîµªiÙC.
ÍÙêŸ-šíë]l ëµñs-õêÁ ñêŸ-ÚÛè[Ù ÚÛù£d. a) The Tatas and the Birlas are tycoons.
Bhanu: Let's go and see. Where exactly is it? Þ¥óŸªí£ô¢àŸè[Ù b) Both the Tatas and the Birlas are
Kiran: væ°íƇÚ ví£÷«-ë¯ö˺x àŸE-ð¼-ó¶ª-î¦J ú£ÙÜu
(îµRx àŸ«ë¯lÙ í£ë]. ÓÚÛ\è[ áJ-TÙC?) a) People have/ suffer/ sustain injuries in tycoons.
Ravi: I told you. At the cross roads. You go. I an accident.
à¦ö° ë¶ø‹ö˺x ÚÛÙç¶ ÷ªì-ë¶-øŒÙö˺ ÓÚÛª\î¶.
(a) is better than (b) 'Both’ is unneces-
am still in a shock. I can't bear to see it (ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ ví£áõª Þ¥óŸª-í£-è[-ê¦ô¢ª) Answers sary here as even without it the meaning is
again. b) The accident killed one and injured at clear.
1) Kiran: These lorry, auto drivers never
(àµð§pìª ÚÛë¯. Î vÚ¥úÃ-ôÁ-èÂqö˺. ìªîµyüŒ‰x. least five. 4. We are going to discuss all these in the
learn.
û¶EÙÚ¥ ÿ§ÚÂ-ö˺û¶ Ñû¦o. ÷ªSx àŸ«è[-ö¶ìª) (ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ ÖÚÛô¢ª àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª, ÚÛFú£Ù Venu: What is the matter? coming lessons. please wait.
ÏÚÛ\è… ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é traffic, traffic accidents ÞœªJÙචÍô³-ë]ª-Þœªô¢ª Þ¥óŸª-í£-è¯fô¢ª.) Kiran: See this newspaper. Two acci- 5. It is bookish. The best thing is to avoid
c) severe (ú‡' NóŸª)/serious injury = Bv÷-iì them totally.
ÚÛë¯. î¦æ¨Ú¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ#ì ÷«åõª, î¦æ¨ Ñí£- dents. In one of the accidents, a
Þ¥óŸªÙ
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 4 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Ramu: Hi Raghu, how was the debate yester- Raghav: The first two prizes went to the teams
day? from other colleges. Our college was
debate
E†o (úÕ¶„-ß˝’ö¸– ¶„ß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ able to get the III prize. The speech of
?
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ᙫ ≤ƒTçC one of the judges at the end of the
Raghu: Very exciting. We missed you very debate was interesting. It seems he
much. Why didn't you come? could debate and win prizes even as
î√-™« Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ≤ƒTçC. †’´¤y ™‰éπ-§Ú-´- a school boy.
úø¢Ë’ ´÷èπ◊ ¢ÁL-Aí¬ ÅE°œç-*çC. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ prizes
¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®çúø’ colleges
Éûª®Ω èπ◊
®√™‰ü¿’? ¢Á∞«x®·. ´’† college III prize ´÷vûª¢Ë’
Ramu: I had important work, but thought I Debate
ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Tç-C. *´®Ω judge
could finish it and be in time for the speech interesting.
î√-™« *†o ´ßª’-Ææ’-
debate. But there was some delay and ™ØË Çߪ’† debates prizes
™ §ƒ™Ô_E She could do it = - past,
Ç¢Á’ îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíC Pradeep: No, Å°æ¤p-úø-®·ûË regular í¬ practice
I couldn't be free until late in the ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úøô. She couldn't (She could not) do it îËߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√-úÕE. É°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-
evening. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ could ûÓ Ö†o verbs í∫´’-Eü∆lç. - past
Ç¢Á’ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC ûª’Ø√o, Office ™ §Òü¿’l† 8 †’ç*
î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE, Å®·Ø√ ÅC °æ‹Jh 1) could finish 2) couldn't be free 3) could make 3) I thought you could make it ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5 ´®Ωèπ◊ busy 鬕öÀd.
îËÆæ’èπ◊E debate v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’-ßË’u-™ í¬ - past Pramod: àüÁjØ√ °ü¿l matches ™ Çúø-í∫-Lí¬¢√?
it 4) could understand 5) couldnot have (the †’´¤y ®√í∫-©’-í∫’-û√-´E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o
Pradeep: áçü¿’-é¬-úø-™‰ü¿’? ´÷ college team ™,
®√í∫©††’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC. Åçûª- benefit of) 6) could debate. 4) You could understand its importance
´-®Ωèπ◊ free é¬-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ school team ™ î√™«-
Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç 'can' Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©’- ü∆E v§ƒ´·êuç †’´¤y Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’éÓí∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕ-N– past ≤ƒ®Ω’x Çúø-í∫-Lí¬†’.
Raghu: We know that you had work, but Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? can í∫’-Jç-* ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC. 1) can 5) Could not have = §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. (past) Pramod: F job ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰¢√? Practice èπ◊ õ„jç
thought you could make it. We knew Åçõ‰ 'í∫©— ÅE ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’çC - in the 6) Could debate = debate ™ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úø’. èπ◊C-Í®-ô-ô’dçúË job îª÷Ææ’éÓ ™‰¢√?
too you could understand the impor- present or in the future. 2) permissions
¶µ«®Ωû˝ cricket series Èí©-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC Pradeep: É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿’. •£æ›¨¡, ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç.
tance of the debate. 3) requests 4) possibilities èπÿ ¢√--úø-û√ç – ÉN India could not win the series. Answers:
in the present or in the future. 1) Teacher: Where is your text book, Sudheer?

Sachin could not play well
èπÿú≈
1) 'could' is the past form of can. Åçõ‰ 'could' †’ Sudheer: (I) didn't get/ bring it, sir.
Ææ*Ø˛ ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. I could not (couldn't) remember to


-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 77
í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁ-©°æ-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. ؈’ boyhood (¶«©uç)™ ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE
a) I can walk 6 kmph: ؈’ í∫çôèπ◊ 6 km †úø-´- get it.
I could play well in my boyhood. Teacher: What about your home work? Did
í∫-©†’ (present or future)
you do atleast that?
Sudheer: I couldn't (could not) do it, Sir, My

you could make it

right hand ached the whole of yes-
terday.
Teacher: Could you eat atleast?
Sudheer: I could (eat), sir.
Teacher: When you could eat, Why couldn't
you (could you not) do your home
Fèπ◊ °æE Öçü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ’, Å®·ûË ¢Ë’´’çû√ I could walk 6 kmph: 6 km
؈’ í∫çôèπ◊ †úø-´-
Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Å´-鬨¡ç Öçõ‰ work?
†’´¤y ®√í-∫-©’í∫’-û√-´-ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ü∆E (in the past -
í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE í∫ûªç™) îËߪ’í∫-LÍí-üË. Sudheer: I thought if I ate I would have less
v§ƒ´·êuç èπÿú≈ †’´¤y Å®Ωnç -îËÆæ’éÓí∫-©’í∫’- Compare A and B below: She could do it if she pain and then I could do the home
û√-´-ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√oç. A) I can play cricket had the chance. work.
Ramu: It was some thing I couldn't help. I feel cricket
؈’ now
Çúø-í∫-©†’ –
I could understand Teacher: You could eat, but couldn't study.
sorry that I could not have the benefit of B) My father could play cricket when he was Hindi well those days, Strange. Don't give me these
such a good debate. a boy but now I cannot. I excuses tomorrow. Sit down
-Ç -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ -ØË-†’ -EÆæq£æ…-ߪ·-úÕ-ØÁj-§Ú-ߪ÷-†’. cricket
-´÷- Ø√-†o *†o°æ¤p-úø’- past
Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úø’-– have forgotten it excuse).
(≤ƒèπ◊=
Å™«çöÀ debate §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ A) She can do any job Ç®Ó-V™x £œ«çD -¶«í¬ M. SURESAN 2) Pramod: Pradeep, Can you play cricket?
¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. now or in the future
Ç¢Á’ à °æØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-©ü¿’– Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-LÍí¢√-úÕØË, Pradeep: I could (play cricket), but no longer
(conversation I could
-v°æ-¨¡o: -¢√éπuç-™
B) She could do any job é¬F É°æ¤púø’é¬ü¿’. ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. ™ Åçõ‰ î√©’,
might have been able to + p.v., in the past
Ç¢Á’ à °æØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíC – éπü∆? Now practise the following in English: I could play cricket No
ņ-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
must have been able to + p.v., have been A) She can be here in an hour longer = Ééπ/-É-°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’).
1) Teacher:
F text book áéπ\úø, Sudheer?
able to + p.v. construction -Ö-†o°æ¤p-úø’ Pramod: Can't you play (now)?
Ç¢Á’ ã í∫çô-™í¬ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’. Sudheer:
ûË™‰ü¿’, Sir, -ûË-´-ôç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-
-¢√-öÀéÀ -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -Å®Ωnç -á-™« -Ü£œ«ç-éÓ-´-a? an hour äéπ í∫çôèπ◊ - future éπü∆? Pradeep: Not any more (ÉC èπÿú≈
Conversational.
§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
1) I have been able to get their permission B) She could be here in É°æ¤p-úø’/ -Ééπ- ™‰ü¿’).
Teacher: F home work ´’J? ÅüÁjØ√ î˨»¢√? Those days I could practise regu-
2) Haseena must have been able to per- Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-L-TçC - past Sudheer: îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’, Sir, E†oçû√ Ø√ larly. Now I cannot/ am not able to,
suade him îª÷¨»ç éπü∆ – can, could - È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ ≤ƒ´’-
3) Miss Savithri might have
èπ◊úÕ îË®· -ØÌ°œp. because I am busy in office from 8
®√n uEo (ability) ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·. Å®·ûË can, ability Teacher: ņo-¢Á’iØ√ A†-í∫-Lí¬¢√? morning to 5 evening/morning 8 to
been able to solve Mr. Uma in the present or in the future ûÁ-L°œûË could Sudheer: ÅC ´÷vûªç îËߪ’-í-∫Lí¬-†çúÕ. evening 5.
Rao's problem. -Ñ -´‚-úø’-¢√é¬u- ability in the past †’ ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC. Teacher: ÅC îËߪ’-í∫-L-T†-°æ¤púø’, ÉüÁ™« îËߪ’-™‰-éπ- Pramod: Could you play in any big match-
©-†’ -á-™«ç-öÀ Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ -á-™«ç-öÀ could - 'be' form - Öçúø-í∫-©í∫úøç (past) §Ú-ߪ÷´¤? es?
-Å®Ωnç -ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-úÌ-a? could + 1st RDW - could do, could sing, etc,. Sudheer: Açõ‰ ØÌ°œp ûªT_, homework îËߪ’-
– §ƒ®∏Ω- π◊úø’, éπ®Ω÷o©’ >™«x action - °æE îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫ôç. Pradeep: Why not? I could for my college
team and before that for my
-ï-¢√-•’:
í∫-©’í∫’û√-†-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.
Compare a) and b) Teacher: A†-í∫-Lí¬´¤, é¬F îªü¿-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤. school team a number of times.
a) I can be the CM if I want
Have been able to + p.v., might have been
*vûª¢Ë’. Í®°æ¤ É™«çöÀ ≤ƒèπ◊©’ îÁ°æpèπ◊. Pramod: Why can't you (can you not)
؈’ ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Chief Minister é¬-í∫-©†’. èπÿ®Óa. change your job. Why can't you
able to + p.v., must have been able to + p.v. (now/ in the future) 2) Pramod: Cricket Çúø-í∫-©¢√?Pradeep? look for a job which gives you time
Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’ é¬F, Å™«-®√ü¿’. have been able to/ b) I could be the CM if I wanted Pradeep: Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE, É°æ¤p-úø’-é¬ü¿’. for practice.
might have been able to/ must have been to ؈’ ņ’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰ chief minister -Å®·u -Öç-úË- Pramod: É°æ¤púø’ Çúø-™‰¢√? Pradeep: Not now. Next year perhaps.
+ 1st RDW (go, solve, persuade etc.) ¢√-úÕ-E. (past)
Æœ-N-™¸ Ææ-KyÂÆÆˇ 2006
´≤ƒh®·. Have been able to/ might have been °jÈ®çúø÷ (can be, could be) 'be' form. 鬕öÀd
able to/ must have been able to ûª®√yûª pas- 'Öçúø-í∫©— ÅE Å®Ωnç. ®Ω÷.50 °∂‘V†’ ÂÆçvô™¸ Jvèπÿ-ö¸-¢Á’çö¸ °∂‘ ≤ƒdç°æ¤
sive voice ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª go, solve a) I can sing better than any movie singer ü∆y®√ îÁLxç-î√L.
etc., plain infinitives ´≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç: ؈’ -à movie singer éπ-Ø√o -¶«í¬ -§ƒ-úøí∫-©-†’ – ߪ‚E-ߪ’Ø˛ °æGxé˙ ÆæKyÆˇ éπN’-≠æØ˛ ¢Ë’ 14, 2006† Å°œx-Íé-≠憒x îË®√-Lq† *´J ûËC: ï†-´J 2, 2006.
1) I have been able to get their permission Now / in the future *®Ω’-Ø√´÷:
b) I could sing better than Ghantasala ÆœN™¸ ÆæKyÂÆ-Æˇ (-v°œ-L-N’-†K) °æK-éπ~†’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-†’çC. Secretary,
؈’ °∂æ’çô-≤ƒ© éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø-í∫-LÍí¢√-úÕE. (past) Å®Ω|-ûª©’:
¢√∞¡x ņ’-´’A ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-Lí¬†’.
2) Haseena must have been able to per- Union Public Service Commission,
suade him = £æ«Æ‘Ø√ Åûª-úÕ-E ä°œpç-îª-í∫-L-T ÉD 1st use of could - Åçõ‰ past ability ûÁ-L-ߪ’ Çí∫Ææ’d 1, 2006 Ø√öÀéÀ -´-ߪ’Ææ’q 21 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©èπ◊- Dholpur House, Shahjahan Road,
Öçú≈L (í∫ûªç™) – Åçõ‰ ä°œpç-îª-í∫-L-TçC ÅE. °æ®Ω-îª-ôç. ûªèπ◊\-´ -Öç-úøèπÿ-úø-ü¿’. 30 à-∞¡Ÿx -ü∆-ôèπÿ-úø-ü¿’. áÆ‘q, áÆ‘d, New Delhi 110069
3) Miss Savithri might have been able to ¢Á·ü¿ô É*a† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'could verbs' îª÷ü∆lç. -É-ûª®Ω’-©èπ◊ -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©-¢Ë’®Ω N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤ Öçô’çC. Æœ-©-•Æˇ, °æ-Kéπ~ -N-üµ∆-†ç, Íéç--vü∆-©’, -´÷®Ω_-ü¿®Ωzé¬-©’,
solve Mr. Uma Rao's problem 1) I thought I could finish it úÕvU ™‰ü∆ ûªûªq-´÷† éÓ®Ω’q îËÆœ†¢√®Ω’ Å®Ω’|©’. -É-ûª®Ω °æ‹Jh N´-®√-© éÓÆæç úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ ´‚úÓ ûËD Ø√öÀ
≤ƒN-vA-í¬®Ω’ Ö´÷-®√´¤í¬J Ææ´’-Ææu†’ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª- ؈’ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-©-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o (past) Å°œx-Íé-≠æØ˛ §∂ƒ®Ω熒 ®Ω÷.20 îÁLxç* -EÍ®l-P-ûª §Ú≤ƒd- á秃x-ß˝’-¢Á’çö¸ †÷uÆˇ -™‰-ü∆ ®Óñ¸-í¬®˝ Ææ´÷-î√®˝
í∫-LÍí¢√-Í®¢Á÷. (ÆæçüË£æ«ç– °æJ-≠æ \-Jç* ÖçúÌa/ 2) I couldn't (could not) be free
Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úøa). -ë«-S Å´-™‰éπ§Úߪ÷†’. °∂ ‘-Ææ’© †’ç* §Òçü¿-´îª’a. îª÷úøçúÕ. website: http://www.upsc.gov.in

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’ç-í∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 6 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Snehitha: Hi Aneesha, when did you reach
home last night?
-Ñ sentences ™ can, could È®çúø÷ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·
E†o áEoç-öÀéÀ îË®√-Nç-öÀéÀ? éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Possibility (ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC – ï®Ω’-
Aneesha: I couldn't reach home (could not
í∫’-ûª’çü∆, ™‰ü∆ ņo N≠æ-ߪ’çûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈)
reach home) till 10 ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ can, could, È®çúø÷ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å®·ûË
10´®Ωèπ◊ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®Ω’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’ éÌClí¬ ûËú≈ ÖçC. could éπØ√o èπÿú≈ can èπ◊
Snehitha: O my! Aneesha, never be out so late Possibility – Åçõ‰ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC.
at night. It could be very dangerous a) It can be dangerous to go out in such
for girls to be out to be alone so late weather
out. Any thing could happen. Éô’-´çöÀ ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ùç™ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç v°æ´÷ü¿ç
Å¢Á÷t! Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ®√vA-°æ‹ô äçô-Jí¬ é¬´îª’a. 1) Could you help me get a seat, (please)
Öçúøèπ◊. Çúø-°œ-©x-©ç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ •ßª’ô Öçúøôç Uday, Vinai °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ äéπ-®Ìo-éπ®Ω’ Mr. ÅE
b) It could be dangerous to go out in such seat N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh®√?
î√™« v°æ´÷ü¿ç. Ææç¶-Cµç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡x Ææç•çüµ¿ç 2) Could you recommend my case to the
Aneesha: But I have a cell, you know. So I was weather éÌçîÁç formal. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Vinai Åçûª BJ-éπ-™‰E CM?
in touch with home. My brother met - DE Å®Ωnç,(a) Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË Sentence (a) expert. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x could †’ request èπ◊
CM í¬JûÓ Ø√ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh®√?
me half way on my way home. A cell can, could éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Possibility Åçõ‰ ïJÍí ¢√úøôç î√™« polite í¬ Öçô’çC. ÉC present ÉD couldÈ®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.
could be helpful that way. Å´-鬨¡ç áèπ◊\´ ÅE Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. ™ØË.
Cell a) Could you have a look at the plan?
ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©ûÓ, can, will, would, could
é¬E Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ÖçCí¬. ÉçöÀéÀ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ could èπ◊ È®çúø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷¨»ç.
Phone îËÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√o. ´÷ v•ü¿®˝ Ææí∫ç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) Ability in the Past, as the past form of can (î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿í¬) §ƒxØ˛ ã≤ƒJ îª÷≤ƒh®√?
Cell
ü¿÷®Ωç ´*a éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Ç b) Could you also visit? could
2) Possibility or probability
Nüµ¿çí¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. ã≤ƒJ(site èπ◊) ®√í∫-©®√? would politest
could – í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E éÀçü¿öÀ
É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ. and formal
please
(®ΩçúÕ, ÅE) will veryformal
lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. and polite
c) Could you call tomorrow? can slightly formal
a) He could walk very fast when he was twenty phone and polite
Í®§Ú-≤ƒJ îË≤ƒh®√? least formal
five years old. request) least polite

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 78
(îËߪ’çúÕ. ÅE
Åûªúø’ 25 à∞¡x°æ¤púø’ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úø-´-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ d) Could you make it at 10? Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd ÉN ¢√úÕûË O’ communication
(Compare: He can walk fast) °æCç-öÀéÀ ®√í∫-©®√? effective í¬ Öçô’çC.
b) She could sing better than most other
singers of her day.
Ç¢Á’ ûª† ≤ƒöÀ í¬ßª’-èπ◊™x î√™«-´’ç-C-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬
§ƒúø-í∫-L-ÍíC
(She can sing-)
c) When could you reach home?
E†o áEoç-öÀéÀ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®Ω-í∫-L-í¬´¤?
Could you call tomorrow?
(When can you reach home?)
Udai: Just how busy are you Mr.Vinai? (make it =
d) Couldn't you get better marks than that. àüÁjØ√ °æE îËߪ’ôç)
Now practise the
busy
O’È®çûª É°æ¤púø’? He made it to the top
Can you get-
Vinai: Why, What's the matter? (àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) Åûª’u-†oûª ≤ƒn®·éÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. following:
鬕öÀd could ¢√úø-éπç™ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†C – í∫ûªç™ Udai: I want a favour from you, Mr.Vinai.
≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁ©-°æôç. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ÅüË îª÷¨»ç. Formal polite
í¬ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, î√™« (´’®√u-ü¿)í¬ Amar: -O’®Ω’ Ø√éÓ ≤ƒ-ߪ’ç
(O’®Ω’ Ø√éÓ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ÷L) request could
1) I couldn't reach home Vinai: What's it, Mr Udai? (àçö îÁ°æpçúÕ)
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ. îËߪ’-í∫-©®√?
Compare: Bhanu: àçôC?
؈’ É©’x îË®Ω’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Udai: Could you have a look at the plan of the
2) When could you reach home last night? a) Can you lend me your bike? Amar: È®ç-úø’®Ó-V©’ -O’
house I want to built? You are an expert
F´¤ ®√-vA á°æ¤púø’ É©’x îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫-L-í¬´¤? in these matters and I want your sug-
b) Will you lend me your bike? ®Ω÷ç™ ††’oç-úø- M. SURESAN
gestions and advice. c) Would you lend me your bike?
É´Fo ability in the past F-ߪ’®√?
É°æ¤p-úø’ Could èπ◊ Ö†o È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. Plan
؈’ éπôd-¶-ûª’†o É©’x ã≤ƒJ îª÷úø-í∫-©®√. d) Could you lend me your bike? Bhanu: ؈’ Ø√ roommate †’ Åúø’-í∫’û√. Åûª-EÍéç
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Ñ sentence í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Éô’´çöÀN O’èπ◊ î√™« ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆. O’ Sentences (a), (b), (c) ´‚úø÷ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç Öçúø-ü¿ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
1) It could be dangerous for girls Ææ÷îª-†©’, Ææ©-£æ…©’ Ø√èπ◊ 鬢√L. lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç – Å´Fo èπÿú≈ requests. àçô-Ææ©’ Ææ´’Ææu?
Çúø-°œ-©x-©èπ◊ ÅC v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç é¬í∫-©ü¿’. {expert (áé˙q-°æö¸ – °æö¸, bird ™ bir ™ ir ™«í¬ Sentence (d) 'Could' ûÓ èπÿú≈ – request ØË Amar: ´÷ ®Ω÷ç ô÷d Ö†o mechanic sheds/
2) A cell could be helpful that way °æ©-é¬L, 'á— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-é¬L) = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆. Å®·ûË the interesting thing garages ´©x î√™« íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC. Room
Cell Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-í∫-©ü¿’. v§ƒOùuç Ö†o ¢√∞¡Ÿx. is, Ñ Ø√©’-Tç-öÀ™  v°æA-ü∆-EéÃ, N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéà ûËú≈-©’- ´÷®√a-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
°j È®çúø’ sentences ™ 'could' èπ◊ ã N≠æߪ’ç Site = É©’x éπô’d-èπ◊ØË Ææn©ç / House site} Ø√o®·. ÅN î√™« Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i† ûËú≈©’ - subtle Bhanu: Ok. Å®·ûË Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ã≤ƒJ ††’o
≤ƒüµ¿uç, Å´-í∫-©ü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Vinai: Certainly. But today I am busy. I can do it (distinctions)
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®√? ´÷ ®Ω÷ç™ Åçûª îÓõ‰ç
Possibility é¬F Probability é¬F ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. ï®Ω- tomorrow. I am free. a) Can you lend me your bike?
™‰ü¿’. ≤ƒ´÷†’x éÌEo ûªT_ç--éÌE ®√í∫-©®√?
Udai: Could you also visit the site, please? Ñ request polite,
N’í∫û√ ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´
í∫-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC ÅE îÁ°æ¤hçC – Amar: Ø√èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ≤ƒ´÷ØËxç ™‰´¤. Books,
Present ™ informal. Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-
ÉçöÀ Ææn™«Eo èπÿú≈ ã≤ƒJ îª÷úø-í∫-©®√? clothes and bed ûª°æp.
1) ´’Sx ´®Ω-ü¿©’ ®√´îª’a, ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√©’ ´·E-T- Vinai: No Problem. Could you call me tomor- form of request.
í∫-L-T† ¢√∞¡xûÓ ¢√úË Bhanu: Í®°æ¤-ü¿ßª’ç ü∆é¬ wait îËߪ’-í∫-©®√? -O’®Ω’
§Ú-´îª’a. row morning at 8? I'll let you know when 1) Can you buy the tickets for me?
There could be floods again, and the low tickets
´îËa-™-°æ© Room éÌçûª Ææ®Ω’lû√.
we can see the plan and also the site. Ø√èπ◊ éÌçö«¢√?
lying areas could be submerged. 2) Can you give me a lift? Answer:
O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ Í®°æ¤ Öü¿ßª’ç 8éÀ phone
(low lying areas = Submerge
™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√©’, Plan, site
îËߪ’çúÕ. È®çúø÷ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷úø- b) Will ûÓquestion form request, can
™ îËÊÆ Amar: Could you help me? / Could you do me
= ´·E-T-§Ú-´ôç) – Present or future. í∫-©ØÓ îÁ§ƒh†’. éπØ√o éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ polite, formal.
é¬Ææh ´’†ç a favour?
2) He could help you Udai: Could you make it at 10? Åçûªí¬ îÌ®Ω´ BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E, éÌçîÁç ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√-∞¡xûÓ Bhanu: What is it?
Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’ – Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ Vinai: That Shouldn't be a problem. Please do îËÊÆ request. Amar: Could you let me stay in your room for
Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. (é¬F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a– call me at 8, and we can fix at. 1) Will you help me in the matter? two days?
áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ F °æJ-ÆœnA Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁL-ߪ÷L. ÉC èπÿú≈ Phone
Ææ´’ÊÆuç Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. áE-N’-Cç-öÀéÀ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh®√? Bhanu: I will talk to my room mate. I don't think
Present) îËߪ’çúÕ. ´’†ç à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a 2) Will you drop me at college on your way? he will have any objection. What's the
3) Ç °æE °æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ ¢√®√©’ °æúø’-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷? Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’– could ü∆J™college drop
ü¿í∫_®Ω ††’o îË≤ƒh®√? matter?
It could take weeks for the work to be finished. ÅEo-îÓö«x question form ™ ®√´ôç. c) 'would' request
ûÓ îËÊÆ formal.
°æ‹Jhí¬ ´’†-éπçõ‰ Amar: The garages around my room make a
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'can' èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√-´’E Éçûª-èπ◊- a) Could you have a look at the plan...? °j ≤ƒn®·™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´’†ç ÅÆæ©’ ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ- lot of noise. I want to move.
´·çü¿’ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆! b) Could you also visit...? E-¢√-∞¡xûÓ îËÊÆ request - would. Bhanu: OK. Could you meet me this evening?
1) Ç °œLx ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xèπ◊. ÅC ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷. c) Could you call tomorrow? 1) Would you visit me once?
Not much room in our place. Could you
Don't go near the cat. It can get frightened/ it d) Could you make it at 10? ã≤ƒJ ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÌ-≤ƒh®√? make do with less luggage?
could get frightened. °j Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ÅEoöx èπÿú≈, could, you ûÓ 2) Would you give us the pleasure of a
Amar: I don't have much luggage except my
2) ´’†èπ◊ úø•’s ´îËa-Ææ-JéÀ ØÁ©©’ °æôd-´îª’a questions form ™ ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? É™« could song?
books, clothes and bed.
It can take/ could take months for us to get †’ present ™ formal, polite requests èπ◊, O’ §ƒô NØË Å´-é¬--¨¡-N’≤ƒh®√?
Bhanu: Could you wait till tomorrow morning?
the money. Åçõ‰ î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬, ´’†ç ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E d) Could ûÓ îËÊÆ requests ÅEo forms ™ Åûªuçûª
I'll tidy up the room before you move in.
3) ¢√∞¡xûÓ °æJ-îª-ߪ÷©’ ™«¶µº-ü∆-ߪ’-éπçí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©´¤. ¢√∞¡xûÓ (formal) àüÁjØ√ request îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†C (Politest form of request),
Some connections can be / could be useful. ¢√úøû√ç. éÌçûª formal èπÿú≈. ´’®√u-ü¿èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 8 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Charan: Could I speak to you for a few min- 3) Could we be disturbing you?
utes? (O’Íé-´’Ø√odisturbance Å´¤-ûª’çü∆?/
O’ûÓ È®çúø’ EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a? ¢Ë’ç N’´’tLo disturb îËߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?)
Damodar: What about? Go ahead. 4) Could I know? (ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?)
üËE í∫’Jç*? ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ. 5) Could we go ahead then?
(Go ahead = - permission
é¬E-´yçúÕ É´y-ö«-EéÀ (Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç °ô’d-éÓ-´îª’a éπü¿çúŒ (meeting?)
¢√úËexpression; encourage îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’ °j Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Åçû√
could, I/ We ûÓ question form ™ Öçúøôç.
v§Úûªq-£œ«ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç)
Charan: A few of us want to have a short
meeting this evening. Could we
É™« could I/ We ûÓ question form ™ ´ÊÆh
î√™« polite í¬ ÅúÕÍí permissions/ (ņ’-´’A)
have it on your terrace?
¢Ë’ç éÌç-ü¿®Ωç ã *†o meeting °ô’d- ´Fo èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ– polite í¬ permission Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ uses of could in conversation:
Å´¤ - û ª ’ çC. 3) How could he get the prize?
éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. O’ ú≈¶« O’ü¿ °j 1. As the past form of can, to express a past How was he able to get the prize?
°ô’d-éÓ-´î√a? Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’†o ¢√é¬u™‰.
ability. Åûª úø’ prize ᙫ §Òçü¿-í∫-L-í¬úø’?
a) ´’Sx N’´’t-™„o-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’ç-ö«®Ω’?
(Terrace - pronunciation - õ„JÆˇ; 'õ„— ØÌéÀ\ 2. To express a possibility in the present. Question ™ could, was/ were able éπØ√o
When could I see you again?
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç; ú≈¶«-í¬E, ÉçöÀE dž’-é̆o Ç®Ω’- 3. Expressing the politest form of request in the áèπ◊\´ common. How could he come so
•-ߪ’ô v°æü˨¡çí¬E. coffee ™«çöÀN û√í∫’ûª÷, b) Could we wait for you here, in case you are present. early? ÅØËüË, How was he able to come so
coming back? early éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª ’ç-ö«®Ω÷, áèπ◊\´
èπÿ®Ω’aE BJí¬_ éπ•’®Ω’x îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ É™«çöÀ 4. To ask for permissions in a very polite and a
v°æüË-¨»-©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. India ™ Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ AJT ´îËa-ôx-®·ûË -´’-´’t-Lo Ééπ\úø wait îËߪ’- very formal manner. N†- °æ-úø’-ûª’çC èπÿú≈.
áèπ◊\´ ú≈¶« ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç) ´’ç-ö«®√?/ ¢Ë’ç Ééπ\úø wait îËߪ’´÷? Compare sentences (a) and (b) below: 4 (a) Could they win the match?
Damodar: Oh, no problem. When exactly is it? c) Ç order copy BÆæ’-éÓ-´î√a? (b) Were they able to win the match?
(a) I could play very well when I was young.
°ô’d-éÓçúÕ. éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ á°æ¤púø’? Could I take a copy of the order with me?/ (b) I was able to play well when I was young. (Match Èí©-´-í∫-Lí¬®√?)
Could I take a copy of the order? îÓôx èπÿú≈, (b) éπçõ‰ (a) more common.
Meaning of (a): ؈’ young í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ Éô’-´ çöÀ
(´·êuçí¬ superior status ™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡x permis- Çúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕE. (Çúø-í∫-L-T† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Öç-úËC, Çú≈†’ ÉO could èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©÷.
sion ÅúÕ-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø’) ÅE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) Now practice the following in English.
d) Could you let me sit here for a while
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 79 Meaning of (b): ؈’ young í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ Ramarao: °æ¤Ææhéπç ã≤ƒJ îª÷úø-E-≤ƒh®√?
†Eo-éπ\úø é¬Ææh èπÿ®Óa-E-≤ƒh®√?/ ØËE-éπ\úø èπÿ®ÓaØ√? Çúø-í∫-L-í¬†’. (Çúøí- L-∫ T- † ≤ƒ´’®Ωnuç Öç-úCË , Çú≈†’ èπÿú≈) Govind: é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ wait îË≤ƒh®√? °æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ
ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ Ê°@-©’-Ø√o®·.
Ramarao: O’ phone ã≤ƒJ ¢√úø’-éÓØ√? ã impor-

When could I see you?

tant call îËߪ÷L.
Govind: E®Ω-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωçí¬. é¬F é¬Ææh low voice ™
´÷ö«x-úø-û√®√?
Ramarao: N’´’tLo disturb îËߪ’-†’-™„çúÕ.
Govind: -ØË-E°æ¤púË °æ¤Ææhéπç O’éÀ-ÊÆh, ´’Sx Ø√èπ◊ Í®§Ò-
îËa-Ææ’hç-ü∆çúÕ?
Charan: About 5. Could we be disturbing îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, could, I/ We ûÓ question form ™ Åçõ‰ (a) ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ´÷vûªç Ramarao: ÉçéÌ-éπ\-®ÓV wait îËߪ’-í∫-©®√? Åçõ‰
you? It won't be for more than hour. ´ÊÆh î√™« polite í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC; Ç ≤ƒ´’-®Ωn uçûÓ Øˆ’ á©’xçúÕéÀ´y-í∫-©†’.
(5, Ç v§ƒçûªç™. O’Íéç disturbance ¢√úøû√ç. °æE ïJ-Tç-üÓ -™‰-üÓ Govind: OK.
Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆?) Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç, can, shall †’ èπÿú≈ I/ We ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Answers:
Damodar: No disturbance at all. Could I know ûÓ question form ™ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ (b) Ç ≤ƒ´’-®Ωn uçûÓ °æE Ramarao: Could you let me have a look at the
how many are attending the meet- ¢√úøû√ç ÅE. Å®·ûË can, shall, could, I/ We ≤ƒCµç-îªôç – ïJ-TçC. book?
ing? Just to tell my servant to place ©ûÓ question form ™ permission èπ◊ Å®·ûË Ñ could èπÿ, was Govind: Could you wait a little? Two more
chairs there and keep some drinking ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ OöÀ™x v°æA-ü∆-EéÀ N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéÀ î√™« able to èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ ®√†’, M. SURESAN pages and I shall be through.
water ready. Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i† (subtle) ûËú≈©’ ÖØ√o®·. Ramarao: Could I use your phone once? I have
®√†÷ Ææ ´ ’- Æ œ - § Ú- û ÓçC.
ÅüËç °ææ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. áçûª-´’çC ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ Look at the following diagram: ´·êuçí¬ 'not' ûÓ, 'question' ™ Ñ ûËú≈ ÅÆæ©’ important call.
meeting èπ◊? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ´÷ °æE Govind: Go ahead, But could you speak low?
For permission in the question form with I/ We:
èπ◊v®√-úÕûÓ îÁ°œp éÌEo chairs ¢Ë®·ç*, û√í∫- éπE-°œç-îªü¿’.
Ramarao: Oh sure, I won't disturb you/ No dis-
could 1) He could not play well
ö«-EéÀ F-∞¡Ÿx -à-®√pô’ îËü∆l-´’E. turbing you.
Charan: Thank you, but don't bother. We will shall very He was not able to play well.
Govind: If/ suppose I give you the book now
arrange all those things ourselves. can Formal polite Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç™ à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’, Å™«Íí– When could I have it back? Could I
Could we go ahead then? Informal and and 2) She could not sing well
have it back tomorrow?
Å¢Ëç Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’™„çúÕ. -¢Ë’ç îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çö«ç. - She was not able to sing well. Ramarao: Could you wait for one more day,
and casual polite very
¢Ë’ç meeting Å®·ûË Â°ô’d-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆. formal
forms
Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC. È®çúø’ äéπõ‰. that is till the day after (tomorrow)?
(Don't bother = Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´C-™‰-ߪ’çúÕ – Questions ™ èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅçûË. Govind: OK.
°æöÀdç--éÓ-éπçúÕ. bother = ¶«üµ¿ = äéπJE
NÆœ-Tç-îªôç. Ééπ\úø don't bother, don't bother
(your self) ÅE. Åçõ‰ °æöÀdç--éÓ-´-ü¿lE)
-v°æ-¨¡o: Cast -ûÓ éÀç-C phrasal verbs -á-™« -¢√-ú≈-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. 4) Cast (noun) - The group of actors in a drama or in a movie -
Ø√ôéπç/ ÆœE´÷ û√®√-í∫ùç.
1) cast in eye - éÌç-îÁç -¢Á’-©x
Damodar: Please do. The cast of the movie includes several great actors.
(é¬E-´yçúÕ. Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’) (-Ç-¢Á’èπ◊ éÌç-îÁç -¢Á’-©x. -Å-ûª-úÕéÀ -¢Á’-©x éπ-†’oç-C)- (î√™«-´’çC íÌ°æp †ô’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’ Ç ÆœE-´÷™)
2) cast of features - Ç鬮Ω Ææy®Ω÷°æç. -K-A, -©éπ~-ùç.
Charan: Thanks a lot. 5) Cast (noun) - ´‚Ææ, Åa (Mould).
3) cast of mind - -´÷-†Æœéπ -üµÓ®Ω-ùÀ.
Damodar: You are welcome.
Éçûª-´-®Ω π◊ ´’†ç 'could'†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊-†oN: – -á-Ø˛.-´®Ω-v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛, -ØÁ-©÷x®Ω’ NØ√-ߪ’éπîªNA ®ÓV •çéπ-´’öÀdûÓ ´‚Ææ™ §ÚÆœ† NØ√-ߪ’-èπ◊úÕ ¶Ô´’tèπ◊ °æ‹ï
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) cast in the eye - ¢Á’©x ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ correct. é¬F Ñ ´÷ô Old
îË≤ƒhç. ü∆ØËo´’ØÌa?
1) 'Could' is the past form of can, and express- A clay cast of Lord Vinayaka. Cast - Ç §Úûª™  §ÚÊÆ Åa.
es ability in the past. (í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Fashion. É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ™‰ü¿’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ¢Á’©x-éπ†’o ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Plaster of Paris cast: á´·-éπ©’, éÃ∞¡Ÿx NJ-TûË (fracture Å®·ûË), ¢√öÀéÀ
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC) É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-ûª’†o ´÷ô – squint. ¢ËÊÆ bandage.
canèπ◊ past form í¬ express = ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç, Å®·ûË cast in the eye ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷´‚©’í¬ØË, He is moving about with a plaster of paris cast around his
ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç) She/ he has a cast in the/ her eye. elbow. Pop cast
¢Á÷îËA ô÷d ¢Ë≤Ò\E A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
2) 'Could' expresses a possibility in the present DEéÀ modern - She has a squint/ She is squint eye. 6) Cast of a net. îË°æ© ´© NÆæ’-®Ω’úø’ –
(v°æÆæ’hûªç äéπ-°æE / °æJ-ÆœnA ≤ƒüµ¿u-ûª†’ – ïJÍí He is born with a squint. A Single cast brought in a hundreds of fish -
Å´-é¬-¨»Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC) 2) Cast of feautres- - Ç鬮Ω Ææy®Ω÷°æç – éπ†’o, ´·èπ◊\-B®Ω’ – äéπ-≤ƒJ NÆœ-J† ´©™ ´çü¿-™«C îË°æ©’ °æú≈f®·.
3) 'Could' with you in the question form express a) She has a wondeful/ beautiful/ fine cast of features - Cast of an eye - îª÷°æ¤ NÆæ-®Ωôç
a very polite and formal request. (you ûÓ b) Her cast of features is attractive/ Charming. A cast of her evil eye would make many shiver in fear -
could question form ™ ¢√úÕûË î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Ç¢Á’ äéπ\ îÁúø’-îª÷-°æ¤ûÓ v°æï©’ ¶µºßª’çûÓ ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-û√®Ω’.
îËÊÆ request †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC) °j È®çöÀéà ŮΩnç Ç¢Á’ ´’ç* Åçü¿ç éπ©C/ Åçü¿-¢Á’i-†C – Cast (verb) = NÆæ-®Ωôç – transitive - üËØÁj o-Ø√ NÆæ-®Ωôç
É°æ¤púø’ observe the use of could in the
Ç¢Á’ éπ†’o ´·èπ◊\B®Ω’ Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC. Cast a look = îª÷°æ¤ NÆæ-®Ωôç
3) Cast of mind - ´÷†-Æ œéπ üµÓ®ΩùÀ –
opening conversation: Cast an eye over/ some thing = üË-E-¢Áj°æ-Ø√o îª÷úøôç
1) Could I speak to you for a few minutes? He has a gentle cast of mind - ØÁ´’t-ü¿-Ææ’húø’. Cast a spell = ´’çvûª-´·-í∫’l¥Lo îËߪ’úøç
(é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ O’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a?) Éô’-´çöÀ Å®√n-©’ éÌEo N’í∫û√ Parts of the body éÀ èπÿú≈ -´≤ƒh®·. Cast a vote = ãô’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç.Cast light = ¢Á©’í∫’ v°æÆæ-Jç-°æ-îË-ߪ’ôç.
2) Could we have it on your terrace? a) I like the beautiful cast of her nose - Ç¢Á’ ´·èπ◊\ Ç鬮Ωç Ø√éÀ≠dç
æ. (áèπ◊\-´í¬) Å®Ωnç-é¬E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo N´-Jç-îªôç... Éçé¬ Cast ûÓ É™«çöÀ
(O’ terrace O’ü¿ °ô’d-éÓ-´î√a?) Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. (Cast of the mouth/ eyes etc.) Phrasal verbs î√™« ÖØ√o®·.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 11 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Govind: Hi Venkat, when did you return from Venkat: We visited Srikalahasti. We had the
Tirupati? rare opportunity of watching
(A®Ω’-°æA †’ç* á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a¢˛?) Mahabhishekam to lord Shiva. We
Venkat: How do you know I had been to watched too offerings being made to
Tirupati? the god.
(؈’ A®Ω’-°æAÈé∞«x-†E FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’?) (Xé¬-∞¡-£æ«ÆœhÈé∞«xç. ´’£æ…-Gµ-Ê≠éπç îª÷ÊÆ
Govind: You can't hide your tonsured head, Å®Ω’-üÁj† Å´-鬨¡ç éπ-L-TçC. üË´¤-úÕéÀ ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç
can you? °ôdôç èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç)
(F í∫’çúø’ ûª© ü∆-éÓ-™‰´¤ éπü∆?) Govind: Didn't you go to Tiruchanur to have a
(Tonsured = 'ö«Ø˛-≠æú˛— ('ö«— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) darsanam of goddess Padmavathi,
Venkat: You are right. I returned last night. Lord Venkateswara's consort?
correct.
(†’´¤y E†o ®√vûË AJ-íÌ-î√a†’) (¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ ¶µ«®Ωu °æü∆t-´A Å´’t- c) He believes his worship of SriSai gives him
5. °æ¤ùu-Íé~-vûªç-™E üË´¤-úø’/- üË-´ûª
Govind: How was the pilgrimage? peace of mind.
¢√-JE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ A®Ω’-î√-†÷®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü∆?) Deity/ Presiding Deity.
(F ߪ÷vûª ᙫ ≤ƒTçC? Pilgrimage = Venkat: We did, of course. I forgot to tell you of X≤ƒ®· Ç®√-üµ¿† ´’†-¨»zç-A-E-Ææ’hç-ü¿E -Ç-ߪ’-†
Goddess Kanaka Durga is the presiding
B®Ωn-ߪ÷vûª) it. (¢Á∞«xç. îÁ°æpôç ´’Jî√) deity of Vijayawada.
†´’téπç.
Venkat: Not so bad, we had the help of a tem- 10. Nví∫£æ«ç=Idol/ Image (Idol: âúø™ ¸; 'â— ØÌèπ◊\û√ç.
ple official, so we didn't wait long to
°j Ææ綵«-≠æù Åçû√ ߪ÷vûª-©èπ◊ °æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç- Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø™E üË´-ûª/- Å-´’t¢√®Ω’ éπ†-éπ-ü¿’®Ω_.
Cµç* ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆. ´’† ´÷´‚©’ Aiyyappa is the deity at Sabarimala. Image = ÉN’ñ¸ –'É— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
have the darshanam. a) The temple has a gold idol (image of
conversation™ É´Fo èπÿú≈ °æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊ ߪ÷vûª- Aiyyappa is the god at Sabarimala.
Govind: How was the rush of pilgrims? Was Vishnu).
the crowd very big?
©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† vocabulary; ´’†ç ûª®Ω--¢√úË, God: üË´¤úø’ äéπ\úË Å†o ¶µ«´çûÓ üË´¤úÕ í∫’-Jç-*
¢√úøí∫© ´÷ô©’. ÉN ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûªúø’-´·-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ God
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ®√Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, Åçö«ç. í∫’úÕ™ •çí¬®Ω’ Nví∫£æ«ç (N≠æflg-´‚JhC) ÖçC.
(ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© û√éÀúÁ™« ÖçC? ï†ç áèπ◊\-´-
´’†ç English ™ ߪ÷vûª© í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æp-´îª’a. (Capital G; no 'a/ the' before God.) 11. Idol worship = Idolatry
Nví∫-£æ…-®√-üµ¿† =
í¬ØË ÖØ√o®√?) Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ NNüµ¿ üË´¤∞¡⁄x, üË´-ûª©†’ í∫’-Jç-* Christianity and Islam are against idol wor-
Venkat: O it was certainly a big crowd. Some ship.
had to wait for 72 hours to get the
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd A/ the god,
A/ the goddess Åçö«ç – É™«ç-ô-°æ¤úø’ 'g' – véÀÆœd-ߪ÷-EöÃ, É≤ƒxç-©™ Nví∫-£æ…-®√-üµ¿† E≠œü¿l¥ç.
darshanam. But I told you, thanks to a Idolatry is prohibited in christianity and Islam
small 'g' ØË, capital 'G' é¬ü¿’.
temple official, we had it easy.
(ï†ç ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\¢Ë. éÌçûª-´’ç-ü¿-®·ûË 72 -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 80 a) The goddess at Basara is Saraswathi.
The deity at Basara is Saraswathi.
(Ñ È®çúø’ ´’û√™x Nví∫-£æ…-®√-üµ¿† èπÿúøü¿’)
Idolatry = (âú≈-©vöÀ – ú≈ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
í∫çô©’ ¢Ë* Öçú≈Lq ´*açC ü¿®Ωz-Ø√-EéÀ.
îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆. Temple ÅCµ-é¬J Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ

How was the pilgrimage?

´÷éπçû√ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®·uçC)
Govind: Did you have a dip in the Pushkarini
Dip =
(°æ¤≠æ \-JùÀ™ ≤ƒo†ç î˨»¢√? °æNvûª
†ü¿’™x ´·†-í∫ôç)
Venkat: I very much wished to, but that day no
one was allowed to have the dip.
b) The god at Srikalahasti is Lord Shiva.
(ÅØË Å†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬F Ç®ÓV á´-J-F 1. Pilgrimage (pron: °œw-L_-N’ñ¸– °œ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 12. Ç®√-Cµç-îªôç = wor-
c) Lord Subrahmanya is a god in Hindu
ņ’-´’-Aç-îª-™‰ü¿’) °æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊ üÁj´-ü¿-®Ωz-Ø√®Ωnç îËÊÆ ßª÷vûª. B®Ωn-ߪ÷vûª. ship = offer worship.
Govind: So it all went off very well. Mythology.
a) Ø√ é¬Q-ߪ÷vûª î√--™« Ææçûª%°œh éπL-Tç-*çC/ (The CM offered
Subrahmanya Swamy
(£œ«çü¿÷ °æ¤®√-ù«©™
(Å®·ûË ÅFo ¶«í¬ØË ïJ-í¬-ߪ’-†o-´÷ô) °∂æ©-v°æ-ü¿-¢Á’içC. worship at the tem-
Venkat: Yea. We finished our ablutions the My pilgrimage to Kasi was very fulfilling.
äéπ üË´¤úø’)
(Mythology = N’ü∑∆-©>, 'ü∑∆— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ple, and inaugurated
temple by 9 and were out by 11. Again (B®Ωn-ߪ÷vûª ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’x ´’†èπ◊ ûª%°œhí¬ d) Lakshmi is also a goddess. (äéπ üË´ûª) the Mandapam)
thanks to the temple official. ïJ-TûË = fulfilling) e) Saraswathi is the goddess of knowledge. 13. Tonsure = ûª© í∫’çúø’ M. SURESAN
b) §ƒûª-®Ó-V™x é¬Q-ߪ÷vûª é¬L-†-úø-éπ† ïJ-ÍíC.
(≤ƒoØ√-C-é¬-©Fo áE-N’-Cç-öÀ-éπ-®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.
í∫’úÕ-™éÀ ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«xç. °æü¿-éÌç-úÕç-öÀ- (Ææ®Ω-ÆæyA îªü¿’-´¤© üË´ûª) îËߪ’ôç.
A pilgrimage to Kasi in the older days used
éπçû√ •ßª’-öÀ-éÌ-îËa¨»ç, Ç temple ÅCµ-é¬J Compare (a) and (b) (ö«†{– ö« O’ü¿ stress – ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
to be on foot.
ü¿ßª’-´©x) (a) She felt that God was unkind to her. a) The barbers at kalyanakatta at Tirumala
c) ¨¡•-J-´’-©/- A-®Ω’-°æA ߪ÷vûª
Govind: Did you go to any other place on the üË´¤úø’ ûª†-°æôx *†o-îª÷°æ¤ îª÷¨»-úøE tonsure us.
Pilgrimage to Sabarimala/ Tirupati.
way or way back? ÇN-úø-†’-èπ◊çC. (Ééπ\úø üË´¤-úÌ-éπ\úË ÅØË ¶µ«´ç) éπ-™«u-ù-éπ-ôd™ èπ~◊®Ω-èπ◊©’ ´’†èπ◊ í∫’çúø’ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.
wish
B®Ωn-ߪ÷-vûª-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√-∞¡x†’ îËߪ’ôç = (b) She felt that all gods were against her.
-¢Á-∞Ï}°æ¤p-úø’í¬-F, ´îËa-°æ¤púø’í¬F ÉçÈé-éπ\-úÕ-éπ-®·Ø√ b) He had himself/ his head tonsured.
¢Á∞«x®√? Wish you a very fulfilling pilgrimage. (üË´¤-∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ÖØ√o-®Ω-†’-
d) He makes a pilgrimage to Kasi every year
Åûª†’ í∫’çúø’ îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.
-v°æ-¨¡o: How did the marriage go off Åçõ‰– mar- -Ç-ߪ’-† v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç é¬Q ¢Á∞«húø’.
èπ◊çC. Ééπ\úø NNüµ¿ üË´-ûª-©ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬•öÀd
'gods')
c) With tonsured heads pilgrims enter the
temple.
riage ᙫ ïJ-TçC– ÅE -O’®Ω’ ®√-¨»®Ω’. é¬-E ã 2. Pilgrim = ߪ÷vA-èπ◊úø’ (°æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊) 6. consort = wife of a god/ husband of a god-
ߪ÷vA-èπ◊©’ í∫’çúø’ûÓ í∫’∞xéÀ ¢Á∞«h®Ω’.
°æ¤Ææh-éπç™ The gun went off by itself ÅE Tonsured head clean shaven head
•ü¿’©’ ÅE
a) ¨¡•-J-´’© ߪ÷vA-èπ◊©’ †©x-•-ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. dess. (íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡x Åçõ‰ ®√V©, ®√ù’©, üË´¤∞¡x, üË´-
-Öç-C. Å®Ωnç ´’®Ó™« ´Ææ’hçC. Go off ᙫçöÀ Pilgrims to Sabarimala wear black English
ûª© ¶µ«®Ωu-©†’, ¶µº®Ωh-©†’ wife and
™ èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.
clothes. The pilgrims with the shaven heads = The pil-
– -†Í®-¨¸, Æœ-JÆœ-©x
Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈-™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. husband consort
-Å-†®Ω’. -Åç-ö«®Ω’.)
grims with the tonsured heads
-ï-¢√-•’: b) Pilgrims returning from Haj are called
'Hajis'. £æ«ñ¸ †’ç* AJT ´îËa ߪ÷vA-èπ◊-©†’
a) Padmavati is the consort of Lord
Venkateswara. Now practice the following aloud in English:
1) Go off = ᙫ ïJ-TçC – ÉC äéπ '£æ…->—©çö«®Ω’. b) Mallikarjuna is the consort of Sudheer:
'pilgrimage' -¢√-úË -B®Ω’:
Å®Ωnç –How did the marriage go O’ Ø√†o- -ÖØ√o®√?
Bhramaramba. Eshwar:
off? ™ ™«í¬. ™‰®ΩçúŒ. E†oØË é¬Q-ߪ÷-vûªèπ◊ •ßª’-™‰lJ
c) A pilgrim is one who makes a pilgrimage/ 7. Dip/ bath =
2) Go off = explode (Ê°©ôç) ÅØËC °æ¤ùu †ü¿’™x ≤ƒo†ç. ¢Á∞«x®Ω’.
who is on a pilgrimage a)
Sudheer: á°æ¤-úÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’ ´’Sx.
ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç. í∫çí¬ ≤ƒo†çûÓ §ƒ§ƒ©’ §Úû√®·
The gun went off by itself. B®Ωn-ߪ÷-vûª©’ îËÊÆ-¢√®Ω’ ߪ÷vA-èπ◊©’. A dip in the Ganga washes away all our
Eshwar: Åçûª éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. £æ«J-ü∆y®˝,
d) My father is on a pilgrimage. sins.
-v°æ-¨¡o: ¢√úø’ ´’ç*-¢√-úÕ™« éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊
ü∆†ç-ûªô ÅüË Ê°LçC. ®Ω’≠‘-Íé-¨¸-©™ èπÿú≈ í∫çí¬ ≤ƒo†ç îËÆœ,
´÷ Ø√†o- B®Ωn-ߪ÷-vûª™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. b) A dip in the Krishna is an important part of
He is making a pilgrimage. a pilgrimage to Kanakadurga.
AJT ´≤ƒh-´’-Ø√o®Ω’.
O’®Ω’ He appears to be a good fellow ÅE Sudheer:
e) On my pilgrimage to Sabarimala, I visited éÀ ç-ü¿-öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’ éπü∆?
Éî√a®Ω’. é¬F He is appears to be a good Guruvayuru.
ü¿’®√_-ߪ÷vûª™ éπ%≥ƒg ≤ƒo†ç ´·êu¢Á’içC.
Eshwar: Jõ„ j-®Ω-ߪ÷u®Ω’ éπü¿çúÕ. 鬴--©Æœ†çûª BJéπ.
fellow ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’? c) ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’ôç = have a dip/ take a dip.
– -á-Ø˛-.-Å-E-™¸, -¢Á-©’íÓ-úø’ ؈’ ¨¡•-J-´’© ߪ÷vûª™ í∫’®Ω’-¢√-ߪ‚®Ω’ ¢Á∞«x†’. d) He has a dip in the Ganga once a year ߪ ÷ vûª-©™ time í∫úø-§ƒ-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.
-ï-¢√-•’: 3. Rush of pilgrims = ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© ®ΩDl/- û√-éÀúÕ.
a) The rush of pilgrims at Tirupati makes it
Ææç´-ûªq-®√-E-éÓ-≤ƒJ Çߪ’† í∫çí¬-≤ƒo†ç îË≤ƒhúø’. Sudheer: éÀ ç - ü ¿ -öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç é¬∞¡-£æ«-Æœh™ èπÿú≈ àüÓ
Thank you very much for your appreciation. 8. Ablutions = ≤ƒoØ√-C-鬩’, 鬩-éπ%-û√u©’ – ´·êuçí¬ °æ ‹ ï©’ î˨»®Ω’ éπü∆?
impossible to see the lord even for a few Eshwar:
He is appears to be a good fellow. Ñsen- ≤ƒo†ç (®ÓWîËÆœ °æ‹ï îË≤ƒhç) Å´¤ † ’. Åéπ\úø ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© û√éÀ-úÕ™ Çߪ’†
seconds
tence is appears, verb
verb form
™
™‰ü¿’-éπü∆. Åçõ‰
ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Å™«çöÀ
English ™ É™«çöÀ ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© û√éÀúÕ ´©x éÌEo ÂÆéπ†x éπØ√o áèπ◊\-´- 9. Worship = Ç®√-üµ¿†; Ç®√-Cµç-îªôç; Å´Ææ
´’üµ ¿ ’ -
n
®
°
Ω
æ
è
ú
π ◊
≈f®Ω’ èπÿú≈. é¬Q †’ç* AJ-íÌ-î√aéπ,
¢Á∞«h-†ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. O’Ø√éÀ~ Å´’t-
ÊÆ°æ¤ ü¿®Ωz†ç ÅÆæç-¶µº´ç. °æ‹ï, °æ‹>ç-îªôç.
verb Öçúøü¿’.spoken English old lessons ™ a) We worship God/
b) There is always a huge rush of pilgrims at ¢√J Nví∫ £ æ«ç ´·êuçí¬ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
6 forms of the English verb í∫’-Jç-* N´-®√©’- PILGRIMS to Sabarimala take a dip in the
Tirupati for the Brahmotsavams. Ø√o®Ω ’ .
Ø√o®·. îª÷úøçúÕ. Åçü¿’™ is appears form Pamba before worshipping lord Aiyyappa. Sudheer: A®Ω’-°æAÍé´’Ø√o ¢Á∞«x®√ Ñ ´’üµ¿u?
is + appears = 'be' form + II Regular
v•£æ«Ùt-ûªq-¢√-©èπ◊ A®Ω’-°æ-A™ ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© ®ΩDl
Öçúøü¿’. áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC. b) I begin any work only after my worship. Eshwar: ¢Á∞ Ôx-î √a-®Ω’í¬. Å®·ûË í∫’çúø’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.
doing word – verb
4. °æ¤ùu-Íé ~-vûªç- = pilgrim centre.
É™«çöÀ Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆. °æ‹ï ûª®√yûªØË àüÁjØ√.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 13 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Venu: Hello Ratan, how is it I see you daily at Don't believe his pious talk
this time here? ¶µºéÀhí¬ N†-°æúË ÅûªE ´÷ô©’ †¢Á·tü¿’l. ÅC †ôØË.
(àçöÀ v°æA-®ÓW †’´¤y Ñ time èπ◊ -Ééπ\úø Devout = ¶µºéÀh-í∫©
éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-´¤?) 3) Devotion = ¶µºéÀh. Ñ Å®Ωnç Éçûªèπ◊´·çüË îª÷¨»ç.
Ratan: It just happens that way. I am here at DEéÀ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – äéπ-J-°æ-ôx-í¬E, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç°æôx
this time on my way to the temple near í¬-E v¨¡ü¿l¥, vÊ°´’-™«çöÀN éπLT Öçúøôç.
here and you come out in the evening at Devotion to duty = NCµ/ NCµ E®Ωy-£æ«ù °æôx v¨¡ü¿l¥
this time. a) His devotion to duty leaves him little time
time
(Åü¿™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC. -ØË-†’ Ñ èπ◊ Ééπ\úø for his family.
time
ü¿í∫_®Óx Ö†o í∫’úÕ-éÀ ®√´ôç, †’´yüË ™ NCµ °æôx Åûª-úÕ-èπ◊†o v¨¡ü¿l¥ ´©x -ûª-† èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ
ÉçöÀ†’ç* •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´úøç.) time Íéö«-®·ç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
Venu: Why this piety all of a sudden? It is only èπ◊ô’ç• N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ BJ-èπ◊ç-úøôç ™‰ü¿’.
b) Her devotion to the service of the poor is 13) Wick.
´Ah = (string =´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç = ü∆®Ωç. Beads =
a week since I have been meeting you
really great. 14) halo = °æ-ö«-™x, ¶Ô´’t-™x üË´¤∞¡x, ´’£æ…-ûª’t© °æ‹Ææ©’. String of beads= °æ‹Ææ© ´÷©. Beads
on your way to temple.
sudden
(àçöÀçûª í¬ Ñ ¶µºéÀh? EØÓo ¢√®Ωç Ê°ü¿© °æôx Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o v¨¡ü¿l¥, vÊ°´’ î√™« íÌ°æpN. P®Ω-Ææ’q© ô÷d ÖçúË é¬çA ´©ßª’ç. ÅØ√o- èπÿú≈ °æ‹Ææ©´÷© ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
c) Gandhi's devotion to the cause of Indian 15) hallowed = °æ¤F-ûª-¢Á’i†. counting beads = °æ‹Ææ-©-ü¿ç-úøûÓ ï°æç îËߪ’úøç)
-®Ó-V-©’í¬ ØËE-éπ\úø îª÷Ææ’hØ√o) independence. Tirumala is the hallowed place of Lord Prasad: Yes,
Ratan: It's all mother's doing. She's a devotee
¶µ«®Ωûª ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç °æôx í¬çDµ@ v¨¡ü¿l¥. Venkateshwara. Sukumar: Howmany times have you been
of Sri Sai. Her devotion has impressed
4) Devote: ´’†- ¨¡éÀh, v¨¡ü¿l¥, 鬩ç äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æôx
me too. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ ´©x A®Ω’-´’© °æ¤F-ûª-¢Á’içC. there so far? By bus or on foot?
îª÷°œç-îªôç. 16) Sanctity =
Prasad: This is my fifth time. Walking.
(Åçû√ ´÷ Å´’t ´©x. Ç¢Á’ ≤ƒ®·-¶µº-èπ◊h-®√©’. °æN-vûªûª.
a) The doctor devotes most of his time to his a) Smoking and alcohol are banned in holy
Ç¢Á’ ¶µºéÀh -Ø√°j -v°æ-¶µ«-´ç -îª÷°œç-C.) patients. Sukumar: I feel like coming too. How about
Venu: That's very good indeed. Do you do places to preserve their sanctity.
®Óí∫’© éÓÆæ¢Ë’ áèπ◊\´ Æ洒ߪ’ç Íéö«-®·-≤ƒhúø’. taking me/ will you take me next
pooja at home? °æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«© °æN-vûª-ûª†’ 鬧ƒ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åéπ\úø time?
b) Though very busy, he devotes a lot of time -§Òí∫-û√í∫-úøç, ´’ü¿u-ç E-Ê≠-Cµ-≤ƒh®Ω’.
(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. Éçöx °æ‹ï -îË-≤ƒh¢√?) to his family. Prasad: With pleasure. Why not now?
(Preserve = îÁúÕ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈, §ƒúø-´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçîªôç)
BJé𠙉èπ◊Ø√o èπÿú≈ èπ◊ô’ç-¶ç-ûÓ î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ Sukumar: Not now. I Think you are very pious/
b) The Hindus attach great sanctity to the
í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√úø’. Ganga devout.
c) Freedom fighters devoted their whole life Prasad: So are you. You make frequent pil-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 81 to the cause of freedom.
£œ«çü¿’-´¤©’ í∫çí¬-†-CE î√-™« °æN-vûª-¢Á’iç-Cí¬
¶µ«N-≤ƒh®Ω’. grimages to Shirdi. Every friday you
≤ƒyûªçvûªuç éÓÆæç @N-ûª-´’çû√ í∫úÕ-Ê°-¨»®Ω’. have a dip in the Krishna. You have
been to the Ganga twice I think, and

She is very devout

taken a dip there.

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææç-*éπ-™ -Å-¶µ«u≤ƒ-EéÀ Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-†ç:

Sudheer: Is your father in? / at home?
Eshwar: No, He left yesterday on a pilgrimage
for/ to Kasi.
Ratan: No, mother does it. She is very devout. 5) Devotee = Practise the following:
Sudheer: When will he be back?/ When will he
¶µºèπ◊h-úø’/ -¶µº-èπ◊h-®√©’
Sun or rain she has a cold bath early in a) X -¢Ëçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω ≤ƒy-N’ ¶µºèπ◊h©’. Sukumar: Hello,
return?/ When is he returning?/
the morning and sits for pooja. devotees of Sri Venkateshwara. prasad, ´’Sx
When will he come back?
(´÷ Å´’t îËÆæ’hçC. Ç¢Á’ î√-™« ¶µºéÀh-éπ-©C. b) Devotees can offer worship from 6 a.m. - ¨¡•-J-´’-©é¬?
12.00 noon and from 4 p.m. - 8 p.m. = ´’Sx †©x-•-ôd™x, Eshwar: (I am) not sure. He said he would
áçúÁjØ√ ¢√ØÁjØ√ §Òü¿’lØËo îªFo∞¡x ≤ƒo†ç îËÆœ
°æ‹ïèπ◊ èπÿ®Ω’aç-ô’çC) ¶µºèπ◊h©’ Öü¿ßª’ç 6 †’ç* 12 ´®Ωèπ◊, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢Á’úø™ ´÷©ûÓ have a dip in the Ganga at Haridwar
Venu: What about your father? 4 †’ç* 8 ´®Ωèπ◊ ü¿®Ωz†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a/ Ç®√- éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-´¤. and Rishikesh and return.
(O’ Ø√†o-í¬J Ææçí∫A?) Cµç-îª-´îª’a. Prasad: Å´¤†’. M. SURESAN Sudheer: Didn't he go last year too?/ He went
Ratan: He is not particular. He is devoted to his 6) Devout = pious = ¶µºéÀhí∫-© Sukumar: O’È®Eo≤ƒ®Ω’x last year too, didn't he?
job. His devotion to duty doesn't let him O’®Ω’ î√™« ¶µºéÀhí∫©-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË you are very ¢Á∞«x-Jç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊? é¬L-†-úøéπ-Ø√, Bus ™Ø√? Eshwar: He is now retired you know. He has
devote any time to worship. devout. Prasad: ÉC 5´ ≤ƒJ, é¬L-†-úø-éπØË.
plenty of/ a lot of leisure. He wants to
(Çߪ’-†-éπçûª °æöÀdç°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ NCµ The devout old man spends most of his time Sukumar: Ø√èπÿ ®√¢√-©ØËÖçC. ´îËa-≤ƒJBÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x¢√?
spend the rest of his life on pilgrim-
E®Ωy-£æ«-ù-°æõ‰x v¨¡ü∆l¥ Æ洒ߪ’ç ¢Á*a-≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçü¿’- in the temple. Prasad: ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬. É°æ¤púË ®√´îª’a éπü∆?
Sukumar: -É°æ¤p-úø’ é¬-ü¿’. †’´¤y î√-™« ¶µºéÀh-í∫-©-¢√-úø- ages.
´©x Çߪ’-†èπ◊ Å®Ωa-†èπ◊, Ç®√-üµ¿-†èπÿ time ¶µºéÀhí∫-© Ç Â°ü∆l-ߪ’† áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ í∫’úÕ-™ØË
Öçúøü¿’.) Öçö«úø’. ´-†’-èπ◊çö«. Sudheer: I think even last year he offered wor-
Venu: Do you go to the Sai temple near our 7) ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç °ôdúøç = offer, ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç = offering. Prasad: †’´¤y èπÿú≈ éπü∆? î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ≠œKf ߪ÷vûª ship/ performed pooja at Srikalahasti.
college too? 8) éπ®Ω÷p®Ωç = Camphor (é¬ç°∂æ – é¬ç, Cat ™ îË≤ƒh´¤. ≤ƒ-®·-¶«-¶«†’ éÌ©’-Ææ’hç-ö«´¤. Eshwar: Yes. He had trouble because of the
(´’† college ü¿í∫_®Ω í∫’úÕéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞«h¢√?) '鬗 ™«í¬) v°æA ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç éπ%≥ƒg †C™ ≤ƒo†ç rush of pilgrims there. After returning
Ratan: Rarely, devotees prefer this to that. 9) ≤ƒçv¶«ùÀ = Incense îË≤ƒh´¤. È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x í∫çí∫™  ´·E- from Kasi, he wants to go to
(Incense Åçõ‰ éÓ°æç éπL-Tç-îªôç ÅE èπÿú≈).
(Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬. ¶µºèπ◊h-©ç-ü¿®Ω’, Ç í∫’úÕ éπçõ‰ Ñ íÌ*a†ô’d-Ø√o-´¤-èπÿú≈ éπü∆. Madhurai. He is particular about the
10) Åí∫-®Ω’-´-ûª’h©’ = Incense sticks. Answer:
image / idol of goddess Meenakshi.
í∫’úÕØË É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’)
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson continuation í¬ Â°j Ææ綵«-≠æù 11) (´’çvû√©’, ¢Ëü∆©’ etc.) °æJ∏ç-îªôç/ ´Lxç-îªôç = Sukumar: Hello, Prasad, Sabarimala (Going
Sudheer: Has be been to Tirupathi of late?
èπÿú≈ ¶µºéÀhéÀ, °æ‹ñ« °æ¤†-≤ƒ\-®√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*ç-ü¿E Chant - chanting of mantras, vedas, etc. to Sabarimala) again. I see you once
12) v°æN’ü¿ = Censer (ÂƆq – 'ÂÆ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç), more/ once again in black clothes Eshwar: Yes last month. But he didn't have his
ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Ñ ´÷ö©’ ´’†ç conversation
Censer Åçõ‰ ≤ƒçv¶«ùÀ üµ¿÷°æç ¢ËÊÆ ¶µºJù ÅE and with a string of beads/ beads head tonsured/ he didn't have a ton-
™ ûª®Ω ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
1) Piety = °æߪ’öÀ ('°æ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊-û√ç) = ¶µºéÀh èπÿú≈. around your neck. sure.
= devotion (úÕ¢Ó-≠æØ˛) – 'úÕ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç.
a) My mother is a woman of piety. v°æ¨¡o: ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'á†o´—- -™‰-ü∆ '-á-ØÓo--— Å-ØË °æ-ü∆-EéÀ a) Where is Dr. Manmohan Singh among/ on
the list of the PMs of India? - ÉC 'á†o´—
v°æ¨¡o: éÀçC ¢√é¬u--™x àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’?
´÷ Å´’t ¶µºéÀh-éπ-©C. -É-ç-T-x≠ˇ-™ ÆæÈ®j-† °æ-ü¿ç -à-N’-öÀ? N´-®Ω-çí¬ Today all trains are running lately.
b) O’®√ éπ%≠æflg-úÕ-°æôx î√-™« ¶µºéÀh-éπ-©C ÅØË ü∆EéÀ ÅA ü¿í∫_®Ω.
-ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. Today all trains are running by late.
Meera had great piety for Lord Krishna.
– ¢Ë’J- π◊-´÷J, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø b) What is the ordinal of Dr. Manmohan Singh Today all trains are running as late.
- ï - ¢ √- •’: Ñ v°æ¨¡o î√-™« -é¬-©çí¬ – ®ÓùçéÀ Ææ’¨¡%ûª, -éÓô-¶Ô-´÷tR
2) pious = °æߪ’Æˇ = ¶µºéÀhí∫© among the PMs of Inida?' ÅE ņ-´îª’a, é¬E
-ï-¢√-•’: O’ ´‚úø’
a) She is a pious woman = Ç¢Á’ ¶µºéÀh éπ©C.
ÉC §ƒçúÕûªuç. (ordinal= 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc) -
b) He is not so pious as his wife. î√™«-´’çC Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. sentences ™ àD éπÈ®é˙d
(a) èπÿú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•õ‰d ´’† ¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-
Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ûª† ¶µ«®Ωuçûª ¶µºéÀh ™‰ü¿’. 'á†o´— ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ English ™ é¬ü¿’.Correct sentence: Today all
(b)
trains are running late.
'¶µºéÀh— Åçõ‰ 'devotion' ÅE- èπÿú≈. ûª’çC. E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-LÍí-¢√-∞¡Ÿx ûªèπ◊\´.
v°æ¨¡o: One and half year Åçõ‰ éπÈ®é¬d? ™‰éπ one
ÆæÈ®j† °æü¿ç ™‰ü¿’. 'O’ ņo-ü¿-
c) Thyagaraja and Bhaktha Ramadas had ´·t™x O’È®-ØÓo¢√®Ω’?— ÅØË 1) Lately late
éÀ, èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ áéπ\ú≈ Ææç•çüµ¿ç
great devotion to Lord Rama. v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ English èπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ and half years ÅØ√™«? ÉC singular í¬ Ö°æ- ™‰ü¿’.
®√´·-úÕ-°æôx ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JéÀ î√-™« ¶µºéÀh ÖçúËC. 'where do you come among ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™«? ™‰éπ plural í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™«? a) Lately recently/ of late
Åçõ‰ Åçõ‰ Ñ ´’üµ¿u.
äéπ\ N≠æߪ’ç pious Åçõ‰ ¶µºéÀhí∫© ÅØË Å®Ωnç. your brothers and sisters?' – Èé-.-Ç®˝.-v°œ-ߪ’-ü¿-Jz-E, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø I haven't seen him lately/ of late
devotional = ¶µºéÀhíÌLÊ°, ¶µºéÀhéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†.
devotional songs = ¶µºéÀh-U-û√-©’/- üË-´¤úÕ §ƒô©’.
ÅE ņ-´îª’a. ÉC èπÿú≈ Ææçü¿- -ï-¢√-•’: One and a half years ņôç correct. Ñ ´’üµ¿u ؈’ ¢√úÕE îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.
Å®·ûË pious Åçõ‰ Eïçí¬ ¶µºéÀh-™‰E, ¶µºéÀh †öÀçîË ®√s¥Eo•öÀd ´÷vûª¢Ë’, O’È®-ØÓo¢√®Ω’? DE ¢Áç-ô ´îËa verb ´÷vûªç singular. b) late –
Åçõ‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬, Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i† ÅE.
ÅE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. One and a half years is a long period. He has come late = Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√aúø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 16 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Sekhar: Hello Mahesh... any idea where Kousik: We may not meet each other then,
Jagadish is. because this weekend I may leave for
(£æ«™ ´’Ê£«¨¸, ïí∫-D¨¸ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Chennai. My sister is going abroad.
ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) She may need my help in packing, etc.
Mahesh: He may be at home. (Å®·ûË ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, áçü¿’-
(Éçöx ÖçúÌa) éπçõ‰ ؈’ Ñ ¢√®√çûªç™ îÁØÁj o ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a,
Sekhar: May we expect him on time? ´÷ ÆœÆd®æ ˝ §∂ƒJØ˛ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ §ƒuéÀç-
(Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÆæJí¬_ ´≤ƒhúøE ņ’-éÓ-´î√a?) í˚™ Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç 鬴a.)
Mahesh: I don’t know. He said he would come,
ÅFo Ŵa, 鬴a, Å´-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅE
but when, exactly, he was not clear.
Å®√n©’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ´’† @N-ûªç™
àC ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC, ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅE
(ûÁLߪ’ü¿’. ´≤ƒh†Ø√oúø’, é¬F á°æ¤púÓ éπ*a- îÁ°æp™‰ç 鬕öÀd, Åçõ‰ because life is full She will probably get the prize.
ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.) Gowtham:
ØËE°æ¤púø’ é̆-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Ç Ç™-îª-†- ™‰ü¿’
of uncertainties 鬕öÀd, may, may not c) She may not like this.
Sekhar: Until he comes we cannot start our Ø√èπ◊.
¢√úøéπç î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC. ´’Sx She will probably not like this. Sunil:
work. °vö©’, úŒ>™¸ üµ¿®Ω©’ °®Ω-í∫-´-îËa¢Á÷
îª÷úøçúÕ. (Ç¢Á’ ü∆Eo É≠æd-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.)
2) Å™«Íí may •ü¿’©’ perhaps + will ¢√úø- Gowtham: O’®Ω’ Ç©Ææuç îËÊÆ éÌDl üµ¿®Ω©’ °®Ω’-í∫’-
ÅØËC äéπ\õ‰ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† Ø√èπ◊.
Prasanth: How much money may you need?
(Åûªúø’ ´îËa ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-
‰ç ´’J.) (áçûª úø•’s Å´-Ææ®Ωç 鬴a?) ´îª’a.
Mahesh: How many charts are we going to ûª÷ØË Öçö«®·. O’®Ω’ 鬮Ω’ éÌØË-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ
a) ¢√úÌ-≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷!
make for the exhibition? Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ -üµ¿®Ω- °®Ωí∫-´-a.
He may come. Sunil: O’®Ω’ îÁ°œpçD Eï¢Ë’. Ñ®Óñ‰ 鬮Ω’
(´’†ç áTb-G-≠æØ˛èπ◊ áEo °æöÀd-éπ©’
îËÆæ’hØ√oç?) Perhaps he will come. ™Ø˛èπ◊ Å°kx îË≤ƒh. É°æ¤púø’ îËÊÆh ¢√∞¡Ÿx
He will come perhaps.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 82
Sekhar: Jagadish knows. They may be six or
¨»çéπ{Ø˛ îËÊÆ ÆæJéÀ ¢√®Ωç °æôd-´îª’a.
seven. He will perhaps come. (perhaps = •£æ›¨») Gowtham: Åçûª °æôd-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ™„çúÕ. É°æ¤púø’ î√™«
(ïí∫D¨¸èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. •£æ›¨» Ç®Ó àúÓ
Öçúø-´îª’a.)
Mahesh: So many? Then we had better begin.
We do not have much time. We may
have at the most three or four days.
(î√™« ÖØ√oßË’! Å®·ûË ´’†èπ◊ õ„j¢˛’
áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’. ´‚úø’, Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV© éπçõ‰
...WHO KNOWS?
áèπ◊\´ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.) Dasarath: Just 5000 rupees a day. I may not
b) She may know this. ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-
Sekhar: He knows it. He may not delay. Yes. need more than that.
She perhaps knows this. Ø√o®Ω’. È®çúø’
Here is he calling. He says he may be (®ÓVèπ◊ Å®·ü¿’ ¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’™‰. Åçûª-
c) Suguna may buy this.
´‚úø’
here in 15 minutes. éπçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.) ®ÓV™x O’èπ◊
鬕öÀd ‘May’ expresses probability in Suguna will buy this perhaps.
(Åûªúø’ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Ç... loan ®√´îª’a.
the present or in the future. It (Ç¢Á’ é̆-´îª’a)
3)
ÉCíÓ ÅûªúÕ †’ç* §∂ÚØ˛. °æC-Ê£«†’ ANSWERS:
EN’≥ƒ™x Ééπ\úø ÖçúÌa Åçô’Ø√oúø’.) expresses doubt too- Åçõ‰ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo may •ü¿’©’ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ may be ¢√úø-´îª’a.
Gowtham: You said you M. SURESAN
Mahesh: OK then. He may also bring the nec- èπÿú≈ ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC. a) It may succeed.
would be
essary material. Mahendra: Will he come this evening? May be it will succeed.
buying car. When may you buy it?
(Åûªúø’ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ≤ƒ´’vT èπÿú≈ (≤ƒßª’ç-鬩ç Åûªúø’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈?) (ÅC Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç 鬴a.) Sunil: May be in a week or two. when may
û˴a). Sasank: He may come, I am not sure. b) Sachin may score another century in this
you buy? What about you?
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Ééπ\úø underline îËÆœ† (®√´îª’a. ؈’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰†’). series.
Gowtham: I may not buy at all. I have no plans
verbs ÅFo mayûÓ ´Ææ’hØ√o®·. Mahendra: Why do you doubt it? (Ææ*Ø˛ Ñ ÆœK-Æˇ™ ØË ÉçéÓ ÂÆçîªK îËߪ’-´îª’a.) as yet
✒ may be May be Sachin will score another century in
(áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ’´÷†ç?) Sunil: I have just one worry. I am afraid
✒ may we expect him? Sasank: He was talking about going to his sis- this series.
petrol and diesel prices may go up.
✒ may have ter’s place. c) He may be coming . Gowtham: If you go on delaying /if you delay
✒ may not delay (¢√∞¡x-éπ\ߪ’u ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡û√-†E Åçô’- Perhaps he is coming . further, you may not use a car at
✒ may bring Ø√oúø’.) May be he is coming. low petrol prices. By the time you
´’†™ î√™«-´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ‘may’, present Mahendra: Then let’s start. If we do not start Åûªúø’ ´Ææ÷h Öçúø-´îª’a. buy the car, you may drive it at high-
™í¬E, future ™ í¬E àüÁjØ√ ÖçúË/ ïJÍí now the teacher may go away. Probably he is coming. Éô’-´ç-öÀ-îÓôx ‘Who er prices.
Å´-é¬-¨»Eo ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC– Åçõ‰ probability (Å®·ûË ´’†ç •ßª’-™‰l®√lç. É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l- Knows?’ (á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’/ á´®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’?) Sunil: You are right. Today itself I will
in the present, or in the future. ®Ω-éπ-§ÚûË öÃ˝ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´îª’a) d) It may happen; Who knows? apply for a Car loan. If I do it now,
1) May be - ‘be’ form- expresses a probable °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ may ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo Ææ÷*- May be it will happen; Who knows? it may be a week before they
state of being in the present or in the ≤ÚhçC. Perhaps it will happen; Who knows? process it and sanction the loan./
future. í∫´’-Eéπ: 1) ‘May’ Åçõ‰ØË probably 鬕öÀd, may, Now practise the following: they may take a week to process it
É°æ¤p-úø’-í¬F ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h-™-í¬F ÖçúË Å´-é¬-¨»Eo probably °æéπ\-°æ-éπ\† ¢√úøç. Å™«çöÀ and sanction the loan.
Gowtham: 鬮Ω’ éÌçô’-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆? á°æ¤púø’ éÌç-ô’-
ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC. °æC EN’-≥ƒ™x ¢√Rx-éπ\úø Öçúø- îÓôx will ¢√úø-´îª’a. Ø√o®Ω’? Gowtham: They may not take so long. Now a
´îª’a. a) He may help you. days they are very quick. You may
Sunil: äéπöÀ È®çúø’ ¢√®√™x. O’È®-°æ¤púø’ éÌç-ô’-
They may be here in ten minutes. He will probably help you. get the loan in two or three days.
Ø√o®Ω’.
2) May + 1st Regular Doing Word (May go, b) She may get the prize.
May come, May play etc.)- expresses a
probable/ likely action in the present or in 1. He has worked in Chennai since 1990 (pres- Chennai since 1990 ņo-°æ¤púø’ Éçûª-´-®Ω’èπÿ î˨»úø’ b) Ñ sentence -Åûª†’ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ v°æA-®ÓV
the future. May + 1st RDW,
Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ ent perfect) Åçõ‰ 1990 †’ç* É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ î˨»úø’ ÅØË Å®√n-EÍé áèπ◊\´ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. Å®·ûË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo Ééπ\-úøèπ◊ ´≤ƒh-úøE. éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ sentence
é¬F, Ééπ-´·çü¿’ é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a (éπ*aûªç é¬ü¿’) ÅE ´Ææ’hçü∆? ™‰ü∆ Éçé¬ continue Å´¤-ûª’çü∆? •öÀd Éçé¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úøØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. 'I have (b) is better than sentence (a)
2. Çߪ’† ®ÓV Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ -Å-†-ú≈-Eo He is
ņ’-èπ◊ØË °æEE (ï®Ωí∫éπ §Ú´îª’a èπÿú≈) ûÁLߪ’- worked in this company since 2000’ ÉC á´- 3. È®çúø÷ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË shall,order -†’
ñ‰-Ææ’hçC. coming here daily -™‰-ü∆ He Ææ÷-*-Ææ’hçC.Must Shall éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ force ûÓ
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ‘May be’ Åçõ‰ Öçúø-´îª’a, •£æ›¨» ®ΩØ√o ÅüË company™ îËÆæ’h†o´uéÀhûÓ Å†o-°æ¤púø’,
comes here daily Éçü¿’™ Éçé¬ Åéπ\úË continue Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-†ØË éπü∆? have order ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, éÌçûª Å´-Ææ-®√Eo èπÿú≈
Öçö«®Ω’/ Öçô’çC, Öçö«úø’– É°æ¤púø’ é¬F Ééπ-
´·çü¿’ é¬E ÅØË Å®Ωnç™. Å™«Íí May + 1st àC éπÈ®é˙d? worked èπÿ, have been workingèπÿ ûËú≈ î√™« Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.you must have money if you
RDW - May go - ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a – •£æ›¨» ¢Á∞«h-®Ω’/- 3. a) you shall finish all this ûªèπ◊\´.Å®·ûË continuity éÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç É´y-´-©Æœ want to buy a Car -Ééπ\úø must, Å´-Ææ-®√Eo
¢Á-∞¡Ÿhç-C/-¢Á-∞«húø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. work and then only go ´ÊÆh have been + ing better (order é¬ü¿’) Ææ÷*-≤ÚhçC éπü∆! †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ
Kousik: When may you be here again? b) you must finish all this 2.a) He is coming here daily - correct ´·çü¿’ °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC ÅØË
(O’®Ω’ ´’Sx Ééπ\úø á°æ¤púø’ Öçúø´îª’a/ work and then go b) He comes here daily - correct Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ sentence (b) èπ◊ ÖçC. sentence
O’®Ω’ ´’Sx Ééπ\úø ÖçúË Å´-鬨¡ç Éçü¿’™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? a) Ñ sentence modern English Usage ™ ¢Á’©x- (a) °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ ÷L ÅØË order -† ’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-
á°æ¤púø’?) – Èé. XE-¢√Æˇ ®√´¤, -¢Á-ü¿’-∞¡x-°æLx. ¢Á’-©xí¬ accept îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ –®ÓW Ééπ\-úøèπ◊ ´Ææ’h- ûª’çC. Å®·ûË Ñ ûËú≈ Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ-†-éπ\-
Mohan: I may come here again this weekend.
ï-¢√-•’– He has worked in Ø√o-úøØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
(؈’ Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ Ééπ\úÕéÀ ®√´îª’a.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 19 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Surekha: Hi Deepthi, come in. What a sight you Deepthi: I had been on my daily morning walk
are! What's (what has) happened? when this happened.
Why those mud splashes on your ؈’ morning walk -îËÆæ’h-†o°æ¤p-úø’ -É-C
dress? ïJ-TçC.
-D°œh, ®√, àçöÀü¿çû√, É™« ÖØ√o´¤? (What Surekha: But why a walk at all? It rained all
a sight you are) ᙫ- éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-¢Ó, àç through the night.
ïJ-TçC? F dress O’ü¿çû√ Ç •’®Ω-ü¿- ÅÆæ©’ ®√vûªçû√ ´®Ω{ç èπ◊JÊÆh É°æ¤púø’
F-∞ÏxçöÀ? †úø-´ôç üËEéÃ?
Deepthi: Sure, I'm in a terrible mess. I was Deepthi: It's quite sultry. Please turn on the fan.
walking down the road. A car driving Öéπ\-§Ú-ûªí¬ ÖçC. é¬Ææh fan ¢Ëߪ’¢√?
over a puddle splashed the mud on Surekha: It is sultry - that means it is going to
sweat = ÂÆyö¸ =- îª-´’ô, ’-ô-°æ-ôdôç. Suman:
°ü¿l ´®Ω{¢Ë’ ´îËaô’xçC. Éçé¬ 24 í∫çô©’ ´®Ω{
me. I felt terribly embarrassed with the rain again. a) we are sweating a lot here; let's sit out. Ææ÷ Ö†o-ô’xçC éπü∆?
mud on my dress. Took an auto imme-
diately and came down here. This is
Eïç-í¬ØË îª´’-ôí¬ ÖçC. Åçõ‰ ´’-S} Ééπ\úø î√-™« ’-ô-§Ú-Ææ’hçC, •ßª’ô èπÿ®Ω’açü∆ç. Kalyan: éπÈ®Íéd††’-éÓçúÕ. Å®·ûË íÌúø’í∫’ ´’-®Ω-*-§Ú-û√-ØË-
b) He is sweating all over
¢√ØÌ-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. ¢Á÷-†-E. É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’ íÌúø’-í∫’©’ -§ÚíÌ-ô’d-
the nearest I could think of.
´®√{-Eéà ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’ Åûª-EéÀ ä∞¡xçû√ ’-ô- §Ú-≤ÚhçC. èπ◊Ø√o.
Eï¢Ë’ ؈’ ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†/ -ü∆-®Ω’-ù-¢Á’i† °æJ-
Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o†’. ؈’ road ¢Áç•úÕ †úø’-
´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç.
’--öúÕa Ææ秃-Cç-îªôç = sweat it out Suman: E†oçû√ ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.T.V. ™ èπÿú≈
Ææ’hçõ‰ ¢√†-í∫’ç-ô-O’ü¿ car ¢Á∞¡x-ôçûÓ Ç a) Chiranjeevi has sweated it out to become a îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. é¬E E†oçû√ î√-™« Öéπ\-§Ú-ûªí¬
•’®Ωü¿ F∞¡xçû√ Ø√O’ü¿ *-´÷t®·. ¢ÁçôØË top star éπ-≠d°
æ æ-úÕ (’-öúÕa) Öûªh´’ †ô’úø’ߪ÷uúø’. ÖçC. ü∆E-ûÓ-§ƒ-ô’ éÌçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ éπÈ®çô’ èπÿú≈
auto -BÆæ’èπ◊-E Ééπ\-úÕ-éÀ-´î√a, Åéπ\-úÕéÀ -É-C (sweat ûª®√yûª it í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) ™‰ü¿’. -ä-∞¡xç-û√ äéπõ‰ -îª-´’-ô.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 84
ÅA ü¿í∫_®Ω 鬕öÀd) b) He sweated it out to educate his daughter Kalyan: ’-öí¬ØË ÖçC. Å®·ûË Ç鬨¡ç Åçû√
(Terrible = ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† (°æJ-ÆœnA) èπÿûª’Jo éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-Nç-î√úø’. ´’¶‰sÊÆ ÖçC.
mess = í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞¡ç, *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿®Ω, Ééπ\úø trou-

I feel very sultry

ble.
Puddle = Road O’ü¿ ÖçúË ¢√† F∞¡x-í∫’çô.
splash = F∞¡x-™«ç-öÀN *´’tôç.. Å™«- *-N’t-†-°æ¤púø’
°æúË- F∞¡Ÿx.
embarrass = á綫-®ΩÆˇ. ¶« ØÌ-éÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç, Æœí∫’_-
°æ-úËô’x É•sçC éπL_ç-îªôç,
embarrassed = É•sç-Cí¬ feel Å´ôç.
puddle = roads O’ü¿ ÖçúË ´®Ω{°æ¤ F∞¡x-í∫’çô c) How can you get any thing free? you sweat Suman:
§Ú®·† ¢√®Ω-
•’®Ω-ü¿-F∞¡x ´’®Ω-éπ-©’†o dress ûÓ éπ†-°æ-úøôç puddle water = Å™«çöÀ F∞¡Ÿx for it ´’çû√ ¢√ØË
Deepthi éÀ É•sçC (embarrassing í¬
mud = muddy =
•’®Ωü¿, •’®Ω-ü¿í¬ Ö†o Ö*-ûªçí¬ àüÁjØ√ ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? üËE-ÈéjØ√ éπ≠d-°æ æ-ú≈L. éπü∆. †ü¿’-©çû√
Öçô’çC) éπü∆!
splash = F∞¡Ÿx (à vü¿´-°æ-ü∆-®Ωn-¢Á’iØ√) *çü¿ôç
sweat = ¶µºßª’çûÓ îª´’-ô-§Ú-ߪ’ôç. §ÒçT-§Ò-®Ω-©’-ûª’-
The Son-in-law's behaviour embarrassed a) He splashed water over my face a) The sight of the police made him sweat. Ø√o®·. -§ƒ°æç
the minister. Ø√ ¢Á·£æ«ç O’ü¿ F∞¡Ÿx éÌö«dúø’. police ©†’ îª÷úø-í¬ØË Åûª-EéÀ îÁ´’-ô-°æ-öÀdçC. È®j-ûª’-©èπ◊
b) splash of water = *N’t† F∞¡Ÿx °æçôçû√ M. SURESAN
Å©’xúÕ v°æ´-®Ωh† ´’çvAéÀ é¬Ææh É•sçC éπL-Tç-*çC. b) She sweats and shivers at his sight.
É®Ω’-èπ◊† °æúË-ÆœçC. c) a splash of water made him conscious ÅûªEo îª÷úø-í¬ØË Ç¢Á’ ’-ô-°æöÀd ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-®·çC. †≠æd¢Ë’.
embarrassing = á綫-®Ω-Æ œçí˚ – '¶«— bank ™ F∞¡Ÿx éÌôd-í¬ØË ûÁLN ´*aç-ü¿-ûª-EéÀ Kalyan: Å®·ûË éÌEoîÓôx ´÷vûªç È®jûª’©’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-
(shiver = ≠œ-´ = ´-ù-éπôç)
ba ™«í¬) d) Blood splashed all over the place as the í¬ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπØË äéπ-JéÀ -ê‰ü¿ç, äéπ-JéÀ
Vighnesh: Have you heard the news? We are
Surekha: Sorry dear, come. Wash your face lorry hit him. ¢Á÷ü¿ç ÅØ√o®Ω’.
in for another cyclone.
and have a change of clothes. Here ™«K úµŒ é̆-ôçûÓ Åéπ\-úøçû√ ®Ωéπhç *N’tçC. NØ√o¢√, ´’Sx -ûª’-§ƒ-†’-†’ -á-ü¿’-®Ó\-¢√Lq Answer:

Sultry = (¢√û√-´-®Ωùç) Öéπ\-§Ú-ûª-í¬/ -îÁ-´’-ôí¬
you are. Take this dress of mine. I'll
´≤ÚhçC. (We are in = ņ-¶µº-Nçîª- Suman: Take/ Carry an umbrella. It is raining.
have yours washed and sent home to
¶´ôç. He is in for trouble = Åûª-EéÀ Kalyan: It's only a drizzle/ It is just drizzling. An
Öçúøôç
you in the evening. a) I feel very sultry; could you turn on the fan? umbrella is not necessary.
trouble ®√¶-ûÓçC.)
î√--™« ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. ¢Á·£æ«ç éπúø’-èπ◊\E î√-™« -îª-´’-ôí¬ ÖçC. é¬Ææh fan ¢Áߪ’u®√? Suman: It looks like heavy rain./ It appears to
Mahesh: Yea. Cyclone is forecast for another
•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’aéÓ. ÉCíÓ (ÉC) BÆæ’éÓ = sultry = stuffy. (-Å®·-ûË stuffy -äéπ -v°æ-üË-¨»-EéÀ rain heavily./ Heavy rain appears likely./
24 hours.
Here you are. -ØË-†’ -F dress †’ ÖA-éÀç* -¢√-úø-û√ç. It may rain heavily. Rain is forecast for
≤ƒßª’çvûªç O’ ÉçöÀéÀ °æç°æ¤-û√†’. b) The room is very stuffy. Please open the ®√í∫© 24 í∫çô™x cyclone -´-îËa Ææ÷îª-†/- another 24 hours.
Deepthi: Thank you. windows. Å-´-鬨¡ç. (forecast = ´·çü¿’ ïJÍí Ææç°∂æ’- Kalyan: You may be right, but I may forget the
Surekha: But why were you out so early in the ®Ω÷ç î√© ¢ËúÕí¬ -Öç-C. (í¬L ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC) ô-†© ÅçîªØ√) umbrella somewhere. I have already
morning? It is not even 7 now. éÀöÀéà ûª©’-°æ¤©’ Bߪ’çúÕ. Now, practise the following aloud in English: lost two umbrellas.
Å®·Ø√ Åçûª §Òü¿’lØËo •ßª’-öÀÈéç-ü¿’- When the room is stuffy, you sweat Suman: íÌúø’í∫’ BÂÆ\-∞¡xçúÕ. ´®Ω{ç-´-≤ÚhçC. Suman: The whole of yesterday I expected rain/
éÌ-î√a´¤? É°æ¤p-úÕçé¬ 7 èπÿú≈ é¬-™‰ü¿’. room ™ í¬™«-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ îª-´’ô§ÚÆæ’hçC. Kalyan: ûª’ç°æÍ® éπü∆. íÌúø’-í∫-éπ\-Í®x-ü¿’-™„çúÕ. I thought it would rain the whole of yes-
terday. Even TV forecast it. But it was
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Thanks îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ à ´ßª’Ææ’q ¢√JéÀ ᙫ AJT ï¢√-G-¢√yL? b) Good heavens, Adit! you must have polished your shoes
F shoes ¶«í¬ polish îËÆœ Öçú≈L †’´¤y
sultry/ The whole day was sultry. fur-
2) Å™«Íí "sorry" îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ AJT à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†-N’-¢√yL ther/ Besides there was no power for
(°ü¿l-©èπ◊, °œ©x-©èπ◊, Ææ´’-´-ߪ’-Ææ’\-©èπ◊)? (Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ polish î˨»´¤. Eí∫-E-í∫-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·) some time. we were sweating a lot.
3) Good heavens, Adit! You must have your shoes polished.
Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø 'good heavens' ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Kalyan: It was sultry/ stuffy; true. But the sky
Hi, Å-ØÓ, It's great ÅØÓ Åçö«ç éπü∆. 'Good heavens' àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ was cloudy.
Good heavens, Adit! You must have polished your shoes.
ïJ-T-†-°æ¤úø’. ´îËa éÌEo Ææç*-éπ™x phonetics N´-®Ωù Öçô’çC. Suman: We had rain all through last week. All
-v°æ-¨¡o: Accused ÅØË ´÷ô†’ ÅèπÿuÆˇd ÅE Pro. îË-ߪ÷-©-Ø√o®Ω’. Dictionaries ™
ÉN à Nüµ¿çí¬ È®çúø’ ¢Ë®Ω’ ¢Ë®Ω’ Å®√n-©-E-≤ƒh®·. É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ᙫ
Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? phonetics í∫’-Jç-< -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. the rivers are in floods/ spate. (All the
– -áç.-á-™¸.°æ®Ω-¢Ë’-¨¡y®Ω®√-´¤, -•’-*-aÈ®-úÕf-§ƒ-™„ç, -ØÁ-©÷x®Ω’ ->-™«x accuse ÅØË ´÷ô Åèπÿu-ñ¸í¬ Pro. Å®·uçC. Åçü¿’-´-©x accused ÅØË rivers are flooded.) Poor farmers! It has

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) à ´ßª’Ææ’q¢√®Ω’ thanks îÁ°œpØ√ AJT ÉîËa ï¢√•’ ´÷ô Åèπÿu-ñ¸fí¬ pronounce é¬ü∆? similarly, "learned" ÅØË ´÷ô ©Joú˛
(l3:nid) í¬ pronounce Å®·çC. ©Jo-ö¸í¬ Å´-™‰ü¿’. 'ed' ûÓ end Å-ßË’u
caused damage to crops.
Kalyan: But the farmers in some areas are
äéπõ‰, you are welcome/ welcome. é¬Ææh °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x- verb ©’– (for e.g., looked ©’é˙dí¬, booked •’é˙dí¬ pronouce Å®·-†- happy. That's why they say, 'One man's
®·ûË, sir îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. °æ¤púø’)– 't' ûÓ end Å´¤-û√-ߪ’ØË Ææ÷vûªç ÅEo-îÓö«x apply é¬ü∆? meat is another man's poison'. (äéπ-JéÀ
2) Sorry éÀ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË– It's all right, doesn't matter, Åçö«ç.
°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË sir, îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. – -áç.Ææ’-¶«s®√-´¤, -à-©÷®Ω’ -ë‰-ü¿ç, äéπ-JéÀ ¢Á÷ü¿ç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English

3) a) Good heavens, Adit! you must have your shoes pol- -ï-¢√-•’: Past tense form éÓÆæç '-ed' îËJÊÆh ÅC p, k, s (z sound ûÓ) © proverb.)
ûª®√yûª ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 't' Å´¤-ûª’çC. looked (lookt), peeped (peept), The whole day •ü¿’©’ All day, All
ished = ¶«¶ß˝’! F shoes polish îË®·ç-î√L †’´¤y.
chased (chaset) etc. ÅEo îÓö«x ÅC apply é¬ü¿’. through the day ņôç practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
(Åçõ‰, F shoes èπ◊ §ƒL≠ˇ ™‰éπ dirty í¬ ÖØ√o-ߪ’E)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 21 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Anil: Hi Hari, we couldn't meet each other the
whole of yesterday.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ weather (¢√û√-´-®Ωùç) èπ◊
E†o ´’†ç éπ©-´-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷ç. Ææç•ç-Cµç*† -´÷-ô-©ûÓ ÖçC éπü∆. ÅEo-öÀF
Hari: Meet? In such a downpour? I didn't feel äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
like going out in such rain. No let up at all Downpour; let up; knee-deep; drains; wade
till late in the night. wind; blew off; hoardings; looks like rain;
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ô´÷? Åçûª ¢√†-™Ø√? •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x- drought; withered; on and off.
©-E-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. ®√vA ¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l-§ÚßË’´®Ωèπ◊ ûªí∫_-ØË-
Down pour – î√© °ü¿l-¢√†.
™‰ü¿’.
knee deep - wade; drain.
¢Á÷é¬-L-™ûª’.
Downpour Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆– Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ a) Areena: Why don't you get me some chips to
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i î√-™«ÊÆ°æ¤ èπ◊JÊÆ ñ®Ω’-¢√†. eat? (é¬Ææh chips ûÁ*a-°-ôd´‹?)
feel like í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ÅE-°œç-îªôç. Now practise the following aloud in English:
Amar: (Do you) want me go out in this down- b)
I feel like going to a movie = ØË-†’ ®√†’. ´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’dçC. ï©’•’ îËÊÆh ؈’
ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«x-©-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. pour for your chips? I'll get drenched. ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰†’. Sathya:
Ñ ¢√† ûªí∫_ü∆?
I don't feel like tea now = (Éçûª ¢√†™ -†-†’o •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-´’-Ø√ F I won't come. It looks like rain. I cannot with- (let up
¢√úøçúÕ)
öà û√í¬-©-E-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰-C-°æ¤púø’. Å®Ωnç. ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Ú-û√†’). The roads are stand a cold Vijaya: ¢√®Ωç-®Ó-V-©’í¬ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´®Ω{ç °æúø’-ûª÷ØË ÖçC.
Let up = ûªí∫_ôç, ûªí∫’_-´·êç °æôdôç; àüÁjØ√ under kneedeep water. (Roads °j (withstand = ûªô’d-éÓ-´ôç, ¶µºJç-îªôç) ÅD ¶µ«Kí¬, í∫ûª 3, 4 à∞¡x™ Éçûª ¢√†
v°æߪ’ûªoç ûªT_ç-îªôç. ÉC ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ conversa- ¢Á÷鬙xûª’-† F-∞¡ŸxØ√o®·). I don't want to c) Though it is just 3 o' clock in the afternoon, it ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.
tion ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. wade through the water mixed with is dark. The sky is cloudy. It is very likely to Sathya: É°æp-öÀÍé ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√-©Fo ï©-´’-ߪ’-
There is no let up in her fever =
the water from the drains. (-´·-JéÀ rain. ´’-ߪ÷u®·. TV™ îª÷¨» ´’†’-≠æfl©’ ¢Á÷é¬-L-
Ç¢Á’ ïy®Ωç ûªí∫_-ôç-™‰ü¿’. 鬩-´© F∞¡Ÿx éπ©-Æœ† Ç F∞¡x™ †úø-´ôç
We are not going to let up our efforts ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´‚úË Å®·Ø√, <éπ-öÀí¬ ÖçC. Ç鬨¡ç ™ûª’ F∞¡x™ é¬Sx-úø’a-èπ◊çô÷ †úø-´úøç. ¢√†
´÷ v°æߪ’-û√o©÷, v¨¡´’ ûªT_çîË °æØË-™‰ü¿’. Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’). ´’¶‰s-ÆœçC. ´®Ω{ç ´îËaõ‰x -Öç-C. (´îËa Ææ÷îª-†©’ F∞¡Ÿ} É∞¡}-™éÀ èπÿú≈ ´îËa-¨»®·.
¶«í¬ °æE áèπ◊\-´í¬ ´¤çúÕ, î√©-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æõ‰d-ôd-®·ûË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖØ√o®·). Vijaya: v°æ¶µº’ûªyç î√™«- ´’ç-CE Ææ’®Ω-éÀ~ûª v°æüË-¨»-©èπ◊
ü∆Eo èπÿú≈ wade through Åçö«ç.
drought: ´®√{-¶µ«´ç, ÅØ√-´%-≠œd – -´-®√{©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç
ûª®Ω-Lç-*çC. Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ Ωu©’ èπÿú≈
b) The officer wades through a lot of files wither = (îÁô’x ™«çöÀN) áçúÕ-§Ú-´ôç

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 85 Ç officer ®ÓW î√-™« files

îË°æ-öÀdçC.
îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’, áçûªèπÿ When there is a drought the crops wither.
Sathya: ¢Á·†o ®√vA O*† •©-¢Á’i† í¬LéÀ î√™« îÁô’x
Å´ü¿’. ´®√{©’ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ °æçô©’ áçúÕ-§Ú-û√®·. èπÿL-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. ´÷ -ÉçöÀéÀ éÌçîÁç ü¿÷®√†
-Ö†o §ƒûª Shed éπ°æ¤p áT-J-§Ú-®·çC.

There was no let up Vijaya: á´-J-ÈéjØ√ í¬ßª÷-©-ߪ÷uߪ÷?

Sathya: ™‰ü¿’, Åü¿%-≠d-´
Answer:
æ -¨»ûª’h.

Sathya: Will there be no let up in the rain?

Anil: Even in such rain, I went out for some Vijaya: It has been raining off and on since last
c) We waded through a lot of portion for the last a)
medicine for dad. My god! there was ¢√†©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´©x week/ during the past week/ for a week
week's examination.
knee-deep water on most roads, and I °æçô©’ áçúÕ-§Ú-ûª’- now. I haven't seen such rain in the last
waded through. The drains were over- èπ◊ ¢Ë’ç î√-™« portion îª-C¢√ç.
Last week exam Ø√o®·. 3 or 4 years.
flowing. (áçûª time °æöÀdçüÓ ÅE) The crops are wither-
Sathya: Already the low lying areas are under
Åçûª ¢√†-™†÷ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ´’çü¿’-éÓÆæç •ßª’-
blow: í¬L Oߪ’ôç, blow (present)- blew (past) ing because of
ôèπ◊ -¢Á-∞«}-†’. Ŷs! î√-™« roads ™ ¢Á÷é¬-L- blown (past participle) water. I saw on the TV, people wading
drought/ The crops
™ûª’ F∞¡Ÿx. Ç F∞¡x™ é¬Sx-úø’a-èπ◊çô÷ †úÕ-î√†’. a) Strong winds blew as it rained cats and dogs through kneedeep water. The rain
are withering because M. SURESAN
Knee deep = ¢Á÷é¬-L-™ ûª’. knee = ¢Á÷鬩’. èπ◊çúø-§Úûª ´®Ω{ç, ü∆E-ûÓ-¶«ô’ •©-¢Á’i† í¬©’©’ water has entered houses too.
it hasn't rained.
kneecap = ¢Á÷é¬-L-*°æp. wade = F∞¡x™  é¬Sx-úø’a- Oî√®·. Vijaya: The government has moved a large
b) Ñ ´®√{-¶µ«´ç ´’®Ó ¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçõ‰ °æçô-™„ç-úÕ-
b) Though it isn't raining much, the wind is
èπ◊çô÷ †úø-´ôç. number of people to safe places/
Hari: Yes, it was that heavy. §Ú-´ôç ûªü∑¿uç.
blowing strongly. safety. It has taken up relief measures
Å´¤†’ Åçûª-°-ü¿l -¢√-ØË. If the drought continues for/ lasts one more
Anil: The wind was strong too. It blew off two or
´®Ω{ç Åçûª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, í¬L ´÷vûªç -î√-™« •©çí¬ week, the crops are sure to wither/ will sure- too.
three hoardings and the roof tops of some O≤ÚhçC. ly wither. Sathya: The strong winds the day before (yes-
sheds. I saw atleast two of the hoardings blow off = í¬L-´©x àüÁjØ√ ™‰*-§Ú-´ôç. áT-J-§Ú-
c) On and off = ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ = ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéÀ. terday) blew off/ down/ uprooted a
lying in the water on the road. ´ôç, éÀçü¿-éÀ -°æ-úÕ-§Ú-´ôç, (D°æç ™«çöÀN) ÇJ-§Ú- a) Åûª†’ Ø√ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-éÓÆæç ûª®Ωîª÷ ´Ææ’hç-ö«úø’. number of trees; They blews off as well
í¬L èπÿú≈ î√-™« •©çí¬ O*çC. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´ôç, ¢√öÀE ÇÍ®p-ߪ’ôç. He comes to me on and off for help.
hoardings, éÌEo sheds éπ°æ¤p©÷, ™‰*-§Ú-ߪ÷®· the roof of an old shed some distance
c) The wind blew off several trees
Ç í¬LéÀ. ؈’ éπFÆæç È®çúø’ hoardings road b) Don't trouble me on and off. from my home.
î√-™« îÁôx†’ í¬L ™‰Ê°-ÆœçC trouble
O’-ü¿ F∞¡x™ °æúÕ Öçúøôç îª÷¨». ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéÀ ††’o îËߪ’-èπ◊/-N-Æœ-Tç-îªèπ◊. Vijaya: Was anyone injured?
Blew off= (í¬L) ™‰Ê°-Æ œçC.
(í¬LéÀ îÁô’x èπÿL-§Ú-ߪ÷®·) c) The CM calls for my advice on and off. Sathya: No, fortunately.
Hoardings = shops O’ü¿, road sides ™ ÖçúË d) The wind blew off the lamp
CM ûª®Ωîª÷ Ø√ Ææ©£æ… éÓÆæç °œ©’-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’/
v°æéπ-ô† (advertisement) boards. í¬L D§ƒ-Ø√o-Í®p-ÆœçC. phone îË≤ƒh®Ω’.
Rooftops = éπ°æ¤p °j¶µ«í¬©’. e) The lamp blew off. D°æç -Ç-J-§Ú®·ç-C.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Pending ÅØË véÀߪ’†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Ñ verb
Lakshmi: It's seven now cloudy, and a cot wind f) The wind blew off the wooden structure. b) Adjective: An enquiry is pending against
is blowing. It looks like rain again any í¬L Ç îÁéπ\ èπÿ®Ω’p†’ èπÿ™‰a-ÆœçC. him.
moment. simple, past, past participle ®Ω÷-§ƒ©’
g) blew off the board = board í¬™x áT-J-§Ú-®·çC.
Éçé¬ ´’-¶‰sÊÆ ÖçC, îªL í¬-L O≤ÚhçC. à 2) Who wrote Ramayana?
ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. ÅûªE O’ü¿ Nî√-®Ωù °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’.
éπ~ù«-ØÁj oØ√ ´’Sx ´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’xçC.
let up ûªí∫_-ôç/-ûª-T_ç-îªôç. Who did write Ramayana? °æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ wait îËÆæ’hØ√oç.
Looks like rain = It may rain = ´®Ω{ç ®√´îª’a. a) Ç í¬L àç ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-© í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Ééπ\úø 'pending' adjective.
Anil: We had severe drought last season. The There was no let up in the wind. – Ø√u©-°æLx °çôߪ’u, -ÅL-ߪ÷-¶«ü¿’ 2) a) Who wrote Ramayana?
crops withered. This season we have too
much of rain on and off. The crops are
b) F v°æߪ’-û√o© Bv´ûª ûªT_ç-îªèπ◊ -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Pending - ÉC verb é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ü∆EéÀ, b) Who did write Ramayana?
1) Ramayanam
Don't let up the seriousness of your past, past participle ÖçúË v°æ¨¡o-™‰ü¿’. ™«çöÀ ´’£æ…-é¬-¢√u© ´·çü¿’
under water and the low lying areas are all 'The'
attempts. Pending, preposition Å®·Ø√ Å´¤- éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ®√¢√L.
flooded. 2) The Ramayanam ÅE Öçõ‰,sentence (a)
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÅØ√-´%-≠œd/ ´®√{-¶µ«-´ç -´©x c) There has been no let up in the government's ûª ’çC– àüÁjØ√ °æ‹®Ωh-´-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’
Å®ΩnçûÓ, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË adjective Å®·Ø√ correct, sentence (b) wrong.
°æçô-©Fo áçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÅA- relief efforts, said the CM ÅØË
Å´¤ - û ª’çC– àüÁjØ√ °æ‹®Ωh-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´’†ç Question form Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ, not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË who
´%≠œd. °æçô-©Fo ï©-´’ߪ’ç. ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√- v°æ¶µº’ûªy Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ Ωu™x -á-™«ç-öÀ -™°æç -Öç--úø-ü¿-E wait îËÆæ’h†o– ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
©Fo F∞¡xûÓ EçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. ´·êu-´’ç-vA -Å-Ø√o®Ω’. ûª®√yûª 'do' 'does', 'did' ®√´¤. ÉC äéπ\ who
a) Preposition: He is suspended pending
Drought = ´®√{-¶µ«´ç; N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ØË, ÅD 'á´®Ω’?— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. á´-JE

´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’xçC = It looks like rain = enquiry.
on and off = ûª®Ω = often/ frequently. Å-†o Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ 'who' ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. 'Who
It may rain = It is very likely to rain. did he meet?' ™«çöÀ sentences ™. Å°æ¤púø’
low lying areas = ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√©’. Nî√- ®Ωù °æ‹-Jh é¬-†ç-ü¿’-† (Nî√-®Ωù Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-
Lakshmi: Hope this would end with today. a) As we started out it looked like rain ûÓçC é¬-•-öÀd) Çߪ’-†-†’ suspend î˨»®Ω’. Ééπ\úø who °æéπ\† do, does, did ´≤ƒh®·.
Ñ ®ÓVûÓ ÉC Çí∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o. ¢Ë ’ ç •ßª ’ - ™ ‰ l - Í ® - ô - ° æ ¤ p úø ’ ´®Ω { ç ´îË a - ô - ô ’x ç C. pending preposition.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 23 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Kavitha: Hi Lakshmi, (It's) rather a cold Lakshmi: I am not going to have even a bite of
evening. How about munching some- the bujji from that place.
thing to keep ourselves warm? Éçéπ ´’Sx Ç •@b Åçô÷ A††’.
≤ƒßª’çvûªç î√™« îªLí¬ ÖçC. àüÁjØ√ é¬Ææh Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù Åçû√ A†ôç, û√í∫-ö«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-
†N’™‰h ¢Áîªaí¬ Öçô’ç-üË¢Á÷. *ç-ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆! Ééπ\úÕ ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç.
Lakshmi: That's right. Let's have some hot Munching; have; sipping; snack; crisp and
chips and then hot coffee. That's crunchy; hot; gulp & suck; chewing; swallowed;
make us comfy. have a bite.
Hot chips, hot coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ü∆çûÓ
A†ôç û√í∫ôç: ´÷´‚©’ daily situation
™E
£æ…®·í¬ Öçô’çC. conversation™ àüÁjØ√ A†ôç ÅE é¬F, û√í∫ôç
(comfy = comfortable ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ ÉC ÅE é¬F ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’, Jeevan: I find you chewing killis all the time. It
have, take, eat. Have ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬
Éçûª îªLí¬ Ö†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç coffee æp-JÆæ÷h û√í∫-
èπ◊Cç°æ¤. Å®Ωnç = £æ…®·í¬ Öçô’†o) is bad for your health and teeth.
Kavitha: Nothing like sipping a hot cup of cof-
ú≈- EéÀ éπØ√o à´·çC?
¢√úøû√ç. àçöÀ, á°æ¤púø÷ éÀSx †´·-©’ûª÷ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh´¤. ÅC
sip = æp-JÆæ÷h, ¢Á’©x-¢Á’-©xí¬ û√í∫ôç.
fee on a cold evening like this. Anil: What do you usually have for breakfast? Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÃ, °æ∞¡xèπÿ ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’. a) It's very hot. Let's sip some soft drink?
É™«çöÀ îªL ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢Ë∞¡ ¢ËúÕ é¬°∂‘ û√í∫ôç Breakfast èπ◊ †’¢Ëyç BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤/ Açö«´¤ Jagadish: I know that to chewing killis is not
î√™« áçúøí¬/ ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçC. àüÁjØ√ soft drink sip
´çöÀ Ææ’êç ÉçéÓöÀ Öçúøü¿’. ´÷´·-©’í¬? good. I will try to give it up. îËü∆l´÷?
Lakshmi: Ok, then; here you are. Here's the Unni: Most of the days we have idli at home. ´’ç*-C-é¬-ü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ’, ´÷†-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. Soft drink = ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’†ç cool drink ÅØË-
snack you are after. áèπ◊\-´í¬ ´÷ Éçöx ÉúÕx BÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç/ Açö«ç.
chew = †´’-©ôç, †´·-©’ûª÷ A†ôç. (îª÷u) ü∆Eo éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ soft drink ÅØ√L.
Å™«Íí. ÉCíÓ †’´¤y 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o A†’-•ç- a) Doctors tell us to chew food well
Hard drinks, Åçõ‰ alcoholic drinks (beer,
ú≈®Ωç. Ç£æ…-®√Eo ¶«í¬ †N’L AØ√-©Edoctors îÁ§ƒh®Ω’. whisky, etc)
(snack = A†’-•ç-ú≈®Ωç! ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ b) The dog is trying to bite and chew the bone
b) They are sipping coffee sitting in their gar-
öÀ°∂œØ˛ Åçô’çö«ç. You are after = †’´¤y
- Ç çí∫ x - ¶ µ « - ≠ æ - ù 86
Ç èπ◊éπ\ Ç á´·-éπ†’ éÌJéÀ †´’-™«-©E v°æߪ’-Ao-
≤ÚhçC.
den.
鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o/ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊†o) ûÓô™ èπÿ®Ω’aE 鬰∂‘ sip îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Kavitha: Oh, these chips are crisp and
crunchy.
chips
Ñ éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·
Lakshmi: So do I find them too. Let's buy one
more packet.
Å´¤†’, Ø√èπÿ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. ÉçéÓpacket
They swallowed public money
éÌçü∆ç. Anil: We take idlis only one day a week. Each
Kavitha: The other day Trishal bought some c) He is chewing gum.
Now practise the fol-
day we take something different. I don't (chewing) gum
mirchi bajjis for us. They were terribly Åûª†’ †´·-©’ûª’Ø√oúø’. lowing aloud in english:
like to eat idli everyday. I like to eat dosa 3) Prakash: Why don't you eat slowly? You are
hot. We had to gulp down glasses of Namrata:
Å´÷t, ã cup
very much. I have coffee every morning swallowing food in a hurry.
water because of it. coffee
É´y-èπÿ-
¢Á·†o ã ®ÓV vA≥ƒ™¸ N’®Ω-°æ-é¬ßª’ •@b©’ and tea every evening. F´¤ ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ A†-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊? ûÌçü¿-®Ω™  úøü∆ Ø√èπ◊?
ûÁî√aúø’. ÅN áçûª-é¬-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√oßÁ÷! ü∆çûÓ ¢Ë’´· ¢√®Ωç™ äéπ-®ÓV ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÉúÕx BÆæ’- N’çÍí-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Leela: É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’
Pranav: I am in a hurry. No time to chew and
¶™„úø’ ´’ç*-F∞¡Ÿ} û√í¬Lq ´*açC. èπ◊çö«ç. v°æA-®ÓV ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Açô’çö«ç. ®ÓW cups û√í¬´¤
Lakshmi: I was there that day. Don't you ÉúÕx A†ôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. üÓ¨¡ A†ôç É≠ædç. swallow.
éπü∆? ÉçÈéçûª M. SURESAN
remember? Thank God, we had §Òü¿’l† 鬰∂‘, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç tea BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ç. †N’L N’çí∫-ö«-EéÀ time ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ î√™« 鬢√L Fèπ◊?
some chocolates near by to snack îª ÷ ¨»- ®Ω’-éπü∆? áèπ◊\-´í¬ have, take, eat, A†ôç ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o. Namrata: Ø√èπ◊ î√™« EvüÌ-≤ÚhçC. ͮʰ¢Á÷ exam.
Swallow = N’çí∫ôç.
and feel relieved. û√í∫ ô ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Drink û√í∫ôç ÅØË é¬Ææh 鬰∂‘ û√TûË ¢Á’©-èπ◊-´í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E.
a) Lord Siva swallowed poison, so his throat is
Ç ®Óï-éπ\úø ؈÷ ÖØ√o, í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü∆. Åéπ\úø Å®Ω n ç Ö†o- °æp-öÀéÃ, ü∆E •ü¿’©’ have/ take áèπ◊\-´í¬ Leela: Å®·ûË öà û√í∫’.
black.
chocolates æp-Jç* Ç é¬®Ωç ûªT_ç-- ¢√úøû√ç. Eat, drink Ñ È®çúø’ °æü∆©÷, A†ôç, Namrata: àüÁjØ√ AØËç-ü¿’-éÀ-´y¢√?
èπ◊Ø√oç. û√í∫ôç ÅØË v°ævéÀߪ’-©èπ◊ áèπ◊\´. P´¤úø’ í∫®Ω-∞«Eo N’çí¬úø’. Åçü¿’-éπE Çߪ’† éπç®∏Ωç Leela: ïçA-éπ-L-´yØ√? (ïçA-éπ-©èπ◊ english ™‰ü¿’.
(Thank God •A-éÀ-§Úߪ÷ç)
†©’°æ¤.
a) Eating too much is bad áèπ◊\´ A†ôç, ´’ç*-C- Å™«Íí ņçúÕ)
b) The Tablets are bitter, so I swallow them.
Kavitha: Trishal kept chewing something get é¬ü¿’. Namrata: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïçA-é𙉠éπü∆ †N’-™«†’
rid of the heat of the chilly, later he
Ç tablets îËü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√öÀE N’çÍí-≤ƒh†’. Leela: Coffee Åçö«´¤, tea Åçö«´¤. Ç ö«¶„xö¸q
Ééπ\-úø eating •ü¿’©’ having ÅüË Å®√nEo É´y-ü¿’- c) He swallowed a lot of water
had a stomach trouble too. He swal- éπü∆. ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√ †’´¤y?
î√™« F∞¡Ÿx N’çí¬úø’. Namrata: ؈Eo tablets N’çí∫-™‰†’. Ø√ ´©x é¬ü¿’.
lowed some tablets to be relieved of b) Drinking coffee so often upsets your health d) The minister swallowed a lot of public money
it. Leela: §ÚF, Ç ´’çü¿®·Ø√ û√í∫’.
Åçûª ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ coffee û√í∫ôç Ç®Ó-í¬uEo §ƒúø’-îË- ´’çvA î√™« v°æñ«-üµ¿-Ø√Eo N’çÍí-¨»úø’.
Trishal Å®·ûË Ç é¬®Ωç ûªí∫_-ö«-EéÀ àüÓ †´·- Namrata: ÅD îËüË. àüÓ ã í∫’éπ\™ û√Íí≤ƒh. äü¿’l™‰
Ææ’hçC. 4) srikanth: I am very thirsty. Can I have some
©’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oúø’. ûª®√yûª Åûª-EéÀ éπúø’-°æ¤™ Ééπ\úø having, taking ¢√úø-´îª’a, é¬F drinking Ç tablets ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çö«. ¢√öÀE N’çí∫ôç
water, Ramesh?
àüÓ trouble èπÿú≈ ÖçúÕçC. à¢Ó ´÷vûª©’ ¢√úøôç ´©x áèπ◊\´ clarity Öçô’çC. î√™« ü∆£æ«çí¬ ÖçC. ´’ç* FRx-´y¢√?
Ææ’©¶µºç.
N’çí¬úø’. Answer:
É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ûª°æp ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË have/ take Ramesh: It's quite hot, isn't it? Here, take it.
Namrata: Mom, why don't you give me a cup of
v°æ¨¡o: Wedding card, marriage day áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. î√™« ¢ËúÕí¬/ áçúøí¬ ÖçC éπü∆. ÉCíÓ coffee?
-Åç-ö«È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? -ûË-ú≈ -Öç-ü∆? Karim: Here is coffee please have it. BÆæ’éÓ. Leela: You have already had two cups of
– Ææߪ’uü˛ VLp¥-éπ®˝ ÅM, éπ©’-¢√®· Srikanth: One glass won't do (will not do). I can coffee. How much more do you want?
ï¢√•’:
ÉCíÓ, 鬰∂‘ BÆæ’éÓ
Ravi: I have had two cups of coffee already. I gulp down a whole jug of water. Namrata: I feel very sleepy. A little coffee will
a) Wedding èπ◊, marriage èπ◊ éÌClí¬ don't wish to have any more. ã glass jug
F∞¡Ÿx î√©´¤. äéπ F∞¡Ÿx û√Íí-ߪ’- keep me awake.
ûËú≈ ÖçC. ´’ûª Ææçv°æ-ü∆-ߪ÷© v°æ鬮Ωç É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’ éπ°æ¤p©’ 鬰∂‘ û√í¬†’. Ééπ í∫ - © - E - ° æ ¤ p úø ’ . Åçûª ü∆£æ « çí¬ ÖçC. Leela: Then take tea.
ïJÍí °Rx Å®·ûË wedding. Marriage Åçõ‰ à ®Ωéπ- û√í∫ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. (won't do = will not do = î√©ü¿’; will do = î√©’. Namrata: Won't you give me something to eat?
¢Á’i† °∞¡x-®·Ø√ – Åçõ‰ Registered marriage Karim: Have some milk then. (§ƒ©’ BÆæ’éÓ)
Rs 20000/- a day will do for me. Leela: Shall I give you Jantikalu?
™«çöÀN 鬴a. ®ÓVèπ◊ ®Ω÷ 20000/– î√©’ Ø√èπ◊. Namrata: I have been chewing/ munching only
India™ Ææçv°æ-ü∆ߪ’ç v°æ鬮Ωç ïJÍí °RxE èπÿú≈ Ravi: I never take milk. (؈’ §ƒ©-Ææ©’ û√í∫†’).
marriage Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË America, Britain ™ Ééπ\úø take •ü¿’©’ drink ¢√úø-´îª’a. Have ®√ü¿’
a) He
gulp = í∫’éπ\, gulp down = í∫’éπ\™ N’çÍí-ߪ’ôç.
drank it in one gulp
jantikalu till now.
Leela: You talk of coffee and tea, but are you
wedding áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, ´’ûª ≤ƒçv°æ-ü∆-ߪ÷© éπü∆? äéπ\ í∫’éπ\™ û√Íí¨»úø’. taking the tablets?
v°æ鬮Ωç ïJ-TûË. I never have milk Åçõ‰ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω á°æ¤púø÷
b) When the medicine is bitter we gulp it down Namrata: I cannot swallow so many tablets.
b) Wedding Åçõ‰ °RxéÀ ´÷vûªç °æJ-N’ûªç. §ƒ©’çúø´¤ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd. our throat Leela: Atleast take the medicine/ syrup
Marriage Åçõ‰ °∞Ïx-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, °Rx ûª®Ω’-¢√A ¢Áj¢√- So, have, take, eat and drink – OöÀE
£œ«éπ @Nûªç èπÿú≈. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ´’çü¿’ îËü¿’í¬ Ö†o°æ¤púø’, íÌçûª’™ §ÚÆæ’-èπ◊E äéπ\ (û√Íí ´’çü¿’†’syrup Åçö«®Ω’ – Æœ®Ω°ˇ)
i) It was a happy wedding
´÷´‚-©’í¬ A†ôç, û√í∫ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ í∫’éπ\™ N’çÍí≤ƒhç. Namrata: That's bitter too. I just gulp it down/
áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. 5) Sita: How about some hot Coffee, Poorna? take it in a gulp. No, I'll take the
2) Å®·ûË A†ôç, û√í∫-ôç™ èπÿú≈ ®Ωé¬-©’-Ø√o®· Poorna: Nothing like sipping hot coffee on a
°Rx ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ïJ-TçC.
ii) Theirs has been a happy marriage tablets. Swallowing them is easier
¢√∞¡x °Rx/ ¢Áj¢√-£œ«éπ @Nûªç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ≤ƒí∫’-ûÓçC. éπü∆. ¢√öÀ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç. cold evening like this. than taking the syrup.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 25 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Sravanthi: Come Pratibha, just munching zan- Chandra: I enjoy it. Why don't you munch
tikalu isn't going to help us. Let's some too.
think of solving the problem. (Ø√ÈéçûÓ ¶«í∫’çC É™« †´’-©ôç. †’´¤y èπÿú≈
(ïçA-éπ©’ †´’-©ôç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçúøü¿’ é¬ÆœEo †´·©’)
éπü∆. Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç Ç™-*ü∆lç) Bhaskar: Go on. Munch till your teeth ache.
Pratibha: (I) can't help it Sravanthi. They are so You don't know how you irritate me.
crunchy and delicious. You have
Munch on and become fat.
them too. Here help yourself to
some.
(-A-†÷, -A-†÷, F °æ∞¡Ÿx ØÌ°œp °æ¤õ‰dçûª ´®Ωèπÿ
(ØËØËç îËߪ’†’-– Å´çûª éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ ®Ω’*í¬ †´·©’. F †´’-©ôç Ø√Èéçûª *é¬-èπ◊í¬ ÖçüÓ!
Öçõ‰? †’´‹y A†’. ®√. é¬Ææh BÆæ’éÓ) ¶«í¬ ™«´ßË’u ´®Ωèπ◊ †´·-©’-ûª÷ Öçúø’)
irritate = ÉJ-õ„-ß˝’ö¸ – 'É— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =- b) She committed suicide by consuming poi-
I can't help it = -Ç -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™  -ØË-ØËç -îË-ߪ’-™‰-†’. Vamsi:
Å™«çöÀN áØÁj oØ√ Açö«†’. ñ«´’-é¬-ߪ’©’–
son.
(-ûª°æp-ü¿’) *é¬èπ◊, éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªôç. ´·êuçí¬ üÓ®Ωí¬ ÖçúËN Ø√ favourites.
Help yourself = (AØË-C/- û√-Íí-üË-üÁjØ√) B≤Ú\çúÕ. É°æ ¤úø’ Å®Ωnç Å®·çC éπü∆ – munch Åçõ‰ †´’- -Ç-¢Á’ -N-≠æç û√T Çûªt-£æ«ûªu îËÆæ’-èπ◊çC. Dinesh: Doctors èπÿú≈ ñ«´’-é¬ßª’ A†ôç ´’ç*-
Sravanthi: I'd rather have crisp potato chips ©ôç. Å®·ûË chew -ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ †´’-©ôç c) Bhima consumed all the food that was meant
ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’. Åçü¿’™ C Vitamin áèπ◊\´.
than those zantikalu. ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Chew Åçõ‰ éÌJéÀ (°æéπ\, ´·çü¿®Ω for Bakasura.
Vamsi: Ñ ®ÓV ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÀ ®√. ´÷ç*
(Ñ ïçA-éπ© éπçõ‰ éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«úË potato chips °æ∞¡xûÓ) †´’-©ôç, Åçü¿’™ ®Ω’* ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îªôç. •é¬-Ææ’-®Ω’úÕ éÓÆæç -ûÁ-*a-† ǣ慮Ωç Åçû√ Hµ´·úø’ éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«úË potato chips AØÌa. ü∆EéÀ
AØ√-©-†’çC) a) ¢√úø’ îÁ®Ωèπ◊ ´·éπ\ †´·-©’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ AØË-¨»úø’.
Pratibha: Here are some but they have gone
´·çü¿’ °æÆæç-üÁj† í∫’™«-¶¸ñ«ç AØÌa. ´÷
He is chewing a bit/ piece of cane. d) He consumed a kilo of cake in 10 minutes
soft.
Å´’t -îË-≤Úhç-C-°æ¤púø’.
b) Ç¢Á’ toffee E †´·--©’-ûÓçC. ã éÀ™ cake (Èéß˝’é˙) 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x AØË-¨»úø’. Dinesh: ¢Á·ü¿ô ´÷ ÉçöÀ-Èé∞«lç °æü¿. ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u
(Ééπ\úø éÌEo ÖØ√o®·, é¬E ÅN ¢Á’ûªh-•-úÕ- She is chewing a toffee. Å®·ûË consume ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ §Òü¿’l† Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †’ç* biscuits
§Ú-ߪ÷®·) (toffee = °œ°æp-®Ω-¢Á’çô’ G∞¡x-™«ç-öÀC) î√-™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç. (American English- cookies) °æô’d-
Munch ™ Öûªh †´’-©-ô¢Ë’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ îªôd, ¢Ájü¿u (legal and medical) éÌ-î√aúø’. áçûª éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oßÁ÷! é¬Ææh

lick = Ø√éπôç °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ-™ØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Ice cream èπÿú≈ AØÌa.
a) He is licking a cone of ice cream a) Doctors advised him against consuming fatty
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 87 Åûª†’ ice cream cone †’ Ø√èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. substance
Vamsi: Chewing gum èπÿú≈ ûÁî √aú≈?
Dinesh: î√-™«. ÅN áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ †N’-LØ√, Éçé¬
†´’-™«-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.

She is biting a crisp apple

Vamsi: ÂÆ©´¤ ®ÓV† ´’ç*- °æ-ØË îËÆæ’hØ√oç. °æü¿.
Answers:
Dinesh: This guava is crisp. How about a bite?/
Why don't you have/ take a bite?
Vamsi: I will eat any number of them (any
Sravanthi: In that case I'd (I would) like to have b) The cow is licking its calf éÌ´¤y °æü∆-®√n©’ ¢√úø-´-ü¿lE number= áØÁj oØ√). Guavas, especially
an ice cream or some soft drink. Ç´¤ ü¿÷úø†’ Ø√èπ◊-ûÓçC (calf = ü¿÷úø) (鬰∂ˇ) the crisp ones/ crisp guavas are my
ice cream
ú≈éπd®Ω’x Ææ©£æ… Éî√a®Ω’.
(Å™« Å®·ûË AØ√-©-†’çC ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ favourites.
àüÓ soft drink)
ÉO A†-ôç™, û√í∫-ö«™x ®Ω鬩’. b) The post mortem
É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ N’í∫û√ ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç. Dinesh: Even doctors recommend consuming/
soft drink = cola, orange ™«çöÀ bottled showed that the

Crunchy (véπç* – 'éπ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) eating of guavas, They contain a lot of
drinks - ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûª°æ¤pí¬ cool drink deceased had con-
crisp = éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ fresh (û√ñ«)í¬ Ö†o. Vitamin C.
Åçô’çö«ç, ¢√öÀéÀ correct name soft drink;
sumed alcohol
Åçõ‰ hard drink (beer, whisky ™«çöÀN) èπ◊ crunchy/ crisp biscuits = éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ û√ñ«í¬ M. SURESAN Vamsi: You come to my home this evening.
´uA-Í®éπç. Ö†o biscuits. îªE-§Ú-®·†ûª†’ ´’ûª’h You can eat crisp/ crunchy potato
Pratibha: Don't you remember the warning ´úÕ-ߪ÷©’, Å°æp-ú≈©’ ´’†ç AØ√-©E É≠æd-°æ-úË- -§ƒ-F-ߪ÷-©†’ û√T-†ô’x ¨¡´-°æ-K-éπ~™ ûËLçC. chips. Before that you can have/ enjoy
against consuming soft drinks? They üÁ-°æ¤púø’? ÅN crunchy í¬ØÓ crisp í¬ØÓ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ (Post mortem - §ÚÆˇd ´÷ô¢˛’ = ¨¡´-°æ-Kéπ~.) delicious gulab jam. My mother is mak-
contain pesticides. éπü∆? crunchy/ crisp appadalu or vadiyalu. c) People who consume tobacco may get can- ing them now.
(¢√öÀE -û√í∫èπÿ-úø-ü¿†o £«îªa-Jéπ ´’J*§Úߪ÷¢√? (OöÀéÀ English ´÷ô©’ ™‰´¤) Dinesh: Let's go to my place first. My uncle
cer
¢√öÀ™ °æ¤®Ω’-í∫’© ´’çü¿’ç-ô’ç-C.) Currency notes ™«çöÀN éÌûªh-í¬ ÖçúÕ, îËAéÀ éπ®Ω-éπ- brought biscuits/ cookies from America
Sravanthi: But who cares? Moreover, haven't
(§Òí¬èπ◊ AØË-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ cancer ®√´îª’a.)
®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ ûªT-LûË ÅN èπÿú≈ crisp. this morning. How crunchy/ crisp they
you seen the recent ads that they ÉüË ´÷´‚©’ ¶µ«≠æ™ Å®·ûË, people who chew are! You can also eat/ lick some ice-
Potato chips èπ◊ ÉçéÓ ´÷ô crisps.
are safe? tobacco Åçö«ç.
Apple ™«çöÀ °æ∞¡Ÿx û√ñ«í¬, juicy í¬ (®ΩÆæç ¶«í¬ cream.
(Ç.. á´®Ω’ °æöÀdç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? ÅN v°æ´÷- Öçúøôç) Öçõ‰, ÅN èπÿú≈ crisp. Ñ ´÷ô©’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd O’ conversation ™ Vamsi: Did he bring/ get chewing gum too?
ü¿¢Ë’-O’ é¬ü¿E Ñ ´’üµ¿u v°æéπ-ô-†©’ îª÷úø-™‰ü∆
 Sudha is biting a crisp apple
¢√úøçúÕ. -î√-™« effective í¬ Öçô’çC. Dinesh: A lot of it. The more you chew it, the
†’´¤y?) Now practise the following aloud in English:
apple more you feel like chewing it.
(recent = Ñ´’üµ¿u, ad = advertisement = Ææ’-üµ¿ û√ñ«í¬ Ö†o †’ éÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûÓç-C.
v°æéπ-ô†)  Here is a crisp guava; have a bite Dinesh: ÉCíÓ, Ñ ñ«´’-é¬ßª’ ¶«í¬ üÓ®Ωí¬ ÖçC. Vamsi: That's a good way of spending a holi-
Pratibha: OK then. No drinks now. Have the ice Açö«¢√? (bite ¢√úøçúÕ) day. Let's go.
üÓ®Ω ñ«´’ °æçúÕ-CíÓ, éÌJéÀ îª÷úø’.
cream and enjoy licking it. Guava = í¬y´, í¬y ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, ñ«´’ é¬ßª’/-
drinks Ice cream enjoy
-v°æ-¨¡o: a) 'Shopping' ÅØË °æü¿ç ᙫ
(ÆæÍ®™‰. É°æ¤púø’ ™‰´¤. °æçúø’
licking = b) Miss èπ◊ plural, misses, mister èπ◊ plural

delicious= ®Ω’*í¬ Ö†o, °æÆæç-üÁj†.
îË®·.) Ø√éπ-ôç.
lesson continuation
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson
í¬ Ñ ™ a) ´÷N’úÕ °æçúø’ î√-™« ®Ω’*í¬ -Öç-ô’ç-C. ÇN-®Ωs¥-Nç-*çC? messrs, Mrs èπ◊ plural ™‰-ü¿’. OöÀE í∫’Jç*
èπÿú≈ A†ôç, û√í∫-ôç™ ®Ωé¬-©†’ í∫’-Jç-* b) Miss, Mister, Mrs. ´’JEo N´-®√©’ ®√†’†o lessons ™ îª÷úøçúÕ.
The Mango is very delicious.
-ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç. Last lesson ™– have/ take °æü∆-©èπ◊ plural îÁ°æpçúÕ. c) Come Åçõ‰ ®Ω´’tE, come on Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈
(BÆæ’éÓ-´ôç)/ eat (A†ôç)/ drink (û√í∫ôç); b) Ç £æ«Ùô™x ´’ç* ®Ω’*éπ®Ω-¢Á’i-† -¶µ-ï-†ç -´úÕf-≤ƒh®Ω’. c) Come, Come on °æü∆© ®Ω´’tØË, Å®·ûË éÌçîÁç -í∫-öÀdí¬ °œ©-´ôç.
The restaurant serves a very delicious food.
chew = †´’-©ôç; swallow = N’çí∫ôç (úø•’s©’
èπÿú≈), gulp = í∫’éπ\, sip = æp-JÆæ÷h û√í∫ôç– c) ´÷ Å´’t î√™« ®Ω’*í¬ ´çúø’-ûª’çC.
Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? -°æ-ü∆-©’: 1) ´®Ω-ü¿-¶«-Cµ-ûª’©’ = flood victims 2)
í∫’-J-ç-* -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. My mother cooks very deliciously.
Ñ ´÷ô- ©èπ◊ Éç-Tx≠ˇ™ °æü∆©’ §˘®Ωg-N’ = fool moon; 3) Å´÷-¢√Ææu = new
îÁ ° æ p çúÕ . 1.´®Ωü¿ ¶«Cµ-ûª’©’, moon 4) English ™‰ü¿’ – Coin box ņ-´îª’a.
É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´÷ô©’: Munch; delicious- úÕL-≠æÆˇ (L ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç).

consume = (éπØ˛-Ææ÷u¢˛’– Ææ÷u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
crunch; delicious; crisp; consume; lick.
2. §˘®Ω g N ’, 3.Å´÷- ¢ √Ææ u , 4.£æ › çúÕ , 5.£œ«çü¿÷ °æ‹ñ«J, 5) £œ«çü¿÷-°æ‹-ñ«J – Correct English ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’.

Munch: ´’çî˝– ('´’ç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç – NE-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªôç– ´’†ç ´÷´‚- 6.áçTL, 7.°æçîª-¶µº÷-û√©’, 8.Æ洒ߪ’Ææ÷p¥Jh. priest/ purohit ¢√úø-´îª’a é¬F ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç-®√ü¿’.
©’í¬ Nçô÷çôç– consumer's court- NE-ßÁ÷-í∫- – >.v°æ-¨»çû˝, Ø√í¬-®Ω’b-†-≤ƒ-í∫®˝- 6) áçTL = Ö´·t Å®·ûË spittle; á´-È®jØ√ A-†o
-ï-¢√-•’: a) Shopping. English ™ àüÁjØ√ °æü∆-EéÀ
†´’-©ôç. Åçõ‰ éÌçîÁç ¨¡•lç ´îËa-ô’xí¬.
Bhaskar: Could you stop munching those ü∆-®Ω’© éÓ®Ω’d) áçTL Å®·ûË left over. 7) °æçîª ¶µº÷û√©’:
ground nuts? If you like to, keep the Å®·ûË consume Åçõ‰ A†ôç, û√í∫ôç ÅE Å®Ωnç '-ing' îËJÊÆh Ç îª®Ωu ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ´’†èπ◊ ÅN âü¿’, English ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ø√©’Íí= The
noise low. èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÉC Íé-´-©ç 'shop' °æ-ü∆-EÍé -v°æ-ûËuéπç é¬-ü¿’. (four) elements (earth, air, fire and water)
(Ç ¢Ë®Ω’-¨¡-†í∫©’ †´’-©ôç Ç°æ¤-û√¢√? †´’-™«- a) He consumes a lot of alcohol House, housing; book, booking, etc., 8) Ææ´’-ߪ’-Ææ÷p¥Jh = resourcefulness.
©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ç ¨¡•lç ûªT_ç) Åûª†’ ûÁí∫-û√-í∫’-û√úø’. ™«í¬-ØË ÉC èπÿú≈.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 27 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Ganesh: Would you have another idli? Krishna: Fancy some more upma/ another
(ÉçéÓ ÉúŒx 鬢√™«?) dosa?
Harish: No, I am full. (Éçé¬Ææh Ö§ƒt/ ÉçéÓ üÓ¨¡ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√?)
(Ééπ A†-™‰†’. éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC) Laxman: Sorry. I am full.
Ganesh: Just two idlis and you say you've (you (ÉçÍéç A†-™‰†’. éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC)
have) had enough. Manoj: Don't force us when we are full
(-A-†oN È®ç-úË ÉúŒx©’. Å°æ¤púË î√©ç-ô’- please.
Ø√o´¤) (´’´’tLo •©-´çûªç îËߪ’èπ◊, ´÷ éπúø’-
Harish: You are wrong. I've taken four idlis, °æ¤©’ EçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·)
that too with sambar. I can't eat îª÷úøçúÕ conversation ™ full ™«çöÀ simple
another thing. word ûÓ áçûª ´÷ö«x-úø-´îÓa.
OöÀûÓ §ƒô’, ™«´¤èπ◊ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† ´÷ô©’; fat,
A big eater = ¶µï†ç ™«çöÀN É≠ædçí¬ AØË-¢√úø’
Krishna: Atleast some more tea? (é¬Ææh öÃ?)
(†’´¤y -îÁÊ°p-C ûª°æ¤p. ؈’ Ø√©’í∫’ ÉúŒx©’, stout, plump.
A poor eater = ÆæJí¬ ¶µçîË-ߪ’-™‰-E-¢√úø’.
Laxman: Why the hell don't you listen? We
ÅD ≤ƒç¶«®Ω’ûÓ AØ√o. ÉçÍéç A†-™‰†’.) d) Ç û√®Ω ¶«í¬ ™«´-®·çC. a) Bhima was a big eater.
(That too = ÅC èπÿú≈) have had enough.
She has became very fat. Hµ´·úø’ -¶µ-ï-† v°œßª·úø’ (AçúÕ-§ÚûË é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a)
Ganesh: Perhaps you are afraid you may put
(N†- ¢ËçöÀ?¢Ë’ç A†oC î√©’. Ééπ A†™‰ç)
e) Åûª-úø’ ™«´¤ = He is stout. b) Perhaps because of his fever he eats only a
(why the hell = NÆæ’-í∫’™, éÓ°æç™ ¢√úË-´÷ô.
on weight. Idlis or no idlis you gain Fat Åçõ‰ ™«´¤ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, stout Åçõ‰ ™«´¤ûÓ little now. Even otherwise he is a poor eater.
weight if you don't have any exercise.
°ü¿l¢√-∞¡xûÓ, ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ ´÷ö«-ú≈-Lq† ¢√∞¡xûÓ ¢√úø-
èπÿ-úøü¿’) §ƒô’ é¬Ææh §ÒöÀd èπÿú≈. (ïy®Ωç´©x î√-™« ûªèπ◊\´ Açô’-Ø√oúø’. ïy®Ωç
I do eat a lot, but you can't say I am f) Ç¢Á’ Åçûª ™«´¤ é¬ü¿’, é¬Ææh ¶Ôü¿’lí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Åûª†’ °ü¿lí¬ AØË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’)
fat. She is not so fat; She is plump ] Now practise the following aloud in English:
(-†’-´¤y ™«¢Á-èπ◊\-û√-†E ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. ´’Sx ǣ慮Ωç N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌü∆lç. Ravikanth: Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Çéπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC. Hotel ÈéRx
ÆæÈ®j† exercise ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉúŒx©’ AØ√o A†-éπ-
§Ú-®·Ø√, ™«¢Á-èπ◊\-û√--´¤. ؈’ áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 88 éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ Çéπ-™‰x-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’ îª÷¨»ç
éπü∆.
àüÁjØ√ Açü∆´÷?
Prashanth: Ø√Íéç AØ√-©-E°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’. -§Ò-ü¿’l†
Açö«, é¬E ††’o ™«´E ņ™‰´¤)
(put on weight = •®Ω’´¤ °®Ω-í∫ôç = ™«´-´ôç)

She is plump
Harish: O stop lecturing. I don't want to eat
any more only because I am on a full
stomach.
(Ééπ Ç Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç Ç°æ¤. éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC
鬕öÀd ؈’ ÉçÍéç A†-™‰†’)
Ganesh: If only Jayaram were here he would Krishna: I am on a full stomach too. I can't eat
É°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ Çéπ-Lí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’ Heavy
finish off atleast 6 to 7 idlis. You are a another thing.
îª÷ü∆lç. breakfast
poor eater. I enjoy seeing Jayaram

ÇéπL = hunger, Çéπ-Lí¬ Ö†o = hungry.
(Ø√èπÿ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC. ÉçÍé-´÷vûªç A†-™‰†’) AØ√o.
eat. É´Fo èπÿú≈ 'éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ† ¢√∞¡Ÿx— ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. Ravikanth:
§Òü¿’l-Eoç*
Ñ ´÷ô©’ ´’†ç-ü¿Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’.
(ïߪ’-®√¢Ë’ Ééπ\-úø’çõ‰ É°æp-öÀéÀ ÇÍ®úø’ ÉúŒx©’ O’®Ω’ -Ñ *†o *†o expressions conversation- a) Åûª-úÕéÀ î√™« Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC àç A†-™‰ü¿’
™«Tç-îË-ÊÆ-¢√úø’. †’´¤y ™«¶µºç ™‰ü¿’. ™ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. He is very hungry (He is hunger ÅE Å-†ç.) ؈’. àüÓ

When you are on a full stomach, you nibble.
ïߪ’®√ç Aç-ô’ç-õ‰ îª÷úøôç Ø√èπ◊ ´·îªa-õ‰- b) Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC = I am starving. äéπ°æE. BJ-éπ- M. SURESAN
Ææ’hçC) (O’èπ◊ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ-§ÚûË nibble îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçõ‰ Starve Åçõ‰ ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç = AçúÕéÀ ™‰éπ °æÆæ’hç- ™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC.
Harish: You are not a big eater either. You °j°j† éÌCl-éÌ-Clí¬ éÌ®Ω’-èπ◊ûª÷ áèπ◊\´ A†-èπ◊çú≈ úøôç ÅE, Å®·ûË ¶«í¬ Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Prashanth: FûÓ Hotel èπ◊ ®√´-ö«-EÍéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç
have eaten only four like me. Öçö«®Ω’) èπÿú≈ Starve ¢√úøû√ç, Conversation ™. ™‰ü¿’ é¬E Ø√ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC. ØËØËç
(†’´¤y èπÿú≈ áçûª °ü¿l AØË-¢√-úÕ¢Ëç é¬ü¿’.
You nibble when you are not hungry. a) °œ©x©’ Çéπ-LûÓ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ´·çü¿’ ؈’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ -A-†-™‰-Eçéπ.
-†’-´‹y -Ø√-™«Íí -Ø√-©’í∫’ ÉúŒx™‰ éπü∆ A†oC) ÇéπL ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ nibble îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçõ‰ àüÓ áçTL ´çú≈L. Ravikanth: F company É´¤y, î√©’. A†ôç ؈’
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ °æ úø-û√®Ω’. 鬕öÀd nibble = Å®·-≠dçæ í¬ A†ôç/ The Children are starving. I must cook some îª÷Ææ’èπ◊çö«.
™«í¬ØË AçúÕéÀ, A†-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*ç-ü¿E ûÁ©’- áçTL °æúøôç. thing for them first. Prashanth: àç-öÃ, î√-™« Çéπ-Lí¬ Ö†o-ô’xçC Fèπ◊?
Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπ-ü∆. ´’†™ éÌçûª-´’çC ¶«í¬ AØË- [Suppose you eat too much, you may put on (Ééπ\úø – °œ©x©’ î√-™« Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖØ√o-®ΩE -Å®Ωnç. Ravikanth: îÁ §ƒp-†’í¬. §Òü¿’l-Eoç* éπúø’°æ¤ ë«S.
¢√-∞¡Ÿxç-ö«®Ω’, éÌçûª-´’çC ÅÆ晉ç A†E ¢√∞¡Ÿxç-ö«®Ω’ weight = áèπ◊\´ AØ√o-®Ω-†’-éÓçúÕ, O’®Ω’ ™«´-´îª’a. °æÆæ’h-Ø√o-®ΩE é¬ü¿’) (Ææ ÷ îª † : Éçûª èπ◊´·çü¿’ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. Hotel-
éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ AØË Å©-¢√--ôxèπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† suppose = ņ’-éÓçúÕ. b) Å´÷t, î√-™« Çéπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. ņoç-°ô’d. (£æ « Ù- õ „ ™ ¸– - õ „ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Åçõ‰ lodge-
expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. a) éÌ´¤y °æü∆-®√n©’ AE ™«´-´ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. Mom, I am starving. Serve the food/ let me
≤˘éπ ® √u- © - û Ó - Ç £æ …®Ωç- Å-¢Ë’t -îÓ-ô’. lodge
1. I am full; 2. I have had enough; I don't like to eat fatty substances and gain/ have the food/ Give me something to eat.
≤˘éπ ® Ω u ç ™‰ è π ◊ çú≈ Í é - ´ - © ç Ç£æ…-®Ω-°æ-ü∆-®√n©’, §ƒF-
3. Can't eat another thing. put on weight. ߪ ÷ ©’ ©Gµ ç -î Ë-î Óô’ Restaurant - È®≤ƒZ-Ø˛-ö¸ – È®
c) àüÁjØ√ AØ√-©-E°œ≤ÚhçC.
Ñ expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ-§Ú®·, b) Ñ ´’üµ¿u Åûª-úø’ î√-™« ™«´-ߪ÷uúø’. I feel like eating some thing.
-ØÌéÀ\ °æ-©’èπ◊-û√ç.)
Ééπ à ´÷vûªç A†-™‰E °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ of late he has put on a lot of weight. é¬Ææh àüÁjØ√ °ô’d . Answer:
¢√úøû√ç. c) Åûª-úø’ ™«´¤ = He is over weight. Let me have some thing to eat. Ravikanth: I am very hungry/ am starving. How
about eating something in a restau-

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÌ-Eo verbs -ûª®√y-ûª off, away, up ´ç-öÀ °æ-ü∆-©’ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ç-ú≈-L?-Ö-ü∆: go
O’®Ω-†oô’d peel Åçõ‰ ´©-´ôç (Ωtç ™«çöÀN). Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ peel rant?
restaurants eateries/ fast food
-Åç-õ‰ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ} -Å-E -Å®Ωnç. -Ç-¢Á’ -¢Á-R}ç-C -Å-†-ö«-EéÀ she went -Åç-õ‰ off
Åçõ‰ ´L-îË-ߪ’ôç (DEéÃ, ´©-´ôç ÅØË ü∆EéÀ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ´L-îË- (Ñ ´’üµ¿u †’
joints
Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-C éπ-ü∆. -Å-™«é¬éπ she went away -Å-E -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ ߪ’ôç Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpúøç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC éπü∆.) ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’)
Prashanth: I don't feel like eating anything/ I
-¢√-ú≈-L?- -Å-™«Íí peel -Åç-õ‰ -BÆœ-¢Ë-ߪ’-ôç, -ûÌ-©-Tç-îª-ôç -Å-E -Å®Ωnç
¢√úø’éπ (usage) ÅØËC Dictionary Å®√n-E-éπØ√o, grammar rules éπØ√o èπÿú≈
am full/ I am on a full stomach. (I)
éπ-ü∆. é¬-F -Ñ verbs -ûª®√y-ûª off -Å-ØË °æ-ü¿ç -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-ú≈-Lq-
had a heavy breakfast this morn-
áèπ◊\´ ¨¡éÀh-´’çûªç. ´’†ç °æü∆-©†’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ¢√úÕ-¢√úÕ, ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-
´Ææ’hç-C? "I will peel off you, if you do it again. Be care- †oçûª force ü∆E™ Öçúø-ü¿ØË ¶µ«´çûÓ went away, peel off, flung away ing.
ful" - -¢√éπuç-™ peel verb -ûª®√y-ûª 'off' -¢√-úø-ôç -ûª°æp-EÆæ®√?
(flung- NÆœ-Í®-¨»®Ω’, flung away- NÆœ-J-§ƒ-Í®-¨»®Ω’– ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.) ™«çöÀ Ravikanth: I haven't had anything to eat since
Å-™«Íí 'flung' verb -ûª®√y-ûª away -Å-ØË °æ-ü¿ç -áç-ü¿’èπ◊? -¢Á-R}ç-C ´÷ô-©†’ verbs *´®Ω îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. ÉN ¢√úø’-éπ-´©x v§ƒ´÷-ùÀéπç (standard) morning/ I have been on an empty
-Å-†-ö«-EéÀ went, -ä-©’≤ƒh-†’ -Å-†-ö«-EéÀ will peel -Å-E, -§ƒ-ͮƜç-C Å®·-§Ú®·, ÅN ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Nçûªí¬ éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. stomach since morning. Something
-Å-†-ö«-EéÀ flung -Å-ØË °æ-ü∆-©’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -Å®√n-Eo -ü¿%-≠œd-™ °-ô’dèπ◊ç-õ‰

éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©™ up, away ™«çöÀN îË®Ωa-ôç-´©x, Å®Ωn¢Ë’ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC--. or the other kept me busy.
éπÈ®Íédéπ-ü∆?-Å-™«ç-öÀ verbs -ûª®√y-ûª off, up, away -´ç-öÀ °æ-ü∆-© -¢√-úøéπç -áç-ü¿’éÓ
He has gone. He has gone up – ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Prashanth: I don't mind going to the restaurant
N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.
– Èé-.-C-´u, -•-†-¢√Æœ
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈– Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRxçC – ņ-ú≈-EéÀ, Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ûËú≈ with you. But I cannot eat a thing.

-ï-¢√-•’: î√-™« ´’ç* v°æ¨¡o. ´’†ç äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. á°æ¤púø÷, à ÖçC. -Å-ûª-úÕ-E *ûª-éÌ\-ö«d®Ω’, -Å-ûª-úÕ-E *ûª-éÌ\-õ‰d-¨»®Ω’– OöÀéÀ ûËú≈ ÖçC. Ravikanth: Just give your company. I'll take
care of the eating part.
¶µ«≠æ-™-ØÁj-Ø√ ´÷ô-©-èπ◊çúË Å®Ωnç äéπ ®Ωéπçí¬ Öçô’ç-C. ¢√öÀ ¢√úø’éπ *ûª-éÌ\-õ‰d-¨»®Ω’– Åçõ‰ éÌçîÁç force áèπ◊\´ – ¶µ«´ç™. English èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.
Prashanth: You appear to be starving.
éÌçîÁç ûËú≈í¬ Öçô’çC. They beat him. (¢√∞¡Ÿx -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éÌö«d®Ω’)
Ravikanth: I told you. (I have) been on an

She went ņo-°æ¤púø’ 'Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRxçC— ÅØË Å®Ωnç clear í¬ØË ´Ææ’hçC. They beat him up. (¢√∞¡Ÿx -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éÌõ‰d-¨»®Ω’).
empty stomach since morning.
Å®·ûË ¢√úø’-éπ™ (usage) she went away ņo-°æ¤púø’ éÌçîÁç force áèπ◊\´.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 29 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Naresh: Hi Ajitha, have you finished reading

ûÁ©’í∫’™ É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ææ´’ÊÆu
the book?
™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ à ¢√é¬u-E-ÈéjØ√ ´îËa v°æ¨¡o
(°æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿-´ôç °æ‹Jhî˨»¢√?) éπü∆? é¬ü∆? åØ√? ™‰ü∆? ÅØË ¢√öÀ-™ àüÓ
Ajitha: Yes, here it is. äéπöÀ´-Ææ’hçC. àüÌ*aØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. é¬F eng-
(Ç... -îª-C-¢Ë-¨». -ÉCíÓ, BÆæ’éÓ) lish ™ ÉC éÌçîÁç Ææ´’ÊÆu.
Naresh: (It's) interesting, isn't it?
sentence *´®Ω ´îËa Ñ *†o *†o
(Interesting í¬ ÖçCéπü∆?) Questions †’ Question tags Åçö«ç -– ÉC
Ajitha: Quite. You buy such books quite often, ´’†™ î√™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ question
don't you? tags ¢√úË Å´-鬨¡ç î√-™« frequent ´÷vûª¢Ë’
(°æ‹Jhí¬. Å™«çöÀ books
ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éÌçô’ç- é¬èπ◊çú≈, Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ´·Tç-°æ¤-E-Ææ’hçC.
ö«´¤ éπü∆?)
English ™ Question tags correct í¬ form
Quite = °æ‹Jhí¬. Conversation ™ É™«çöÀ îËÊÆh conversation èπ◊ î√-™« Ææ£æ«-ïûªyç a) ... isn't it? b) ... is it? c) ... doesn't he? d) ... 1) Stem (Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai)
one word responses, Åçõ‰ ¢Á·ûªhç sentence did she? e) ... don't you? f) ... can't I? ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· *´®Ω, comma °-úø-û√ç:
´Ææ’hçC.
ûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ ´÷ôûÓ reply É´yôç î√-™«
Question èπÿ Question tag èπÿ ûËú≈:- éπü∆. ÉC ´’†ç á°æ¤púø÷ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. ´’†™ Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai,
Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-öÀN practice Question Åçõ‰ ÅC ¢Á·ûªhç ã sentence í¬ î√™«´’çC à sentence éπ®·Ø√... is it? ÅØË ques- 2) Verb, stem is
™ comma
鬕öÀd, ü∆Eo ûª®√yûª
îËߪ’çúÕ. Öçô’çC. tion tag îË®Ω’-Ææ’hçö«ç. ÅC ÆæJ-é¬-ü¿E É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- ®√≤ƒhç:
Naresh: That's right. I find them a good source Eg: Are you very busy? èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai, is
of general knowledge. You found this (O’®Ω’ î√© busy í¬ ÖØ√o®√?)
É°æ¤púø’ question tag form îËߪ’ôç ᙫØÓ 3) Stem not
™ Öç-C 鬕öÀd, tag not ™ ®√ü¿’.
book so, didn't you? – îª÷¨»®√ ÉC ¢Á·ûªhç äéπ sentence. îª÷ü∆lç: 4)*´-Jí¬ tag question mark
ûª®√yûª °-úø-û√ç.
General Knowledge
(éπÈ®Íéd. ÅN ÉîËa-
Question tag Åçõ‰, äéπ sentence *´®Ω ´’†ç question tag form îËߪ÷Lq† ¢√éπuç, Sentence:
Å°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ûªhç
Ní¬ Öçö«®·. Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç èπÿú≈ -Å-™« ´îËa sentence ¶µ«í∫ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Sentence Hyderabad is a beautiful city - ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai, is it?
Öçúøôç îª÷¨»´¤, éπü∆?) ™ N’í∫û√ ¶µ«í∫ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, question tag èπ◊ Ñ ¶µ«í¬Eo stem Åçö«ç. Å´¤-ûª’çC.
source, àüÁjØ√ üÌJÍé îÓô’ Å®Ωnç Öçúøü¿’. DE-E question tag form ®Ω÷°æç-™ ®√-ߪ÷-©ç-õ‰... (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ´·ç•®· éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’, éπü∆?)
Eg: You are busy, aren't you? 1) Add a comma at the end of the stem:
Hyderabad is a beautiful city, Now practise the following aloud in English:
busy
(O’®Ω’ í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’, éπü∆?)
Aren't you? Question tag.
Ééπ\úø N’í∫û√ 2) Note the verb. Sankar: õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ íÌ°æp batsman, éπü∆?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 89 sentence
you?
question tag
™‰èπ◊çú≈ Aren't
èπ◊ Å®Ωnç Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆?
Å®·† verb, 'is'
Ééπ\úø
®√≤ƒhç:
comma
éπü∆? ü∆Eo ûª®√yûª Tarun:
Sankar:
é¬E Dravid Åçûª steady é¬ü¿’, éπü∆?
î√-™« *†o-´-ߪ’Ææ’™ØË test player í¬
ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆?

You like coffee, don't you?

Tarun: Åûª-E-™«ç-öÀ-¢√úø’ Bharat team ™ Öçúøôç,
í∫®Ωy-é¬-®Ω-ù¢Ë’ éπü∆?
Sankar: ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. Tests ™ highest number
of centuries éÌöÀd† ¢√∞¡x™  ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Éü¿l®Ω’
Indians, éπü∆?
Tarun: Kapil Dev and Srinath èπÿú≈ íÌ°æp
Ajitha: Sure. It gives a lot of information. You

Question tag form Hyderabad is a beau- bowlers í¬ ÖçúË¢√∞¡Ÿx éπü∆. XØ√ü∑˛ Åçûª
don't usually lend your books to oth- îËߪ’ôç ᙫ?
ers, do you? ûÁ©’-í∫’™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ (éπü∆? éπü∆E åØ√? ™‰ü∆? tiful city, is íÌ°æp batsman é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? éπ°œ-™¸-üË¢˛ èπÿú≈
(Correct. Éçü¿’™ î√™« information - OöÀ™x àüÁjØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’) english ™ Question 3) Ñ Sentence stem
™ bowler í¬ éπçõ‰ batsman í¬ ÅçûªíÌ°æp
ÖçC. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ F °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Éûª®Ω’-™„-´y- tag, v°æA sentence èπÿ ü∆E verb †’ •öÀd ´÷®Ω’- not
¶µ«í∫ç™ ÖçüÓ ™‰üÓ é¬ü¿’, éπü∆?
Jéà ɴy´¤, éπü∆?) ûª÷ç-ô’çC. ÅC form îËߪ’ôç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’, í∫´’-Eç-îªôç î√™«- Answer:
Naresh: I don't. I gave one to you because I éÌEo question tags examples îª÷ü∆lç. ´·êuç: Sankar: Tendulkar is a great batsman, isn't he?
know you are prompt in returning. a) India is a large democracy, isn't it? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ stem™ not M. SURESAN Tarun: But he is not as steady as Dravid is
Öçõ‰, question tag ™ he?
Once you lend a book you are not sure (ÉçúÕߪ÷ °ü¿l v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u -üË-¨¡ç, éπü∆?)
not ®√ü¿’, stem ¶µ«í∫ç™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË tag ™ not Sankar: He was a test player at a very young
whether you get it back, are you? b) English isn't difficult to learn, is it?
éπ*a-ûªçí¬ contracted form (èπ◊Cç-*† ®Ω÷°æç)™ age, wasn't he?
(É´y†’. †’´¤y -îÁ°œp-† time èπ◊ AJT≤ƒh´¤ English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç éπ≠dçæ é¬ü¿’, éπü∆/ -åØ√?)
Åçõ‰ n't í¬ ´Ææ’hçC. Tarun: A Player like him on the Indian team is
鬕öÀd Fèπ◊ ´÷vûªç Éî√a†’. äéπ-≤ƒJ °æ¤Ææhéπç c) He knows English, doesn't he?
Hyderabad is a beautiful city. Éçü¿’™ not ™‰ü¿’- a matter of pride for India, isn't it?
ÉÊÆh ÅC AJT ´Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’, (Åûª-EéÀEnglish ûÁ©’Ææ’, éπü∆?) Sankar: One more thing. The first two among
d) She didn't sing well yesterday, did she?
é¬-•öÀd,
éπü∆?) Hyderabad is a beautiful city, is n't í¬ ®√≤ƒhç. those who have scored the highest
prompt = time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ (Ç¢Á’ E†o ÆæJí¬ §ƒúø-™‰ü¿’, éπü∆?)
number of test centuries are Indians,
e) You like coffee, don't you? 4) *´-Jí¬ Hyderabad •ü¿’©’ 'it' ÅØËC îË®√aL. ü∆E
Ajitha: You haven't lost books by lending, ûª®√yûª question mark °ö«dL. Å°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh aren't they?
have you?
(Fèπ◊ 鬰∂‘ É≠ædç éπü∆?)
Sentence: Tarun: KapilDev and Srinath were great
f) I can bat as well as Tendulkar, Can't I?
(†’´¤y É*a† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-Lç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ (؈’ õ„çúø÷-©\-®˝™« bat îËߪ’-í∫-©†’ éπü∆?) Hyderabad is a beautiful city, isn't it? bowlers, weren't they? Srinath wasn't
§ÚíÌô’déÓ™‰ü¿’, éπü∆?)
examples
°j í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÅEo- (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ Åçü¿-¢Á’i† †í∫®Ωç, éπü∆?) a great batsman, was he? Even Kapil
Naresh: I make sure that I get them back, if at öÀéà éπü∆? ÅE ´ÊÆh, English Sentence
™ v°æA
Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai. Dev wasn't as great a batsman as he
all I lend. *´®Ω question tag ûËú≈, ûËú≈í¬... stem
Ñ Question tag
èπ◊ ᙫ îË®Ω’≤ƒhç? was a bowler, was he?
(AJ-íÌ-îËaô’d îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«†’, É´yôç Åçô÷
ïJ-TûË.) v°æ¨¡o: a) ؈’ 11 °œ.áç.éÀ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. ï¢√•’:
If at all = àüÁj-Ø√ ï®Ω-í∫ôç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ – I sleep at 11 PM 1) Nothing but = ÅC ûª°æp ÉçÍéO’é¬ü¿’.
ï®Ω-éπ\-§ÚßË’ Å´-鬨¡ç áèπ◊\´. b) ؈’ 11 °œ.áç.éÀ °æúø’-éÓ†’ This is nothing but cheating.
If at all I go = ØË¢Á-∞¡xôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË. I do not sleep at 11 PM ÉC ¢Á÷Ææç ûª°æp ÉçÍé-O’é¬ü¿’.
conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. c) O’È®EoçöÀéÀ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’? 2) Ofcourse Å®Ωnç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅE. Åçõ‰ á´-È®jØ√
When do you sleep? EvCçîËperiod sleep.
èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’
Ajitha: You appear to be busy. I am not keep- ņo N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ´’†ç ÅçU-éπ-J-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’
a) Sleep for 7 hours a day. ¢√úøû√ç.
ing you from your work, am I?
°j ¢√é¬u©’ ÆæÈ®j-†¢√, 鬢√?
(†’¢ËyüÓ busy í¬ Ö†o-ô’d-Ø√o´¤. ؈’ O’ – Èé.Ææûªuç, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ؈’ 7 í∫çô©’ EvC-≤ƒh†’ = Evü¿™ Öçö«†’. 'Isn't the movie good?' (ÆœE´÷ ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆.)

°æØËç Ç°æôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?) ï¢√•’: °æúø’-éÓ-´ôç (Evü¿èπ◊) = go to bed EvCç-îª-ö«-EéÀ °æúø’-éÓ-´ôç sleep.
ÅC go to bed.
'Ofcourse it is' (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC/ Å´¤†’)
a) I go to bed at 11 PM = 11 èπ◊ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. 3) 'Ofcourse not' - Åçõ‰ 'ÅC é¬ü¿’— ÅE.

îª÷úøçúÕ, °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ *†o, *†o v°æ¨¡o- Evü¿-™‰-´ôç = get up (from bed)
b) I do not go to bed at 11 PM. A: Is India a rich country?
©ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u sentence ûÓ Öçúøôç í∫´’- b) I go to bed at 11 and get up at 6.
c) When/ At what time do you go to bed? (¶µ«®Ωû˝ üµ¿Eéπ ü˨¡´÷?)
EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ¢√öÀéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u© *´-®Ω-™ I sleep at 11
(Ééπ\úø I sleep from 11
®√ü¿’. B: 'Ofcourse not. It is infact a developing
Éçûªèπ◊´·çüÓ-≤ƒJ go to bed sleep
èπ◊, èπ◊ ûËú≈ PM to 6 AM Å-ØÌa.) country.
v°æ¨¡o: 'Nothing but'- 'of course'- 'ofcourse not"
'éπü∆— ÅE v°æ¨¡o- ®√-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? N´-Jçî√ç.

É™« 'éπü∆?— 'é¬ü∆?— 'åØ√!— '™‰ü∆?— ÅE *†o
English™ sleep Åçõ‰ EvCç-îªôç ÅE. English (Å™«Ííç é¬ü¿’. Å-Gµ´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿’-ûª’†o ü˨¡ç)
v°æ¨¡o©’ ´’† conversation ™, ûÁ©’í∫’ é¬E- ™ sleep ûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ point of time Åçõ‰ °∂晫-Ø√ -OöÀ Å®√n©’ àN’öÀ? OöÀE ¢√é¬u-©™ ᙫ Of Course not - Å™«ç-öÀ-üËç-™‰ü¿’.
´yçúÕ, english é¬E-´yç-úÕ, ®√´ôç Ææ£æ«-ïç, ≤ƒ- Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? -N-´-Jç--îªí∫-©®Ω’. (Åçõ‰ O’éÀC ûÁLÊÆ Öçú≈™‰ ņo-ô’xí¬).
– ´·éπ®Ωç, ≥ƒ£œ«ü˛, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Evü¿èπ◊ Ö°æ-véπ-N’ç-îªôç, °∂晫-Ø√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-
üµ∆®Ω-ùç. EéÀ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç Å-E-®√ü¿’.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 31 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Varun: Hi Anand, you are ready, aren't you? They were here last night, weren't they?
(†’´¤y Æœü¿l¥ç-í¬ØË ÖØ√o´¤, éπü∆?) ¢Á·ü¿ô É*a† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Question tag ûÓ
Anand: I am ready, but you are not in a hurry, Ö†o Sentences †’ È®çúÕç-öÀE îª÷ü∆lç.
are you? 1) You are ready, are n't you?
ready
(؈’ ØË. é¬E †’¢Ëyç Åçûª- ûÌç-ü¿-®Ω™ (Comma + Verb (are) + n't (no not in stem) +
™‰´¤, éπü∆?) subject (you) + question mark)
(hurry= ûÌçü¿®Ω) 2) You are not in a hurry, are you?
Varun: Not that I am in a hurry, but (I am) just (Comma+Verb (are) (no n't in the tag here
making sure we can start at any time. because there is 'not' in the stem) + Subject
Not that I want to trouble you, but can (you) + Question Mark)
you get me a ticket for the match
Stem ™ Verbs †’ •öÀd Question tags ´÷®Ω’-
a) Madhu cannot ( = can't) sing, can he? Chitra sings well, doesn't she?
(؈’ ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o†E é¬ü¿’. ´’†ç ûª’ç-ö«®·. éÀçC stem èπ◊ Question tag îª÷ü∆lç. b) Bhaskar will not (= won't) come, will he?
á°æ¤púø’ 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ωí∫©ç David is coming. Ééπ\úø Verb 'is coming' - É™« Stem ™ not Öçü¿-†’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ does she ÅE
c) Sheela shall not (=shan't) sing, shall she?
am, is, are, was, were, will, would, shall,
ÅE Å®Ωnç. -E-†’o -vô-•’-™¸ -îË-ߪ÷-©-E é¬-ü¿’. ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.
é¬Ææh -´÷u-î˝éÀ Ø√éÓ ticket ûÁ*a°úø-û√¢√?) should, can, could, may, might, must, need,
Stem I regular doing words (come, go,
™ Chitra does not act, does she?
Not that = Å-™« -Å-E é¬ü¿’.- -É-C -ûª®Ω-îª÷ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™  sing, etc), II regular doing words (come, go,
ought, have, has, had combinations ûÓ Ö†o Now practise the following aloud in English.
èπÿ-ú≈ -¢√-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«ç éπ-ü∆. sing etc.), past doing words (came, went,
Verbs tag
´ÊÆh OöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ™éÀ BÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç. Ravi:
≤˘®Ω-¶µ¸-í∫ç-í∫÷L next test ™ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’,
Anand: Once we start here we can reach there song etc.) question tags form
î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
tag
OöÀ ûª®√yûª ´îËa ´÷ô/ ´÷ô©’ ™ ®√´¤.
in twenty minutes, Can't we? îËߪ÷L. éπü∆?
(´’†ç Ééπ\úø •ßª’-™‰l-J† 20 EN’-≥ƒ-©-éπ-éπ\úø [´’†ç Ist lessons spoken english ™ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊- Aswini: *´- ®Ωèπ◊ ᙫíÓ ≤ƒn†ç §Òçü∆úø’ ´’J.
îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫©ç éπü∆?) †oC É°æ¤úø’ í∫’®Ω’h-èπ◊ -ûÁ-a-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ravi: Åçü¿’-´©x Kaif †’ BÊÆ-¨»®Ω’ éπü∆?
Varun: Even earlier than that. But where is a) Ist regular doing word †’ not ûÓ é¬F ques- (BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç = drop. remove ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a)
Arun? He said he would be coming too,
didn't he?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 90 tion ™ é¬F ¢√úÕûË, do + I regular doing Aswini: Kaif èπÿú≈ î√™« ¶«í¬ Çú≈úø’. ÅûªEo
word Å´¤-ûª’çC. go (+ not / ?) = do (not) go
BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç ÅØ√uߪ’ç éπü∆?
Arun
(Åçûªèπ◊´·çüË îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫©ç. é¬F àúŒ?

You are ready, are n't you?

ûª†’ èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’, éπü∆?)
Anand: He did of course. But we need not wait
for him, need we?
wait
(ÅØ√o-úø-†’éÓ. é¬F Åûª-E-éÓÆæç ´’†ç
îËߪ’-éπ\-Í®xü¿’, éπü∆?)
Varun: Let's go then, shall we?
(Å®·ûË ´’†ç ¢Á∞«l´÷?)
David is coming -
Ééπ\úø verb is coming. (Is b) 2nd Regular Doing word not
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç*-éπ™ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† †’ ûÓ é¬F Ravi: ´’J Laxman
Question tags ûÓ èπÿúÕ† Ææ綵«-≠æù‰ éπü∆? Combination
ûÓ Ö†o verb ÉC. tag ™ is Question ™ é¬F ¢√úÕûË, does + 1st
Question tag ᙫ form îËߪ÷-©-ØËC ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ
Ææçí∫A í∫ûªç™?
´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.) Regular Doing Word Å´¤-ûª’çC. goes (+
a) David is coming, is n't he? (David •ü¿’©’ 'he') Aswini: Å´¤†’.
í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. not \ ?) = does (not) go.
1) They are here, are n't they? b) Geetha and sita are playing. Ñ stem ™ Selection com-
c) Past doing word †’not question
ûÓ é¬-F ™
(¢√Rx-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o®Ω’, éπü∆?) verb: are coming: tag ™ are ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC é¬F ¢√úÕûËdid + Ist regular doing word Å´¤- mittee Laxman
°j Sentence ™ 'They are here'- Ñ ¶µ«í¬Eo éπü∆? 鬕öÀd question tag. ûª’çC. went (+ not / ?) = did (not) go ] †’ èπÿú≈ î√-™«
stem Åçö«ç; aren't they? (= éπü∆?) ÅØË Geetha and Sita are playing, aren't they? 1) Sehwag and Dravid play well. bad í¬ treat M. SURESAN
¶µ«í¬Eo Question tag Åçö«ç. (Geetha and Sita (¢√∞¡Ÿx) •ü¿’©’ they) verb play (1st regular doing word).
Ééπ\úø îËÆœçC éπü∆?
2) Question tag form îËÊÆ-°æ¤púø’, stem °æéπ\†
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ E sentence: not
ÉC ûÓ/ question ™ do play
Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆. Ravi: Selectors merit èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç É´y®Ω’
comma °úøû√ç. We can reach there in twenty minutes, can't Sehwag and Dravid play well ™ play = do éπü∆?
3) Stem ™ Verb àüÓ í∫´’-Eç*, ü∆Eo comma we? (cannot èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, can't) Ééπ\úø verb can play. question tag do
鬕öÀd ™, ´Ææ’hçC. ü∆EéÀ Answer:
°æéπ\† ®√≤ƒhç. reach, so tag ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. n't éπL°œ,don't ¢√úøû√ç, ü∆E ûª®√yûª Sehwag
4) Stem ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, tag ™ Verb èπ◊ n't Ravi: Sourabh is playing in the next test,
ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ: and Dravid they
•ü¿’©’, Åçö«ç. 鬕öÀd ¢Á·ûªhç
éπ©’-°æ¤û√ç. Öçõ‰ n't ®√ü¿’. isn't he?
Many heroes cannot sing. sentence É™« Öçô’çC éπü∆?
5) Stem ™ Subject •ü¿’©’ ´îËa-´÷ô -I/ we/ you/ ÉC question tag ûÓ– Aswini: Finally (at last) he has got a place on
Sehwag and Dravid play well, don't they?
he/ she/ it/ they *´-®Ω- °-úø-û√ç; Many heroes cannot sing, can they? Stem not
™ ´*aç-ü¿-†’-éÓçúÕ, Å°æ¤púø’tag do
™ the team.
6) Question mark (?) îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. (stem ™ not ÖçC, tag ™ not ®√ü¿’. Verb can they ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Ravi: Because of that they have dropped
Example. sing - tag ™ can ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC) Laxman and Dravid don't (do not) bowl, do Kaif, haven't they?
They were here last night, - ÉC stem Å®·ûË

Éçé¬ í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq-†N. they? Aswini: Kaif plays well too, doesn't he?
DEéÀ Question tag: Stem ™ will + Öç-úÕ, not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, question tag
Å™«Íí II regular doing word (comes, goes, Removing/ dropping him is unjust, isn't
1) Comma: They were here,
2) Comma ûª®√yûª Verb- Ééπ\úø stem ™ Verb,
™ won't (will + not) ´Ææ’hçC. (¢ÓØ˛d) ™«çöÀN) ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’sleeps ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆? does it?
a) Ganguly will play in Pak series, won't he? ™ ™‰ é π - § Stem
ÚûË èπ◊ not
éπL°œ does n't doesn't Ravi: What about Laxman in the past?
'were' - They were here, were
b) Tarun will come with us, won't he? Åçö«ç. ÅçûË - é π ü ∆? Aswini: Yes, the selection committee has treat
3) Stem, 'they were here'™ not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, tag
™ verb èπ◊ n't (not) éπ-©’°æ¤û√ç. (°j sentences ™ ™«Íí áéπ\-úÁjØ√ will ûÓ not a) Chitra sings well. Ééπ\úø verb... sings (2nd Laxman badly, hasn't it?
¢√ú≈-Lq -´ÊÆh won't Å´¤-ûª’çC) regular doing word). ÉC not ûÓ/ question ™
They were here weren't (verb- has treated, 鬕öÀd has ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC,
4) Stem ™ Subject, Ééπ\úø 'they' tag *´-®Ω- Å™«Í í shall ûÓ not ®√¢√- L q- ´ÊÆh , shan't does sing Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆. ü∆EéÀ n't éπL°œ does-
tag ™)
°-úø-û√ç: they were here, weren't they Å´¤-ûª’çC, (≥ƒØ˛d) n't (úøïØ˛d– ï size ™ ñ¸ ™«í∫) ¢√úøû√ç, ü∆E
ûª®√yûª Chitra •ü¿’©’, she Åçö«ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ravi: The selection do not give importance
5) Question mark îË®Ω’≤ƒhç: Å°æ¤úø’ Question tag
can, will, shall ûÓ stem ™ not Öçõ‰ tag ™
·ûªhç sentence É™« Öçô’çC éπü∆? to merit, do they?
ûÓ Sentence É™« Öçô’çC éπü∆: can, will, shall not ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´≤ƒh®·. ¢Á

-v°æ-¨¡o: Continuous tense -†’ -passive voice ™éÀ - Passive Voice:

A lesson is being taught by me
OöÀéÀ Passive: Ééπ\úø being + past ؈’ – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ §ƒ®∏√Eo
´÷-Í®a-ô°æ¤p-úø’ -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ b- eing Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ω-E Lessons are him/
participle ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ¢√úø’ – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ §ƒ®∏√-©†’
-ûÁ-©’Ææ’. é¬-E -Ççí∫x°æ-vAéπ-™x °æ-©’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ A lesson is being taught by me
Ç¢Á’ – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ÷hç-úÕçC
her/
-Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. B- eing -à-ßË’ Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x them Lessons are him/ her/
†’´¤y – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤
-Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ó -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. you/ us/ them
O’®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx – í∫ûªç™– ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’
– -vQ-E-¢√Ææ®√-´¤, -´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’ Active Voice: ¢Ë’´·/ ´’†ç – í∫ûªç™– ¶Cµ-Ææ’hØ√oç
-ï-¢√-•’: Active Voice ™E verb 'ing' form ™
I/he/she was teaching a lesson OöÀéÀ passive:
Å®Ωnç:
We/you/they were §ƒ®∏Ωç Ø√ îË ¶Cµç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·.
A lesson was being taught by me/ us/
Öçõ‰ passive voice ™ being + past participle OöÀ Å®Ωnç: §ƒ®∏√©’ ÅûªúÕ/Ç¢Á’
Lessons were him/ her/
´Ææ’hçC. F/O’/´÷/¢√∞¡x
؈’ ....... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ §ƒ®∏√Eo you/ them
eg: Active Voice: am/ is/ are + ing form ûÓ (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™«çöÀ passive v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ ¶µºJç-‰ç éπü∆)
Åûªúø’ ..... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ §ƒ®∏√-©†’ =
 Å™«Íí was teaching, were teaching ™«çöÀ
Ø√îË/ ´÷îË/ ´’´·t-©îË/ ÅûªúÕ/ Ç¢Á’/ O’/ ¢√∞¡xîË
verb (É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æEE ûÁ-LÊ°N) -É°æ¤p-úø’ Ç¢Á’ ....... ¶Cµ-≤ÚhçC
active forms èπ◊ was being/ were being +
§ƒ®∏Ωç ¶Cµç-îª-•-úø’-ûª÷ç-úÕçC/ §ƒ®∏√©’ ¶Cµç-îª-•-úø’-
I am teaching a lesson/ †’´¤y ...... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ taught ´≤ƒh®·. ûª’-Ø√o®· (í∫ûªç™)
He/ She is lessons O’®Ω’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx ..... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ I/ he/ she was teaching a lesson É™«çöÀ îÓôx being + PP form ´Ææ’hçC.
They are ¢Ë’´·/-´’†ç .... ¶Cµ-Ææ’hØ√oç We/ you/ they were lessons

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ - ≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 2 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Anu: Hi Suma, Wish a very Happy New Year
É°æ¤úø’ Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™E Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™...
of better communication.
question tags sentences
Ö†o í∫´’-Eü∆lç.
English
(†’´¤y -Ñ Ææç-´-ûªq®Ωç-™ ¶«í¬ 1. aren't we? 2. didn't she? 3. aren't I?
´÷ö«x-úø-í∫©-´-E ؈’ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o). 4. am I? 5. aren't you? 6. doesn't it, etc.
Suma: Same to you, Anu. We are going to have
OöÀ™x aren't we? didn't she? aren't you? etc.,
a party on the occasion, aren't we?
Ñ question tags-´’†èπ◊ éÌûËhO’é¬ü¿’.ÉN ᙫ
(´’†ç Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ party -îËÆæ’éÓ-¶- formîËߪ÷™ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. É°æ¤úø’ ´’†èπ◊ éÌûªhí¬
ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆?) ´*a† question tags....
Anu: Pavani said so yesterday, didn't she?
1. aren't I? 2. am I? sentences:
( -§ƒ-´-E -E-†o -Å-™« -Åç-C. éπü∆? ÉN Ö†o
1) I am giving the party, aren't I?
Suma: I am giving the party, aren't I?
party
(؈’ éπü∆ É´y-¶-ûª’-†oC?) ´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o rule
v°æ鬮Ωç
Anu: Yes, it is your turn this time. Ééπ\úø stem 'I am giving the party'™ verb, am f) might..., - mightn't? (¢Á’iõ„Ø˛d) – î√© Å®Ω’ü¿’. 2) Santhi: O’®Ω’ Ø√ O’ü¿ jokes ¢ËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’, éπü∆?
(Å´¤†’ Ñ≤ƒJ F´çûª’... turn= ´çûª’) giving 鬕öÀd, question tag
™ am,
ü∆E ûª®√yûª g) have..., - haven't...? has..., hasn't...? Revathi: ؈-Ææ©’ ´÷-ö«xúøôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆, Jyothi?
Suma: I am giving the party alright, but I am not n't (stem not
™ ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd), ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´*a, I h) had..., - hadn't...? i) need..., needn't...? Jyothi: ØËØË¢Á÷ Ñ †´© îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’.
making the arrangements, am I? ¢Á·ûªhç question tag, amn't I?
Å¢√L éπü∆. (pron: j) should..., shouldn't ...?
FØ˛d) åØ√?
(؈’party ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. à®√pô’x -ØË-†’ é¬E Ééπ\úø aren't I I?)
(ÇØ˛d ÅE ´≤ÚhçC. ÉC k) would..., wouldn't...?
(≠æflØ˛d...?) (ÖØ˛d?) Santhi: ØËØË §Ò®Ω-°æ-ú≈f†’, éπü∆? O’®Ω’ ´’ç*-¢√∞¡Ÿx
îË-ߪ’ôç -™‰-ü¿’ éπü∆?) î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. ûÓ I begin
ÅßË’u sen-
stem not
™ Öçõ‰ Ææ´’ÊÆu ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? verbs
™ §ƒ°æç.
tence ™ verb, am+ not
í¬ ÖçúÕ, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, ques- ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô îÁ°œp,subject
îÁ§ƒhç. Revathi: ØËØË serious type éπü∆? Ø√éπ-Ææ©’
tion tagá°æ¤púø÷ aren't I?
í¬ØË Öçô’çC. amn't I? example îª÷ü∆lç. jokes †îªa´¤.
ÅØË question tag English™ ™‰ü¿’. ÅüË stem
™ 1) a) Sachin could play well, couldn't he? Jyothi: ؈’ studies ™ØË interested, éπü∆?
notÖçõ‰, Å°æ¤úø’ question tag
´’Sx am I? b) Sachin could not play well, could he? Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ joke îËߪ’ôç ®√ü¿’, éπü∆?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 91 ( I am not making the arrangements, am I? 2) a) Ramesh will help you, won't he? Santhi: O’®Ω-Ææ©’ Éûª-®Ω’© O’ü¿ jokes ¢Áߪ’u®Ω’,
Ééπ\úø stem not
™ ÖçC) b) Sudha will not / won't help you, will she? éπü∆?
Revathi: Jyothi N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ؈’
´÷vûªç á°æ¤púø÷ serious.

do you, don't you? Answers:

1)Ganesh: Hi, Mahesh, you went to a movie
last night, didn't you.
Mahesh: I told you (that) I would (go), didn't
I?
Anu: Ah here comes Bhargavi. Hi Bhargavi, 3) a) Ameet has scored Ganesh: You told me, yes. But I didn't think
´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷ü∆lç.
We are talking about the party. You are you'd go.
a) I am Andhra, aren't I? (stem not good marks, hasn't
Mahesh: When I say something, I am seri-
™ ™‰ü¿’)
making all the arrangements, aren't he?
b) I am not an American, am I? ous, aren't I?
you? b) Ameet hasn't (has
(stem not
™ ÖçC) Ganesh: But I am not serious about movie
party
(ÉCíÓ ¶µ«®Ω_N. ¶µ«®Ω_O, ¢Ë’ç í∫’-Jç-* not) passed, has
2) a) I am getting good marks, aren't I? matters, am I?
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. à®√p-ôxFo †’´¤y îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤ he?
(No not in the stem) Mahesh: I feel happy when I go to a movie
éπü∆?) É™« N’í∫-û√-N ¶«í¬
b) I am not troubling you, am I? with my friends, don't I ? Why did-
Bhargavi: I am. I am getting the money from
(Not in the stem)
practice îËÊÆhØË M. SURESAN n't you come?
Suma, aren't I? question tags éπÈ®-
suma 3) a) I am an Indian like you, aren't I? Ganesh: I was very busy yesterday. I am
(îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s©’ BÆæ’éÓ-
؈÷ O’™«í∫ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-úÕØË éπü∆? èπ◊dí¬ form îËߪ’-í∫©ç. Question tags ™‰E the fan of the hero of the movie.
¢√L éπü∆?) Ææ綵«-≠æù î√-™« EKb-´çí¬ Öçô’çC.
Suma: I am ready. Thank you for making all (No not in the stem) Yesterday aren't I? I am sorry I
b) I am not a fool, am I? Now practice the following in English: missed the movie.
the arrangements. You are taking
trouble. aren't you? (ØËØËç ´‚®Ω’^-úÕo é¬ü¿’, éπü∆? (not in the stem) 1) Ganesh: Hi Mahesh, E†o ®√vA †’´¤y ÆœE´÷èπ◊ 2) Santhi: Hey, you are joking at me, aren't
trouble
(ØËE-´y-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥ç. é¬F †’´¤y 鬕öÀd 'I' N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC– -¢Á-∞«}´¤ éπü∆? you?
BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?) a) Stem™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, question tag aren't I? Mahesh: Å´¤†’, ¢Á∞«h-†E îÁ§ƒp†’. åØ√? Revathi: I am not at all talking, am I, Jyothi?
Bhargavi: That doesn't matter as long as I Ganesh: îÁ§ƒp-´¤™‰. é¬F †’´¤y ¢Á∞«h-´-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Jyothi: I am reading the novel, aren't I?
(verb, 'am+' Å®·ûË)
don't spend. Santhi: I am mistaken, aren't I? You are
b) stem ™ not ÖçúÕ, verb 'am+' Å®·ûË Mahesh: ØËØË-ü¿-®·Ø√ -îÁ-G-ûË serious í¬ØË
good people.
(؈’ úø•’s ê®Ω’a °ôd-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °∂æ®Ω-¢√- question tag, 'am I?' Öçö«†’, éπü∆? Revathi: I am the serious type, aren't I ? I
™‰-ü¿’-™‰) ´’Sx éÌEo Éûª®Ω verb farms éÌîËa question tags Ganesh: cinema N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ ´÷vûªç seri-
as long as- so long as = ÅC ïJ-Íí-´-®Ωèπ◊, Ç don't like jokes at all.
ous 鬆’, éπü∆?
Jyothi: I am interested only in studies,
Ééπ\úø ÉÆæ’hØ√oç. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. É´Fo èπÿú≈
°æü¿l¥-A™.so long as ´÷´‚-©’í¬ 'not' Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ stem™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púø’. Mahesh: ؈’ Ø√ friends ûÓ ÆœE-´÷-Èé∞Ïh ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-
¢√-úøû√ç. As long as á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. aren't I ? I don't know how to joke,
a) Shall..., - shan't...? b) will.., - won't..? ≤ƒh†’ éπü∆? E†o †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ ®√™‰üËç? do I?
Suma & Anu: Thank you.
c) can..., _can't...? d) could..., couldn't...? Ganesh: E†o î√-™« busy í¬ ÖØ√o. †’-´¤y Santhi: You never joke at others? do you?
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù í∫-ûªç-™- -´-*a-† È®çúø’ lessons ™ (couldn't - pronunciation - ¢Á-Rx-† cinema hero fan éπü∆ ؈’?
(question tags °j -´-*aç--C) -™«í¬-ØË -Öç-C éπ-ü∆. (èπ◊Ø˛d) Revathi: I don't know about Jyothi, but I am
e) may..., - mayn't? (¢Á’ß˝’Ø˛d?) ؈’ ®√™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. always serious.
äéπ\-≤ƒJ ´’Sx, don't, doesn't, didn'tûÓ ´îËa
-v°æ-¨¡o: Spoken -ï-¢√-•’:
question tag N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç.
Bhushan: You get up quite early, don't you? English èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-* -´’ç-*
books 1) Spoken English î√™« simple í¬, Å®Ωl¥-´’-´-ú≈-
– -P-K-≠æ, -ïçí¬È®-úÕfí∫÷-úÁç
(†’´¤y î√™« °çü¿-™«úË Evü¿-™‰-≤ƒh´¤, éπü∆) -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.
-ï-¢√-•’:
Dhiraj: That's right, do you, don't you? EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öç-úø-úøç. °æ‹Jh
(†’´¤y èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆?) Ñ´’üµ¿u innerwear ÅØË word èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ sentences Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Written English
Bhushan: Your college begins at 10, doesn't it? Spoken English books market ™ î√™« ´≤ÚhçC. Innerwear correct Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ÉçéÌçîÁç °æü¿l¥-Aí¬, °æ‹Jhí¬ grammatical í¬,
so you can get up late, can't you? ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ™x éÌçîÁç ´’ç*N. English con- (usage ™éÀ ´≤ÚhçC), î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωnçé¬éπ-§Ú- éÌClí¬ éÀx≠d-¢æ Á’i† ´÷ô©’, ¢√é¬u-©ûÓ Öç-úÌa.
college
(O’ 10éÀ éπü∆, †’´¤y Ç©-Ææuçí¬ versation by Grant Taylor; Spoken English ´îª’a. áèπ◊\-´-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u-´÷ô under- 2) Having been = Å®· Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x
Evü¿-™‰-´îª’a, éπü∆?) for you by G.Radhakrishna Pillai and wear. Having been deceived by him once, I don't
Dhiraj: But our school started at 7.30, didn't K.Rajeevan. 2) ´®Ω-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ E©-•úÕ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ English Åéπ~®Ωç
it? so I got used to getting up early. -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ -™--ü¿’Ææ’h-©-†’ -É-ç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ Q é¬ü¿’ – Q Ü®Ω-éπØË Å™« ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, Thank you
trust him any more
äéπ-≤ƒJ ؈-ûª-E-îËûª ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-îª-•úÕ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x
(´’† school 7.30 èπ◊çúËC éπü∆? Åçü¿’- Underwear (-Åç-úø®˝-¢Ë®˝) -Åç--ö«®Ω’. ™ You èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Thank U ¢√úÕ-†ô’x. ´®Ω-Ææ ÅûªEo ؈’ ´’Sx †´’t†’.
éπE Å©-¢√-ô-®·-§Ú-®·çC.) Innerwear (-É-†o®˝-¢Ë®˝) -Å-E -á-ç-ü¿’éπ-†®Ω’?- -véπ-´’ç™ Å®Ωnç ´îËa English word Queue. Having been selected he is happy
Get used to = Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç. I have got 2) •Ææ’q -áÍé\-ô°æ¤p-úø’, Æœ-E-´÷£æ…-∞¡x -ü¿í∫_®Ω -öÀÈé\-ôxèπ◊ - Please queue up ÅØË -•-ü¿’©’, Please Q up select Å®· Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
used to the hot weather here = (Ééπ\úÕ ¢ËúÕéÀ ´®ΩÆæ-véπ-´’ç-™ ®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ 'Q' '°æ-ü¿l¥-A -§ƒ-öÀç-îªç-úÕ Åçö«®Ω’, fancy í¬. ÖØ√oúø’.
؈-©-¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’). ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç Å-E -¶®Ω’f-©’ç-ö«®·. Íé-´-©ç Q -Åéπ~®Ωç ´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ People queued for the tickets.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Spoken english èπ◊,
3) Spelling mistakes ûªí¬_-©çõ‰ ´÷ô-©†’ sylla-
1) 'Get up' ÅØË Regular doing word verb Ê°®Ì\ç-ö«®Ω’. -´®ΩÆæ-véπ-´÷-EéÀ, -Ñ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -Åéπ~®√- written english èπ◊ bles í¬ N¶µº->ç* spelling Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ. ûªí∫’_-
Å®· not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Question tag, 'don't
– -vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -N’®√u-©í∫÷-úø
EéÀ Ææç-•ç-üµ¿ç -à-N’-öÀ?
you?' 2) 'Begins' ÅØË second regular doing
-ûË-ú≈-©-†’ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. û√®·. Syllable Åçõ‰ ÅaûÓ Ö†o °æü¿-¶µ«í∫ç.
word verb Å®· not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, question tag, -ï-¢√-•’: 2) having been -à Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ -´Ææ’hç-C?
3) Spelling mistakes
Construction. DØÓx con, struc, tion -Å-ØË
'doesn't it?' 3) 'started' ÅØË past doing word 1) Underwear - (Underware é¬ü¿’)– ™ü¿’-Ææ’h©’– Ææ-J-îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ -´‚úø’ syllables ÖØ√o®·. É™« devide
verb Å®·, not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, question tag, 'did- Ææ-©£æ… -É-´yí∫-©®Ω’. îËÆæ’èπ◊E spelling Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ. ûª°æ¤p©’
– °œ.-á-Ø˛.-†Í®-¨¸, °æ-J-T
´’†ç •ßª’-öÀéÀ éπ†-°æúË ü¿’Ææ’h©- éÀç-ü¿ üµ¿JçîË
n't it?' (Didn't pronunciation - úÕØ˛d) ü¿’Ææ’h©’ é¬-•-öÀd Underwear Åçö«®Ω’. ûªí∫’_-û√®·.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II Ðû¦è[ª- ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 4 áì÷J 2006

Sunil: Hi Ramesh, the Megastar phoned ú£ô¢Ù. Íö°¸Þ question tags Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯, Ð lesson
me last night and asked for a few tips ö˺E Ramesh responses ö˺E short questions
on acting. - Oæ¨E response questions ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨N
(óÀª ô¢î¶ªøÉ Eìo-ô¦vA ޥ-þ§dô û¦ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ conversation ÚÛª ú£ï£°-á-ê¦y-Eo-þ§hô³.
ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ìåì ÞœªJÙ# Ú•Eo ú£«àŸ-ìõª Question tags ö°¸Þ ÏN-ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª
Íè…-Þ¥è[ª.) sentenceìª ñæ¨d ÷ú£ªhÙ-æ°ô³. î¦æ¨-E-ñç¶d Oæ¨Ú¨
Ramesh: Oh, did he? Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙ-åªÙC. Íô³ê¶ êµõª-Þœªö˺ Oå-Eo-æ¨Ú© Ö¸Ú
(Íö°Þ¥?) Íô¢nÙ– Íö°Þ¥? ÍE. ÏN ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ ÖÚÛô¢ª àµí‡pì
Sunil: And what is more, he wanted to see Nù£óŸªÙ ÷ªìÙ ì÷ªt-ö¶-E-CÞ¥ Ñìoí£±pè[ªÞ¥E, ÷ªìÚÛª
me about a future movie of his. ÎøŒaô¢uÙ/Îú£Ú¨h ÚÛL-TÙචNù£-óŸª-i-ì-í£±p-è[ª-Þ¥E
Unfortunately I am very busy you î¦è[ê¦Ù.
know. So I couldn't give him an šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Ramesh ú response ques-
appointment. tions ÍFo ÍêŸìª ì÷ªt-ö¶E Nù£-óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-
(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙæ˺ êµõªþ§, ÍêŸè[ª ìæ¨Ù-àŸ-ò˺- ú£ªh-û¦oô³ ÚÛë¯! Sunil ÚÛª Megastar phone (ÍJÚ¥ö˺ ÚÛí£±p Ú¥íƈ ÖÚÛ è¯õôÂ. ÍÙç¶ ÑÙC Ú¥F ÍÙêŸ-ö¶ë]ª.
Tarun:

Í÷±û¦... Íö°Þ¥!?
꟪ìo Ú•êŸh ú‡E÷« ÞœªJÙ# ììªo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ- à¶óŸªè[Ù, ú£«àŸ-ì-õ-è[-Þœè[Ù ö°Ùæ¨N. Ïö°Ùæ¨ ë¯ë¯í£± 50 ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª.) ÍÙêŸ àŸL-öËºì« àŸFoüŒxêÁ þ§oìÙ à¶ø‹.
î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o-ìE Íû¦oè[ª. Ú¥F ë]ªô¢-ë]'- responses Oªô¢« practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Íô³ê¶ Ð Preethi: Does it? Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛE?
ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh û¶ìª à¦ö° G@ ÚÛë¯? ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª (Í÷±û¦?) Tarun: û¦ ô¢«Ùö˺ Þ¥uúà Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC. ðƼûËÂ
ඛúh ·ôÙè[ª-ôÁ-Võª í£è[ªêŸªÙ-ë]-û¦oô¢ª.
Kumar: F ô¢«Ùö˺ Uáô ö¶ë¯?
Tarun: FÚÛªÙë¯?
Kumar: ÏC ÍÙêŸ àŸL-ví£-ë¶øŒÙ Ú¥ë]ª ÚÛë¯?
ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE Uáô Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.
Tarun: ÍEo ÎëÅ]ª-EÚÛ ÷ú£-꟪-õêÁ Ñìo ðƧxæËÀìª
û¶ìª êŸyô¢ö˺ Ú•ì-ò˺-꟪-û¦oìª.
responses ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª sentence ö˺E verb Kumar: Í÷±û¦? ëÅ]ô¢ ÓÙêŸ ÑÙè•àŸªa.
û¶ìª Íð§-ô³Ù-æËÀ-ÙæËÀ Ï÷y-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼-óŸ«ìª.) subject
ìª ñæ¨d, ìª ñæ¨d form à¶þ§hÙ. ÏÚÛ\è[ costs II Regular Doing Word Ú¥ñæ¨d Tarun: ë¯ë¯í£± 20 õ¤Ûõ ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª.
Appointment ÷«÷´õª Íô¢nÙ ÑëÁuÞœÙ. Ú¥F response 'does', coffee 'it'
ÍÙç¶ ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE
Pramod: Two or three ministers consult me Answers:
appointment ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ î¦è…ì NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ Íô¢nÙ = 'Does it?'
whenever they have problems.
Tarun: It was very cold the whole of yester-
Prema: Though she is not healthy, her hus-
ÚÛõªú£ªÚÁè¯-EÚ¨ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ, àÁåª Eô¢g-ô³Ù-àŸè[Ù. (Ïë]lô¢ª ö¶ë¯ ÷³Þœª_ô¢ª ÷ªÙv꟪õª ú£÷ª-
Ramesh: Oh! Is that so? I didn't know (I day in Hyderabad./ Hyderabad was
band does not help her.
haven't known) that you very cold the whole of yesterday.
(ÎÚÛª ÎôÁÞœuÙ ò°ÞÁ-ö¶-ÚÛ- Kumar: Was it? It wasn't so cold here.
are so great.
ð¼-ô³û¦ Î òÅ¡ô¢h ÔÙ Tarun: I went about in sweater the whole
(Íö°Þ¥, ìª÷yÙêŸ Þ•í£p-î¦-è…- ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸªè[ª.) day.
Sujana: O, Doesn't he?
÷E û¦ÚÛª ÏÙêŸ ÷ô¢ÚÛª
êµLóŸªë]ª). Kumar: Did you? It was cold here too, but it
(à¶óŸªè¯?) wasn't so bad.
Sunil: Only the megastar knows
verb does (not) help - Ú¥ñæ¨d
my greatness. Tarun: Even in such cold,/ Though it was so
response 'does.
ö˺ cold, I had a cold water bath/ a cold
Kumar: The actor who played
(ޥ-þ§d-ôÂ¸Ú û¦ Þ•í£p-ë]ìÙ
bath.
Samson fought with a
êµõªú£ª)
Ramesh: Does he? That's news to Kumar: Did you?/ Had you? But why?
real lion, you know?
me. But I have a doubt, Tarun: I ran out of gas/ The cylinder was
(ø‹uîª-ú£ûË ð§vêŸ î¶ú‡ì empty/ The gas was exhausted.
my dear Sunil.
ìåªè[ª Eá-iì When I called the gas company, they
(Íö°Þ¥? ÏC û¦ÚÛª Ú•êŸh ú‡ÙÙêÁ ð¼æ°x-è¯è[ª,
Nù£óŸªÙ. Íô³ê¶ û¦ÚÁ said it would take two days/ I had to
êµõªþ§) wait for two days.
Sudheer: Did he? (Í÷±û¦?)
ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ÑÙC.)
'That's news to me = ÍC û¦Ú¨Ù-êŸ- ÷- Kumar: Don't you have a geiger?
ô¢ÚÛª êµLóŸªE Nù£óŸªÙ. šíj sentence ö˺ verb 'fought'. Tarun: Do you?/ Have you?
conversation ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè….
ÏC Past Doing word Ú¥ñæ¨d, did Kumar: This place is not so cold./ It is not
Sunil: What's it?
÷ú£ªhÙC. Subject 'actor' ñë]ªõª so cold here, is it? So we don't
'he' ÷ú£ªhÙC. need a geiger, do we?
(ÔÙåC?)
Ramesh: Are you mentally sound?
Ïö°¸Þ Am, is, are, was, were, Tarun: I am going to buy a flat soon. A
shall, will, can, could, may, might, must, have, modern construction with all ameni-
(FÚÛª ÷ªA-ú‡n-Nª-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙë¯ ÍE.) ú£uö¶îµjû¦ ÷›úh ììªo ú£Ùví£-C-þ§hô¢ª.) has, had etc. combinations verbs ties.
mentally sound = ÷ªA-ú‡n-NªêŸÙêÁ ÑÙè[è[Ù
êÁ ÷à¶a ÚÛª
Prasad: O, do they? responses
mentally unsound = í‡#a
ÍEoÙ-æ¨ö˺ Ïî¶ Kumar: Are you? What's the price?/ What
Sunil: Is that your doubt? Call the Megastar
(Í÷±û¦, Íö°Þ¥? – ì÷ªt-øŒÚÛuÙ Ú¥ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÑÙæ°ô³. is the price likely to be?
and ask him himself.
÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a response) Charan: I can bat better Tarun: Around Rs. 20 lac.
(Íë¯ F ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù. Íô³ê¶ ޥ-þ§d-ôÂ¸Ú Pramod sentence ö˺E verb 'consult'. ÏC 1st than Tendulkar.
Regular Doing Word- Ú¥ñæ¨d responseö˺ 'do'
÷ú£ªhÙC (MinistersÚÛª ñë]ªõª 'they'êÁ). ÏÚÛ\è[
ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÚÛìªÚÁ\) (çµÙè[«-õ\ô ÚÛû¦o ò°Þ¥
Ramesh: Should I? (Do) you want me to be ò°uæ¨ÙÞ à¶óŸª-Þœ-õìª.)
another fool like you? Come on. Sravan: O, can you?
Cut all that stuff about his calling Can't you bowl
you and taking your suggestions. better than
M. SURESAN
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 92
You look a real fool. Pathan?
(Íö°Þ¥? Fö°¸Þ û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷´ô¢ª^è[- (Íö°Þ¥?÷ªJ
E-í‡Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-÷ªÙ-æ°î¦? ÏÚÛ Îí£±. ޥ- í£ôȦûË ÚÛû¦o ò°Þ¥ ò®öËÀ à¶óŸª-ö¶î¦?) ví£øŒo: It is not short form it's not/ it isn't.
Ú¨
þ§dô FÚÛª ðƼûË à¶óŸªè[Ù, F ú£«àŸ-ìõª
question tags ö˺ö°Þ¥ not ÑÙç¶ tag ö˺ not ô¦÷- Ïö°Ùæ¨ responses ò°Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. î¦æ¨ pronunciation ÏæËÀq-û¦æËÀ/ ÏæËÀ ÐâµûËÂd
Bú£ª-ÚÁ-è[Ù-ö°Ùæ¨ í‡#a î¦Þœªè[ª ÚÛæ¨d-
ÚÛð¼÷è[Ù-ö°Ùæ¨C ÔOª ÑÙè[ë]ª. Ú•ÙàµÙ vøŒë]lÄÞ¥ Þœ÷ª-E›úh Ð responses question Þ¥ í£õ-ÚÛ-÷à¦a? ÏæËÀ ÐâÉÀ û¦æËÀ Þ¥û¶ í£õ-
šíåªd. ìª÷±y EáÙÞ¥ íÆ£²öËÀ-ö°¸Þ tags ö°Þ¥ à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù. Ú•ÙàµÙ practice êÁ Ú¥ö°? Short forms writing ö˺û¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯
Pramod: Most ministers are my friends.
Ñû¦o÷±.) Oªô¢ª ú£ªõ-òÅ¡ÙÞ¥ form à¶óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª. ví£óŸª-AoÙ-àŸÙè…. spelling Ú¨ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷Jh-þ§hóŸ«? ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ
Cut = Îí£±, ÚÛæ¨d-šíåªd , stuff = þ¼C, î¦Þœªè[ª. (÷ªÙv꟪ö˺x à¦ö°-÷ªÙC û¦ ›úo-꟪õª.)
ÏÚÛ\è[ verb 'are'. Ú¥ñæ¨d ministers ñë]ªõª they . Now practise the following in English spellingÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷Jh›úh I would- short
Sunil: Do I? (Íö°Þ¥?)
form I'd. He has - He's, I have - I've
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ îµ³ë]æ¨ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ Sunil ÷«å-õÚÛª Prasad: O, are they? Tarun:EìoÙê¦ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ à¦ö° àŸLÞ¥
– Nî¶ÚÂ, ìö˹_Ùè[
Ramesh responses Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. (Íö°Þ¥– ÎøŒa-ô¢u-ÚÛ-ô¢-iì Nù£óŸªÙ Íô³û¦ îµ³ë]-öµj-ì-î¦-æ¨E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L?
ÑÙC.
★ Did he? response Ïö°û¶ ÷ú£ªhÙC.) Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÏÚÛ\-è[ÙêŸ ö¶ë¶.
★ Is that so? I didn't know (I haven't
Suraj: In the US, a cup of coffee costs a dol- Tarun: EìoÙê¦ šúyåô î¶ú£ªÚÛªû¶ AJÞ¥. áî¦ñª: It's not = ÏæËÀq not;
known) Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÏÚÛ\è[ ÖÚÛ îµ«ú£hô¢ª àŸLÞ¥ It isn't = ÏæËÀ ÐáûËÂd– Ïö°¸Þ í£õ-Ú¥L. Ïö° í£õª-
lar, that is, about Rs. 50/-
★ Does he? ÚÛªê¦Ù Ú¥ñç¶d writingö˺ î¦æ¨-ìö° ô¦þ§hô¢ª. NªÞœê¦
★ Should I? contracted forms (short forms) Nù£-óŸªÙ-ö˺ì«
ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ question tags Óö° form Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…... Ïö°¸Þ ÑàŸa-J-þ§hô¢ª.
à¶óŸ«L, conversation ö˺ î¦æ¨ ð§vêŸ ÞœªJÙ# êµõª- I'd = ÕèÂ; He has = he's =âÉÀ
I've = ÕîËÂ. ÍEo contractions îµ³ë]å spoken
ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Conversation lively Þ¥, effective Þ¥ URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm forms Ú¥ñæ¨d writing ö˺ Íö° Í÷±-꟪ÙC.
ÑÙè¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ question tags î¦è[ÚÛÙ à¦ö° Í÷-
II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 6 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Laxman: Hi Ramu, may the new year bring you Ravi: Please go ahead. What is the matter?
all happiness. (àçö îÁ°æpçúÕ)
(éÌûªh Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ûÁ*a Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'May' ņ’-´’A – Permission
°ö«d-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’†-éπçõ‰ °j≤ƒn®·
Ramu: So may it to you, Laxman. ¢√∞¡x permission í¬E, ´’†ç î√-™« íı®Ω-NçîË
(Fèπÿ Å™«Íí ï®Ω-í¬-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ) ¢√∞¡x permission í¬F Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’, May,
question form ™ I/ we ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
Laxman: Thank you.
1) May I sit here?
Lessons
Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ™ May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ permission
(ØËE-éπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-´î√a?)
éÌEoç-öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπ∫ü∆. Ñ Â°j 2) May I use your phone?
Sentences ™ May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷úøçúÕ. ÉN (O’ phone permission
¢√-úø’éÓ´î√a?)
Wishes èπÿ, Greetings (ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’) èπÿ 3) May I know your name? / May I know who 4) 'May' in statement forms some times is used
Bhavan: -•£æ›-¨» -Öç-úÌ-a. ؈’ ´’Sx °œ©’≤ƒh-†’.
¢√úøû√ç. Éçü¿’™ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆, Laxman, you are? in place of 'shall' to express orders in a polite Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ •ßª’ô wait îËߪ’-´îª’a O’®Ω’.
Ramu †’ wish îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’, Ramu, Laxman (O’ Ê°-Í®ç-ö/ -O’-È®-´®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?) and formal way. O’®Ω’ front room ™ èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ.
†’ wish îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ May ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË ÉC °æ‹Jhí¬ Å°æ-J-*-ûª’-©ûÓ. 5) May in the beginning of a statement is used Interview Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x May á°æ¤púø÷ Sentence 4) How long may I keep this book? for expressing wishes and blessings. âü¿’í∫çô© ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
´·çü¿’ç-ô’çC, Åçõ‰ Sentence May ûÓ (ØËF °æ¤Ææhéπç áEo ®ÓV-©’ç--éÓ-´îª’a?) Sravan: result á°æ¤úø’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-´îª’a?
v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-ûª’çC. May ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u Now practice the following in English.
May official/ formal í¬ permission É´y-ú≈-E-éÀ Bhavan: Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´®Ωèπ◊ O’®Ω’ expect
É™«çöÀ sentences, blessings èπ◊ èπÿú≈, Åçõ‰ statement form ™ (you ûÓ ´·êuçí¬) a) Anil: Good morning, Sir. O’®Ω’ ´÷èπ◊ high îËߪ’-éπçúÕ.
ÇQ-®Ωy-îª-Ø√-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. school ™ teacher, Sir. -N’-´’t-Lo äéπ-≤ƒJ Answers:
¢√úøû√ç. Superior status ™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿ} éÀçC
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ ´î√a†’. Anil: Good morning sir. You were our
¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª, O’Jéπ ¢Á∞¡x- teacher in the high school. I have
´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ May ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Murthy: -†’-´¤y -Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o-´¤ -Å-E-™¸. -î√-™«é¬-©ç come to see you.
1) You may go now. Murthy: I remember you, Anil. (I am) happy to
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 93
-ûª®√y-ûª -E-†’o éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-ôç Ææç-ûÓ-≠æç.-
O’Jéπ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. (permission É´yôç) É°æ¤p-úËç -îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´¤? see/ meet you, though after a long
time. What are you (now)?
Anil: (I am) going to the states for higher
studies. I got the visa the day before

When may I know the result? (yesterday). I've come for your bless-
ings.
Murthy: You have my blessings always. May
you have a happy journey and may
2) You may use my phone if you want. you study well and prosper (°jéÀ
Keshav: Hi Jagan, when are you starting for Anil:
°j îªü¿’-´¤-©èπ◊
(O’®Ω’, 鬴-LÊÆh Ø√ phone -¢√-úø’éÓ-´îª’a) ®√´-ôç)there!
Delhi?
Anil: Today is my birthday too, sir.
Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-
(Delhi éÀ á°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’ûª’Ø√o´¤?) permission É´yôç. Sir.
Ø√o†’, Murthy: I am very happy. May you live long in
Jagan: In a few hours from now. The train is Å™«Íí éÌçîÁç ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ (Åçûª E≠æ \-®Ω{í¬ ¢Á·†oØË visa health and happiness!
at 3.30 é¬èπ◊çú≈) orders É´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ statement ´*açC. O’ ÇQ- Anil: Thank You, sir.
Train 3.30
(Ééπ éÌCl í∫çô-©èπ◊. éÀ) form ™ May ¢√úøû√ç. Ææ’q© éÓÆæç Murthy: You are welcome.
Keshav: I am going home now. I may not be 1) You may not leave office before 5 (May you have a happy journey = Wish you
able to come to station to see you off.
´î√a†’. M. SURESAN
(âü¿’í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ O’®Ω’ Ç°∂‘Ææ’†’ç* ¢Á-∞Ô}-ü¿’l) Murthy: Fèπ◊ Ø√ ÇQ-Ææ’q- a happy journey; may you live long = Wish
May you have a very happy journey! you a long and healthy life)
(ØËEç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oE°æ¤púø’. Fèπ◊ OúÓ\-L-´y-ö«- order ™„-°æ¤púø÷ Öçö«®·. F v°æߪ÷ùç Ææ’êçí¬
b) Sravan: May I come in (sir)?
EéÀ station èπ◊ ®√™‰éπ§Ú´îª’a. F v°æߪ÷ùç 2) You may not smoke here ïJT, †’´yéπ\-úø ¶«í¬ îªCN °jéÀ ®√¢√-©E
Ø√ ÇQ-Ææ’q©’ (May ¢√úøçúÕ). Bhavan: Please do/ do come in. Have a seat/
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ≤ƒí¬-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ.) (O’J-éπ\úø smoke îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’) – order. Please sit down.
Jagan: May you have a happy time in your Anil: Ñ®Ó- V Ø√ birthday èπÿú≈. Sir.
3) You may leave office only after five. Sravan: I have come to attend an interview
new course! When do your classes Murthy: î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç. †’´¤y î√-™«-鬩ç Çߪ·-®√-
begins?
(O’®Ω’ âü¿’ ûª®√yûªØË •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á-∞¡x-´îª’a) – order ®Ó-í¬u-©ûÓ Öçú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. (May here. I am Sravan. When may I have
(Åçõ‰ Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ¢Á∞¡xèπÿúø-ü¿E order). the interview?/ When may be my
course
É´-Fo May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’: äéπ-≤ƒJ Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ Anil: î√-™« thanks, Sir.
(F éÌûªh ™ †’´¤y ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ¢√úøçúÕ). interview?
classes
îª÷ü∆lç.
Öçú≈L. O’ á°æ¤púø’ -¢Á·-ü¿-©-´¤-
Bhavan: Wait a minute. Let me see... Yes. Your
)
û√®·. Murthy: ´’ç*C.
interview is at 2 in the afternoon.
Keshav: They begin the day after tomorrow. 1) 'May' expresses probability (ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç) b) Sravan: ؈’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®√´-î √açúŒ?
Sravan: It's already 1.30 sir. May I
(É°æ¤púË)
(á©’xçúÕ) 2) 'May' expresses doubt (ÆæçüË£æ«ç) Bhavan: ®ΩçúÕ. èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ. have the interview now itself ?
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'May' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u sen- 3) May in the question form, especially with I/ Sravan: ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ interview attend Å´-ú≈-EéÀ
tences ÅFo wishes †’ ûÁ-©°æ-ôç í∫´’-Eç-î √®Ω’ Bhavan: That may be possible. I'll call you
éπü∆. -É-N îª÷úøçúÕ.. We is used for asking for permission in a very ´î√a†’. Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ Sravan. Ø√èπ◊ inter- again. Till then you may wait outside.
u May you live long! formal and polite manner. view á°æ¤p-úø’ç-úÌa? You may sit in the front room. You
Bhavan: îÁ§ƒh-†’ç-úøçúÕ. Ç... O’èπ◊ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç may not leave here till 5, even after
O’®Ω’ î√-™«é¬©ç @Nç-î√-©E. 'May' for permission is used to ask for per-
(*®Ωç-@´! ÅØË ûÁ©’í∫’ ÇQ-Ææ’qèπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç) mission in a more polite and formal manner
È®çúø’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ interview Öçô’çC. the interview.
u May your business prosper! Sravan: É°æ¤púË äçöÀ í∫çô-†o®Ω Å®·çC éπü¿çúÕ. Sravan: When may I know the result?
than 'can' and 'shall', with I/ We, and 'will',
O’ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü∆L! (éÓJéπ, ÇQÆæ’q) Ø√ interview É°æ¤púË ÖçúÌî√a? (May Bhavan: Well, you may not expect it before
u May you celebrate many more birth days like and 'would' with you (in the question form) ¢√úøçúÕ). tomorrow evening.
this!
É™«çöÀ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV©’ î√™« î√-™« -îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-E!
u May you live to be a hundred.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Bí∫ ´çTçC, 鬩’ NJ-TçC, -v°æ-¨¡o: Idioms, usage í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Öûªh´’´÷®Ω_ç English Newspapers, The Hindu
<´’ ´·E-TçC, °æ¤Ææhéπç – ®Ω£æ…-Ø√-¶‰í∫ç, éπ-©÷x®Ω’ ™«çöÀN, *†o *†o story books ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*
´çüË∞¡Ÿx @Nç-î√L.
u May God bless you!
*J-TçC.. -É-™«ç-öÀ -¢√--öÀ-E -ï-¢√-•’: °ü¿l novels îªü¿-´ôç, ´·êuçí¬ English news
-ߪ’-ü∑∆-ûª-ü∑¿çí¬ (--´ç-îª-•-úÕç-C,- Idioms ÅØ√o usage ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. ¢√úø’-éπ™ magazines îªü¿-´ôç. Vocab books ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-
üË´¤úø’ E†’o ÇQ-®Ωy-Cç--í¬éπ! ´©x words, their meanings ûÁ©’-≤ƒh®·, but we
F 'May' È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÉC. Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ´·-†í∫-•-úÕç-C, -Å-E é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈) Ö†o ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ
don't know how to use them. So read, read
Lessons ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. May, proba-
-Ççí∫xç-™éÀ -á-™« -Å-†’-´- Ö†o Å®√n-EéÃ, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p™ Ö†o äéÌ\éπ\
and read- that's the best way to improve. Åçû√
bility E ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC, ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh°æ®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E Cç-î√-™ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.
– ®√°∂æ’-´, -´÷®√\°æ¤®Ωç-
´÷ô Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË, Ç ´÷ô©
èπÿ®Ω’p idiom Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÅüË ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´Ææ’hçC idioms,
îªü¿-Nç-ûª-®√yûª Åv°æ-ߪ’-ûªoçí¬ O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h†o
éπü∆! Åçõ‰ Ŵa, Å´-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
words language
-ï-¢√-•’: 鬕öÀd ÅC usage Å´¤-ûª’çC. use Åçõ‰ ¢√úøéπç.
u 'May' ´‚úÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.
O’ ™ ¢√úË-≤ƒh®Ω’. îªC-¢Ë-Æœç-ûª-®√yûª
Åçõ‰ äéπ word †’ sentence ™ use îËߪ’ôç. Å®Ωnç-é¬E ´÷ô™‰´Ø√o Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ dictionary
Srinath: May I come in? (؈’ ™EéÀ ®√´î√a?)
i) Bí∫ ´çTçC = the wire bent O’®Ω’ vocabulary, idioms, improve îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ Commercials/ Ads
îª÷úøçúÕ. èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´çúÕ–
Ravi: Please do.
ii) 鬩’ NJ-TçC = the leg broke Vocabulary O’ü¿ books (Norman Lewis's Word Modern expression ´Ææ’hçC. O©’-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x
Srinath: May I have a few minutes of your
iii) <´’ ´·E-TçC = The ant drowned. Power Made Easy ™«çöÀN) éÌçûª-´-®ΩÍé Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫- English ™ ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ.
time?
(O’ Æ洒ߪ’ç é¬Ææh BÆæ’éÓ-´î√a) iv) °æ¤Ææhéπç *J-TçC = The book got torn. °æ-úø-û√®·. Idioms O’ active use ™éÀ ®√¢√-©çõ‰

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 8 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Brahmam: Hi Vishnu, any idea where Siva b) Might + 1st Regular doing word (see, go,
might be? come, etc) Might see = îª÷úø-´îª’a (ÆæçüË£æ«ç),
(P´ áéπ\-úø’ç-úÌîÓa à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ)? Might go = ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a, Might come = ®√´îª’a.
Vishnu: Not in the least. You call Ganesh. ´’† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ sentence äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
He might know. a) Any idea where Siva might be?
Ganesh
(ÅÆæ©’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. phone
èπ◊ P´ áéπ\-úø’ç-úÌîÓa à´’Ø√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ?
îË®·. Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-´îª’a.) b) You call Ganesh. He might know
Not in the least= ÅÆæ©’ ™‰ü¿’.
í∫ù‰-≠ˇèπ◊ phone îÁß˝’. Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-´îª’a.
Brahmam: Has he a cell? Let me have the
c) He fears it might affect his heart...
number
cell
(Åûª-EéÀ Number
Öçü∆. É´¤y) í∫’çúÁ üÁ•s A†-´-îªaE... ÅûªE ¶µºßª’ç.
Vishnu: He hasn't a cell/ He has no cell. He
d) You might be able to contact him there
Might èπ◊ ´’®Ó Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç: Manager: ؈÷ ÅüË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Å®·ûË î√-™«
fears it might affect his heart if he
Féπ-ûª†’ Åéπ\úø üÌ®Ωéπ-´-a/ -ûª-í∫-™Ôa. a) You might try his office phone number if you ê®Ω’a Ŵa éπü∆ ÅE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
e) But they might all be out are unable to get his home. Supdt.:
carries it in his pocket, and his ear, é¬E, O’Í®-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, ´’†èπ◊ ü∆E-´©x
if he hears from it- because of radi- Åçü¿®Ω÷ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa. Phone
Åûª-EçöÀ Office phone try
üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË, business áèπ◊\´´¤ûª’çC, sir. áèπ◊\´
ation. 鬕öÀd îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, might, present ™, future ™ îËߪ’çúÕ. customers ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç Öçô’çC éπü∆,
heart
(™‰ü¿’. ÅC ñ‰•’™ °ô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ èπ◊, Åçûª éπ*a-ûªç-é¬E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’ç-ü¿E– Might b) You might call the helpline in sir.
be/ Might + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word) case of trouble. Manager: Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç budget ™ adjust
ü∆EoNçõ‰ îÁNéÀ üÁ•s ÅE ÅûªE ¶µºßª’ç)
trouble,
O’Íé-´’Ø√o help line
Öçõ‰, èπ◊ phone
Brahmam: So how do I get at him now? ≤ƒüµ¿u-¢Á’i, ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îËߪ’-´-îªaç-ö«®√?
(´’J ÅûªEo °æô’d-éÓ-´ôç ᙫ?) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. îËߪ’çúÕ. Supdt.: ؈’ budget prepare îËÊÆ-¨»†’.
In case of= Å®·ûË, helpline= äéπ ÆæçÆæn ´©x
Get at = îË®Ω’-éÓ-´-ôç/- °æ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ ÅC -îª÷Æœ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éÓ-
Vishnu: He might be at office now Ringup
Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ îËߪ÷-Lq† phone) ´îª’a, sir.
his office. You might be able to con-
Ñ È®çúø’ Sentences ™ ™«í¬ might †’ Ææ÷îª- Answers:

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 94
tact him.
†-©’/- Ææ-©-£æ…©’ É´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç– a)
(Åûª-E°æ¤púø’ office ™ Öçúø-´îª’a. Åéπ\- ´·êuçí¬ ´’†-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊, ´’†éπçõ‰ °j≤ƒn®· Prabhu: We are playing the match today, aren't
úÕéÀ Phone îÁß˝’. †’´y-ûªEo Åéπ\úø ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ææ÷îª-†-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬. we?
°æô’d-éÓ-´îª’a).

You might call the helpline

Contact: Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç/- ä-éπ-JûÓ communication
Öçúøôç
Brahmam: Any idea who else might know
Siva's whereabouts now? I want
him urgently.
Siva
(§ÚF É°æ¤-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ îÁ°æp-í∫-©- Varma: Yes. But (I'm
Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Might èπÿ, Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o Rajasekhar (Senior Manager):
¢√∞¡Ÿx ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ÖØ√o®√?ÅûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’- Manmohan, the power bills are going up. afraid) it might
May èπ◊ î√™« §ÚLéπ Ö†oô’x ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
éÓ-´ôç î√-™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç). Can't we make do with two air conditioners rain.
Vishnu: Try his home. Here's the number. Might, may éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-
instead of four? Prabhu: In case/ If it
But they might all be out. Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ May -¢√-úÕ-†°æ¤p-úø’ áèπ◊\´ rains when
(Manmohan, billséπÈ®çö¸ ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´®·§Úûª’-
phone
(¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ îÁß˝’. -É-CíÓ -†ç-•®˝. ≤ƒüµ¿u´’ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç -Öç-ô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷-ô. Ø√o®·.3 AC machines •ü¿’©’ È®ç-úÕçöÀûÓ might the
1 a) Sunil may come this evening
Å®·ûË ¢√∞Îx-´®Ω÷ Éçöx ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a). Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆? match we?
(Try= v°æߪ’-Aoç* îª÷úø’. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆: out: Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ææ’F™¸ ®√´îª’a. Manmohan (Manager): Varma: (It) might be this M. SURESAN
Éçöx ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç; In = Éçöx Öçúøôç) b) Sunil might come this evening That might not be much use, sir. Power bills weekend.
É´Fo might combination ûÓ Ö†o verbs Ö†o Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Sunil ®√´-îËa¢Á÷. may be less, but the staff might not work so Prabhu: What might be our chances of win-
sentences éπü∆. I mean, °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ -EN. Sentence (a) ™éπØ√o (b) ™ ÆæçüË£æ«ç áèπ◊\´. efficiently. ning?
Might combination ûÓ verbs English ™ ûª®Ω- Sunil may come ņo-°æ¤úø’ Ææ’F™¸ ´îËa Ææ÷îª- cur-
(Åü¿ç-ûª Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. ü∆E´©x Varma: Ah... we might win...
îª’í¬ ¢√-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE might combina- †©’ áèπ◊\´, Sunil might come ņo-°æp-öÀ-éπØ√o. rent ê®Ω’a ûªí∫’_-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷ é¬E, Æœ•sçC Åçûª Prabhu: What's the doubt?/ Why the doubt?
tion ûÓ ´îËa verbs †’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç 2 a) It may rain (´®Ω{ç ®√´îª’a) – doubtful sir)
Ææ´’-®Ωn-ªçí¬ °æE-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, Varma: The pitch might not help our players.
´·êuç/ -Ö-°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç. b) It might rain (Highly doubtful) Manager, Sr Manager
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. éÀîËa Prabhu: You might try Gopala Rao among our
Might Combination Verbs:

´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o might ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ö°æ- Might
´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ÷ – ¢√úÕ. bowlers. The pitch might favour him.
a) Might be ('be' form); 'What do you think of this method?'
ßÁ÷í∫ç. It expresses possibility/ uncertain- b)
b) Might+ 1st Regular doing word - might know,
ty/ doubt in the present or in the future. (Ñ °æü¿l¥-A í∫’-Jç-* O’Í®-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?) Manager: I want to get rid of all the furniture in
might come, might like, etc. 'It might not increase our profits, sir'
(A) India might win the coming cricket series the office and get a new set in its
1) Might, present ™é¬F,future ™é¬F, Åçõ‰
with Pakistan, atleast Inzamam says so
(ÅC ´’† ™«¶µ«-©†’ °çîª-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a). place./ I want to replace all the old
É°æ¤úø’é¬F, Ééπ-´·çü¿’é¬F, expresses doubt
ï®Ω-í∫-†’†o cricket series ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Èí©--¢Ìa. Now practise the following in English: furniture by a new set.
(ÆæçüË£æ«ç) and uncertainty (Ææç-Cí∫l¥-ûª). Åçõ‰
a) (È®çúÓC simple, better.)
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Öçúø-´îª’a, ®√´îª’a ÅE '´îª’a— °æü∆©èπ◊ Éçï-´÷¢˛’ Å™« Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.
Prabhu:
´’†ç Ñ®Ó-V match -Çúø’-ûª’Ø√oç, éπü∆? Superintendent:
Ææ´÷†ç. India may win Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ÈíLîË chances
Varma: That might be a good idea. It might
a) Might be - ÉC 'be' form; Å®Ωnç: Öçúø-´îª’a. Éçé¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ņo-´÷ô. Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’hç-üË¢Á÷?
Prabhu:
´®Ω{ç ´ÊÆh á°æ¤p-úø’ -ÇúÌa ´’†ç? be good to have the walls painted
too, sir.
-v°æ-¨¡o:
Varma:
Ñ ¢√®√çûªç Ŵa.
iii) Seminar Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x how can we intro- Prabhu:
´’†ç ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»-™‰çö? (That might not be a bad idea, after all. Ñ
duce ourselves? Varma: sentence áèπ◊\´ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπç–- ´·-êuçí¬
– -áÆˇ.-ûªéÀs-ߪ÷, -´’-*-M°æ-ôoç
-Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -¶«í¬ -´÷-ö«x-ú≈-©ç-õ‰ -àç ´’†ç... Èí©-´-îËa¢Á÷?
Prabhu: éÌçîÁç °ü¿l¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷õ‰x-ô-°æ¤úø’, í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆:
-ï-¢√-•’:
-îË-ߪ÷-™ Ææ-©£æ… -É-´yí∫-©®Ω’. àçöÀ ÆæçüË£æ«ç?
– -áç.-¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®ΩÈ®-úÕf, -<®√-© Varma: Pitch´’† Players èπ◊ help îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´- not bad= very good.)

-ï-¢√-•’: i) consist = éπØ˛-Æ œÆˇd – Æœ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç îËa-¢Á÷-†E!

Prabhu: ´’† bowlers ™ Gopala Rao †’ O’®Ω’
Manager: That's what I think too. But it might
cost a lot.
Spoken English
v°æA-¶µº™ ÉÆæ’h†o collapse = éπ ™«°ˇq – ™« ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç
cultivation = éπLd-¢Á-ß˝’-≠æØ˛ – ¢Áß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç try îËߪ’-´îª’a. Åûª-Eéà pitch ņ’-èπÿ- Supdt.: If I might say so, (O’Í®O’ ņ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ûË-
exercises regular practice
í¬
ii) A. How do you go to home ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– Lç-îª-´îª’a. †çúŒ)We shall have more business,
English paper
îËߪ’çúÕ. îªü¿-´ôç
How do you go home? - correct. b) sir. We might have more customers,
continue îËߪ’çúÕ. *†o *†o English story
Home 'to' Manager: Ñ §ƒûª furniture Åçû√ BÊÆÆœ éÌûªh fur- sir.
books èπÿú≈ îªü¿-´çúÕ. ûª°æpéπ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’– ´·çü¿’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ®√ü¿’.
B. I go home by rickshaw, ... niture Å´’-®√a-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Manager: Can we adjust this in this year's
üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh.
-v°æ-¨¡o: i) -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™... consist, collapse, cultiva- iii) Good morning, every body, I am... (name) Superintendent: ÅC ´’ç* idea, sir. ´’† Office budget?/ You feel we can adjust it in
presenting this paper on... (subject). ™‰éπ-§ÚûË èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ´’ç* ®Ω÷°æç ´Ææ’hçC. this year's budget?
tion... -O-öÀ-E -á-™« °æ-©é¬-L? Éçé¬, sir, ´’† íÓúø-©-Eoç-öÀéà Supdt.: I've prepared the budget, sir. You
My name is..., presenting this paper on...
ii) A. How do you go to home? paint -¢Ë®·ç-îªôç èπÿú≈ ´’ç*- might just look at it and decide.
B. I go home by rickshaw. éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√? üË¢Á÷, sir.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 10 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Charan: Hi Dheeraj, long time, no see. How's 2) I thought (that) you might be interested in
every body? them.
(î√™«-é¬-©-´’-®·çC, îª÷Æœ. ᙫ ¢√öÀ™ Fèπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh Öçúø-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o – Past
ÖØ√o®Ωçü¿®Ω÷?) 3) I expected (that) it might go on -
Dheeraj: Fine. Thank you. How's life? Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÇPçî√. Past
(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. †’¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?) Åçõ‰ might past †’ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC – àüÁjØ√
Charan: Getting along. (àüÓ ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC.) Past ™ ÖçúÌ-îªaF, ï®Ω-íÌ-îªaF Å®ΩnçûÓ.
Well, what brings you here? (àçöÀ™« Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, Might, may éÀ past form. Compare.
´î√a´¤?) a) I think he may help me
Question English ™ î√™« common. bad
Ñ (-Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úøE ØË-††’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o–
manners é¬ü¿’. Present/ Future) b)
Can, shall, may © ´’üµ¿u Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ö†o
Dheeraj: I thought I might see you at the book b) I thought he might help me Namrata: E†o †’´¤y ††’o movie éÀ BÂÆ\-∞«h-¢Ë-¢Á÷-
fair yesterday, but I didn't
ûËú≈-©-†’ -Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ N´-Jçî√ç. É°æ¤púø’ ´’Sx
(-Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úË-¢Á÷-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o– N´-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. Might ûÓ éπL°œ. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ, †E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o.
(E†o book fair- °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz†™ †’´¤y Past) Priya: Ç movie FéÀ≠dçæ Öçúø-üË-¢Á÷-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o.
í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
éπ†-°æ-úø-´-îªa-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F ®√™‰ü¿’) a) ™ I think ÅE present N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æ¤h-†-o°æ¤púø’ For asking for permission with I/ we in the Ç hero, heroine ©’ F favourites 鬮Ω’.
Charan: I was out of town yesterday. In fact I Might (Å®Ω’ü¿’) R Namrata: ؈’ F phone éÓÆæç wait îËÆæ’hØ√o, ´÷
may ´Ææ’hçC. question form.
A
had been away for 3 days. I returned May Most R îÁ™„x©’ †’´¤y phone îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE
b) ™ I thought ÅE past N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ-LÊ°-ô-°æ¤púø’
very E
only this morning. Shall formal L
might ÅE past form (May èπ◊) ´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆. îÁ°œpØ√ èπÿú≈.
Can slightly formal & Y
c) -Å-ûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒh-úË-¢Á÷-†E ¶µºßª’-°æú≈f. U Priya:
least formal formal & very polite S
Åçûª ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. ÅüË-´’çûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. Ø√Íé
I feared/ was afraid that he might come here. & least polite & polite polite E bore éÌöÀdçC.
D
ÉC might 2nd use. It is used as the past form Answers:
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 95
Now practise the following in English:
of May. Mallesh: How long might you be here?
Mallesh: F¢Á-Ø√o-∞¡Ÿxç-úÌ-*a-éπ\úø?
Jagan: My course may last/ may go on for 15
days. I might stay for two or three

Might I come in? Jagan:

days more after that.
Mallesh: Then you might stay at our place for
two days. My brother might come in a
few days.
It might be possible only after the
(E†o Ü∞} ™‰†’. ÅÆæ©’ ´‚úø’®ÓV-©’í¬ a) I went there because you told me that he Jagan: Ø√ Course 15 course. Our directors might ask us to
™‰†’. É¢√∞¡ Öü¿-ߪ’¢Ë’ AJ-íÌî√a.) might be there. ®ÓV-©’ç-úø-´îª’a. stay in the Training Center during the
Dheeraj: I bought some books at the fair yes- †’´¤y -Å-ûªúø-éπ\úø ÖçúÌ-îªaE îÁ°œp†çü¿’-´-©x -ØË-†-éπ\-úÕéÀ ؈’ ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ course.
terday. Look. Here they are. I thought ¢Á∞«x†’. (Past) ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’ç-ö«- Mallesh: What will you do/ are you going to do
you might be interested in them. b) He feared that they might reveal his secret ØË¢Á÷ Ç ûª®√yûª. after classes every day?
Mallesh: Å°æ¤púø’ -†’´¤y
(E†o éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√o. É¢Ë. Fèπ◊ ûª† ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo ¢√∞¡Ÿx •ßª’-ô-°--úø-û√Í®-¢Á÷-†E Åûª†’ Jagan: We shall know the exact programme
¢√öÀ™ interest Öçúø-´-îªaE BÆæ’-éÌî√a) ¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈fúø’ (Past) ´÷ Éçöx È®çvúÓ-
M. SURESAN only after classes begin. I might then
Charan: When is the fair closing? 3) May ™«í¬ØË, Might èπÿú≈ î√-™« -´’-®√u-ü¿í¬, formal V-©’ç-úø-´îª’a
be able to tell you clearly about it.
(á°æ¤púø’ ´·í∫’-≤ÚhçC?) í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. éπü∆! ´÷ ņoߪ’u èπÿú≈ ÉçéÌ-Cl-®Ó-V™x
Mallesh: OK. Till then let's be in touch over
Might I come in?
´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷.
Dheeraj: It closed yesterday. phone.
(More formal than 'May I come in?') Jagan: Åü¿çû√ course Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûË ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-
(E†o Å®·-§Ú-®·çC) Jagan: When might your brother come?
Charan: I expected it might go on for a few
'May I come in?' - ÉüË î√-™« formal í¬, Polite ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. Course period ™ training
Mallesh: I thought he might come yesterday
í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç-éπü∆? center ™ØË Öçúø-´’-†-´îª’a ´÷ directors.
more days. itself. But he called to say that he
'Might I come in?' - ÉC Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ formal í¬, Mallesh: ®ÓW classes Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª àç îË≤ƒh´¤?
(ÉçéÌEo ®ÓV-©-®·Ø√ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ÇPç-î√†’.) might not come for another two days.
polite í¬ Öçô’çC, permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ. Jagan: ÅÆæ©’ programme àçö course begin
Dheeraj: So did I. Jagan: I expected very much that I might
'Might I use your phone?'
(-ØË-†÷ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o) Å®·çûª®√y-ûªØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. Å°æ¤-úø-®·ûË Øˆ’ meet both of you.
Charan: One of the salesmen told me that it
O’ phone äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢√úø-´î√a?
'Might I come a little late tomorrow?'
Fèπ◊ clear í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. b)
might go on for a few days after the Mallesh: OK. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ phone ™ touch ™ Namrata: I thought you might take me to the
date.
Í®°æ¤ ؈’ é¬Ææh late í¬ ®√´î√a?
Å®·ûË permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ Öçü∆ç. movie yesterday.
(- ´ ’-JéÌ-Eo ®Ó-V-©’ §ÒúÕ-Tç-îª-´-îªaE äéπ Priya: I thought that you might not like the
salesman Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’)
¢√úø-û√®Ω’. áèπ◊\´ May ü¿í∫_Í® ÇT-§Úû√ç. Jagan: O’ ņoߪ’u á°æ¤púø’ ®√´îª’a?
´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆? Can, movie. The hero and the heroine are
Dheeraj: I thought of visiting it the first day Mallesh: ؈’ E†oØË ´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷ ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F
Shall, May, are used with I/ We in the ques- not your favourites.
itself. But feared that there might be phone îËÆ œ îÁ§ƒpúø’. -É-çé¬ È®çvúÓ-V©ü∆é¬
tion form for asking for permission. É°æ¤púø’ Namrata: I was expecting your call though my
too much of crowd. Yesterday there ®√-ØË-¢Á÷-†-E. sister told me you might not call.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç– 'Might' too is used with I/ we in
was no crowd, and not many books Jagan: ؈’ î√™« expect î˨», O’ Éü¿l-JE Ñ ®ÓV
the question form for asking for permission. Priya: Don't worry. The movie wasn't good.
either.
But there are differences among them. éπ©-´-îªaE. It bored even me.
(¢Á·ü¿öÀ®Óñ‰ ¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o é¬F ï†ç
áèπ◊\´í¬ Öçö«-®ΩE ¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈f†’. E†o ï†ç
-™‰®Ω÷, áèπ◊\´ °æ¤Ææh-鬩÷ ™‰´¤) -v°æ-¨¡o: Get, got Åçõ‰ í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ.
The bus is come = Bus ´*a ÖçC ÅE; é¬F DE-éπØ√o better, the bus has
Rama has come to Guntur. -Ñ -¢√éπuç -à tense? come. The bus is come ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æù™ might combination ûÓ Ö†o
I shall have written a letter = (Future ™ àüÓ time èπ◊ í¬F Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-
Verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Might Ö°æ- Bus is come -Åç-õ‰ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ? has come -Å-E éπ-ü∆-! í¬F) letter ®√ÊÆÆœ Öçö«-†E.
ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC – Might, Present I shall have written a letter -Åç-õ‰ I shall write a letter -Å- I shall write a letter = (Future ™; á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’) letter ®√≤ƒh†’.
™í¬F, future ™í¬F uncertainty E/ doubt E E éπ-ü∆-! -É-™«ç-ô°æ¤p-úø’ -õ„iç í∫’-Jç-* -îÁ-§ƒp--Lqç-üË-Ø√? È®ç-úÕç-öÀ -´’-üµ¿u -î√-™« -ûË-ú≈ Öçü¿E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hç-ü¿E. I shall be going -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ?
Shall be doing it = Future ™ îËÆæ÷h Öçö«†’(´·)/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx, O’®Ω’, Åûª†’/ Ç¢Á’
a) He might pass = ¢√úø’ pass Ŵa. (Doubt) – -áç.-¢Ë-ù’, -ûÁ-Ø√-L
-v°æ-¨¡o: I want to see a doctor, He wants to meet a doctor,
îËÆæ÷h Öçú≈L.
b) They might agree to it = ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a.
-Ñ È®ç-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©’ future.
-ï-¢√-•’:
get Åçõ‰ §Òçü¿ôç, ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç, äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç, é̆ôç, ûË´ôç, It is better to
etc. got, get èπ◊ past tense and past participle. consult a doctor-
–- -úÕ.Ææ’-¶«s®√-´¤, -Q-™«é¬-V-©÷®Ω’
-O-öÀ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ?
c) She might be at college now
Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púø’ college ™ Öçúø-´îª’a. – Present.
He got going - É™«çöÀîÓôx get Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ véÀߪ’ Ŵa. (Å®·Ø√ English
´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÃ, ®√ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ àC à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i-† véÀߪ’ ÅE ûÁ-L-ߪ÷-Lq-† -Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ -ï-¢√-•’:
É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æù™ might combination ™ éπü∆.)
It is better to consult a doctor = Doctor †’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç ¢Ë’©’.
verb Ö†o sentences îª÷ü∆lç. Consult =

Rama has come. Has come Ééπ\úø present tense. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x
Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç
1) I thought (that) I might see you at the fair.
ÅC past action, time not stated (í∫ûªç™ ïJT, à time, day, year
I want to see a doctor = ؈’ Doctor †’ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
fair ™ -†’-´¤y éπ†-°æ-úø-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o – Past ûÁ©’-°æ-éπ-§Ú-ûË) †’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.
He wants to meet a doctor = Åûª†’ doctor †’ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

2 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 12 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Ramana: Excuse me, how do I go from here
How do I go there/ get there please? ÅE
Livewell Hospital?
Livewell Hospital
(Ééπ\-úÕoç* èπ◊ ᙫ èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.
Can you/ Could you direct me/ guide me..
¢Á∞«x-©çúÕ?) É-ü¿çû√ éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç, ´÷´‚©’conversa-
Strangers Åçõ‰ éÌûªh ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-Jç-îË-ô°æ¤p-úø’,
tion ™ ®√ü¿’.
Excuse me ņúøç good manners ´÷vûª¢Ë’
a) Nizam college
¢Ë’ç èπ◊ -á-™« ¢Á∞«x-©çúŒ?
é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡x ü¿%≠œdE ÇéπJ{ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ How do we go to/ get to Nizam College,
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. please?/
'Excuse me' ¢√úË Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’: Åúøfçí¬ Ö†o-
Could you tell us/ let us know how to go to/
¢√-∞¡x†’ é¬Ææh ûª°æ¤p-éÓ-´’-ØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, éÌûªh ¢√∞¡x °æéπ\† to get to/ We can go to Nizam college,
restaurants ™, ÉçÈé-éπ\-úÁjØ√ èπÿ®Óa-¢√Lq please?
´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, etc.) b) What's the best way to get to Nizam college,
Raghu: I can manage. Thank you. I'll be back To the left/ right; on the left/ on the right.
Manohar: Are you a stranger here? in an hour and a half or two. Where Turn/ go verbs to the left/
please? ÅE èπÿ-ú≈ ņ-´îª’a. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ™«çöÀ °æéπ\† Å®·ûË
(O’J-éπ\-úÕéÀ éÌûªh-¢√∞«x?) can I find you? to the rightÅçö«ç.
stranger = éÌûªh-¢√úø’
ü∆®Ω’-©’ -Öç--úø´-îªaE -¶µ«-Nç-*-†°æ¤p-úø’. Manage =
c) Bus áéπ\úøç. Get into the bus,
(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©-†’™‰. à °æØÁjØ√ äéπ ´uéÀh, É©’x ™«çöÀN -Öçúøôç Å®·ûË on the
Ramana: I am totally new to this place. îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©-í∫ôç. ؈’ í∫çô-†o®√, È®çúø’ right/ on the left
bus Cí∫úøç = get down from/ get off the bus. Åçö«ç.
(ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh) d) Ééπ\-úÕoç* bus/ auto ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´îËa-≤ƒh†’. -ØË-†’ -E-ØÁoéπ\-úø éπ©’- He is on my right.
Manohar: Where exactly do you want to go? Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-†’ (-Å°æp-öÀéÀ -F-¢Áéπ\-úø’ç-ö«-´-E?)
Take a bus/ an auto. (Ø√ èπ◊úÕ -¢Áj°æ¤-Ø√oúø’).
Subash: Let's meet for lunch at Eatwell's. Food
(O’®Ω’ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«xL?) number bus
°∂晫-Ø√ ™/Çö™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ/ Auto The school is on the left of the shop.
Ramana: To Vantage Company somewhere is good there. Take bus no. 22A, get
BÆæ’éÓçúÕ. (Shop School
áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ ÖçC)
around the Hospital. down at Samir plaza stop. Walk along
Take/ Get into bus no./ Take an auto. ÉN ü∆J îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. ¶«í¬ practice
Hospital
(Ç Vantage
èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o for a few yards and there you find the
Train Take a train.
™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ = îËߪ’çúÕ.
Company eatery. I'll be waiting for you there.
(-´’-†ç
éÀ) Practise the following in English:
Manohar: Don't worry. A number of buses go to lunch eatwell
éÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç,
thatway: 125K, 15M, 62, etc. Take restaurant ™. Åéπ\úø food ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Tej: ´’Lxé˙ ÉçöÀéÀ ᙫ ¢Á∞¡xôç? Ééπ\-úÕoç* áçûª
15M; that takes you directly to the 22 A bus áèπ◊\,samir plaza stop ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿÷®Ωç?
Hospital. Facing the hospital is this
Vantage Company.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 96 CT éÌCl ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh Ñ
(restaurant) éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C.)
eatery Nikhil: Ŷs î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. †’´¤y È®çúø’ bus ©’
´÷J ´’Sx é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-¢√L.
bus
(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Åô’ ¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞Ïx ©’
125K, 15M, 62..

How do I get there ?

î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·.
15M Hospital
áéπ\çúÕ. ÅC A†oí¬ èπ◊
¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC.Hospital -áü¿’-®Ω’-í¬ØË
Vantage Company).
Ramana: (Do) you suggest I take an auto.
(Auto BÆæ’éÓ-´’ç-ö«®√? (Çö™ ¢Á∞¡x-
´’ç-ö«®√?) Éçé¬ É™« èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. go by bus/ go by
Manohar: That'd be very expensive. Don't
Éü¿çû√ directions É´yôç í∫’-Jç-* éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Tej: †’´¤y BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-í∫-
auto/ go by train (Bus ™/ auto ™/ train ™ ü∆J îÁ°æpôç. expressions ¢√úÕ†N îª÷úøçúÕ;
worry. Buses on this route, especial- ©¢√?
ly 15M is very frequent.
¢Á∞¡xçúÕ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) O’®Ω÷ ¢√úÕ practice îËߪ’çúÕ: Nikhil: -Ñ®Ó-V ØË-†’ -î √-™«
(ÅC î√--™« áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√- Å®·ûË ÅEoçöxéÀ simplest: Take. 1 a) walk down/ walk along/ walk up the road = busy í¬ ÖØ√o.
11.30 train ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Í®°æ¤- -Öü¿ßª’ç -Ç®Ω’ Road
™‰ü¿’. Ñ route ™ buses frequency ¢Áç•úË †úø-´çúÕ. ü¿÷®Ω-¢Ë’-í¬E É©’x
áèπ◊\¢Ë.) í∫ç-ô-©éπ-™«x Åéπ\úø Öçö«®Ω’ b) Turn to the left/
áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤/ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ= éπ†’éÓ\-´ôç ûËLÍé.
take the 11.30 train; you will be there by 6 to the right. take a turn to the left/ to
frequency = ûª®Ω, áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x ®√´ôç ÅØËC ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Tej: éÌEo éÌçúø-í∫’-®Ω’h©’
Ramana: OK. Thank you. I see 15M coming. tomorrow morning. the right.
(at 6= by 6
îÁ°æ¤p. ؈’ éπ†’- M. SURESAN
I'll take it. ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ; = ÇJç-öÀ-éπ-™«x = ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ- ÅD é¬éπ-§ÚûË turn left/ turn right. èπ◊\çö«.
(15M í¬F Ç™-°æ™‰í¬F) c) A†oí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ= go straight/ walk straight Nikhil: ü¿éÀ~ùç -¢Áj°æ¤ †úÕÊÆh Bus stop ´Ææ’hçC, éπü∆?
´≤ÚhçC. ؈-üÁ-èπ◊\-û√†’).
catch ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a– ¢Á∞¡Ÿx/- ¢Á-∞¡xçúÕ ÅØË
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ ´’†èπ◊ éÌûªh v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ü∆J ûÁ©’- d) Ç post office ü∆é¬ †úø-´çúÕ: walk on upto the 13 ´ number bus áèπ◊\. Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 6 ´ stop
Å®ΩnçûÓ, é¬F ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ take ÅØËC best.
Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ûÁL-ߪ’-E-¢√-JéÀ ü∆JîÁ°æpôç í∫’Jç* ÅE post office. ™ Cí∫’. -ü∆-E-E Gulab Restaurant Stop
ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆? Ç expressions îª÷ü∆lç Raghu: Is Ramesh's very far off/ a long way off
from here? e) Walk on upto the post office and then turn Åçö«®Ω’. Åéπ\úø 27 bus áèπ◊\. Urdu
É°æ¤púø’.
left. Post office ü∆é¬ †úÕ* áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ. School stop ü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫’. Urdu School ü∆é¬
1) How do I go to Livewell Hospital? (®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ¢√∞¡x É©’x Ééπ\-úÕéÀ î√-™« ü¿÷®Ω´÷?) †úÕ*, Åçõ‰ ûª÷®Ω’p -¢Áj°æ¤, Åéπ\úÕoç* ü¿éÀ~ùç -
2) somewhere around 3) buses go that way Subash: (Do) you want to see him today? 2.
Cèπ◊\© Ê°®Ω’x Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x..
(É¢√∞¡ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√ ÅûªEo?) a) ûª÷®Ω’pí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Go east/ Walk to (towards) ¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Åéπ\úø Fèπ◊ éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h–
4) Take the bus 15M 5) facing the Hospital £æ«†’-´÷Ø˛ ǩߪ’ç. Ç Ç©ßª’ç †’ç*
6) take an auto. Raghu: Yea, because I am leaving tomorrow. the east. ´‚úÓ É™‰x ´’†-¢√-úÕC.
°∂晫-Ø√ îÓöÀ-È陫 ¢Á∞«xL ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ simplest (Å´¤†’. ؈’ Í®°æ¤ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’ éπü∆?) b) à Cèπ◊\-¢Áj-°æØ√o, A®Ω-í∫ôç= Turn (to the) South/
Subash: Sorry I can't take you there today. Tej: áçûªÊÆ°æ¤ °æúø’-ûª’çC?-
expression: How do I go? north, etc. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Turn to the South =
simplest question. Let's go tomorrow. Nikhil: éπFÆæç 45 E-N’-≥ƒ-©’.
ÉC Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i†, turn South.
could you let me know/ please tell
ÉC é¬éπ-§ÚûË, (É¢√∞¡ E-†o-éπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’. Í®°æ¤ Answer:
c) Road ü¿éÀ~ùç -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC= The road turns
me how to go/ how to get there? -¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-ç) Tej: How to go to/ how do I go to Malliks?/
Raghu: I'll be busy tomorrow. Just tell me how (to the) South
OöÀ Å®Ωnç Åéπ\-úÕ-È陫 ¢Á∞«x™ é¬Ææh îÁ•’-û√®√? ÅE Malliks place?
´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Åúø-í∫ôç. to get/ go there. I can go on my own. d) Road ´’©’°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC= The road takes a Nikhil: O, it's a long way off. You need to walk
busy
(Í®°æ¤ ؈’ î√-™« í¬ Öçö«†’. ᙫ bend. some distance after changing two
on my own
-v°æ-¨¡o: My
¢Á∞«x™ îÁ°æ¤p. ؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©†’. e) Road ´’©’°æ¤ ü¿í∫_Í® Ç building= buses.
brother was come- -Å-ØË- = Ø√ Åçûªô ØËØË) The building is at the bend of the road= Tej: Can you take me there?
¢√éπuç -ûª°æ¤p -Å-Ø√o®Ω’. é¬-E VIth Subash: OK. Walk down the street. Turn to the You find the building (Fé¬ building éπE-°œ- Nikhil: I am very busy today. The place is dis-
form of verb -™ beform+pp - left and wait for Bus No. 4. It's quite tant but is easy to find.
Ææ’hçC) at the point where the road takes a
Å-E -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. -Ç -v°æ鬮Ωç -Ñ - frequent. Get off at Head Post Office Tej: Give me/ Let me have some land marks.
bend.
¢√éπuç éπÈ®Íéd éπ-ü∆! stop. Walk along in the direction as I'll manage.
– -á-Ø˛.°æ%-D∑y, ®√-V-§ƒ-™„ç the bus goes, turn to the right and
f) Road ™ Ö†o äéπîÓô’= a point. Nikhil: Walk South and you get the bus stop,
-ï-¢√-•’: then left. The fourth house on the right g) Ñ îÓöÀ†’ç* Åéπ\-úÕéÀ 2 éÀ.O’. don't you? Take bus no. 13. Get off / get
My brother was come- was come
Ééπ\úø was
†’ is Ramesh's. You can't miss it. Just It is 2 km from the point. down at the 6th stop from here. That is
+ past participle passive
ÅE BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ opposite the place is Golconda super ´’†ç directions îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h©’= the Gulab Restaurant stop. Catch Bus
voice Å´¤-ûª’çC– Å®Ωnç – Åûªúø’ ®√•-ú≈fúø’– DEéÀ market. land marks . no. 27 there. Get off at Urdu School
sentence street stop. Walk up to Urdu School, that is,
Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd ÅC Å´ü¿’ éπü∆? ÅD (Ñ ¢Áç•úË †úø÷. áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. a) Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_J éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h
beform + pp - verb form, subject Bus Post Office stop walk (to the) east, and then turn South.
é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË -Ø√-©’íÓ -†ç-•®˝ áèπ◊\. the nearest land mark to the place.
verbs Bus There you have a land mark- Hanuman
b) Hyderabad central is a famous land mark
(Åçõ‰ á´-JE, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫’. ¢Á∞Ïx ¢ÁjÊ° é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ*, èπ◊úÕ-
ï¢√•’ ´îËa verbs) èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçô’çC– ÉC road
¢Áj°æ¤ AJT ´’Sx áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Ç ™ Temple. The third from the temple is our
'Hyderabd Central' Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h. friend's.
Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Lessons explain
™ î˨»ç– you can't miss it
èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ -Ø√-©’íÓ É™‰x ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇC.
c) How do I find your home? Any land mark? Tej: How long will it take?
îª÷úøçúÕ. Å®·ûË He is come/ He is gone- Ñ = ÅC éπ†-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Åçô÷ Öçúøü¿’. áü¿’-®Ω’í¬
Nikhil: At least 45 minutes.
sentences correct, é¬F Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. super market
íÓ™Ô\çúø Öçô’çC. O’ É©’x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌ-ØË-üÁ™«? àüÁjØ√ éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’hçü∆?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 14 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Ranjan: Hi Sajjan, what brings you here so Ranjan: Ok, I'll give you another route. Drive
early in the day? along, take the 3rd right, proceed till
(àçöÀ, Éçûª °ç-ü¿-®√∞Ï É™« ´î√a´¤?) you see a Ganesh temple with a large
Sajjan: Just to see you, Ranjan, long since we neem tree behind it. Go on further
met you know.
along. Then turn left. You find the
(Ç, E†’o îª÷úø-ö«-EÍé, ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-E sales Tax Office there. You can't miss
-î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·ç-C-éπü∆?)
it because in front of it there is an STD
Ranjan: That's right/ so it is, of course. What's
(what has) happened to you all these booth. The 2nd house from it is
days? You forgot me. Didn't you? Bhushan's. So, distant perhaps, but
(éπÈ®Íéd™‰. ÉEo®ÓV-™‰-´’-ߪ÷u´¤ †’´¤y?/ easy to locate, isn't it? 5) Close by = near by = close to = near = Now Practise the following aloud in English:
à´’®·çC Fèπ◊? ††’o ´’Ja-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤, (ÉçéÓ route îÁ§ƒh. É™« ¢Á∞¡Ÿx, ´‚úÓ- èπ◊úÕ (Åéπ\-úÕéÀ) ü¿í∫_-®Ω™, Ç ü¿J-ü∆-°æ¤™x Pavan: Arjun, O’ ÉçöÀéÀ -dž’-èπ◊†o Building àçöÀ?
road -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Å™«Íí ¢Á∞¡Ÿx í∫ù‰¨»-©-ߪ’ç a) You know the collectorate, don't you? The
Arjun: Net Centre
éπü∆?) Ææçí∫û√ -†’-´y-úÕ-ÍíC?
Sajjan: I could say the same about you, electricity office is close by/ nearby/ close
´®Ωèπ◊. ǩߪ’ç ¢Á†’éπ °ü¿l ¢Ë°æ îÁô’dç- Pavan: Net Centre O’ ÉçöÀéÀ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤. ؈-úÕ-ÍíC
couldn't I? to it/ near it =Fèπ◊ collectorate ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆?
(E†’o í∫’-Jç-* èπÿú≈ ؈üË Å†-´îª’a éπü∆?)
ô’çC. Éçé¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç-¢Á∞¡Ÿx, áúø-´’ -¢Áj°æ¤
( Collector, Director, Commissioner ™«çöÀ áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ Building Ææçí∫A.
A®Ω’í∫’. Åéπ\úø sales tax office Öçô’çC. Arjun: ÅC Telephone Engineering Company
Ranjan: Ok, Ok, let's not quarrel. Happy we've °æü∆-©èπ◊' - ate'
îËJÊÆh ¢√J 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-©ØË Å®Ωnç
met atleast now, aren't we?
ÅC miss Å´-™‰´¤ †’´¤y. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ü∆E ´Ææ’hçC.) Ç electricity office ü∆EéÀ ü¿í∫_Í®. ¢√∞¡xC. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ •ßª’ô °æE áèπ◊\´.
(ÆæÍ®x, íÌ-úø-¢Ì-ü¿’l. É°æpöÀÈéjØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç- ´·çüË ã STD booth Öç-C. Åéπ\-úÕ-Eç-* 6) Proceed = Å™«Íí ¢Á∞¡xôç/ -¢Á-∞¡x-ôç. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ ´‚ÊÆ Öçô’çC.
ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπü∆?) È®çúÓ É™‰x Bhushan C.) a) Ñ road ¢Áç•õ‰ A†oí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ Pavan: -Ç -ã-†®˝ -áéπ\-úø’ç-ö«-úø’?
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ ™«Íí Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ ü∆J proceed straight along this road. Arjun: Çߪ’-†’çúËC X®√ç-†-í∫-®˝™ . †’Ny-éπ\-úÕoç*
Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÃ, ü∆J îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† b) Proceed to the east = ûª÷®Ω’p -¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ ¢Á∞«x-©çõ‰ ûÌN’t-üÓ-†ç-•®˝ Bus áèπ◊\.
Ææ綵«-≠æù‰ éπü∆? c) If you proceed for a KM, you will see the Pavan: Ø√èπ◊ bike ÖçC.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 97 Ééπ\úø ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç: cross roads, behind, place = Å™«Íí ã éÀ-™-O’-ô®Ω’ ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞Ïh Ç Arjun: Ñ ®Óú˛ ¢Áç•úË ¢ÁRx, èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ AJ-TûË éÌçûª-
in front of, proceed, go further along. îÓô’ O’èπ◊ éπE°œ-Ææ’hçC. ü¿÷®Ωç ûª®√yûª §ƒ© booth éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. ü∆E
¢Á†-éπØË Çߪ’-E©’x. Çߪ’EçöÀ °æéπ\ building
†’ Åü∆l© ¢Ë’úø Åçö«®Ω’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_Í® ´’†

Need not walk further Maths lecturer É©’x.

Pavan: OK Thank you.
Answer:
Pavan: Arjun, What's in the building beside/
Sajjan: You can very well say that. How about 1) Cross Roads/ road junction = 7) farther, further: farther,
Ø√©’í∫’ ®Óúøx next to yours?
disturbing Bhushan now? X roads far èπ◊ Comparative;
-èπÿ-úøL = DEo ÅE -èπÿú≈ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. Arjun: Are you talking of the Net Centre?
(†’´y-ØËC correct. Bhushan ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ áèπ◊\´í¬ center ÅF, î¯é˙ ÅF- Åçô’çö«ç. far: ü¿÷®Ωç.
Pavan: The Net Centre is on the right of your
¢Á∞«l´÷?) chowk £œ«çD- ´÷ô. center ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. i) farther: áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç.
place. I am asking you about the build-
you can say that/ you can very well say that 2) behind = ¢Á†éπ. DE •ü¿’©’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ î√-™«- Mumbai is farther
from Vijayawada, ing on the left of your place.
= †’´y-ØËC correct. ´’çC backside/ at the back side Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’.
Disturbing Bhushan Åç-õ‰ – ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«l´÷? than from Arjun: That belongs to a Telephone
é¬E english ™ backside = buttocks
ÅØË é¬F ÅûªEo trouble îËߪ’-ö«-E-éπE é¬ü¿’) (°œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’). Åçûªí¬ back ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, at the Hyderabad. M. SURESAN Engineering Company. Most of their
Ranjan: (I) Like to, but I'm not for going so far back of Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. ´·ç¶„j £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ work is outdoors (•ßª’ô). That's why it
off now? a) The car is behind/ at back of the bus. éπç-õ‰ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø- †’ç* áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç. is almost (ü∆ü∆°æ¤) always closed.
(É≠æd¢Ë’ é¬E, -É°æ¤p-úø’ Åçûªü¿÷®Ωç ´îËa °æJ-Æœn- (At the backside of the bus é¬ü¿’.) ii) further: Éçé¬. I can't walk any further: Pavan: Where does the owner live? Do you
A™ ™‰†’) 3) In front of =
´·ç-ü¿’ -Å-E ( space Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™). ÉçÈé-èπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç (Éçéπ) ؈’ †úø-´-™‰†’. know?
Sajjan: far off? His place is/ He lives close (Ééπ\úø farther= further éπü∆?)
ÉC behind/ at the back of èπ◊ opposite. DE Arjun: He lives in Sriram Nagar. If you are
by, doesn't he? b) Don't talk any further: ÉçÍéç ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊.
•ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ before áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. going from here take bus No.9
(ü¿÷®Ωç Åçô’-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ? Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_Í® éπü∆ Before Time c) Walk further (farther) along:
¢√Rx-©’x?/-É-éπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω™ØË Öçö«úø’ éπü∆?) Åçõ‰ '´·çü¿’— ÅØË Å®Ωnç, é¬E ÅC Pavan: I have my bike.
™ ´·çü¿’ ÅE space ™ é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË The Å™«Íí Éçé¬ †úø-´çúÕ.
Arjun: Drive along this road, turn right and go
Ranjan: That was till 2 months ago. He moved
School comes before the cloth shop - d) Go further down the street:
to surendranagar.
Ééπ\úø on for some distance; you find a milk
Correct, à Å®ΩnçûÓ? Ç cloth shop èπ◊ É´-ûª™‰ Çroad ¢Áç•úÕ Éçé¬-ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´çúÕ.
(Å-C È®ç-úø’-ØÁ-©-© éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææçí∫-A. -¢√-úø’ e) You need not walk further than the statue booth. The house behind it is his. The
Surendra nagar èπ◊ É©’x ´÷®√-úø’.) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÅçûËé¬F äéπ building èπ◊ ´·çü¿®Ω
Ç Nví∫£æ«ç ü∆öÀ †úø-´-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. building next to his is called Addala
-É-©’x -´÷®Ωôç-= move; shift Åçûª- Ææ-J-é¬ü¿’. ÅE é¬ü¿’.
meda. Our Maths lecturer's place is
a) ´÷ ÉçöÀ´·ç-ü¿’ -ã éÌ•sJ-îÁ-ô’dçC. There is a Lesson No 96 ´÷ô©÷, Ñ Lesson ´÷ô©÷,
Å™«Íí 2 months ago, correct, 2 months
Coconut tree in front of our home. closeby.
back ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’)
ü∆J ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ôç™, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ü∆J îÁ°æp-ôç™
Sajjan: That's news. The fellow didn't even call b)¢√∞¡x É©’xPost Office Their place
É´-ûª™‰ = ¢√úøôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ--üµ∆®Ωùç. O’ conversation ™ Pavan: OK. Thank you.
to tell me of it. I wish to see him urgent- is/ comes before the post office. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Main verbs (tell, drinks), -¢√-öÀéÀ -´·ç-ü¿’-´-îËa

ly about something important. How do 4) Beside = The Collectorate is beside
°æéπ\† –
I go to him? I didn't tell him= ؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’
the swaraj Maidan. (Ææy®√ñ¸ ¢Á’iü∆Ø˛ °æéπ\ØË
helping verbs (do, did) tenses
-©’- -¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ I never told him = -
(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Ç N≠æߪ’ç Collectorate = Collector's office. Collector,
phone îËÆæ-®·Ø√ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.¢√ùÀo-°æ¤púø’ ´·êu- (present tense, past tense)
-™ -Ö-†o°æp-öÀéà ؈-ûª-E-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
director, Commissioner, etc, 'ate' èπ◊ îËJÊÆh ¢√∞¡x
¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. ᙫ?) È®ç-úÕç-öÀ- Å®Ωnç -äéπ\-õ‰-Ø√? (never = á°æ¤púø÷ ™‰ü¿’/ é¬ü¿’)
鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-©ØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC). eg. I didn't tell, I never told
Ranjan: I'll tell you. Listen carefully. You have a I might tell him:
a) The Cloth shop is beside the Post Office -
bike, haven't you. Drive straight along I might tell, I might have told ؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-´îª’a (îÁ§ƒh-ØË¢Á÷)– (future)
Å®·ûË beside 'next to' better,
éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈
the road. At the next cross roads, turn I did not tell, I have not told. I might have told him =
left. Take the third right turn again.
áèπ◊\´. – Èé.-A®Ω’°æ-A, ®√-´÷-ߪ’çÊ°-ô
-ï-¢√-•’:
b) The cloth shop is next to the jewellery on
؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°œp Öçúø-´îª’a (îÁ§ƒp-ØË¢Á÷– past)
(îÁÊ°pC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ N†’. F bike ÖçC, îª÷úøçúÕ: 'tell' ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçC èπÿú≈
the left of/ on the right of it = shop
Helping verbs helping verb
road Drive =
Ç †í∫©
éπü∆?Ñ ¢Áç•úË ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. (
shop,
¢√úËîÓôx, ûª®√yA îÁ§ƒpL. 'say' and 'tell' èπ◊ ûËú≈ -É-C-´®Ω-™
Motor ¢√£æ«-†ç™ ¢Á∞¡xôç.) Ç ûª®√yûª ´îËa °æéπ\ØË Ç •ôd© èπ◊úÕ -¢Áj°æ¤/-á-úø´’ ¢Áj°æ¤ main verbs tense, helping verb tense †’•õ‰d
(Beside, besides. beside = by the side of =
N´-Jç-î√ç.
Centre ™ áúø´’-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. ´’Sx ´‚úÓ- Öçô’çC. I did not tell him =
°æéπ\†– ´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æéπ\† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ eg: He does not know this:
time,
èπ◊úÕ- ¢Áj°æ¤ -BÆæ’éÓ) ؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ (í∫ûªç™, Åçõ‰ á°æ¤púø’
Sajjan: You are confusing me. Why don't you ¢√úÕ-†-´÷ô. Ééπ\úø'does' present tense verb
鬕öÀd, ÅE îÁ°æpúøç ïJ-TûË– äéπ time, date, year,
come along too. Besides = also, èπÿú≈, ü∆E-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. 'does know' present tense.
week, etc)
confuse
(†’´¤y ††’o îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. †’-´‹y- I lost my pen besides my book. Book ûÓ §ƒô’ I did not tell him - 'did' past tense; so verb
I have not told him = ØËEçûª´®Ωèπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
®√-èπÿ-úøü∆? pen èπÿú≈ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊Ø√o) did tell- past tense.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 17 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Varun: Hi Tarun, Congrats on scoring a hun- Tarun: I want to do a PG course in IISC,
dred percent in Maths. Bangalore.
(†÷öÀéÀ †÷®Ω’ ´÷®Ω’\©’ Maths ™ ´*a-†ç- (ÉüÁjçûªª®√yûª Bangalore ™ IISC îË®√-©E)
ü¿’èπ◊ congratulations. Cent percent PG course= Post graduate. (MA, M.Sc
É°æ¤púø’ §ƒûª-•úÕ §Ú®·çC. A / One hun- ™«çöÀ Master courses †’ PG courses
dred percent ÅØËC É°æp-öÀ- ¢√-úø’éπ.) Åçö«®Ω’. BA, B.Sc, ™«çöÀ B ûÓ Courses=
Tarun: Thank you. Congrats to you too. You Bachelor/ degree/ graduate courses
scored the highest in English, didn't Åçö«ç. Post = ûª®√y-ûª. Post graduate =
you? graduate ûª®√y-ûª.
(Fèπÿ Congrats. Fèπ◊ English ™ Åçü¿-J- Varun: That's a good idea. You are good at
éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´î√a®· éπü∆?) Sciences. Shankar: May I Know what you are?
b) ؈’ Ñ -àú≈C *´®Ω Inter exams ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-
Varun: I am happy about it. My marks in Maths (Fèπ◊ Sciences ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hç-C é¬-•-öÀd ÅC (O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-î√a?/ Ø√o†’
aren't bad either, though didn't get a ´’ç* idea ØË.) O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’?) (I am taking/ will take the Inter exams at the
hundred percent. When I joined the Dinakar: I am a student
Tarun: I think the time has come for us to apply end of this year/ I am sitting the Inter exams
course a few months I was not that con- Shankar: Studying...?
for the entrance exams of these cours- at the end of this year/ I sit the exam.
fident about Maths. My hard work has Appear for an exam - expression
es which are usually in December every (àç îªü¿’´¤ûª’Ø√o®Ω’) Ñ É°æ¤p-úøçûª
paid off. The marks in this exam have
year. Dinakar: I am doing my II year Inter/ I am at ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
given me confidence. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ a) give
(´’†ç Ñ entrance exams – v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~- college in the degree course/ I am in
(Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖçC. Maths ™ èπÿú≈ an exam, b) write an exam ÅE î√-™« ´’çC
©èπ◊ apply îËߪ÷-Lq† time ´*aç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. the 10th Class/ I am doing my X
Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* Marks ´î√a®· †÷öÀ-éÀ -†÷®Ω’ Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’ – OöÀ™x àC-èπÿú≈ correct é¬ü¿’.
鬧Ú-®·Ø√. course ™ join Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ Ñ entrance exams ÅFo class.
(say either, 'Take an exam' or 'sit an exam'.)
Åçûª- †-´’téπç ™‰ü¿’ Maths N≠æ-ߪ’ç™. Ñ èπÿú≈ December ™ Öçö«®·.) 2 a) School/ College ™ îË®Ωôç= Join a School/ Å™«Íí am appearing/ is appearing/ are
exam ™ marks Ø√™ †´’téπç éπ-L-Tç-î √®·. college - join in é¬ü¿’. appearing for an exam èπÿú≈ ûªÊ°p. É™«çöÀ
Aren't bad either = ÅC èπÿú≈ -îÁúËç é¬ü¿’ b) äéπ course îªü¿-´ôç = studying a course. îÓôxçû√ taking ¢√úÕûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.
¶«í¬ØË ´*açC. English ™ not ûÓ also ®√ü¿’. äéÓ\-°æ¤púø’ taking a course. Éçé¬ Do an exam ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.
either ´Ææ’hçC. Confidence = †´’téπç; paid
off= ´’ç* îËÆ œçC/ ™«¶µºç éπL-Tç-*çC.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 98 c) She is taking a course in Software She is going her final year B.Tech exam at
the end of this year.
Software course îªü¿’-´¤-ûÓçC.
Tarun: How come you joined this college, when
you have so many colleges in your
place?
O’ Ü∞x á-ØÓo College ©’ -Öçúøí¬, Ééπ\úø
-áç-ü¿’èπ◊ join Åߪ÷u--´¤?
How come= áçü¿’èπ◊, purely conversational
expression. O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω-í¬
I am taking the exams
¢√úøçúÕ: Varun: Yesterday's papers carried the ads 3 a) She is taking lessons in music/ dance, etc:
about the entrance exams. The last
Ç¢Á’ Ñ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™
How come you are here? = -àçöÀ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o¢˛? Music, dance ™ Péπ~ù §Òçü¿’-ûÓçC/ ØË®Ω’a-éÌç- B.tech *´J Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç
How come you don't know this? date for sending in the filled in applica- öçC = She is learning music/ dance =
FéÀC ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§Ú-´ôç àçöÀ? tions is the 12th of next month. She is doing taking a course in music/
°æKéπ~ ®√Ææ’hçC.
(E†oöÀ papers ™ Ñ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ °æK-éπ~© ads 8 °æK-éπ~™x ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-
Varun: Dad wasn't happy with any of those col- dance.
leges, so he admitted me into / to this ´î√a®·. °æ‹-Jh-îËÆœ-† applications °æ秃-Lq† ÅC í∫ûªç™ Å®·ûË took, learned, etc ¢√úøû√ç. éÓ-´ôç get/ score/
secure. OöÀ™ x secure
college. *´--J-ûËC ´îËa ØÁ© 12) b) I want to take this software course
(´÷ Ø√†oéπ¢Ë-O’ †îªa-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø Tarun: Then we had better get ready. Ok, then, ØËFsoftware course îªü¿-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. éÌClí¬ §ƒçúÕûªuç – ¢√úø- M. SURESAN
îËJpç-î√®Ω’.) see you. 4 i) ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´ôç= éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´’ç*C.
(Å®·ûË ´’†ç ready Å´ôç ´’ç*C. -´’-S} study well/ do well at studies. Rama Rao: How much/ How many marks did
Tarun: Where did you do your schooling?
(†’´¤y à School ™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?) éπ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç) a) 'How is he studying?/ Is he good at studies? you get/ score in last week's
Varun: Upto the 7th Class in Teachwell School Varun: Bye. 'O, he is doing very well at studies/ He is exam?
and from the 8h to the 10th in Learnwell Students, Studies, courses èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† studying very well; he is hardworking.' (éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç °æK-éπ~™  áçûª/ -áEo
School. Ææ綵«-≠æù éπü∆ ÉC? éÌEo expressions (éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªü¿-´ôç) ´÷®Ω’\©’ -ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?/ ´î√a®·
(7´ class ´®Ωèπ◊ Teachwell School ™, 8th °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç. ii) ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´ôç = be good at studies, clever/ Fèπ◊?)
†’ç* 10th ´®Ωèπ◊ Learnwell School ™) bright at studies (¶«í¬, ûÁL-Ní¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√®Ω’.) Bharadwaj: Dad, I can't say I got/ scored very
students ņ-í¬ØË marks, pass, fail, score
Tarun: How do you like being a hosteller? b) She is good at maths, but rather poor at high marks.
É™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’, fees, study, ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ Physics = -Ç -Å-´÷t®·éÀ ™„éπ\©’ ¶«í¬ØË -´-a, é¬F
(Hostel ™ Öçúøôç ᙫ -ÖçC Fèπ◊?) í∫’®Ìh-≤ƒh-®·-éπü∆? î√-™« simple í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúË (--´÷®Ω’\-©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁa-èπ◊-†o-ô’d/- ´-*a-
Physics poor.
™ é¬Ææh
Hosteller = resident = Hostel ™ ÖçúÕ ´÷ô© B®Ω’ É™« Öçô’çC. †ô’d îÁ°æp-™‰†’)
5 Class college
èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç/ éÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç
îªü¿’´¤èπ◊ØË¢√úø’. Being= Öçúøôç, Being a 1 a) †’¢Áy-éπ\úø îªü¿’´¤ûª’Ø√o´¤? Rama Rao: Why isn't your score high? Why
attend class (es)/ attend college.
hosteller = Hosteller í¬ Öçúøôç. Where are you studying?/ Which School/ aren't your marks high?
6 Poor at studies = dull at studies.
Varun: O, I do like it. That's a kind of experi- College are you studying in?/ Which School/ (áèπ◊\´ marks áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-ü¿’/-
°æKéπ~ = 7 exam (examination ´·êuçí¬ ®√ûª-™ØË
ence. Valuable in its own way. The only College are you a student of? ®√-™‰ü¿’?)
¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’ exam
¢√úøôç Ææ••’);
problem is food. Where did you do OR
b) F¢Ë class? = what class are you in?/ Which exam
èπÿ, test
èπÿ ûËú≈:
Intermediate? Why Couldn't you score high?
class are you studying? what class are you a) exam:
äéπ Nü∆u-®Ω|ûª (qualification) - X class
(Ø√éÀ≠d¢æ Ë’. ÅüÓ Å†’-¶µº-´ç–- ü∆E N©’´ ü∆E- doing? Inter, B.Tech, Msc
™«çöÀ certificates
é¬F, Why couldn't you get high marks?
èπ◊çC. (valuable= N©’-¢Áj†) ǣ慮Ωç äéπõ‰ OöÀéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’. Iam studying in... School/ degrees
é¬F §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´·êu-¢Á’i† (áçü¿’èπ◊ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷¢˛?)
Ææ´’Ææu. †’-´¤y -Éç-ô®˝ áéπ\úø îªC-¢√´¤?) College. I am in the I year Inter/ II year °æKéπ~. OR
Tarun: Here itself. Why didn't you go for b) Test: ã exam èπ◊ •ü¿’©’í¬í¬F, Åü¿-†çí¬í¬F Why did you score low? Why did
degree, etc. Studying •ü¿’©’, doing áèπ◊\´
Engineering after Inter? Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ à subject áçûª´®Ωèπ◊ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊- you get such low marks.
(Ééπ\úË. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Engineering îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?) ¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç.
a) ؈’ I year Engineering îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’
Ø√o®Ω ’, áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡xé¬ subject ´îª’a ÅE E®Ωg- (Åçûª- ûª-èπ◊\-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o-´¤/ -
Ééπ\úË Å†-ö«-EéÀ Here only ÅE Åçô’çö«ç – ®·ç- î ª-ö«-EéÀ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË °æKéπ~ test. Test Æ洒ߪ’ç, Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ Marks ᙫ ´î√aß˝’?)
I am doing my I year Engineering.
Éü¿çûª ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– Here itself ÆæÈ®j† expression. exam Æ洒ߪ’ç éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë Öçúø-´îª’a. Ææçü¿- Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Marks ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-
b) Which year of medicine are you in? are
Varun: I am not interested. Moreover I want to ®√s¥Eo •öÀd test ™ marks èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª™ Åçûª-
you studying/ which year? §Ú-ߪ÷¢Ëç?
be an MBA. Why didn't you? ´·-êuçí¬ í∫’Jhç-°æ¤ -Öç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.
(ÉC Éçûªèπ◊´·çüË medicine ÅE ûÁLÊÆh)/ Why could n't you score better?/
(Ø√èπ◊ interest
™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Ø√èπ◊ 8 °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç: Take an exam/ sit an exam.
Which year are you doing? Why couldn't you get better marks
MBA Å¢√-©E -Öç-C. ´’J †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ a) ؈’ Í®°æ¤ °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’
Medicine à Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? than this?.
Engineering îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?) I am taking an exam tomorrow.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 19 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Neeraj: Hi Suraj, ages since we met; what's
b) exams ®√Ææ÷hç-úøôç ´©x BJé𠙉éπ-§Úôç –
wrong?
busy taking/ attending exams (Busy writ-
(´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC. àçöÀ ing exams
´÷vûªç-é¬ü¿’, english writing ™
鬮Ωùç?) an exam/ exams ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ ü ¿’ – éÀç-ü¿-öÀ
Suraj: I was very busy till yesterday with my
™ lesson
ûÁ © ’- Æ æ ’ - è π ◊ Ø√oç í∫ ü ∆?)
exams. Thank God, its all over. What a
c) exams
´îËaÆæ’hØ√o®· = exams are fast
relief! No more exam nerves
approaching = exams ÆæO’-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· =
(E†oöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ exams ´©x î√-™« busy í¬ (Approach -
Åv§Úî˝ – v§Ú ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =
ÖØ√o. Å´’tߪ’u Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. áçûª Ææ O ’- ° œ ç - î ª ô ç = ü¿ í ∫ _ - ® Ω è π ◊ ®√´úø ç/ ¢Á∞¡xúøç)

exam nerves = °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ éÌçûª-´’çCéÀ -Öç-úË
£æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ! °æK-éπ~© -¶-„ü¿’®Ω’ Ééπ-™‰ü¿’.)
Relief = (°ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ ØÁAh O’ü¿ †’ç* Cç*-†ô’d)
¶„ü¿’®Ω’, éπçí¬®Ω’, °æK-éπ~-© -¶µºßª’ç. Vinod: You know, Vikas topped the school Meghana: I'm surprised. She usually does very
Núø’-ü¿©. exam nerves °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ -¶„ü¿’®Ω’) °æK-éπ~© ¶µºßª’ç †’ç* •ßª’-ô-•-úøôç– get over
Neeraj: Happy to hear that. How did you do in with his one hundred percent each in well. She never scored below 85%
exam nerves, get over = ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îªôç.
the exams? Maths and Science. in the previous exams.

How did you do in the exam?
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç! ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ exams?) exam ᙫ ®√¨»-´¤? – ÉC ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î √L
(Ææ÷\™x Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ (Eïçí¬ Ç¨¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçüË, §ƒ°æç. ´·†’-
Suraj: Well, I hope (¶«í¬ØË ÅE ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’) Maths Science ™ 100]) °æöÀ (previous - v°œN-ߪ’Æˇ) °æK-éπ~™x
´’†ç – english ™ ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ exam ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Pramod: That's brilliant/ really brilliant.
Neeraj: What were your marks in the earlier á°æ¤púø÷ 85]èπ◊ ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’.)
'write' ü∆E Éûª®Ω forms ®√ØË-®√´¤. î√-™« ûª®Ω-í¬
exams?
¢√úË ´÷ô, 'do' ü∆E Éûª®Ω forms (î√™« íÌ°æp-í¬/- E-ïçí¬ íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC, É™«çöÀîÓôx less than 85% -Åç-ô÷ ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬
(Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ exams ™ marks ᙫ- a) ؈’ E†o °æK-éπ~©’ ¶«í¬ ®√¨»†’
Åûª-úø’ °æKéπ~ ®√Æœ† B®Ω’) ¢√úË-C– -Åç-ûª-Ææ-J-é¬ü¿’)
´-î√a®·?) Vinod: Every teacher likes him for his per- Exam fail Å´ôç, pass Å´ôç = He/ she
I did well in the exam yesterday.
formance in the exams. failed the exam/ passed the exam.
b) ؈ç-ûª-Ææ-Jí¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’
teachers
(°æK-éπ~-™x -Å-ûª-úÕ B®Ω’-´©x -Åç-ü¿-Jéà ÉO exams èπÿ, marks èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’:
I didn't do so well/ I haven't done so well
(Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd) Åûª-†çõ‰ É≠ædç.) Now practise the following in English:
äéπ N≠æߪ’ç: do, fare, perform - -Ñ -´‚-úÕç-öÀ-E-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 99
c) ؈-†’-èπ◊-†o ü∆E-éπØ√o ¶«í¬ ®√¨»†’ Subodh: Hi Pranav, exams èπ◊ ᙫ prepare
I did much better than I had expected.
Íé-´-©ç °æKéπ~© N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπJ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
•ßª’-ô-°æúË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-Eoç-öÀ-™†÷ ¢√úøû√ç. Pranav: °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ Ø√Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ¶„ü¿’Í®, Å®·-§Ú-ßË’çûª
´®Ωèπ◊.

How did you do in the exam?

Subodh: é¬-F FÈé-°æ¤púø÷ ´’ç* marks ´≤ƒh-®·-
éπü∆?
Pranav: Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* marks ´≤ƒh®·, é¬F Éçé¬
áèπ◊\´ marks ûÁa-éÓ-¢√-©E -Ø√ éÓJéπ.
Subodh: á´-J-èπ◊ç-úøü¿’ Ç éÓJéπ?
Pranav: O’ class ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æK-éπ~-™„-°æ¤púø’?
Suraj: In most of them just above sixty per- a) How is YSR doing/
d) ÅûªØËç ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰-ü¿’ Subodh: E†oØË Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.
cent. In one or two others I scored quite faring/ performing
He didn't do well at all. Pranav: ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ †’´¤y?
high - above 90% as the CM?
e) Åûª†’ paper îÁúÕ-Ê°-¨»úø’ Subodh: ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’, é¬F äéπ Chemistry
(î√-™«¢√öÀ™x 60] éπçõ‰ éÌClí¬ áèπ◊\´. CM í¬ YSR -á-™«
(¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-ØË-™‰ü¿’ -Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) paper ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁúø-íÌ-ö«d† ’. N’í∫û√
äéπöÀ È®çúø’ papers ™ ´÷vûªç 90% éπçõ‰ He did poorly/ very poorly in the exam.
ÖØ√o®Ω’? (Ææ´’-®Ωn-ç-í¬Ø√ papers ™ 80 éÀ °jØË-®√-´îª’a. Chemistry
áèπ◊\´ -´÷®Ω’\-©’ ´-î√a®·.) é¬ü∆?)
He did badly in the exam. b) The Sri Lankans did/
™ ´÷vûªç 60 ü∆é¬- ®√-´îª’a.
Neeraj: Why just above 60% in most of the
do Pranav: O’ cousin Sucharita ᙫ- ®√-Æ œçC?
papers? Weren't you saying you had É™« ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË ¢√úøû√ç, °æKéπ~ fared/ performed very M. SURESAN Subodh: ¶«í¬ØË ®√Æœç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. -Éçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿’
done well in all the exams? ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË ¶µ«¢√-EéÀ. ÉüË O’®Ω’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ badly/ poorly in the
exams ™ Ç¢Á’ -î √-™« -¶«í¬ ®√Æœç-C.
(î√-™«-¢√öÀ™x 60] éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ í∫´’-Eç-îª-´-©-Æœ† Å稡ç. '®√ߪ’ôç— ´*a† îÓô™«x last cricket series.
'do' ü∆E Éûª®Ω ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC Sri Lankans î√-™«poor í¬ Çú≈®Ω’. ÅEoöx 100 èπ◊ äéπöÀ, È®çúø’ ´÷®Ω’\©’
áçü¿’-éÌ-*açC? î√™« ¶«í¬ ®√¨»-†E Åçô’ç- ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûªèπ◊\´.
úË-¢√-úÕN éπü∆?) ¶«í¬ practice îÁߪ’uçúÕ. c) Her performance in the movie was disap-
Pranav: é¬F íÌ°æp performance. Girls, ´’†-éπçõ‰
Suraj: I thought so, but when I saw the marks Å®·ûË Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ pointing
¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«.
I understood I had fared badly in them. fare èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Ç *vûªç-™ Ç¢Á’ †ô† E®√¨¡°æJ-*çC. Subodh: îÁ°æp-™‰ç™‰.
One can never be sure in these mat- ...I had fared badly... I had done badly d) He did/ fared/ performed well in the movie
Answer:
ters, you know? ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. îÁûªhí¬ ®√¨»†’. Åûª†’ Ç *vûªç™ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’.
marks
(ØË-†÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púË a) ᙫ-®√-¨»´¤ E†oöÀ exam? e) He is doing very well as a teacher Subodh: Hi Pranav, how are you preparing for
ÆæJí¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰-ü¿E Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. Å®·Ø√ Éô’- How did you fare in the exam yesterday? Teacher í¬ Åûª†’ î√-™« ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. the exams?
Do/ fare/ perform Pranav: I always have/ suffer from exam
b) I fared well
´çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x á´®Ω÷ à-D í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰®Ω’, ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’ = – OöÀ™x Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬,
áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË-´÷ô, 'do' nerves, until they are over.
éπü∆) Prakash: How did you fare in the exams?
Neeraj: What about your performance this f) I hope to do well in the exam Subodh: But you always get good marks/
(ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?) exam score high.
time? ؈’ ¶«í¬ ®√≤ƒh-†ØË ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.
Akash: Well, I think. I got 97%
(Ñ≤ƒJ ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?/´’J Ñ≤ƒJ Ææçí∫A?) expressions.
-É°æ¤p-úø’ -É-çéÌ-Eo Pranav: I do, but I wish to score even better
Prakash: Oh, you didn't fare badly after all.
Suraj: I think I fared very well. I am satisfied a) O’ Marks àçöÀ?/-áEo? marks. (Even = Éçé¬)
Congrats.
with my performance. What are your marks?/ What marks did you Subodh: Who doesn't wish it?/ Who doesn't
(¶«í¬ ®√¨»-†ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ ûª%°œh- (v•£æ…tçúøç, î√-™« ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»-´-†o-´÷ô. get? What is your score?/ How many marks have the wish?
í¬ØË ÖçC) í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓçúÕ = not bad = very did you get/ score? Pranav: When are the exams for your class?/
Neeraj: Well, wish you all the best. How about good) b) marks
F àç ûª%°œh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ™‰´¤ When are you people taking the
a movie this evening then? c) Hold the exam any time you like, he is sure Your score is/ your marks are, not satisfactory. exams?
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?) to fare well c) With such a low score/ such low marks, you Subodh: They were over yesterday./ Yesterday
Suraj: That's be a real pleasure. O’ É≠ædç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ °ô’d-éÓçúÕ °æKéπ~, ¢√úø’ can't get a seat in that college. was the last of them.
(ã, ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬) éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ ®√≤ƒhúø’. Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ Fé¬ college seat ™ Pranav: How did you do?
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úÕ† expressions í∫´’-Eç- °æKéπ~ °ôdúøç = Hold an exam/ exams ®√ü¿’. Subodh: (I) did very well, but I did poorly/ fared
îªçúÕ. É´Fo èπÿú≈ exams èπÿ, studies èπÿ -É-C îª÷úøçúÕ: Meghana: Congrats Sumana, on your high badly in chemistry. In the other
Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†¢Ë – OöÀ™ ´’†ç ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿- i) what about your performance this time Score in Physics. papers I may get/ score above 80%.
®√s¥©’ î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçö«®·. 鬕öÀd, Å´-鬨¡ç ii) I am satisfied with my performance. (Physics ™ marks
Fèπ◊ ´’ç* In chemistry I may get about 60.
´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úÕ, practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ per- congrats.)
´*a†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Pranav: How did your cousin Sucharita do?

Busy with exams
exam nerves
How formance èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ÉC é¬Ææh Sumana: You didn't fare badly either. You got Subodh: (I) think she did well. In the earlier
did you do in the exam?
I did well
What §ƒçúÕûªuç. just one mark below mine. So my exams, however, her performance
were your marks?
above 60% above 90% congrats to you. Poor Jamuna! she was very good. In all the papers, she
a) ᙫ ®√¨»®Ω’ E†oöÀ exam?

you had done well
I had fared badly
got below 50%. got just one or two marks below 100.
How was your exam yesterday?
..your performance this time? (Fèπÿ àç ûªèπ◊\´ ®√™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. äéπ\ Pranav: That's good performance. I suppose
b) His performance in exams is usually brilliant

a)Busy with exams, busy preparing for Mark ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éπü∆ Ø√éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´. Ñ girls study better than we, boys.
exams ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª†’ î√™« ¶«í¬
exams, busy studying for exams - Oô-Eo-öÀéà Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ -Fèπ◊ -Ø√ -Å-Gµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’. §ƒ°æç Subodh: We can't say./ Difficult to say.
exams
Å®Ωnç, ûÓ ûª©-´·-†-éπ-©’í¬ (BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈) brilliant =
®√≤ƒhúø’. v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†, é¬çA--´’ç-ûª- ï´·† – 50-¨»-ûªç éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ´-î√a®·)
Öçúøôç- – ´·êuçí¬exams èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷. ¢Á’i† (vG©uçö¸ – 'vG— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) (Above - áèπ◊\-´/-£«-aí¬; below=ûªèπ◊\´)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 21 -ï-†-´-J 2006

100
W

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù W
(Eïçí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Ø√éÌ-*a† English a) He is happy to meet me
ÉçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ OöÀE question form ™ èπÿú≈,
Ø√Íé ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ (To meet me – áçü¿’-éπ-ûª†’ happy ÅØËC -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-
not ûÓ†÷, not ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈†÷ èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a éπü∆?
´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-LT, ®√ߪ’-í∫-LTûË Ø√èπ◊ î√™«
eg: Am I a doctor? Am I not a teacher? etc. ûª’ç-C éπü∆)
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçô’çC. b) They were not satisfied with their salaries.
Anand: We can be good speakers of English
É™«Íí N’í∫û√ 'be' forms ûÓ áEo sentences,
statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions èπÿú≈, (with their salaries – ¢√∞¡x @û√-©ûÓ ÅØËC ¢√∞¡Ÿx
if we have regular practice.
not ™‰èπ◊çú≈, not ûÓ Å†-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ. áçü¿’-´©x not satisfied ÅØËC ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC)
(Regular practice Öçõ‰ ¶«í¬English
Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ O’ friend ûÓØÓ, O’ûÓ cooperate îËÊÆ c) Will they be pleased if I give them the books?
´÷ö«x-úË¢√∞¡xç Å´¤û√ç)
(If I give them the books - ؈’ ¢√∞¡xé¬ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-
Santosh: Yes, we frequently read so in these ¢√∞¡x-ûÓØÓ Å†çúÕ.
Spoken English lessons. Questions ™ èπÿú≈, È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 questions. LÊÆh – ÅØËC ¢√∞¡Ÿx ᙫ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈h-®Ω-ØËC ûÁ©’°æ¤-
(Ñ English lessons ™ ÅüË ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ 1) 'Wh' words (what, when, who, etc.,)ûÓ ûª’çC éπü∆)
îª÷Ææ÷hçö«ç/ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çö«ç) ´îËaN. É™« O’®Ω’ 'be' forms ûÓ -´-îËa sentences †’
ÉC 100 ´ lesson éπü∆. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ for a eg. Why are you happy? What is your §ÒúÕ-Tç--èπ◊çô÷ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç ´÷vûªç
change (*†o-´÷-®Ω’p-í¬/ -é¬Ææh ûËú≈í¬) ã *†o brother? When was he a teacher? ™«çöÀ-N. correct í¬ ´îËaô’x îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´ôç î√-™« ´·êuç.
Language game Çúøü∆ç. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ E sen- 2) 'Wh' words ™‰E questions. III Ééπ Ñ game ™ ´‚úÓ-¶µ«í∫ç:
tences îª÷úøçúÕ: eg. Are you happy? Is she your sister? Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ O’®Ω’ practice îËÆœ† sentences
I a) I am happy; I am not satisfied; I too am anx- Can he be a leader? ™«çöÀ-N. ÅEoç-öÀ™ verb, 'be' form éπü∆. Ñ 'be' form
ious to learn more; I am not at all pleased; ´’S} OöÀE not ûÓ, eg: Are you not happy?
•ü¿’©’ 'action words' áéπ\-úÁ-éπ\úø meanings
I am able to speak; I shall be happy. Were they not students? ™«çöÀN. ´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ, Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’:

I am happy today
Anand: I am happy today.
(ØËF-®Ó-V ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o)
Santosh: Why?/ Why are you happy?
(áçü¿’èπ◊?)
Anand: Because this is the hundredth lesson
in spoken English. You are happy
too, aren't you?
(ÉC spoken English 100 lesson
™ ´
鬕öÀd. Fèπÿ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC, éπü∆?) b) Why are you happy? You are happy too; É™«ç-öÀN áEo sen- a) They were all happy. Ééπ\úø 'be' form 'were'
So is my cousin Harsha; They are fluent. tences •ü¿’©’ feel ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆. Å®·ûË, 'be' form
Santosh: Ofcourse I am, but I am not satisfied.
O’®Ω’ ņ-í∫-©®Ó
There's a lot more english to learn. c) Deepti and Divya were my school mates; ™„éÀ\ç--éÓçúÕ. áéπ\úø í∫û√Eo ûÁ-LÊ° -´÷ô 鬕öÀd, feel èπ◊ èπÿú≈ í∫û√Eo -
(Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’, Å®·ûË ûª%°œhí¬ ™‰ü¿’. They were eager to learn English. O’®Ω’ questions ¢ËÆæ’- -ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷õ‰ ¢√ú≈L éπü∆. 鬕öÀd, felt ´Ææ’hçC.
ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-Lqç-C -Éçé¬ î√™« ÖçC) d) They would be ever ready to... èπ◊çõ‰ Åéπ\úø ¢√öÀéÀ Å°æ¤púø’,
e) We can be Answers èπÿú≈ îÁ°æ¤p-
Anand: I too am anxious to learn more. They all felt happy (They were all happy)
Ñ sentences ™ ´’†ç í∫´’-EçîË N≠æߪ’ç – éÓçúÕ. Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ b) She can be here in 10 minutes.
éπLÆœ Ñ game M. SURESAN
(Ø√èπÿ Éçé¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©ØË -Ç-ûª%ûªí¬ ÖçC)
Santosh: My sister appears very serious about OöÀ™x verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'be' forms ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ééπ\úø 'can be' ÅØË 'be' form -ûÓ ´îËa Å®Ωnç –
learning more English, and so is my éπü∆? îª÷úøçúÕ, Íé-´-©ç 'be' forms ûÓ áçûª Çúø’-éÓçúÕ. O’®Ω’ áEo sentences îËߪ’-í∫-L-í¬®Ó
Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ Öçúø-í∫©ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆.
cousin Harsha. Ææ綵«-≠æù ≤ƒTçüÓ? îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. O’Íé Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ¢ËÆæ’hçC. '´’†ç ÉEo
sentences ņ-í∫-L-í¬¢Ë’— ÅE.
Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ îË®Ω-í∫-©ü¿’
( sister english É°æ¤púø’ ´’† game.
O’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç: 'be' forms °æéπ\† ¢√úøí∫LÍí
´÷ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©E î√™« ÅE – Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îÁ°æp-í∫© sentence ÉüË
serious cousin Ééπ\úÕ sentences ™ 'be' forms (am, is, are,
´÷ô©’ Ñ éÀçC ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Öçö«®·.
í¬ ÖçC, ´÷ £æ«®Ω{- Å®ΩnçûÓ–
èπÿú≈) were, shall be, can be, would be, etc,) °æéπ\† She can reach here in ten minutes.
Anand: Deepti and Divya were my school 1) í∫’ù«©’, (proud, good, bad, wicked) ûÁ-LÊ°
Ö†o 'happy' ™«çöÀ ´÷ô© •ü¿’©’ O’®Ω’ ¢√úøí∫L- c) They shall be here for an hour.
mates. They were eager to learn T† ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀE ¢√úÕ sentences practice ´÷ô©’.
English. They would be ever ready to 2) ¶µ«¢√©’ (feelings) ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ (happy, sad, ¢√Rx-éπ\úø ã í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçú≈L. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'shall
îËߪ’çúÕ. äéπ statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ques- jealous, etc). be' ÅØË 'be form •ü¿’©’, ´’†ç 'shall stay' ÅE-
read English newspapers and books, tions, exclamations èπÿú≈ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
speak english, listen to others speak 3) ©éπ~-ù«©’ (tall, short, fat, etc,) ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’. é¬F, shall remain ÅE -é¬-F Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’.
Not, never (á°æ¤púø÷ é¬ü¿’/- ™‰ü¿’) ûÓ èπÿú≈ prac-
english, and so on. They are fluent in 4) Past participle forms (satisfied, pleased, Å°æ¤púø’ sentence– They shall stay/ remain
tice îËߪ’çúÕ.
English now. Whenever they had an trained) here for an hour.
Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ. 5)
opportunity, they used to speak äéπ ´%ûÓh, °æØÓ îËÊÆ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ ´îËa d) He could be helpful for us: Ééπ\úø be form
I am happy- Ééπ\úø Ö†o 'be' form 'am' °æéπ\†
English. ´÷ô©’ (Actor, doctor, teacher, cook, lawyer, could be Å®Ωnç– Åûªúø’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-é¬Jí¬ Öçúø-
schoolmates.
Ö†o happy •ü¿’©’, ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ O’èπ◊ speaker, etc). Ñ ®Ωéπç ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, sin-
(D°œh, C´u Ø√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûÁL-Æœ† ´÷ô©’ ¢√úøçúÕ. í∫-©-úË¢Á÷. Could be ÅØË 'be' form •ü¿’©’ action
English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©E áçûÓ Ç--ûª%-ûª-ûÓ gular ´·çü¿®Ω a/ an ®√¢√-©E ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. word ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ help ¢√úÌa éπü∆. ü∆çûÓ
English newspa-
Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊, happy •ü¿’©’, a) sad, sorry, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ countable singular ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷
ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. á°æ¤púø÷ sentence É™« ´÷®Ωa-´îª’aí∫ü∆?–
proud, tall, short ™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©†÷ ©éπ~-ù«-©†’
per, books English 'a/ an' ®√¢√L éπü∆.
îªü¿-´ôç, ´÷ö«x- He could help us.
úøôç, Éûª-®Ω’©’ English ´÷ö«x-úË-°æ¤púø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’ (Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬) áØÁj oØ√ 6) '-ing' forms (going, singing, walking)
¢√úø-´îª’a. É™« O’®Ω’ áEo sentences îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ
N†ô癫çöÀN îËߪ’-ö«-E-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ Æœ-ü¿l¥ç. °j ®Ω鬩 ´÷ô-©Fo ¢√úøçúÕ. ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊-
Åçü¿’Íé ¢√∞¡Ÿx É°æ¤púø’ English üµ∆®√-∞¡çí¬ Éçé¬ b) àüÁjØ√ ´%ûª’h©’, °æ†’©’ ™«çöÀN îËÊÆ¢√∞¡xØË
†oô’x ÆæJí¬ ´≤ÚhçüÓ, ™‰üÓ îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x. Å´-鬨¡ç ®√éπ-§ÚûË
´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’. Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ ÖçúË ´÷ô©÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆?– O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC O’È®çûª English ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ó. éπLpç--éÌE É™«çöÀ sentences frame îËߪ’çúÕ–
English ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx) I am a teacher/ an actor/ a cricketer/ an ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úø™‰-´’ØË Å§Ú£æ« Öçúøü¿’. ´’J-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ – statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈,
employee/ a landlord/ a doctor, etc. questions (È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’ – 'wh' questions,
Santosh: To tell you frankly, I am not at all II An extension of the game, Ñ game é¬Ææh
pleased with my English. I shall be ´’Sx OöÀ™x not/ never èπÿú≈ éπL°œ ¢√úø-´îª’a °çîª-´îª’a– Ñ sentences ´’J-éÌEo ´÷ô©’ éπL°œ: non 'wh' questions èπÿú≈), Negatives (not,
happy if I am able to speak and write éπü∆? eg: He is happy. Ñ sentence †’ É™« never) Ææ£æ… practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
I am not happy; I am not a teacher, etc ™«í¬.
better. §ÒúÕ-Tça éπü∆? §
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 23 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Damodar: Hi, Krupakar, I couldn't see you the 4) How well Rupa sings that song!
whole of yesterday. What were you 5) The teacher never made a joke
doing? É™« áEo Sentences îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.
( éπ%-§ƒéπ-®˝, E†oçû√ †’´¤y éπ-E°œç-îª-™‰-ü¿’, ûª®√yûª ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô©’ îËJa Sentences extend
àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?) îËߪ’çúÕ.
Krupakar: Busy playing the game - making as eg: 1) Vineet bought a book at the college
many sentences as we could - with stores.
my sister and prabhakar. 2) When did Naresh meet you to give you
( ´÷ Sister, prabhakar ûÓ éπLÆœ the book.
Game -Ç-úø’-ûª÷ áEo Sentences 3) She does not like me because I do not
O©-®·ûË ÅEo Form îËÆæ÷h Busy í¬ like her.
ÖçúÕ-§Úߪ÷) 4) How well Rupa sings that song from the
OöÀ 'be' forms. Have to be, has to be, (éπFÆæç Í®°æ-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ -Å-ûª-úø’ -Åéπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰
Damodar: What game was that? (àç Game?) movie, nuvvu naaku nachau.
Krupakar: You find the game in the hundredth must be, should be. Å´-鬨¡ç éÓ™p-û√úø’. – necessity.)
5) The teacher never made a joke while
lesson of spoken english. It's a sim- teaching. (Have to be/ has to be - I, we, you and ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ple game - forming sentences, as É™«çöÀ sentences O’®Ω’ O’ friends etc., ûÓ they subjects ûÓ have to be
´Ææ’hçC. He, Pramod: I am happy to have got the job, Sir.
many as we can by adding suitable practice
îËߪ’çúÕ. I, We, You, he, she, it and she and it subjects ûÓ has to be ´Ææ’hçC.) When have I to be here to report for
words after 'be' forms and action theyûÓ èπÿú≈ sentences îËߪ’çúÕ. -O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç – Öçú≈L – ÅE. ÅC äéπJ Çïc duty, Sir?
words - sentences to be not only (command) é¬´îª ’a, NCµ (duty) é¬´îª ’a,
u u u (Job
statements but also questions, both ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC.
Renuka: Urmila, why don't you lend me the necessity (Å´-Ææ®Ωç) 鬴a.
types, 'wh' and 'non wh' questions, Report îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ/ Duty™ Join
with not and never too... book. I have to prepare for the exam Have to be, has to be, should be, must be Å´-ö«-EéÀ á°æ¤-púø’ ®√-¢√-©çúŒ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ?)
the day after tomorrow. = Öçú≈L, present ™í¬F, future ™í¬E. (Have to be Ééπ\úø duty E ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.)
exam
(Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç é¬Ææh É≤ƒh-¢√? á©’xçúÕ èπ◊ Vinod: Let me go. I have to be at home in ten Prasanth: You have to be here by 9.30 every-
prepare Å¢√Lq ÖçC.) minutes. Dad will be angry if I am late.
Urmila: Sorry Renuka, Bhoomika has taken it day.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
(9.30 éπ-™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-L- †’´¤y.
(††’o ¢Á∞¡xF. ؈’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x Éçöx You have to be here till 5.30 in the
101 away. She has to prepare for the exam
Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçC)
as well. You are a little late. evening. ( 5.30 ´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈L– Ñ
È®çúø÷ commands.) Your colleague

I have to prepare too, has to be here at the same time.

(F Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.
Ééπ\úø command.)
Pramod: I will start work now itself sir,
has to be

because I have to be thorough with

Suman: Hari too has to
(î√-™« Simple game ÅC. sub + verb- (Sorry, ¶µº÷N’éπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’Èé-R}ç-C. ûª†’- my job.
be at home in
(؈’ É°æ¤púË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒh†’.
verb 'be' form Ŵa, action word exam
èπÿú≈ prepare
èπ◊ Å¢√y-©E.) ten minutes. He áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ø√ °æE ؈’ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’-
Renuka: I thought of buying the book yester-
Ŵa, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´÷ô©’ îË®Ω’a-èπ◊çô÷
day, but I had to take mom to hospital,
doesn't like to éÓ-¢√L éπü∆ (Ééπ\úø have to be - neces-
§Ú-´ôç– Sentences statements miss the serial. sity). I understand I have to be at
´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Questions, so I didn't find the time. I must get the
Isn't it so, Hari? office for atleast 6 hours. (éπFÆæç 6
Exclamations èπÿú≈. Questions È®çúø’ book somehow. Otherwise I'll be
doing very badly in the exam.
(£æ«J èπÿú≈ 10 í∫çô©ÊÆ°æ-®·Ø√ office ™ Öçú≈-©E Ø√èπ◊
®Ω鬩 Questions – 'wh' words ûÓ 'non EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ Éçöx M. SURESAN
wh' words ûÓ èπÿú≈. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, not book
(E†oØË éÌØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬E ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø have to be NCµE
hospital
Öçú≈L. Åûª-úÕéÀ
ûÓ never ûÓ èπÿú≈) ´÷ Å´’t†’ èπ◊ BÆæ’Èé∞«}Lq serial miss Å´ôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË éπü∆ ûÁ©’°æ¤ûÓçC éπü∆.)
Damodar: Was that so? O I missed the game. ´*açC. é̆-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷. ᙫíÓ äéπ-™«í¬ Ç £æ«J?) Now practice the following in English:
How many sentences were you able °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L ؈’. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË á©’xçúÕ
exam -¶«í¬ ®√-ߪ’-™‰éπ-§Ú-û√--†’-.) Hari: That's right. I have to hurry now. Bye.
to frame? Kranthi: †’´¤y éπFÆæç ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø’ í∫çô©
Urmila: I must pay the fees today. Today is the ( Eï¢Ë’. ؈’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L)
(Å™«í¬? Å®·ûË Øˆ’ game miss ´®Ω-ÈéjØ√ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L, Å®Ωn-´’-®·çü∆?
Sentences last date. I should go to the bank and Suman: Don't forget tomorrow's exam time.
Åߪ÷u†’. O’È®Eo îËߪ’-í∫-L- Shanthi: Yes, Madam. Ñ®Ó-ñ‰é¬-ü¿’, Í®°æ¤ -èπÿú≈ ÉüË
í¬®Ω’?) get the money. You have to be at the centre by 9.45
Krupakar: We didn't count, but we were able to fees
(É¢√∞¡ éπ-ö«dL ؈’. -É-¢√-∞Ï -*-´-J (Í®°æ¤ exam time ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ. O’®Ω-éπ\úø ¢Ë∞¡™x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-©E ûÁ©’Ææ’ madam.
Bank Kranthi: Watchman ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p, Åûª-Eç-é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
make a good number. We have ®ÓV. èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL, úø•’s ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L.) 9.45 éπ-™«x Öçú≈L)
understood that we can improve our Renuka: That's true. We must submit exam Öçú≈L ÅE; pass Ö†o¢√∞¡’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’
applications by tomorrow. That's the
Ééπ\úø îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Present ™í¬F, future ™í¬F
english by this kind of practice more 'Öçú≈L— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ have to be/ has to be ™°æ© Öçú≈-©-F.
than by reading books on spoken rule. Shanthi: Ok, Madam. Åûª-E-éπ\úø 8 í∫çô©´®Ωèπÿ
english. Exam applications
(Eï¢Ë’. Í®°æöÀ ™°æ© ¢√ú≈ç. äéπ Order / Command ´©x, NCµ ´©x
(™„éπ\°ôd-™‰ü¿’ é¬F î√™«ØË î˨»ç. submit rule.)
îÁߪ÷uL. ÅüË (Åçõ‰ Duty), ™‰éπ§ÚûË Å´-Ææ®Ωç (Necessity) ´©x Öçú≈-©E èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒh†’.
Urmila: The applications should have the sig- Öçú≈Lq´ÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ Have to be/ has to be Kranthi: OK. ñ«ví∫ûªh. Ø√èπ◊ meeting ÖçC. Åéπ\úø
Spoken english O’ü¿ books îªü¿-´ôç
éπçõ‰ É™«çöÀ practice ü∆y®√ØË English nature of the parent or the guardian, ¢√úøû√ç. ؈’ 1.30 éπçû√ Öçú≈L. ØËØÌîËa ÆæJéÀ files
¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC) shouldn't it? a) O’®Ω’ 10éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L. ÅFo ready Å®·-Öç-ú≈L. ûÁL-Æœçü∆?
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oô’d, practice ´©x (Application ™ parent/ guardian Shanthi: Readyí¬ Öçö«®·, madam.
You have to be at office by 10 (Command)
confidence °®Ω-í∫-ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, English Ææçûªéπç Öçú≈L, éπü∆?)
b) v°æA ÖüÓuT 10 †’ç* 5´®Ωèπ◊ Office ™ Öçú≈L Answer:
Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-ûª’çC. v°æA-®ÓW Renuka: Yes, that's the rule. Further we must
mention the amount paid, and Every employee has to be in the office Kranthi: You have to be here till atleast 2 in the
Friends ûÓ Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
enclose the fee receipt. from 10 to 5 (Command) afternoon, understand?
Ñ Lesson ™ éÌClí¬ ûËú≈ûÓ É™«çöÀ game clear
ÉçéÓöÀ îª÷ü∆lç. (ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, áçûª úø•’s éπöÀdçD í¬ c) I have to be at office by 10. Shanthi: Yes, Madam. I Understand too, that
fee receipt
ûÁ-©-§ƒ-L, ü∆-E-ûÓ ïûª-°æ®Ω-î√L.)
O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– verbs ™ È®çúø’®Ω鬩’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC ؈’ 10éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L. (Duty = NCµ) not only today, but also tomorrow I
Urmila: OK then. Bye. I must hurry.
'love' ™«çöÀN. OöÀéÀ á´-JE, üËEE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’- d) She has to be at office for a minimum of have to be here during the same time.
(´≤ƒh Å®·ûË. ؈’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L.)
èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x†’ ÅØÓ, ü∆EE ÅØÓ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù™E sentences †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Six hours. Kranthi: Tell the watchman that he has to be a
´Ææ’hçC. È®çúÓ ®Ωé¬--E-N - walk (†-úø-´ôç) (-Ç-¢Á’ éπFÆæç 6 í∫çô-©-ÊÆ-°jØ√ Office ™ Öçú≈L little more careful, that only those who
™«çöÀN. á´-JE †úø-´ôç, üËE-E †úø-´ôç Åçõ‰ 1) I have to prepare 2) She has to prepare 3)
I had to take 4) I must get 5) I must pay 6) We = Duty/ NCµ) have passes have to be here.
Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ game ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
®Ωéπç verbs ûÓ sentences îËߪ’çúÕ. state- must submit 7) The application should have e) I have to be at the station at 2 or I shall Shanthi: Ok, Madam. I will tell him too that he
ments ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions, exclama- the signature 8) We must mention. miss the train. has to be here till 8 o'clock.
tions ûÓ Ææ£æ…, Not/ never ûÓ èπÿú≈ O’èπ◊ sentences
°j verbs: have to + 1st
™E Kranthi: Ok. Be careful. I have a meeting. I
؈’ station
-™ È®çúÕçöÀéÀ Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰
ûÁL-Æœ-†Eo verbs ûÓ á†o-®·ûË ÅEo. RDW; has to + 1st RDW; had to + 1st
train miss Å´¤-û√†’. (ÉC necessity, Åçõ‰ have to be there by 1.30. By the time I
eg: RDW; must + 1st RDW; should + 1st RDW .
Å´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆) return all the files must be ready.
1) Vineet bought a book Have to/ has to, had to, must, should
f) He has to be here atleast by tomorrow. Shanthi: They shall be, madam.
2) When did Naresh meet you? É´Fo èπÿú≈ NCµí¬, rule v°æ鬮Ωç, ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬
3) She doesnot like me (at all) îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·. Otherwise he will miss the chance.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 25 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Hitesh: Hi Mallesh, I coludn't see you the d) Action word: have to + 1st Regular
whole of yesterday. What happened? Doing Word, has to + 1st Regular Doing
(E†oçû√ éπ-E°œç-‰ü¿’. àç ïJTçC?) Word. (Have to go, have to do, has to
Mallesh: (I was) Busy at home. I had to be at go, has to do etc,
¢Á∞«}L, îËߪ÷L ÅØË
home attending to some repairs for Å®ΩnçûÓ)
the house. Dad was out of town. Éçé¬ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC–
busy repairs a) ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© ´©x Öçúø-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’,
îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’– have to be/ has to be;
(Éçöx í¬ ÖØ√o. ÉçöÀ
îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ÉçöxØË Öçú≈Lq ´*açC.
Ø√†o- Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’.) have to + 1st RDW/ has to + 1st RDW.
a) Attend = College/ School/ Class ™«çöÀ eg:
1) I have to be at home by 8.
¢√öÀéÀ, functions/ meetings/ marriages b) í∫ûªç™ Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, E•ç-üµ¿-†© c) Before you build a house, you should sub-
´©xí¬F ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/
™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç. ؈’ 8 éπ-™«x Éçöx Öçú≈L. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷ Ø√-†o- mit the plan for approval.
b) attend to = äéπ °æE îË°æ-ôd-ôç / ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬ Öçú≈-Lq†°æ¤púø’ πÿú≈ had to ¢√úøû√ç.
éÓ°æ p-úøû√®Ω’) (É©’x éπõ‰d ´·çü¿’, ÉçöÀ plan sub-
Ç¢Á÷-ü∆-EéÀ
îËߪ’ôç; 'I am attending to the repairs'. 2) He has to be here by 10. Otherwise we
1) Lord Rama had to go to forests to honour mit
can't start.
îËߪ÷L)
c) Attend on = ÅA--ü∑¿’-©èπ◊, ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ his father's word. ´ Should èπ◊ èπÿú≈ past form 'had to' have
ØË,
(Åûª-E-éπ\úø 10éπ-™«x Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω™‰ç)
îËߪ’ôç, 3) They have to see the doctor today. The ¢√∞¡x-Ø√†o ´÷ô E©-¶„-ôd-ö«-EéÀ X®√-´·úø’ to/ has to ©èπ◊ ™«í¬. Ñ éÀçC sentences †’
When I was ill, my sister, attended on me.
appointment is for today. Åúø-´¤©èπ◊ -¢Á∞«x-Lq- ´-*açC. §Ú©açúÕ.
Hitesh: You remember we have to go to 2) He had to live in the forest for 12 years
doctor
(É¢√∞¡ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«xL. Çߪ’† Ñ a) The Players should be at the field by 9 AM
Naresh's for his birthday party. It's
®ÓVèπ◊ appointment 'have
Éî√aúø’)– Ééπ\úø °æØÁoç-úË∞¡x ´†-¢√Ææç îËߪ÷Lq ´*açC. field
ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀ-éπ-™«x véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ ™ Öçú≈L.
already 5. Shall we start?
to' has to
(Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈) ´’†ç ´·çü¿’ E®Ωg-®·ç- 3) He had to pay a fine of Rs. 250/- for driv- ÉC present/ future Ŵa.
(Naresh birthday party Èé∞«x-©E í∫’®Ω’hç-C- -èπ◊†o °æEéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí– ing the wrong way. b) The players had to be at the field by 9 AM.
éπü∆? É°æp-öÀÍé 5 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. •ßª’-©’- (Åûª†’ wrong direction ™ drive îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Players 9 éÀfield ™ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC–
üË®Ω-ü∆-´÷?) 250 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’© -ï-J-´÷-Ø√ éπö«dLq ´*açC.) ÉC Past.
Mallesh: But we should buy some gift for him.
gift
4) Pramila had to submit the application the ´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-© π◊
have to/
¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, éπçõ‰
(àüÓ éÌØ√-L-éπü∆?) day before yesterday. She submitted it
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
Hitesh: We must hurry then. We shouldn't be has to, should should
late.
102 yesterday, so she had to pay a late fee of have to/ has to á π◊\´ powerful.
Rs. 10/-.
late
(ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L ´’J. Å´-èπÿ-úøü¿’.)
Mallesh: What, do you think, is Naresh's age
now?
(Éçûªéà †Í®≠ˇ ´ßª’Ææ’q áçûª’ç-úÌ--îªaç-ö«´¤?
ÉC ÅûªE áØÓo birthday?– DEéÀ
English ™‰ü¿’.)
Hitesh: He must be 18 now. I think it is his
You have to do it
18th birth anniversary. 4) He has to return my book today. He said (v°æO’© ¢Á·†oØË application submit You have to do it =
birthday
(18 à∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈L. ÉC ÅûªE 18´ he would. îËߪ÷-LqçC – é¬F E-†o îËÆœçC, Åçü¿’-éπE 10 O’JC îËߪ÷L = You
Anniversary-
ņ’-èπ◊çö«. (Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ -Ñ®Ó--V °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉîËa-ߪ÷L.
¢√J{-éÓûªq-´ç) ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ late fee îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC.) should do it. Ééπ\úø you
Mallesh: We are all the same age then, give or É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’.) ´’Sx lesson ¢Á·ü¿öx Ö†o Ææ綵«-≠æù ã≤ƒJ
b) Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, àüÁjØ√ E•ç-üµ¿-†©
have to do it èπ◊, you
take a few months.
(Å®·ûË ´’†-´’çû√ ØÁ©© ûËú≈ûÓ äÍé ´©-xí¬F (Rules) ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/ Öçú≈- îª÷úøçúÕ: should do it éπØ√o force

´ßª’Ææ’q™ ÖØ√o´’-†o-´÷ô.) Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç. Mallesh: We should buy some gift for him. áèπ◊\´, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌç-îÁç
M. SURESAN
Hitesh: Ok. Let's start. 1) You have to show the ticket on demand. Hitesh: .... We shouldn't (should not) be late. í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç.
Mallesh: We must get back home early. Don't Keep it safe until the journey is over. Ééπ\úø 'should'Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. ÉC èπÿú≈ Now practise the following in English:
forget our exams from the day after [
ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’ Ticket (öÀÈéö¸– öÀ ØÌéÀ\ have to/ has to èπ◊ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ Öçô’çC. DEéÀ Prema:´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ -•-ߪ’-©’-üË®√-L?
tomorrow. Because of the change in °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) îª÷§ƒL. v°æߪ÷ùç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’-u´-®Ωèπ◊ 'be' form should be = Öçú≈L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ; Preethi: ÉçéÓ í∫çô™/ 9 í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´’†ç airport
the exam hours, we must be at col- ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öç-. On demand = ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’-] Action word, should + 1st RDW (should go,
lege 10 minutes before nine. 2) Kumar has to pay the fees tomorrow. ™ Öçú≈L. Passport, visa, Éûª®Ω docu-
should know, should do, etc.) = ¢Á∞ «xL,
(´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ´îËa-ߪ÷L. (kumar Í®°æ¤ fees éπö«dL.) ments Åçû√ ready í¬ Öç-éÓ-¢√L. ¢√-∞¡Ÿx
á©’xçúÕ †’ç* ´’†èπ◊ exams ÅE ´’®Ω-*- ûÁL-ߪ÷L/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, îËߪ÷L, etc. Å®√n-©ûÓ)
3) The boss has asked us to be at office half -Å-úøí∫ç-í¬ØË îª÷°œç-îª-í∫-©í¬L.
§Úèπ◊. ´÷J† ¢Ë∞¡© v°æ鬮Ωç College ™ should á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†ç Öçú≈-Lq† ÆæÈ®j† B®Ω’†’ Prema: ´‚úø’ Ø√©’í∫’ ´çü¿-© *©x-®Ω èπÿ-ú≈ Öç-
an hour earlier than usual. We have to be
10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ûªèπ◊\´ 9 éπ-™«x -Öçú≈-L-.) at office at 9. í∫’-Jç-*, ÆæJí¬ îËߪ÷Lq† °æEE í∫’-Jç-* éÓ-¢√L éπü∆. àüÁjØ√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ®√´îª’a.
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ have to be/ has to be (Boss ´’†Lo ã Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ office èπ◊ ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC. Preethi: Airport entrance ticket é̆’-éÓ\-¢√-©-E O’
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç 9 éπ-™«x office ™ a) You should be here at 10 everyday.
friends ûÓ îÁ§ƒpL †’´¤y. ¢√∞¡Ÿx lounge
ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç. Öçú≈L.) †’´¤y ®ÓW °æ-Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø -Öç-ú≈-L.
a) I, We, You, They subjects Å®·ûË have to. ™ØË èπÿ®Óa-¢√L.
Have to/ has to á°æ¤púø÷ present/ future situ- b) He should understand that we are his well
b) He, She, It Å®·ûË has to. Prema: OK.
ations èπ◊ ´Jh-≤ƒh®·. ÅüË past ™ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp- wishers.
c) be form: have to be/ has to be (Öçú≈L ©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ had to ¢√úøû√ç. lesson v§ƒ®Ω綵º Answer:
´’†ç ÅûªE v¨ÏßÁ÷-Gµ-™«-≠æfl©-´’ØË N≠æߪ’ç Åûª†’
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Mallesh -à-´’-Ø√oúø’?I had to be at Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L. Prema: When have we to start? / When should
home (Yesterday - past) ÅE. Åçõ‰ ØËEçöx
-v°æ-¨¡o: Öçú≈Lq ´*açC. 鬕öÀd í∫ûªç™– a) --à-üÁj-Ø√ °æJ- c) You should refer to the dictionary when we start?

1) ¢√£æ«-Ø√© ¢Á†éπ ®√ÊÆ 'please Æœn-ûª’©´©x-í¬E, E•ç-üµ¿-†©´©x-í¬E, Éûª-®Ω’© you are in doubt. Preethi: In an hour from now. We have to be at

sound horn' •©-´ç-ûªç-´©xí¬E áéπ\-úÁjØ√ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, had FÍé-üÁjØ√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ Dictionary the airport by 9. We have to have our
to be, àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-´ÊÆh had to + 1st
Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
2) ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ö«EéÀ Ææ´÷† Å®Ωnç
îª÷ú≈L. (îª÷úøôç ÆæÈ®j† °æE) passport, visa and other documents
Regular Doing Word (RDW) ¢√úøû√ç. E•ç-üµ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç ÆæÈ®j†D, é¬E-D ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’ π◊ ready. We should be able to show
πÿú≈ should ¢√úø-´îª’a.
´îËa ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü¿ç à¢Á’iØ√
Öçü∆? 1. He had to be at station by 8, as his friend them when they ask for it.
– >™«E, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø was coming. a) You should not drive at more than 20 kmph Prema: We have to have / should have three
-ï-¢√-•’:
(Station ™ Åûª†’ 8 éÀ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC, ¢√∞¡x along this road. hundred to four hundred rupees in
friend á´®Ó ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀd)
1) Please sound horn Åçõ‰ horn ¢Á÷Tç-îªçúÕ ÅE 2. Santhi had to go to Vijayawada last
(Ñ road ™ O’®Ω’ 20 éÀ-™O’-ô®Ωx ¢Ëí¬-Eo -N’ç-* change in case of need.
Å®Ωnç. äéπ ¢√£æ«†ç ¢Á†-éπ-´¤†o ¢√£æ«†ç, ´·çü¿J Sunday to attend a marriage.
-†-úø°æ®√-ü¿’.) Preethi: You should tell your friends that they
¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo ü∆öÀ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, horn (Kmph = KPH = Kilometres per hour) have to buy the airport entrance ticket.
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ¨»çA Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø, °RxéÀ
b) Passengers should be at the airport half
¢Á÷TÊÆh, ´·çü¿J ¢√£æ«†ç, ¢Á†éπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ ¢Á∞«}Lq ´*açC.) They have to sit all the time in the
an hour before the flight departure.
ü∆JÆæ’hçü¿E îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Å™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. 3. Vishal had to pay the fees yesterday; he lounge.
2) '¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç— Å†o-´÷-ôèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ had no money, so I had to lend him the (N´÷†ç •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-ö«-EéÀ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ Prema: OK.
ņ-í∫-L-TçC 'unassertive'. 'assertive' Åçõ‰ amount. v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊©’ airport ™ Öçú≈L.)
E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ Öçúøôç, 鬕öÀd, 'unassertive' (N¨»™¸ E†o fees îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC. ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω flight = N´÷-†-ߪ÷†ç/ °æéÀ~ áí∫-®Ωôç,
Åçõ‰ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç í∫© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a. úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ØË-†’ -Å®Ω’-´¤ -É¢√yLq ´*açC.) Departure = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 27 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Vipula: Hi Klupta, what's new?
must
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ îª÷úøçúÕ
(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?– ÉC É°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ- 1) The application must be in the candidate's
™éÀ ´Ææ’h†o °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô) own handwriting = Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-J™ Öçú≈L
Klupta: O nothing. Just getting on.
2) No column must be blank =
(àç ™‰´¤. àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC) ë«Sí¬ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
Vipula: Is your application for the job ready?
3) We must write = ´’†ç ®√ߪ÷L.
(job èπ◊ °æ秃-Lq† Application Æœü¿l¥ç 4) You must enclose = ïûª-°æ-®√aL.
î˨»¢√?/ ready í¬ Öçü∆?) 5) must reach = îË®√L.
Klupta: What's the hurry, Vipula? We have
´’†™ î√-™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – must Åçõ‰
plenty of time, haven't we?
ûª°æpEÆæJÅE. Police Officer: Even if the Governor comes,
(àçöÀ ûÌçü¿®Ω? é¬-¢√-Lq-†çûª time ÖçC, Karthik: ´’†ç lab ™ 9 éπ™«x Öçú≈L. àN’öÀ
Must be - be form = Öçú≈L; you must close shop by 10.30.
éπü∆?Plenty of =î√™«) Ç©Ææuç? úø•’s ready í¬ØË ÖçC-éπü∆?
Must + 1st RDW - Action word (Must go, must Don't forget.
Vipula: What are you talking? Only four days Sravan: Éçöx á´-®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’. ´÷ Å´’t ´îËa-ü∆é¬
write, etc,) = etc.)
¢Á∞«xL, ®√ߪ÷L, É°æ¤púø’ Ñ *†o game practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
are left, you know. You must hurry.
éÀçü¿öÀ Lesson have to/ has to, should
™ èπ◊ Çí¬L ؈’. ûª†’ ´îËaü∆é¬ Öçúø-´’E ´’K Infinitive les-
Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
(àçöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Ééπ Ø√©’í∫’ must èπÿ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç ÖçC – Å®Ωnç™, í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œpçC. sons ™ N´-Jçî√ç– to + Ist Regular Doing
®ÓV™‰í¬ ÖçC?ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L) must
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ N°æ¤© †’ Karthik: ´’-†ç 9 éπ™«x lab ™ Öçú≈L, éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Word. eg: to go, to come, to know, etc, OöÀE
left = N’T-LçC
(must
E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Åçõ‰ ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ Öçú≈-Lq-†O ؈’ ¢Á∞¡xØ√? ´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.
Klupta: Dad's going to fill it in tonight and it will Sravan: Åçûª -éπç-í¬-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? °æéπ\ØË ÖØ√oúø’í¬ 1) ¢Á∞¡xôç, ®√´ôç, ûÁ-L-ߪ’ôç/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ÅØË
be) / (must + 1st RDW)
îËߪ÷-Lq-†O ¢√úøôç
be ready by tomorrow afternoon. ÅPyE. ¢√úÕ bike O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«lç. Å®ΩnçûÓ.
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. éÀçCN èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.
(´÷ Ø√†o É¢√∞¡ ®√vA application °æ‹Jh b) To go now will be the right thing
a) Voters must show their ID cards to the polling
ready
îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-E-éπ™«x í¬ police officer: time ? É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç ÆæÈ®jç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC.
Officers = É°æ¤púø’ áçûª
Öçô’çC.) Shopkeeper: 10.30 2) ¢Á∞«x-©E, ®√¢√-©E, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
Voters polling officers cards
èπ◊ ûª´’ í∫’Jhç°æ¤ ü∆öÀçC.
Police officer: 10.30 shop I want to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
(ID cards = Identity cards) îª÷§ƒL. (E•ç-üµ¿†) éπ™«x ´‚ÂÆ-ߪ÷u-©E
3) ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ, ®√´-ö«-EéÀ, ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
b) Students must get their own geometry box to -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü∆? ´‚ÂÆ-ߪ÷u-L- O’-J-°æ¤púø’.
a) He is getting ready to go
the exam = Shopkeeper: •ßª’ô showcase ÖçC. ü∆Eo
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
°æK-éπ~èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ¢√∞¡x ≤Òçûª ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’
103 Geometry box ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L. (E•ç-üµ¿†) -™°æ©Â°ö«dL. she is going out to buy a book
°æ¤Ææhéπç é̆-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞hçC.
game. É™«çöÀ infinitives Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç*
É°æ¤púø’

You must finish the work

sentences form îËߪ’ôç – áEo îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË ÅEo,
áEo varieties Å®·ûË ÅEo – statements &
questions, negative sentences (no/ not/
never dialogue form
ûÓ, O©-®·ûË ™.
eg:
Varun: When will you 1) She wants to sing §ƒú≈-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC
Vipula: Klupta, don't talk like a child. Don't you Police officer:
؈’ ´’Sx O’ shop 10.30 ûª®√yûª 2) To smoke is not good for health.
be back,
know that the application must be in the ( smoke îËߪ’ôç Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ ´’ç*Cé¬ü¿’)
Kuber? ûÁ®Ω* Öçúøôç îª÷úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’,
candidate's own hand writing? It must ûÁL-Æœçü∆? 3) She has came to borrow a book from me
(èπ◊¶‰®˝, á°æ¤púø’
be complete in with all particulars. No Shopkeeper: ÉçéÓ police officer à¢Ó- éÌ-†-ú≈-EéÀ
(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ´*açC)
AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢˛?) 4) Where do you want to go now?
column must be blank. If a column does
Kuber: Only after 5. Till ´î√a®Ω’. ÅC é̆ôç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-ü∆é¬
not apply to us, we must write in it, shop ûÁJ-* -Öç-îª-´’E Çïc Éî√a®Ω’,
É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?
then I must be 5) Vasanth: Which college do you want to
Does not apply / Not applicable' No
at office. I must M. SURESAN sir.
join?
dashes either. Police officer: Governor
close the accounts before I leave office. ´*aØ√ ®√vA 10.30èπ◊ Hemanth: I have come to consult you.
(*†o-°œ-©x™« ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. O’ Ø√†o fill shop
office
(5 í∫çô© ûª®√yûË. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ™ØË éπõ„d-ߪ÷uL. ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊. Vasanth: To join our college will be the
îËߪ’ôç (Eç°æôç) àN’öÀ? Application
Öçú≈L. Office accounts
´C-™‰-´·çü¿’, Answers: best.
ŶµºuJn Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-JûÓ Öçú≈L. ÅEo N´-®√-©ûÓ close Hemanth: But to join your college will be
°æ‹Jhí¬ Öçú≈L. à column èπÿú≈ ë«Sí¬
èπÿú≈ îËߪ÷L) a) Karthik: Are you ready? Shall we start?
kuber, must duties expensive, won't it?
Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ ´Jhç-îªE column
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ †’ ûª† Sravan: Wait I must pay the fees today. Let me
(office É™«ç-öÀN Ñ game practice ™ îËߪ’çúÕ.
àüÁj-Ø√ Öçõ‰ Does not apply/ Not appli-
îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆? ™ Öçú≈- get the money.
Karthik: Why can't you pay tomorrow?
-v°æ-¨¡o:
Lq† Æ洒ߪ’ç, îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’©’ – É™«çöÀ Nüµ¿’©’/
cable ÅE ®√ߪ÷L. Dash ©’ ™«çöÀN
duties) ÉN must èπ◊ -Ö†o È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç – Sravan: From tomorrow, we must pay a fine of
èπÿú≈ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.) Must expresses duties.
Candidate (é¬uEf-úÁ-ß˝’ö¸ – é¬u, bank ™ b ™«í¬ Rs.10/- per day. †’-´¤y -´’®Ω-*-§Ú-û√-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†-E í∫’®Ω’h -îË-¨»-†’.
Udaya: May I go now Madam? 'Lest you should forget that I have
é¬u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = ŶµºuJn particulars (°æöÀ-
(¢Á-∞Ôx-î√açúŒ?) Karthik: We must be at the lab by 9. What's the
Sandhya: No. You must stay here for another reminded you' Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†-
èπ◊u-©ñ¸ öÀ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, r silent, *´J ñ¸, delay? You have the money.
hour; understand? You must finish Lest
üËØ√? ´ÊÆ h should ®√¢√-L -éπü∆?
size ™ z ™«í∫) = N´-®√©’. blank = -ë«-S. Sravan: No one is at home. I must/ have to wait
the work I have given you and then i) ¢√úÕûÓ Øˆ’ îÁ§ƒpE îÁ°æ¤p Fèπ◊ Ç °æE-îËÆ œ °úø-û√úø’.-
Does not apply/ Not applicable = ´Jhç-îªü¿’. till mother comes back. She has told
only leave. ii) †’´¤y Å™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-´E Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’Ææ’.
No... either = 'no' -ûÓ é¬F, not ûÓ é¬F also me that I must wait till she is back.
-O-öÀ-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?
¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, No/ not either
(™‰ü¿’. ÉçéÓ í∫çô Öçú≈L †’Ny-éπ\úø. Karthik: We must be at the lab at 9. Shall I go?
iii) old boy Åçõ‰ close friend ÅØË Å®Ωnç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?
Åçö«ç. Column = 鬩ç = Application ™
ØËE-*a† °æE °æ‹JhîËÆœ† ûª®√yûË ¢Á∞«xL Sravan: Why are you so worried? Aswini is – ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, ü¿Jz
ÅúÕÍí Å稻©’ – Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç ®√ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ
†’´¤y. -ûÁ-LÆœçü∆?)
Ééπ\úø Sandhya ´÷ô©Fo commands/ orders
here. We can go on his bike. -ï-¢√-•’: 1. †’´¤y ´’Ja-§Ú-û√-¢Ë¢Á÷†E í∫’®Ω’h î˨»†’ –
ÖüËl-Pç-*† ë«S Ææn©ç) b) Police officer: What is the time now? DEéÀ correct English - I have reminded you
= Çïc©’. Åçõ‰ ÇïcL-´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ must Shopkeeper: Past 10.30 lest you (should) forget.
Klupta: I don't know how to fill in properly.
¢√úøû√ç. Police officer: Don't you know that you must 'That I have reminded you; ûª°æ¤p
(´’J- Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ Eç°æôç ®√ü¿’. É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o must uses: 2. Start early lest you should be late
Properly = v§ƒ°æ-L = ÆæJí¬_) close shop by 10.30? you must
1) Rules (E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊) 2) duties (Nüµ¿’-©èπ◊) close it now. Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’.
Vipula: Take your dad's help. Remember too
3) commands/ orders (Çïc-©èπ◊) Shopkeeper: The showcase is outside. I 3. He carried an umbrella lest he (should) get
that you must enclose all the certifi- drenched
Now practice the following in English: must keep it in.
cates. The application must reach the ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ íÌúø’í∫’ BÂÆ\-∞«xúø’.
office on or before the 31st January. a) Police officer: I must not see the shop open
No 1, No 3 sentences ™ should omit îËߪ’-´îª’a.
fill certifi- Karthik: †’´¤y ready Ø√? •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ü∆´÷? after 10.30 again; understand?
(O’ Ø√†o ≤ƒßª’çûÓ îÁß˝’. ÅEo No. 2 ™ èπÿú≈ should lest you be late
BÊÆÆœ,
cates Application, office
ïûª-°æ-®√aL. Ç èπ◊, Sravan: é¬Ææh Çí∫’. ؈’ Ñ®Ó-V °∂‘V-éπ-ö«dL. Shopkeeper: Some other Police Officer came ņ-´îª’a. Lest = so that not.
31 st Jan ™‰ü∆ Åç-ûªèπ◊´·çü¿’í¬-F îË®√L. Åçü¿’-éπE úø•’s ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. here to buy something. He i) Tell him it is from me. He will do it.
Certificate - ÆæöÀ-°∂œ-Èé-ß˝’ö¸ – Èé ØÌéÀ\ Karthik: Í®°æ¤ éπôd-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? ordered me to keep the shop (It is from me = ؈’ îÁ§ƒp-†E îÁ°æ¤p)
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Sravan: Í®°æöÀ†’ç* ®ÓVèπ◊ Rs 10/- ïJ-´÷† éπö«dLq open until his purchases are ii) I knew that you would think so.
complete, sir. iii) Close friend old boy
†’, correct,
ņôç
Klupta: I must hurry up. (Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ûªy®Ω°æ-ú≈L) Öçô’çC.
(Purchases = é̆’-íÓ©’) Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 29 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Subodh: Pramod, we must travel by some b) We must carry enough cash.
morning train to avoid hot sun. So î√L-†çûªcash BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL ´’†ç, (™‰èπ◊çõ‰
let's have our tickets booked by an É•sçC °æúøû√ç)
early morning train. c) If I want to avoid the queue, I must be
(´’†ç Öü¿-ߪ’ç-°æ‹ô train ™ ¢Á∞«xL, áçúø there atleast by 8.
(Q ™ E©-´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ؈-éπ\úø 8
ûªí∫-©-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç éπ™«x Öçú≈L)
§Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô train èπ◊ tickets book îË®·ç- d) I must check up with him and see that
every thing is ready.
-èπ◊çü∆ç.)
Pramod: And as it's going to be a long journey, (ÅFo Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oßÁ÷ ™‰üÓ ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ
we must carry enough cash with us ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L)
as well. We must be careful about °j ¢√é¬u-©-Eoçöx èπÿú≈ must, necessity (Å´-Ææ- 鬕öÀd have to/ has to expresses command, á°æ¤púø÷ î√™« †í∫-©ûÓ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ü∆¢Á’. ¶«í¬
spending too, not at every place can ®√Eo – Åçõ‰ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© v§Úü¿s©ç´©x ´’†èπ◊ 鬴-©- duty, necessity, etc., more powerfully than Ö†o ¢√∞Îkx Öçú≈L.
we find an ATM of our bank. Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷©-†’, ´’†ç îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ-†N) ûÁ©’-°æ¤- should. 2) I see prasanth's name on the book.
It should be his.
(î√™« ü¿÷®Ω v°æߪ÷ùç 鬕öÀd ûªT-†çûª ûª’çC. Must Ñ ´‚úÕçöx ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ í∫öÀdí¬
úø•’s èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. ÅC èπÿú≈ ñ«ví∫- ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC: îÁ°æ¤hçC, commands é¬F, duty é¬F, necessity -Ç •’é˙ O’ü¿ v°æ¨»çû˝ Ê°®Ω’çC. ÅC Åûª-EüÁj
ûªhí¬ ê®Ω’a °ö«dL. ÅEo-îÓö«x ´’† bank Have to/ has to, should, must- Öçú≈L.
Ñ ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬™x î√™« ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ é¬F, rules é¬F. practice the following in English
ATM Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a)
'Must' is stronger than have to/ has to or
(ATM = Automatic Teller Machine - Bank
ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Kesav:
èπ◊´÷-®˝E ¢ÁçôØË Øˆ’ éπ©-¢√L. ÅûªúÕûÓ
Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀF èπÿú≈ ´’†ç, Rules, duty, com- should.
card ûÓ úø•’s §Òçü¿-í∫© à®√pô’) ´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç äéπ-ô’çC.
mands, necessity ©†’ express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ I should go-
Subodh: We must carry food too. The food on Gangadhar: Éçöx Öçú≈L°æ¤púø-ûª†’ ´’J. Å®Ω-í∫çô
¢√úøû√ç. ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL; éÀçü¿õ‰ ؈’ phone îËÊÆh îÁ§ƒpúø’
the train is very expensive and not at
all good. DØËo ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I have to go- ûªØÁ-éπ\-úÕéà ¢Á∞¡xôç ™‰ü¿E
Éçé¬ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I must go. Kesav: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞«xL. †’´‹y ´≤ƒh¢√?
(´’†ç A†-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ à¢Á’iØ√ BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL. Gangadhar: ´÷ ÇNúø ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéÓ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-
ÉO should, have to/ has to, must èπ◊ ÖçúË
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
Train ™ ǣ慮Ωç êKüË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¶«í∫’ç-
úøü¿’ èπÿú≈) 104 ûËú≈©’. ´’çC. ØË¢Á-∞«xL ¢ÁçôØË. ÇNúø Ø√éÓÆæç
wait îËÆæ÷h Öçô’çC ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ must ûÓ ´*a† expressions

We must be careful
îª÷ü∆lç.
Must travel, must carry, must be careful.
-É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o must Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.
1) Must expresses rules. (E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-
ûª’çC)
Candidates must report for the interview at
9 AM on 2nd Feb 2006. Å®·ûË should
Oô-Eoç-öÀ™ mild (ûªèπ◊\´ force). For commands, duties, necessity and Kesav:
Å®·ûË ¢ÁçôØË
(2nd Feb 2006 ®ÓV Ŷµºu-®Ω’n-©’ interview èπ◊ should ´·êuçí¬ àC îËÊÆh ÆæJ, àC é¬ü¿’ ņ-ö«- rules. ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. ¶µ«®Ωu© N≠æ-
must
£æ…ï®Ω’ 鬢√L) EéÀ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. have to/ has to ߪ÷™x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
2) Must expresses commands (Çïc-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ a) You should be punctual should stronger strongest Öçú≈L ´’†ç.
must ¢√úøû√ç) (†’´¤ypunctual í¬ Öçú≈L– Öçúøôç ´’ç*C). least than form Gangadhar: †’´¤y ņ’-¶µº-
You must not do it again. b) He should not talk like that strong should ´çûÓ
Commands, rules
(´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: ™«çöÀN îÁ•’ûª’-ç-ú≈-L
áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úÕûË Åçûª Kesav: Ok. Ok. ؈’ M. SURESAN
(O’JC ´’Sx îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’) (Åûª-†™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’– Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈
3) Must expresses duty. Öçõ‰ ´’ç*C) must
îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ
I must be at office until 5. should éπØ√o, have to/ has to, force áèπ◊\´. ´’ç*C. Must ´’K í∫öÀdí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, ´’çü¿-Lç- ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.
(âCçöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ؈’ office ™ Öçú≈L) éÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ command É´y-ö«-EéÀ, Nüµ∆-ߪ’éπç îªôç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†ç àüÓ ´’† ÇCµ-éπu-ûª†’, Answer:
´’Sx °j Ææ綵«-≠æù îªCN must Ö†o expressions ÅE îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÃ, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ éÌçîÁç force ûÓ ûÁ©-°æ- ÅCµ-é¬-®√Eo îª÷°œç--èπ◊-†oô’d Å´¤-ûª’çC. ≤ƒ´÷- Kesav: I must / have to meet kumar urgently.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ö«-EéÀ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç. †uçí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç There is an important matter I have to
a) We must carry enough cash. a) I have to take my sister to the hospital Å®·ûË shall, should ©ûÓ ÇT-§Ú-´ôç good talk to him about./ I have to talk to him
(more powerful manners. Must, manners ûÁL-Æ œ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx Çïc-©èπ◊
î√L-†çûª cash BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL ´’†ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç about something important.
b) We must travel by some morning train. than, 'I should take')... î√--™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Duty, necessity ûÁ©-°æ- Gangadhar: He must be at home now. A short-
´’†ç §Òü¿’l† train ™ ¢Á∞«xL. b) He has to do whatever I want him to do ö«-EéÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a). while ago I called him and he told
Should, must-
c) We must be careful. ØËØËC ¢√úÕo îÁߪ’u-´’ç--ö«ØÓ ¢√úøC îÁߪ÷u-LqçüË. me he wouldn't be going any-
´’†ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. c) They have to finish the work by the -Ñ È®ç-úÕ-ç-öÀ-F ´’†ç éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo where.
°j ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x must, necessity (Å´-Ææ-®√Eo) evening ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ ÉN perhaps Kesav: Then I must rush. Are you coming with
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ´’†ç É•sçC °æúø-èπ◊çú≈, (≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-E-éπ™«x ¢√-∞«} °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷-LqçüË). (•£æ›-¨¡) èπ◊ opposite. me?
b), c) ™ should ¢√úø-´îª’a have to/ has to èπ◊ Pramod: Any idea where Praful is?
´’†èπ◊ îÁúø’ ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ ´’† Å´-Ææ-®√Eo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Gangadhar: My wife wanted me to take her
must ¢√úøû√ç. •ü¿’©’. Å®·ûË have to/ has to Åçûª force (v°æ°∂椙¸ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) somewhere. I must go home at
Manoj: He must be at home. He is expecting
a) We must hurry or we'll miss the beginning ®√ü¿’. once, she must be waiting for me.
d) He has made mistakes and has to face the some guests.
of the movie. Kesav: Then go. We must be careful about
consequences. (ÉçöxØË Öçú≈L ´’J. á´®Ó guests
´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ movie begin- things connected with them.
éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’) Gangadhar: You must be speaking from expe-
ning miss Å´¤û√ç.
(ûª°æ¤p©’ î˨»úø’ 鬕öÀd °∂æLûªç ņ’-¶µº-Nç-î√-LqçüË).
Pramod: Who are the guests? (á´®Ω’ guests?)
rience.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Learn èπ◊ past ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ È®çúø’ learned, learnt ÅE ÖØ√o®·. Å™«Íí past
Manoj: His cousins from the states on a short
Kesav: Ok. Ok. I'm going.
visit to India.
participles èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË she learnt english ÅØ√™«? She learned eng- Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ. éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ
cousins - India
(Å¢Á’-J-鬙 Ö†o -ÅûªE èπ◊
lish ÅØ√™«?
É*a† game ™ infinitive practice î˨»-®Ω’-í∫ü∆.
-´î√a®Ω’. éÌCl ®ÓV--©’ç-ö«®Ω’) Ñ≤ƒJ sentence ™ verb èπ◊, infinitive èπÿ ´’üµ¿u
Å™«Íí passive voice ™ English was learned ņ-´î√a? English was Pramod: That should keep him busy for anoth-
me, us, you, him, her, it, them °öÀd practice
learnt ÅØË ÅØ√™«? Å™«Íí burnt, burned, dreamt, dreamed © í∫’-Jç-< er two days then.
N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. îËߪ’çúÕ.
(Åçü¿’-´©x Åûªúø’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ eg: a) I want you to go;
– á. éπ%≠æg-U-û√-®Ω’b†, Eúø-ü¿-¢Ó©’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ busy í¬ Öçö«úø’) b) She wants him to sing
-ï-¢√-•’: Learned, learnt- past tense éπ®·Ø√, past participle éπ®·Ø√ OöÀ È®çúÕöx Ééπ\úø
busy-
must be at home, should keep him
É´Fo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-C/
c) What do you want me to do?
àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a – ÅFo äéπõ‰, passive ™ èπÿú≈. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬, burned, d) Dad doesn't want me to waste time.
burnt, dreamt, dreamed N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ àüÁjØ√, à voice ™ØÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
-Öç-ô’çC ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊. ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ ņ’-èπ◊ØË É™«ç-öÀN practice îËÆœ áEo sentences
Å®·ûË learned E ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ† (àüÁjØ√ subject) ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤úø’, N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ must, should ¢√úøû√ç. îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) See her always with a lot of jewellry on.
learned (pronunciation - ™„Eú˛ – ™„ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.
She must be quite rich.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 31 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Sravan: Hi Pavan, how was the movie yester- One of all time greats: All time great -
day? Ñ ´÷ô á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp-¢√-∞¡Ÿx-í¬ / -íÌ-°æp-Ní¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îË-
( movie
E†o ᙫ ÖçC?) ¢√∞¡Ÿx/ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îËN ÅE Å®Ωnç.
Pavan: Not very good, but not so bad either. a) Sankarabharanam is an all time great.
(Åçûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’, Åçûª îÁúø’í¬ ™‰ü¿’) b) Tendulkar is an all time great.
Sravan: (Do) you suggest that I see it? ÅD all time great meaning and use.
suggest =
(îª÷úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? Ææ÷*ç-îªôç) Was showing: hall
*vûªç -äéπ ™ -Çúø’-ûª÷çC
Pavan: I leave it to you. (í∫ûªç™)
leave it to you =
(ÅC F É≠ædç FéÌ-C-™‰- Kranthi: The movie is excellent. You must
Ææ’hØ√o. F É≠ædç) see
Sravan: The other day, I happened to watch it. I feel like seeing it a second time.
best sequence in the movie . Answers:
an old English movie. 'The ten com- Prasanth: Where is it showing?
(Ç *vûªç™ ÅC Öûªh´’ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç) Sruthi: Hi Laya, weren't you (were you not) at
mandments' on the TV. A real good (ÅC áéπ\úø Çúø’-ûÓçC?) b) Most of the shots in the movie were shot in home yesterday?
movie - one of the all time greats. Kranthi: It is showing in Chitramahal.
Kashmir Laya: No, I went to a movie. I had not going
TV
(¢Á·ØÁo-°æ¤púÓ äéπ ®ÓV† ™ §ƒûª (ÅC *vûª-´’-£æ«-™¸™ Çúø’-ûÓçC) (
Ç *vûªç™ î√-™« ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»©’ é¬Qt-®˝™ B¨»®Ω’ better to do. (I went to a movie, having
English movie, 'The ten command- *vûªç -äéπ theatre showing
™ Çúøôç = ✓ Role= -§ƒ--vûª= part. - nothing better to do.)
ments movie.
îª÷¨»†’. Eïçí¬ íÌ°æp - Last week it was showing in Chitradarsini. I
a) SV Rangarao could act any role with ease Sruthi: Which movie, and where is it showing?
á°æp-öÀéà íÌ°æp¢Ë ņ’-èπ◊ØË ¢√öÀ™x -Å-üÌéπöÀ. don't know where it is showing now. Some
(SV ®Ωçí¬-®√´¤ à §ƒvûª-ØÁjØ√ Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ Laya: Premaku Kallu Levu. At Chitrajyothi.
(All time great - á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp) other movie is showing in Chitradarsini.
(with ease) †öÀçîª-LÍí-¢√úø’) Sruthi: Was it good?
Pavan: Why didn't you tell me? (í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç ÅC *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ Ç-úÕç-C.É°æ¤úø’ áéπ\úø b) His is the most important role in the movie Laya: My God! What a bore (it was)!
(Ø√Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’?) Çúø’-ûª’çüÓ ûÁMü¿’. *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ ÉçÍéüÓ movie (
Ç *vûªç™ Åûª-EC ÅA ´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª)
Sravan: I didn't know myself that it was show- Çúø’-ûÓç-C-°æ¤púø’) Sruthi: Who were the actors? \ What was the
act a role = do a role = take on a role
ing. I just turned on HBO channel and cast?
(
äé𠧃vûª™ †öÀç-îªôç)
there it was. Laya: The movie featured a big cast./ The
a) Nageswara Rao acted the role of Narada in
HBO
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’ ÅC -´-≤Úhç-ü¿-E Ü-JÍé actors were all great./ The cast includ-
Bhukailas \ Nageswara Rao did the role of
channel movie
A§ƒp†’. Ñ éπE-°œç-*çC) ed all great actors.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
Narada .
Pavan: Was it very good? Sruthi: How did they act?/ How did they do?/
105 (Ø√Íí-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤ Ø√®Ωü¿’úÕ §ƒvûª ¢Ë¨»®Ω’)
(î√™« ¶«í∫’çü∆?) How did they perform?/ How was their
Sravan: You can say that again and again.

Tendulkar is an all time great

(´’Sx-´’Sx -îÁ§Òpa. Ç ´÷ô.)
It ran to packed houses for weeks
together those days
Houseful
(Ç ®ÓV™x ¢√®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ í¬
†úÕ-*çC)
Pavan: Who were the cast?
(û√®Ω-™„-´®Ω’?) b) He acted the role well performance?
Sravan: The movie features Charlton Heston Ran to packed houses: Houseful í¬ ÇúÕçC. (
Ç §ƒvûª™ Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’) Laya: They couldn't
as Moses and Yul Brynner as the Packed house = houseful
✓ Live a role =
§ƒvûª ™  @Nç- î ª ô ç act well./They
Pharaoh. Run to packed houses = houseful í¬ †úø-´úøç. ✓ Do justice to a role = didn't do well.
✓ movie
(Moses Charlton Heston, Pharaoh
í¬ run
Çúø-ö«Eo ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. §ƒvûª è π ◊ Ø√uߪ ’ ç îË è π ÿ - ® Ω a ôç
✓ Comic role = Sruthi: So I need not
✓
Yul Brynner
í¬ Moses-
†öÀç-î√®Ω’. - Çmovie É°æpöÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ 4 ¢√®√©’ ÇúÕçC. £æ … Ææ u §ƒvûª ,
✓ Tragic role =
ü¿’”ê-§ƒvûª see it.
Pharaoh - Egyptian- The movie has run for the past four weeks.
Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ. M. SURESAN
¢Á÷ñ‰Æˇ; §∂ƒ®Ó îªvéπ- ✓ Perform =
✓ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ 100 ®ÓV©’ Çúø’-ûª’çC =
´Jh) E®Ωy£œ«ç-îª-úøç
✓ He performed well =
Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’. I know what to do.
Pavan: Any special feature of it? It will certainly run for a hundred days.
His performance as Sri Rama deserves all
movie
(Ç ™ àçöÀ -v°æ-ûËuéπ-ûª?) ✓ movie Åçü¿Ko Çéπ-J{ç-îË-ü¿-®·ûË– (ØËØËç îËߪ÷™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’) Ééπ\úø O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-Lqç-
praise.
Sravan: The cleavage of the sea. It's a grand It's a big draw. ü¿ ™«x ÉüË †´‚-Ø√™ O’®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-L_-†Eo sentences
shot. I have yet to see such a shot in a) This movie will be a big draw
(X®√-´·-úÕí¬ Çߪ’† †ô† ¢Á’a-éÓ-ûª-í∫_C.) æp-í∫-©_úøç. Variety èπÿú≈ Öçú≈L. Åçõ‰, no ûÓ†÷,
✓ (Deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç.
îÁ °
any movie. It looked as though the sea (Ñ movie Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-ú≈h®Ω’/ ÅC Åçü¿Ko questions, dialogue form èπÿú≈ ®√¢√L. Å®Ωnç cor-
He deserves an award
really parted by a path. That's the high- Çéπ-J{-Ææ’hçC.) rect í¬ Öçú≈L.
(Çߪ’† •£æ›-´’-AéÀ Å®Ω’|úø’)
light of the movie. (It will run to packed houses) eg: a) Hema forgot how to open the box
✓ Comedy = Ææ’ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i-†/-£æ…-Ææu-v°æ-üµ∆-†-¢Á’i-† éπü∑¿
(Ææ´·vü¿ç <©ôç – Å™«çöÀShot †’ ؈’ b) *vûªç™ àüÁjØ√ ã ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç î√-™« -íÌ-°æp-ü¿-®·ûË, ÅC (box ᙫ ûÁ®Ω-¢√™ Ê£«´’ ´’Ja-§Ú-®·çC)
èπÿú≈ big draw ØË. /movie / Ø√ôéπç
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ à ÆœE-´÷-™†÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. ✓ Tragedy = ü¿’”ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i† Ø√ô-éπç/-*-vûªç/-éπü∑¿ b) She did not know where to sit
Eïç-í¬ØË Ææ´·vü¿ç È®çúø’-§ƒ--ߪ’© ´’üµ¿u The chariot race in Benhur is a big draw
a) Missamma is a comedy (áéπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-¢√™ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁM-™‰ü¿’)
ü∆Í®-®ΩpúÕ†ô’d îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’. Ç movie-™ - (Benhur ™ ®Ωü∑∆© °æçüÁç ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç ´·êu Çéπ-®Ω{ù.)
b) Devadasu is a tragedy c) Do you know when to start?
v°æ-üµ∆-† Çéπ-®Ω{ù ÅüË.) ✓ Movie™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç = sequence (Æ‘ÈéyØ˛q) Big
Comic role = £æ…Ææu §ƒvûª; (á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Pavan: can we get a CD of it?
CD
(ü∆E üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çü∆?)
draw, high light ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπ©-N = ´·êu-
Ç-éπ-®Ω{ù. Tragic role = ü¿’”ê-°æ‹-J- §ƒvûª Ñ sentence pattern í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
a) Brahmanandam is known for his comic roles Sub. ûª®√yûª verb, Ç ûª®√yûª 'Wh' Word, Ç ûª®√yûª
Sravan: Definitely (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) ✓ caste = û√®√-í∫ùç, movie /drama™.
(£æ…Ææu-§ƒ-vûª-©èπ◊ -v•£æ…t-†ç-ü¿ç v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-§Òç-ü∆úø’) infinitive éπü∆. Ñ dialogue èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Ñ Ææ綵«≠æù©çû√ ÆœE´÷ í∫’JçîË éπü∆. Ñ a) 'Danaveera Sura karna' casts Rama Rao in
b) Some artists are suitable for tragic roles Prem: Do you remember when to start?
lesson™ movie èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† vocabulary the roles of Duryodhana, Krishna and Karna.
(éÌçü¿®Ω’ †ô’©’ ü¿’”ê-§ƒ-vûª©’ ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.) (á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ñ«c°æéπç Öçü∆?)
(°æü¿-ñ«©ç) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ? -´·ç-ü¿’ -Ñ ´÷ô©’ (ü∆†-O-®Ω-¨¡⁄-®Ω-éπ-®Ωg™ ®√´÷-®√´¤ -ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†, éπ%-≠æ-g, éπ®Ω’g- comedian
îª÷úøçúÕ; movie, TVéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N. úÕí¬ ´‚úø’ §ƒvûª-™x †öÀç-î√úø’) £æ…Ææu-†-ô’úø’ = Syam: I do, but you did not tell me where to go.
1. Movie 2. Watch a movie on the TV b) He is cast as a villain in the movie
(éπO’-úÕ-ߪ’-Ø˛–'-O’—-ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç (ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x™ †’´¤y îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.)
Relangi was a great comedian É™« Ñ game practice îËÆœ áEo sentences ®√ߪ’-
3. One of all time greats 4. Was showing ( movie
Ç villain
™ ÅûªEC (N©Ø˛) §ƒvûª) comedienne
£æ…Ææu-†öÀ = (éπN’-úŒ-ߪ’Ø˛),
5. turned on 6. ran to packed houses c) The cast of the movie has chitrakumar as í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.
7. cast 8. featured 9. shot 10. highlight hero and chitrasri as the heroine
úŒ, O’ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-é¬L.
´÷´‚-©’í¬ îª©-†-*vûªç -Åç-õ‰ English movie.
™ (Ç *vûªç-™ -*-vûªèπ◊-´÷®˝ £‘«®Óí¬, -*-vûª-vQ -£‘«®Ó®·-Ø˛í¬ Practice the following in English. -v°æ-¨¡o-: éπÈ®-Fq -ØÓ-ôx-O’-ü¿ -
'I PROMiSE
Cinema Åçõ‰ English ™ cinema hall, hall
Ç ™ -†-öÀç-î√®Ω’) Sruthi: Hi Laya, †’´¤y E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Éçöx TO PAY THE BEARER THE
ÇúË *vûªç é¬ü¿’. The cinema Åçõ‰ -†-*vûª°æJ- d) Feature ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅüË. ™‰¢√? SUM OF TWENTY RUPEES' -
English film a) The movie, Ninnu Nenu Pelladanu features Laya =
™‰†’. àçîË-ߪ÷™ ûÓîªéπ Movie Èé∞«x†’ Å-E -Öç-ô’ç-C.-D-E -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ?
-áÆˇ.-á-¢˛’.-úÕ. -É®√p¥-Ø˛, -†ç-ü∆u©- -
v¨¡´’. -†-*-vû√Eo ™ ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-
That cinema is good hall Natesh and Abhinetri in the lead roles à Sruthi: movie,
áéπ\-ú≈-úø’-ûÓçC?
-ï-¢√-•’.- Currency notes O’ü¿ Ç
´îª’a. Åçõ‰ Ç ÆœE´÷
¶«í∫’ç-ü¿ØË é¬F, Åçü¿’™ Çúø’-ûª’†o *vûªç ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿E ('E†’o ؈’ °∞«x-ú≈†’— *vûªç™ †õ‰≠ˇ, ÅGµ-ØËvA vÊ°´’èπ ◊ Laya:
éπ ∞ ¡ Ÿx ™‰´¤. *vûª-ñ u-A™.
é¬ü¿’. v°æüµ∆† §ƒvûªüµ∆®Ω’©’.Lead role = v°æüµ∆†§ƒvûª, ¶«í∫ ’çü∆? Sruthi: sentence ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÅC à N©’-´-™‰E ´÷´‚©’ é¬T-
See / watch a movie = movie îª÷úøôç. movie Laya: My God,
áçûª bore éÌöÀdçüÓ?
™ é¬F Ø√ô-éπç™ é¬E.) ûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Currency notes ñ«K-îË-ÊÆC
(Å®·ûË am seeing / is seeing / are seeing a b) The movie features all great actors Sruthi:
†ô’-™„-´®Ω’? Reserve Bank of India. ü∆E ÅCµ-é¬J Governor
movie ņç. Am+ing / is+ing / are + ing ¢√ú≈Lq ( Laya:
íÌ°æp-†-ô’™‰ ÖØ√o®Ω’. é¬F movie àç ¶«í¬-
Ç *vûªç™ û√®Ω-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ íÌ°æp-¢√∞Ïx.) of Reserve Bank of India. Ç ÅCµ-é¬J ´’†-éÀîËa
´ÊÆh am watching / is watching / are watching c) The movie features him in a minor role ™‰ü¿’. £æ…O’ßË’ Ç sentence - Ñ é¬Tûªç- Ö-†o á´-J-ÈéjØ√
a movie ņôç correct) (Åûª†’ Ç movie ™ ã *†o-§ƒ-vûª™ éπEp-≤ƒhúø’.) Sruthi: ¢√∞Îx™« î˨»®Ω’? (bearer) ؈’ ®Ω÷. 20/– (™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉçÈéç-ûª-®·Ø√)
TV™ = on the TV. We are watching an inter- ✓ Shot = *vûªç™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç =sequence. Laya: ¢√∞¡⁄x à´’çûª íÌ°æpí¬ †öÀç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.
Sruthi: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ îª÷úø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿-†o-´÷ô.
îÁLx-≤ƒh-†E.
esting programme on the TV. (in the TV é¬ü¿’) a) That's the best shot in the movie=That's the

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 2 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Priya: Hi Divya, We really enjoyed the movie c) No one has the formula to make a movie a
yesterday, didn't we? runaway success -
(E†omovie Eïçí¬enjoy î˨»ç, éπü∆?) ã *vû√Eo ņ÷-£æ«u-K-A™ ÅA ûªy®Ωí¬ Nï-ߪ’-
Divya: Certainly. Chitrasri's performance as the ´çûªç îËߪ’-í∫© Ææ÷vû√©’ á´-J-´ü∆l ™‰´¤.
heroine was really superb. Formula Ææ÷vûªç. Flop, Runaway success èπ◊
Heroine
(Eïç-í¬ØË í¬ *vûªX †ô† Åü¿’s¥ûªç) ´uA-Í®éπç.
Heroine £«®Ó-®·Ø˛– £« ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç 3) Story line
Superb: Ææ÷u°æ¶¸ – °æ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆†ç – ã *vûªç éπü∑¿†’ ü¿®Ωz-èπ◊úø’
Priya: The movie will be a runaway success.
(Ñ *vûªç ¶«í¬ Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç Å´¤-ûª’çC) îª÷°œçîË B®Ω’. DEÍé ÉçéÓ-´÷ô Plot
a) His movies have the same basic story but
Divya: It can't be otherwise with that kind of
the story line differs
story line, brilliant action and clever Team up: äéπ movie N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Yasvanth: ÉC Çߪ’† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ flop à¢Á÷? Åûª-úÕ-éÀ
direction
ÅûªúÕ *vû√© ´‚©-éπü∑¿ äéπõ‰, é¬F éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆- à °æE îËߪ’-ö«-E-ÈéjØ√ éÌçûª-´’çC éπLÊÆh, They -É*a† §ƒvûªèπ◊ Åûªúø’ suit Å´-úøE Ø√
(Å™«çöÀ éπü∑¿, ´’ç* †ô†, ûÁL¢Áj† ü¿®Ωz-éπ- †¢Ë’ ûËú≈ team up. ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç.
b) The movie failed because of its weak story Srikanth: Çߪ’† à §ƒvûª-ÈéjØ√ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√úø’, à
ûªyçûÓ ÅC ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ™‰ü¿’) The three boys teamed up to decorate the
Priya: The main characters brought out the tal- line
room §ƒvûª®·Ø√ Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’.
ent of the lead pair. éπü∑¿™/ éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆-†ç™ °æô’d™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøç -´-™‰x Ç í∫CE Å©ç-éπ-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´·í∫’_®Ω’ äéπ ïô’dí¬ b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, E†o ؈’ TV™ 'àN’öÃ
(´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª©’ v°æüµ∆† ïçô v°æA-¶µº†’ ÅC N°∂æ-©-¢Á’içC. à®Ωp-ú≈f®Ω’. N*vûªç— îª÷¨»†’. áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ!
c) Weak story line is the cause of most
8) Cast opposite: äéπ †öÀ (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ heroine) Sunitha: ؈C á°æ¤púÓ îª÷¨»†’. §Ú®·† ØÁ©
¢ÁL-éÀ-ûÁ-î√a®·)
Character: é¬u®Ωéπd – é¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç; failures
äéπ †ô’úÕ (hero) Ææ®Ω-Ææ† †öÀÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ they are ņ’-èπ◊çö«, ¢Ájñ«-í˚™.
é¬, ¶«uçé˙™ ¶«u ™«í¬ = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – î√™« *vû√©’ °æô’-d™‰E éπü∑¿ ´©x üÁ•s-Aç-ô’- cast opposite each other Åçö«ç. Vinitha: î√™« ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆. Åçü¿’™ hero,
Q©ç/ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©’/ Ææy¶µ«´ç. é¬F Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç– Ø√o®·. heroine © Ê°Í®xçöÀ? ¢√Rx-ü¿l-Jéà ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
a) Vikram is cast opposite Sada/ Sada is cast
ã éπü∑¿™, Ø√ô-éπç™ ÆœE-´÷™ §ƒvûª. opposite Vikram/ Vikram and Sada are
*vûªç ņ’-èπ◊çö«.
Lead Pair = v°æ´·ê ïçô – ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Sunitha: Å´¤†’. ¢√∞¡x ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™ ØË ´’ç*
éπü∑¿™/ Ø√ô-éπç™/ *vûªç™ Ø√ߪ’-é¬-Ø√-®·-éπ©’. cast opposite each other in Aparichitudu
Å°æ-J-*-ûª’-úÕ™ Vikram, Ææü∆ Ææ®Ω-Ææ†/ Ææü∆, Vinitha: É°æ v°æA¶µº éπ†-•-®Ω-î√®Ω’.
Divya: They have been a hit pair - chitrakumar
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 106
¤púø’ ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ *vû√™x
and chitrasri. Their combination has Nvéπ¢˛’ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† / Nvéπ¢˛’, Ææü∆ äéπJ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† äéπ®Ω’ ´·êu ïçôí¬ -†-öÀÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
been successful. †öÀç-î√®Ω’.
hero,
(¢√R}-ü¿lJ – *vûª-èπ◊-´÷®˝, *vûªX ïçô –
heroine hit.

He made his debut in..

í¬ Â°ü¿l ¢√∞¡xC Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†
ïçô Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊)
Priya: They are teaming up again in the next
movie 'premikulugane vundam'
(®√¶-ûª’†o *vûªç 'vÊ°N’-èπ◊-©’-í¬ØË Öçü∆ç—™
èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡Ÿx éπLÆœ †öÀÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’)
Divya: They show themselves at their best d) The movie flopped/ flopped at the box b) Surya and Asin are
when they are cast opposite each other Sunitha: ´·êuçí¬ Ç heroine ´’ç* †öÀí¬
office/ The movie was a flop, because of its cast opposite each
other
í∫’Jhç°æ¤ ûÁa-èπ◊çC.
(¢√∞¡Ÿx ïçôí¬ / Ø√ߪ’-é¬-Ø√-®·-éπ-©’í¬ †öÀÊÆh thin story line
¢√∞¡x v°æA¶µº î√™« ¶«í¬ îª÷°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’) ¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπJ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† äéπ®Ω’ Answers:
ü∆E •©-£‘«† éπü∑¿/ éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆†ç ´©x Ç *vûªç a) Yasvanth: Your favourite lead pair has not
Priya: I think she made her debut in nee
üÁ•s-AçC. Thin èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç weak ÅE. †öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
been very successful this time,
kosame. She hasn't had a failure in her 9) Debut: ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ-
ü∆E ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– Ææ†oE/ °æ©aE.
career has it?
4) Character: éπü∑¿™ / Ø√ô-éπç™/ *vûªç™ §ƒvûª. ≤ƒ-Jí¬ ÆæGµ-èπ◊© ´·çü¿’
(Ç¢Á’ ÆœF-®Ωçí∫ç v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç FéÓ-Ææ¢Ë’ *vûªçûÓØË Ø√ôuç îËߪ’úøç/ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ- M. SURESAN Srikanth: The movie has a weak story line.
o ´’†ç role ÅE-í¬F part ÅE-í¬F ņ-´îª’a.
ņ’-èπ◊çö«, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ à *vûªç èπÿú≈ N°∂æ-©- a)DØËNTR played the character/ role/ part of ≤ƒ-Jí¬ *vû√™x †öÀç- They have acted well.
´’-´y-™‰ü¿’) Karna in the drama îªôç/ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ®Ωçí∫-v°æ-¢Ë¨¡ç (¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ †%ûªu Yasvanth: You are their fan. What else can you
Her action in "Aunantara, Kadantara?" is say?
really memorable
Ç Ø√ô-éπç™ NTR éπ®Ω’gúÕ §ƒvûª ¢Ë¨»úø’/ †öÀç-î√úø’. Ææçv°æü∆-ߪ’ç™ DEo Ç®Ωç-Íívôç Åçö«ç)
b) One of the main characters in the movie is Debut- pronunciation - úÁß˝’•÷u – úÁ ØÌéÀ\ Srikanth: Whatever you say- the movie is
(å†ç-ö«®√, é¬ü¿ç-ö«®√? *vûªç™ Ç¢Á’ †ô† Lord Venkateshwara played by Suman °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. atleast that good because they have
´’®Ω-°æ¤-®√-EC) Ç *vûªç™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª™x äéπöÀ Suman
¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ®Ωçí∫-v°æ-¢Ë¨¡ç îËߪ’ôç acted in it. Otherwise it would have
Divya: Ok. I must be going Priya. Meet you
†öÀç*† ¢Ëçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ §ƒvûª. Make a debut/ Have a debut. been an utter flop.
tomorrow. Bye
c) He played his part well a) She made her debut in this movie. (utter =
(ØË ¢Á∞«xL. Í®°æ¤ éπ©’-≤ƒh†’. Bye) °æ‹Jh)
Priya: Bye
ÅûªúÕ §ƒvûª†’ Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’. -É-C Ç¢Á’ ûÌL-*vûªç. Ñ *vûªç™ Ç¢Á’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ- Yasvanth: The movie is a flop because of their
Play ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Çúøôç, Ééπ\úø †öÀç-îªúøç. action. That's what people say.
éÀçü¿öÀ Lesson ™ -†-*-vû√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ≤ƒ-Jí¬ †öÀç-*çC.
´÷ô©’ î√™« îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo 5) lead pair= ´·êu-ïçô– Ø√ߪ’é¬ Ø√®·-éπ©’. (the b) His debut wasn't very successful Srikanth: I don't agree. They are a hit pair.
îª÷ü∆lç. É´Fo ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ hero and the heroine) ÅûªúÕ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †ô† Åçûª Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç 鬙‰ü¿’. Their last movie was a runaway suc-
¢√úø’-ûª÷çõ‰ Conversational English î√™« a) NTR and Anjali Devi are the lead pair in
Debut ´·êuçí¬ Ø√ôuç, Ø√ôéπç ™«çöÀ éπ∞¡© cess. The hero hasn't had a failure
Lavakusa
¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. ÉN îª÷úøçúÕ. N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ N’í∫û√ since his debut.
1. Superb 2. A runaway success 3. storyline ©´-èπ◊¨¡ *vûªç™ ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JD ´·êu-¢Á’i† ïçô ®Ωçí¬-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Yasvanth: This might be his first flop. I feel that
4. characters 5. lead pair 6. hit pair 7. team- (Hero, heroine).

He made his debut in politics in 1999 he doesn't suit the role/ the charac-
ing up 8. cast opposite 9. debut b) The lead pair in the movie is Rajanikanth
1999 ™ Çߪ’† ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-®Ωçí∫ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç î˨»®Ω’. ter.
1) superb= Åü¿’s¥ûªç/ Å¢Á÷°∂æ’ç = àüÁj-Ø√-ÆæÍ® – and Jyothika
Now Practise the following in English: Srikanth: He suits any role. He can do any
Movie 鬴a, ã íÌ°æp °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬴a, äéπJ ®Ωï-F-é¬çû˝, ñuAéπ Ç *vûªç™ v°æüµ∆† §ƒvûª-
üµ∆-®Ω’©’, ïçôí¬. a) Yasvanth: Hi Srikanth, F favourite hero, role with ease.
†ô†/ véÃúø/ äéπ®Ω’ ≤ƒCµç-*çC – É¢Ë-¢ÁjØ√ ÆæÍ® b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, yesterday I watched the
Åü¿’s¥-ûªçí¬ Öçõ‰ Superb Åçö«ç. c) They have proved a hit pair heroine © ïçô Ñ≤ƒJ Åçûª Nï-
a) It is a superb hattrick by Irfan Pathan = Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† ïçô. ߪ’-´çûªç 鬙‰üËç? movie, 'Emitivichitram' on the TV.
hattrick. Hattrick
É®√p¥Ø˛ °æ®∏√-Ø˛C Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† 6) Hit pair Srikanth: Ç éπü∑¿™  °æô ’d-™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶«í¬ØË What a movie it is! / How good it is!
Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ – ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´®Ω-Ææí¬ Nïߪ’ç *vû√-EéÀ Nïߪ’ç îËèπÿÍ®a/ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†/ †öÀç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? Sunitha: I saw it long ago. I think it was last
≤ƒCµÊÆh, ´·êuçí¬ véÃúø™x, ÅD äÍé Player vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊© ÅGµ-´÷†ç §ÒçC† ïçô (´÷´‚-©’í¬ Yasvanth: †’´¤y ¢√∞¡x ÅGµ-´÷-EN éπü∆. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ month, in Vizag.
Å®·ûË, hat-trick Åçö«ç. hero, heroine §ƒvûª™ x) à´’ç-ö«´¤? Vinitha: Isn't it good? What are the names of
b) The movie is superb= a) They make a hit pair Srikanth: †’¢Ëy- ¢Á ’iØ√ îÁ°æ¤p, ¢√-R}-ü¿l®Ω’ éπ-LÆœ the lead pair, I think they made their
Ç *vûªç î√™« íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC. ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JD Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† ïçô. Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx †öÀç-î√®Ω’ 鬕öÀd Ç ´÷vûª-¢Á’iØ√ ÖçC Ç debut in the movie.
c) Tendulkar's was a superb century †öÀç-*† *vû√-©Fo hits ÅE. *vûªç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æ‹Jhí¬ üÁ•s-A-ØËüË. Sunitha: Yes. Even in their debut they dis-
Century
ÅûªúÕ Åü¿’s¥ûªç. 7) Teaming up played their talent.
Yasvanth: ¢√∞¡x †ô† ´™‰x *vûªç üÁ•s-Aç-ü¿-E
2) A runaway success ïûª éπ©-´ôç, ïçôí¬ †öÀç-îªúøç– ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ (Display = v°æü¿-Jzç-îªôç)
hero, heroine.
-Åç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.
Vinitha: They are acting as the lead pair in two
ûªyJ-ûª-¢Á’i† Nïߪ’ç
a) The movie was a runaway success. a) They are teaming up again in the next Srikanth: ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÓ†’. ¢√-∞¡x-C Nï-ߪ ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á ’i†
or three movies.
Ç *vûªç Núø’-ü¿-™„j† ¢ÁçôØË Nïߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’içC. movie ïçô. ¢√∞¡x í∫ûª *vûªç ņ÷-£æ«u-¢Á’i†
Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµç-*çCéπü∆? Ç hero ®Ωçí∫-v°æ- Sunitha: The heroine especially has won
b) Missamma was a runaway success. ®√†’†o *vûªç™ ´’Sx ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω’ éπLÆœ †öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
¢Ë¨¡ç îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀ-†’ç* flop ÅØËC ™‰ü¿’ recognition as a good actor/actress.
N’Ææq´’t ÅA ûªy®Ωí¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’içC b) They have teamed up again
Ü£œ«ç-îªE KA™. ´’Sx ¢√∞Ïx éπLÆœ †öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. éπü∆?
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 4 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Hemanth: Hi Vasanth, I didn't see you the We celebrate Deepavali every year in the
whole of yesterday. What was month of Kartheekam.
-
wrong? v°æ-A Ææç-´-ûªq®Ωç é¬-K-héπ-´÷Ææç-™ -D-§ƒ-´-S -ï®Ω’°æ¤èπ◊ç-ö«ç.
àçöÀ E†oçû√ †’´¤y éπ†°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. àçöÀ Festival†’ enjoy èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç – We enjoy a fes-
N≠æߪ’ç? tival.
Vasanth: The Deepavali effect you know. We Charlie (over phone from the US): Hello
enjoyed the festival the day before Sampath, this is Charlie from the states. How
Yesterday. We were so tired yester- are you?
day. We were resting almost the ( ,
£æ«-™ Ææç-°æ-û˝ ؈’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †’ç* îµ√M ´÷-ö«x-
whole of yesterday.Fortunately yes- úø’-ûª’Ø√o. -á-™« -Ö-Ø√o-´¤?)
terday was a Sunday. Sampath: Fine, Charlie, thank you, how are Lord Rama.
Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °æç-úøí∫ ÇC¢√ç Å´¤-ûª’çC/ÇC-¢√®Ωç
Éü¿çû√ D§ƒ-´R v°æ¶µ«´ç. ¢Á·†oçû√ you? °æ‹ï îËÆœ X®√-´·úÕo éÌ©’≤ƒhç. É∞¡x™x, ®ÓV†.
°æç-úøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÌ-ØË-Ææ-JéÀ E†oçû√ ÅL-Æœ- (
-¶«í∫’-Ø√o-†’ -îµ√-M.- -üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’. -F-´¤ -á-™« -Ö-Ø√o-´¤? ) í∫’∞¡x™x, Oüµ¿’-©-èπÿ-úø-∞¡x™x èπÿú≈. -v°æ-ûËuéπ -´ç- b) Last year it fell on a Wednesday
§Úߪ÷ç. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ E†oçû√ °æúø’-èπ◊ØË Charlie: Same here, thank you. Can we have a ôé¬-©-ûÓ -¶µ-ï-†ç -îË≤ƒhç.´-úø°æ°æ¤p, -§ƒ-†éπç í∫ûª àú≈C ÅC •’üµ¿-¢√®Ωç ´*açC.
ÖØ√oç. Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h E†o ÇC-¢√®Ωç. chat over the net ? Matter of 20 to 30 -X®√-´·-úÕéÀ -ØÁj-¢Ë-ü¿uç °--úø-û√ç. Now Practise the following:
Hemanth: So you celebrated it with all enthusi- minutes Pandal = °æçCJ
a)
asm. We did too, but we were off the ( Éç-ô®˝-ØÁ-ö¸™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç- putup = à®√pô’ îËߪ’-ôç/-E-Jtç-îªôç Sunil:
áéπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤, ÅE™¸?
fireworks by about 10. We were in 20, 30 as well = èπÿú≈
ü∆´÷? EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æôd-´îª’a.) Anil:
X®√-´’-†-´N’ °æçCJ †’ç*. Åéπ\úø üË´¤úÕ
bed by 10.30pm Sampath: Sorry, Charlie. It is morning here you (Green gram = °Ææ©’/°Ææ-®Ω-°æ°æ¤p (´úø-°æ°æ¤p)
jaggery = ¶„©xç
Å©éπ®Ω-ù î√© ¶«í∫’çC.
Åçûª Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ω-†o-´÷ô. know. I am very busy celebrating Sri Sunil: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ èπÿú≈ ¢ÁR} îª÷úøØ√?
Ramanavami. offering = ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç
¢Ë’´‚ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊Ø√oç. é¬F ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’ Anil: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?
鬩aúøç 10 í∫çô-©Íé ÇÊ°¨»ç. 10.30 éπ-™«x ( ≤ƒ-K..X®√-´’-†-´N’ ÂÆ-©-v¶‰-ö¸ - feast = Nçü¿’ / °æç-úøí∫ ¶µï†ç Sunil: Éçöx °æ‹ï É°æ¤úË Å®·çC. é¬Ææh ´úø-°æ°æ¤p,
°æúø’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Charlie: Well, have a happy time, then call you
later.
§ƒ†éπç BÆæ’\ç-ü¿’´¤ ®√.
Enthusiasm - ÉØ˛ü∑¿÷uÆœ-ߪ÷ï¢˛’. Anil: ÆæÍ®. Ç ûª®√yûª †’´¤y °æçCJ †’ç* ÉçöÀ-
ü∑¿÷u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. (Å®·ûË ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úø’°æ¤.´’Sx -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îË≤ƒh.)
*´®Ω 'ï— size ™ z™«í¬, = Öû√q£æ«ç. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ °æçúøí∫© í∫’-Jç-îË -éπü∆. DEéÀ Ææç•ç- Sunil: Èé-ã∞ÏÍéx°.æ¤úø’ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ®√.
fireworks = ¶«-ùÆæçî√/ ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’
Vasanth: We were enjoying the fireworks till
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 107
Cµç-*† éÌEo expressions í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
°æçúøí∫ = festival b)

almost eleven. Dad was liberal this

time. We let off Rs. 800/-work of
crackers sparklers this time.
11 ´®Ωèπÿ 鬩’-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç. ´÷ Ø√†o
Ñ≤ƒJ úø•’s©’ ¶«í¬ØË Éî√a®Ω’. 800 ®Ω÷§ƒ-
ߪ’© ¶«ù-Ææçî√ 鬙«aç
worth - ´û˝ (bird ™«í¬)= -N-©’´ Ö†o.
Have a happy time...
crackers = vé¬éπñ ¸
= Ê°™‰ ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’, sparklers = ≤ƒpéπxñ ¸ = Deepavali, Vinayaka
îËÆæ’èπ◊çô÷ ؈’ î√™« -G-@í¬ ÖØ√o Prem: àçöÀ? F îÁ®·u-Íé-´’-®·çC?
¢ÁL-ÍíN (´’û√-•’©’, é¬éπ®Ω °æ¤¢Ìy-ûª’h©’ etc) let Chavithi, Ramzon,
É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø Öü¿ßª’ç.) Syam: E†o ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’ Ê°™‰a-ô-°æ¤úø’ äéπöÀ Ø√ îËA-
off = ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’ 鬩aôç = Let off fire Charlie: What's Sri Ramanavami, sampy? Christmas - É´Fo festi-
vals.
™ØË Ê°LçC. ü∆E ´Ah î√© §ÒöÀdí¬ ÖçC.
works) What's its significance? Prem: îË®· ¶«í¬ é¬Lçü∆?
Hemanth: So it was a grand affair after all. (-X®√-´’-†-´-N’ -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? -ü∆-E -v§ƒ--´·- °æçúøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç = cele- Syam: Å®Ω-îË®·, È®çúø’ ¢Ë∞¡Ÿx -¶«í¬ é¬-™«®·. -ú≈éπd®˝
Some how I feel spending so much brate a festival.
We enjoy a festival=´’†ç
ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé∞Ïh éπô’d éπö«dúø’.
on fire works is a waste
¢Á·ûªhç-O’ü¿ î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ °æç-úø-í∫†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤- M. SURESAN Prem: ¶«í¬ ¶«üµ¿í¬ Öçü∆?
Syam: Åç-ûªí¬ ™‰ü¿’.
.affair, Å°∂–°∂ ØÌèπ◊\û√ç = N≠æߪ’ç. èπ◊çö«ç. Prem: èπ◊úÕ îË®· éπü∆. °æçúøí∫ Nçü¿’ à™« AØ√o´¤?
Vasanth: It's just once a year. A few hundred ¶«-ù-Ææçî√=fireworks. Syam: Ç ¶«üµ¿™  Å´-Fo ´’Ja-§Úߪ÷.ÉçöÀ-éÌ-îËa-ÆæJéÀ
rupees shouldn't matter much. Ê°™‰ ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’ = crackers; ®√vA 12 Å®·çC.
Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ äéπ-≤ƒJ éπü∆. ã È®çúø’ ¢ÁLÍí ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’= sparklers Answers:
In a mood to celebrate = in a celebration mood
´‚úÌç-ü¿©’ Åçûª Ææ´’Ææu èπÿú≈ é¬üË) a)
Hemanth: Opinions differ. Well what about = ¢Ëúø’-éπí¬ -ï-JÊ° ´’†-ÆœnA. Sunil: Where are you coming from Anil?
the other things? Pakistan was in a mood to celebrate =
Anil: From the Sri Ramanavami pandal. The
Pakistan was in a celebration mood
á´J ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ¢√∞¡xN. N’í∫û√ N≠æ- decorations are really beautiful.
ߪ÷© Ææçí∫A àçöÃ? §ƒéÀ-≤ƒhØ˛ ¢Ëúø’-éπ (¢√∞¡x Nï-ߪ÷Eo) ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊ØË Sunil: Shall I go and see too.
Opinion- ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç. mood ™ ÖçC. Anil: What have you been doing so far?
differ - ¶µ‰C-≤ƒh®·. ❏ Let's not stop him. He is in a celebration
Sunil: We have just finished the puja at home,
Vasanth: Well, we all had new clothes. Told mood
come in and have some vadapappu and
you, dad was quite liberal this time. -Å-ûª-úø’ Ææç•-®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úÕE ǧÒü¿’l. panakam.
He was in a mood to celebrate. He let Sparklers, crackers Let off fireworks
Ê°©aôç = Anil: Ok. On your way back from the pandal
us buy whatever clothes we liked, -ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’© ´Ah = fuse
come to my home.
and sister had the greatest luck. She ( Light the fuse = ´Ah ¢ÁL-Tç-îªôç) Sunil: Ok
had a pair of ear rings. Ê°©ôç = explode / blow/ go of =
b)
(with a loud sound/noise)
Åçü¿®Ωç éÌûªh •ôd©’ é̆’-èπ◊\Ø√oç. îÁ§ƒp- Prem: Hi Syam, What is wrong with your
Explode
°ü¿l-°ü¿l Ê°©’-∞¡xèπ◊ ¢√-úøû√ç.
†’í¬ ´÷Ø√†o î√™« Öü∆-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. - hand?
Ê°©’∞¡ blow =
x ´©x ÅßË’u üµ¿yçÆæç.
êuç -à-N’-öÀ?)
¢Ë’ç -É-≠d°æ æ-úÕ-† -•-ôd-©-Fo -BÆæ’éÌ-î√a®Ω’. °æçúøí∫ Syam: While letting off crackers yesterday,
mood ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ´÷ îÁLxSampath: It's an important festival for us in ô§ƒ- 'go off' =
é¬-ߪ’-©èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. one of them went off in my hand. It had
India. We celebrate the birth of lord Feast =
Nçü¿’ (≤ƒ´‚-£œ«-éπçí¬) °æç-úøí∫ Nçü¿’
Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-®√©’. éπ´’t© ïûª ´*açC a short fuse.
SriRama on the occasion. ´çô-鬩’/ §ƒvûª©’ Dishes =
ûª†èπ◊. Prem: Are the burns very bad? (burns = é¬L†
Hemanth: We had new clothes too and of (ÉçúÕ-ߪ÷™ ÉC î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† Chat over the net =
ØÁ-ö¸ Ææ綵«-≠æù
significance =
í¬ßª÷©’)
course the feast too. Mom prepared °æçúøí∫. X®√-´·úÕ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV†’ v§ƒ´·êuç = ÆœTo-°∂œ-ÈéØ˛q Syam: The palm and two fingures. Doctor
wonderful dishes and delicious Significance of a festival =
°æç-úøí∫ v§ƒ´·êuç.
°æçúøí∫í¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊çö«ç) bandaged / dressed the injuries.
sweets. Occasion = ÅÍé-ß˝’-ïØ˛–Íé ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©é¬-L. °æ ç úø í ∫ Ææ ç •- ® √©’ = festivities
Prem: Is it paining a lot?
-ï, vision ™ ïØ˛-™«í∫ = Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç. a) The festivities of Dasara last for 9 days
¢Ë’´‚ éÌûªh •ôd©’ ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√oç. °æçúøí∫ Syam: Not so bad now.
¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ ´÷ Å´’t ´’ç* ´çô-鬩’, Charlie: How do you celebrate it? ü¿Ææ®√ Ææç•-®√©’ 9 ®ÓV©’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·. Prem: It's your right hand. How could you eat?
b) The Festivities are keeping us busy
®Ω’*-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Æ‘y-ö¸q èπÿú≈ îËÆœçC. ᙫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-û√®Ω’? Syam: I forgot all that in the pain by the time I
Feast °æçúøí∫ ¶µï†ç/ Nçü¿’. Sampath: We offer worship to Lord Sri Rama °æçúøí∫ ¢Ëúø’-éπ-©’ -´’-†-Lo -G-@í¬ -Öç--û√®·. came back home it was 12 midnight.
dishes = úÕ≠œñ ¸ (ñ¸–size ™- z ™«) by performing Pooja. We do it at °æçúøí∫ Öû√q£æ«ç = The enthusiasm for a fes-
Vasanth: That's good. home and in temples too. We do it tival
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù °æçúøí∫ í∫’-Jç-* éπü∆. °æç-úø-í∫© Ææçü¿- special pandals put up at street cor- ❏ We celebrated Deepavali with enthusiasm ≤Úpéπ-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -
®Ωs¥çí¬ ¢√úË expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç ners as well.Then we eat a good
îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.- URL:
¢Ë’ç D§ƒ-´R Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Ñ≤ƒJ. feast too with special dishes. ❏ °æçúøí∫ äéπ ®ÓV-®√-´úøç
Festival = °æçúøí∫, °æçúøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç = celebrate Greengram soaked in water and The festival is / falls on a day. http://www.eenadu.net/
a festival. jaggery water are the offerings to a) This year the festival falls on a Sunday/ is on
a Sunday. spoken/spoken.htm
iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 6 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Navya: Hi Sreya, any idea when we are starting 2) Kashmir must be quite cold now
for the picnic spot tomorrow? É°æ¤púø’ é¬Qt®˝ ¶«í¬ îªLí¬ Öçú≈L. (ÉC èπÿú≈
(Í®°æ¤ ´’† Picnic îÓô’-Èé-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ Bhavan éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æߪ’ç)
à´’Ø√o idea Öçü∆?) 3) He should be on the way
Spot = îÓô’ -Å-ûªúø’ ü∆J™ Öçú≈L. (ÉC éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË
Sreya: None, dear. Divya must be able to tell N≠æߪ’ç.)
us. She is making the arrangements. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x must, should ¢√úøû√ç. Ñ
(ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. C´u ´’†èπ◊ îÁ°æp-í∫-©ü¿’. ûªØË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x have to/ has to ¢√úøç.
à®√pô’x îË≤ÚhçC éπü∆) É°æ¤púø’ Ñ lesson ™E ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ dialogue
Navya: I called her home. Her mom told me ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷úøçúÕ. Åçü¿’™ must ûÓ, should ûÓ
she was out. Must be busy with Ö†o expressions. (°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ á´-JûÓ (Sympathy = Æœç°æA. 'Æœç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =
arrangements.
1) Divya must be able to tell us. ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. Sympathize with =
≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷A. Æœç°æ-ûÁjñ ¸– ñ¸
(¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀéÀ Phone î˨»†’. •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-Rxç-ü¿E 2) Must be busy with arrangements. Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ †ØËoç-îË-ߪ’-´’ç-ö«´¤?) size ™ ™«í∫. ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷A îª÷°æôç. innocent
Z
¢√∞¡x´’t îÁ°œpçC. ¶«í¬ busyí¬ Öçúø’ç-ú≈L Meghana: I want to apologize to him. Won't you =
3) Should be knowing. Ɇ-Ææçö¸– É ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊-™„j†).
´’J) come with me?
4) Should be able to tell us. c) You ought not to talk to your father like that
Sreya: Let's ring up Kavya. Divya is taking
kavya's help. So Kavya should be OöÀ™x (1), (2) ´’†ç éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ (ØËØ√-ߪ’-†èπ◊ éπ~´÷-°æù îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- O’ Ø√†oûÓ Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ †’´¤y (ÆæÈ®j†
knowing about Divya. She should be ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·. Ø√o†’. †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ ®√¢√? v°æ´-®Ωh† é¬ü¿’)
Apologize = ŧÒ-©-ñ„jñ ¸– §Ò ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
able to tell us where Divya is. (´’†ç (3), (4) äéπ®Ω’çúË °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’™x ¢√∞¡x †’ç* ´’†ç NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN
Phone
鬴uèπ◊ îËü∆lç. C´u, 鬴u Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç *´®Ω 'ñ¸— size ™ Z ™«í∫ – Å®Ωnç– éπ~´÷-°æù ENGLISH:
ÇPçîË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ÉD éÓ®Ωôç Apology = ŧÚ-©> = éπ~´÷-°æù)
BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. 鬕öÀd C´u í∫’Jç* 鬴uèπ◊ must èπ◊,should èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Prabha: Hi Subha, file no. 10
áéπ\-úø’çC?
ûÁLÆæ’ç-úÌa. C´u í∫’Jç* é¬-¢Ëu îÁ°æp-í∫-©- Maithri: Let's hurry then. I ought to be back
soon. None to attend on my sick Subha:
¨Ïê-®Ωo-úø’í∫’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁL-ߪ÷L. E†o
í¬L.) ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÅC Çߪ’† table O’ü¿ ÖçC.
Navya: Kavya should know at least the time of mother.
Prabha: ¨Ïê®˝ áéπ\úø?
starting. (ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿. ؈’ ´’Sx ¢ÁçôØË
(Start ÅßË’u time Å®·Ø√ 鬴uèπ◊ ûÁL-Ææ’ç- -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 108 ¢Á†éÀ\ ®√¢√L, ´÷ Å´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-
ü¿’èπ◊– Ç¢Á’ äçöx ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿’.)
Subha: 5
Åéπ
EN’-≥ƒ© véÀûªç Manager í∫C-™éÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’.
\úË Öçú≈L ´’J.
ú≈L)
Sreya: That's right. Let's ring her up.
Phone

We ought toers
respect eld-
(éπÈ®Íéd îËü∆lç Öçúø’)
Navya: Let's wait. They will call us and tell us.
We must be there for the picnic after
all.
(é¬Ææh Çí∫’ü∆ç. ¢√∞Ïx ´’†èπ◊ Phone îËÆœ
îÁ§ƒh®Ω’. picnic ïJ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç Öçú≈L
éπü∆.) a) Bharat: Why did India lose the match? Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ought to Prabha:
ü∆ØÓx §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç Å´’t-鬩 N´-®√©’Ø√o®·
Sreya: OK. I must be going. Bye. (India áçü¿’èπ◊ ãúÕ-§Ú-®·çC?) ¢√ú≈ç-éπü∆. Ought to éπü∆?
(ØË ¢Á∞«xL ´’J. Bye) Lakshman: Ask Dravid about it. He is the cap-
ÅØ√o èπÿú≈, must, Subha: Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ÷L ÅC. Å´’t-鬩 N≠æ-ߪ÷©’
should ™«í¬ØË, Öçú≈L,
Navya: Bye tain. He must know. îª÷ÊÆC †’¢Ëy éπü∆?
í∫ûª éÌEo lessons ™ must, should Å®√n©’, Ö°æ- îËߪ÷L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´≤ÚhçC
(Ç N≠æߪ’ç vü∆N-ú˛†’ Åúø’í∫’. Çߪ’† éπü∆. Å®·ûË éÌçûª ûËú≈– Prabha: àçöÀ Åçûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖØ√o´¤?
captain éπü∆. Çߪ’-†Íé ûÁL-ߪ÷L.)
ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆. ¢√öÀE ã≤ƒJ Ææçví∫- î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ûËú≈ Subha: Office °æF, ÉçöÀ °æF ¶«í¬ Å©-Ææô éπL-T-Ææ’h-
£æ«çí¬ í∫´’-Eü∆lç. Åçõ‰ Dravid, captain 鬕öÀd, ãôN’éÀ 鬮Ωù«©’
Must, have to/ has to, should- Çߪ’-†’oç* ÇPç-îªúøç ÖçC. ´·çü¿’ Å®Ωnç M. SURESAN Ø√o®·.
îª÷ü∆lç– Prabha: î√™« Weak í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ¢ÁçôØË
1) Ñ ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úø’-éπ™ î√™« ü¿í∫_- Kumar: How is the financial position of India?
a) ought to be ('be' form) = Öçú≈L doctor E îª÷ú≈L †’´¤y. F Ç®Óí∫uç
®Ωí¬ Öçö«®·. (¶µ«®Ωû˝ financial position = ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnA
b) ought to go, ought to respect, ought to N≠æߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆? O’
2) ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ commands (Çïc©’), duty ᙫ Öçü¿ç-ö«´¤?)
know- ought to + 1st RDW- action word= Çߪ’† ÉçöÀ °æE™ éÌçûª ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷L
(NCµ), necessity (Å´-Ææ®Ωç), Obligation †’ Saradhi: How do I know? The finance minister
should be able to tell you.
¢Á∞«xL, íı®Ω-Nç-î√L, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, etc. éπü∆?
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. warnings (£«îªa-Jéπ)©†’ èπÿú≈ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ must, should, have to/ has to ©èπ◊ Subha: Çߪ’-†èπ◊ office °æØË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. (Ø√Íéç ûÁ©’Ææ’. -Fèπ◊ Ç N≠æߪ’ç Finance
ought to Ææ´÷-†¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ought to ņo-°æ¤púø’ Prabha: Doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éπ-®·Ø√ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xL éπü∆?
3) Must, should ´’†ç éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o, MinisterîÁ°æp-í∫-©-úø’)
É™«çöÀ uses have to/ has to èπ◊ ™‰´¤. Çïc©’, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Nüµ¿’©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-©-´©x é¬èπ◊çú≈ Subha: É¢√∞¡ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«h-†-Ø√o®Ω’.
ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. ´’†ç FA v°æ鬮Ωç Öçúø-´-©-Æœ† ÆœnA, îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ†
Maithri: Hi Meghana, what brings you here?
Bhavan: Hi Sravan, When are you leaving for °æ†’©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Åçõ‰ ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿u-ûª©’ (Moral ANSWER:
Kashmir? (àçöÀ-™«-´-î√a´¤?) obligations). Prabha: Hi Subha, any idea where file no. 10
Meghana: I need your help. (F ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√L.)
(F¢Á-°æ¤púø’ é¬Qt-®Ω’èπ◊ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ought to Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* îª÷úøçúÕ: is?/ Do you know where file no. 10 is?/
Sravan: The coming Friday. Maithri: Regarding? (üËE N≠æߪ’ç)
1) You ought to know manners Where is file no 10?
Meghana: I wasn't very polite to our lecturer
(´îËa ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç) †’´¤y manners ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. Subha: Ask Sekhar about it. He should know /
Bhavan: That's just two days off. You must be yesterday. I am sure my words hurt
must know. The file was on his table
busy making arrangements because him (ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË ´’†-™„o-´®Ω÷ PéÀ~ç-Ω’– é¬F ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
last evening.
you are going to be there for a few (E†o ´’† lecturer °æôx ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ v°æ´- éÓ-´ôç ´’† ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿uûª.)
2) I ought to be careful how I talk to elders Prabha: Where is Sekhar?
weeks. Kashmir must be quite cold Jhç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ´÷ô©’ Çߪ’Eo éπ*a-
Subha: He went to the manager's room 5 min-
now. Carry enough warm clothing. ûªçí¬ í¬ßª’-°æ-J-î√-ߪ’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
Pavan is also joining you, isn't he? hurt = í¬ßª’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç. Öçú≈L. (v°æ´-®ΩhØ√ ¶«üµ¿uûª) utes ago. He must be there now.
(Éçéπ È®çúø’-®Ó-V™‰. à®√pôxûÓ î√™« busy Maithri: Meghana, not the first time for you 3) We ought to remember who we are talking to Prabha: Why are you so weak?
í¬ Öçúø’ç-ö«´¤ éπ*a-ûªçí¬; éÌEo ¢√®√-©’ç-úø- to be rude to elders. á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. Subha: The work at office and at home is very
¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. é¬Qt®Ω’ ¶«í¬ îªLí¬ Öçú≈-L- (°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x-°æôx Å´’-®√u-ü¿í¬ Öçúøôç (v°æ´-®ΩhØ√ ¶«üµ¿uûª) tiring/ is tiring me.
°æ¤púø’. Pavan èπÿú≈ FûÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ FéÀüËç ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆.) 4) I ought to be back early to attend on my sick Prabha: You look very weak/ run down. You
éπü∆?) You ought to know manners. (Fèπ◊ mother ought to see a doctor immediately. You
(Carry enough warm clothing = î√L- manners ûÁL-ߪ÷L/ †’´¤y manners ought to take care of your health. Your
ï•’sûÓ Ö†o ´÷ Å´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬
†Eo ¢ÁîªaöÀ •ôd©’ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿx.) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L.) AJT ®√¢√L. (Ø√ ØÁjAéπ NCµ/ ¶«üµ¿uûª) husband ought to help you in the work
Sravan: Yes, He should be on the way because Meghana: Yes, I ought to be careful how I talk at home.
he has to be here this evening. to elders. I ought to respect elders.
ÉC ought to èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç, ´’Sx
îª ÷úøçúÕ. Subha: His office work takes his whole time.
(Å´¤†’. Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√Eéπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L (Å´¤†’. °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Prabha: He ought to take you atleast to the
鬕öÀd Åûªúø’ ü∆J™ Öçúø’ç-ú≈L.) ؈’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’ íı®Ω- a) °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’ íı®Ω-Nç-î√L
You ought to respect elders. doctor.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Must be, should be ûÓ Nç-î√L.)
Expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Maithri: We ought to remember who we talk b) Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊-©†’ ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷-AûÓ îª÷ú≈L. Subha: He said he would take me today.

1) You must be busy = †’´¤y busyí¬ Öçú≈L. to when we talk to elders. So what You ought to sympathize with innocent peo-
(Bhavan éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æߪ’ç) do you want me to do now? ple.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 8 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Dinakar: Where did you buy those fruits yes- b) She doesn't need any body's help
terday? They were quite fresh and Ç¢Á’Èé´J ≤ƒßª’ç Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’
sweet. X She needs every body's help
(E†o Ç °æçúø’x áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤? î√™« Ç¢Á’-éπç-ü¿J (v°æA-¢√J) ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç (鬢√L)
û√ñ«í¬ Bߪ’í¬ ÖØ√o®· ÅN) c) Animals need oxygen
Fresh - û√ñ«. (Opp: Stale/ rotten stale. E©y ïçûª’-´¤-©èπ◊ oxyzen Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
Ö†o (´·êuçí¬ ´çúÕ-†N); rotten - ´·J-T-§Ú- d) He doesn't (does not) need any more money
®·†, èπ◊Rx-§Ú-®·†. stale - ÂÆdß˝’™¸, rotten - Åûª-E-éπç-ûª-éπçõ‰ úø•’s Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
®√-ô-Ø˛ – Aô’d-°æü¿ç èπÿú≈. These rotten movies e) Ç¢Á’Íéç Å´-Ææ®Ωç (àç 鬢√L?)
(îÁûªh movies)/ rotten fellow ´’E-≠œE Aôdúøç, What does she need?
a) She has to be there X She need not be there
NENE NÆœ-T-§Ú-®·† jokes - stale jokes. f) ¢√úÕéÀ Rs.100/- éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. Padma:
ûª† ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ã ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç
b) I must know it X You need not know it
Madhukar: Why are you asking? Do you need He doesnot need more than Rs. 100/- Å´-Ææ®Ωç (鬢√L) Ø√èπ◊. îÁ°æ¤p, ûª†èπ◊ ؈’
(؈C ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L) X †’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ Phone îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.
fruits now? Oô-Eo-öÀ™ verb, need/ needs éπü∆? c) Have I to go? X You need not go
(áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? É°æ¤púË´’Ø√o Ñ sentences ™ need Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ, °j con- Kamala: †’´¤ y worry 鬆-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ûª† Phone
(¢Á ∞ «x ™ « X Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’)
°æçúø’x Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷ Fèπ◊?) versation ™ç* BÆœ† sentences (3) and (4) ™ number èπÿú≈ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’, Ç¢Á’ °æéπ\
[a) You must go - †’´¤y ¢Á∞«xL.
Dinakar: Yea. I need some to present to my need ¢√úø-é¬-EéÀ ûËú≈ îª÷ü∆lç. í∫ C - ™ ØË ÖçC. ¢ÁRx ´÷ö«xúø’.
b) You must not go - †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’
uncle. You bought them at Sarvam 3) You need not go that far b) Krupakar: ¢√úÕ-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√L ´’J.
c) You need not go - ¢Á-∞¡}-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’
Super Market, didn't you? Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\Í®xü¿’. Dayakar: ¢√úø-Ææ©’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-Í®xü¿’
b) éÀ, c) éÀ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬ should èπÿ,
(Å´¤†’. ´÷ uncle èπ◊ °æçúø’x present 4) You need not spend so much Krupakar: áçü¿’-éπE?
have to/ has to èπÿ èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.]
îËü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ÅN †’´¤y 'Ææ®Ωyç— Åçûª ê®Ω ’ a °ôd - é π \ - Í ® x ü ¿ ’ . Dayakar: ؈’ ¢√úÕo éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ûÁ´’t-Ø√o†’. Ç
Need í∫’Jç* ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o points.
Super Market ™ éÌØ√o´¤ éπü∆? °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-éπ\úø ÖØ√oß˝’. ÅN èπÿú≈
1) Need †’ independent í¬ äéπ\-öÀí¬ ¢√úÕûË é¬¢√L
Madhukar: No. That's very far off. You need ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅØË ¶µ«´ç ´Ææ’hçC. É°æ¤púøçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊.
not go that far. If fruits are what you Krupakar:
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 109
2) Need + 1 st RDW (´÷´‚-©’í¬ not ûÓ)– ÅN Ø√èπ◊ Å´-Ææ®Ωç. îª÷°œç. ¢√öÀ-E
need, there's a good fruit shop Ç I RDW ûÓ îÁÊ°p-°æE îËߪ’-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ ÅE Å®Ωnç. ØË † ’ îª ÷ú≈L.
nearby. I bought them there. Dayakar: †’¢Ëyç îª÷úø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-C°æ¤púø’. Í®°æ¤ îª÷úø’.
ANSWERS:

You need not spend so much a) Padma: Hi Kamala, let me have Karuna's

Kamala: What about?

phone number. I must/ I need to
talk to her urgently.

Padma: You need not know it./ You don't need

Dinakar: How costly are they? Perhaps you 3) She need not go sentences need
3) ™ verb need go - ™«çöÀ ™ to know it.
bought them at Rs.70 a dozen. need + 1st regular not go •ü¿’©’ – don't/ doesn't need to go
Kamala: Why do you need her number?
(¢√öÀ êKüÁçûª? dozen 70 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© doing word ¢√úø-´îª’a.
Padma: I need some important information
v°æ鬮Ωç éÌØ√o¢Ë¢Á÷ éπü∆?) 4) ™ verb need spend - 4) Need + 1 st RDW (not ûÓ) must/ should/
from her. Tell me (her number). I need
Madhukar: No. You need not spend so much. need + 1st regular have to/ has to èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç
to phone to her.
They are quite cheap there. doing word Need + infinitive (to + 1 st RDW) èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.
Kamala: You needn't worry. You don't need her
Need + 1st regular DW a) You don't need to go now
M. SURESAN
(Åçûª °ôd-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. ÅN î√™«
phone number either, she is in the
éπ Ç shop ™) (´÷´‚©’í¬ notûÓØË É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«}-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç -™‰-ü¿’. next room. Go talk to her.
Dinakar: Will you show me the shop? ´Ææ’hçC)verb Å®·ûË, I RDW †’ •öÀd Å®Ωnç b) She needs to be there at least for an hour
(Need not go = b) Krupakar: He must start now, mustn't he?
(Ç shop îª÷°œ-≤ƒh¢√?) Öçô’çC. ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-Í®xü¿’) éπFÆæç ã í∫çõ„jØ√ Ç¢Á’ Åéπ\úø Öçúøôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
Need not spend = ê®Ω’a °ôd-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ Dayakar: He need not go.
Madhukar: You don't need my help, old boy. c) I need to go home now
You need not be here Krupakar: Why?
Walk along this way and turn right. ØË-†’ ¢Á∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.
You find 'Sufala' fruit shop. That's it. (Ééπ\úø verb - need be - ÉC be form - Dayakar: I told him to get some books. They
NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN
Öçúø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ (not ûÓ) are (available) here. I don't need
(Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Éô’--¢Áj°æ¤ ¢ÁR} ENGLISH:
ÉC need èπ◊ È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. them even now either.
èπ◊úÕ°æéπ\èπ◊ A®Ω’í∫’. Ç shop éπ†-°æ-úø’- a) Padma: Hi Kamala, é¬Ææh Karuna Phone
ûª’çC) ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC – need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úÌa. Krupakar: I need them. Let me see them.
Number É≤ƒh¢√? ûª†ûÓ urgent í¬ I must see them.
Dinakar: OK, bye È®çúÓC– need + 1st RDW (´÷´‚©’í¬ not ûÓ).
[ You need not go =
´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC Ø√èπ◊. Dayakar: You need not see them now. See
Madhukar: OK.
You don't need to go ņ-´îª’a. Kamala: üËE í∫’Jç*? them tomorrow.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù™ Åçû√ need ûÓ Ö†o expres- Padma: †’´¤y ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’™‰
[ She need not sing =
sions áèπ◊\´ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Need Å®√n©÷,
She does not need to sing ņ-´îª’a. Kamala: FÈéç-ü¿’éπ´-Ææ®Ωç ûª† number?
¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ lesson ™.
1. Do you need fruits now?
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç:
Karuna: Must you go now?
-v°æ-¨¡o: É¢Ë OöÀéÀ Ö†o Å®√n-©Fo.
2. I need some Rama could have done that work 1) ®√´·úø’ Ç °æEE îËÆ œ Öçúø-´îª’a
3. You need not go that far.
(†’´¤y ¢Á∞«}™«? É°æ¤púø’?)
Rama could haven't done that work Rama might have done that work.
Aruna: I need not go. It's enough if I call
4. You need not spend so much Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀéÀ áEo Å®√n-©’-Ø√oßÁ÷ §
(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Phone îËÊÆh î√©’. ûÁ©°æçúÕ. Would, could Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’
®√´·úø’ Ç °æE îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬E
5. You don't need my help îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’)
Karuna: You should go tomorrow at least ÅFo ®√ߪ’çúÕ.
´’†çü¿Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. need Åçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å-E, (éπFÆæç ͮ°jØ√ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y) He might have done the work – Åçõ‰
Rama should have done that work.
鬢√L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅE. Sumana: No, she need not go tomorrow either àO’ îÁߪ’u-™‰-ü¿Ø√? îËÆœ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaØ√? § ®√´·úø’ Ç °æE î˨»úø’
1. Do you need fruits now? He may have done éÀ might / would éÀ Rama has done that work.
(Í®°æ¤ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞¡x-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’)
FéÀ°æ¤púø’ °æçúø’x Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? (鬢√™«?) may ≤ƒn†ç™ à Å®√n-©’-Ø√oßÁ÷ ûÁ-©°æçúÕ. 2) îËÆœ Öçúøúø’, (é¬F î˨»úø’)
Karuna: She has to be there at least the day
2. I need some after (tomorrow) – áÆˇ. ®√´·, ûÁØ√L - Rama wouldn't have done it.
Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ 鬢√L Sumana: No, I tell you, she need not be there ï-¢√-•’: § îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’, é¬F î˨»úø’
3. You don't need my help 1. Rama could have done that work He shouldn't have done it.
on any day.
Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Féπ-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’/ Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ Rama -Ç °æEE îËÆœÖçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË é¬F îËߪ’™‰ü¿’. § îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’
(á°æ¤púø÷ Åéπ\úø Öçúø-éπ\-Í®xü¿’)
°j Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©-Eoç-öÀ™ need Åçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ 鬢√L, 2. Rama could haven't done that work - Rama could not do it.
Ñ conversation ™ must/ should/ has to Ñ
Åçõ‰ 'Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’—èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ correct form, Rama couldn't have
DEéÀ § He may have/ might have done
´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç– àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷L/ Öçú≈L Å-E.
done that work. Rama
DE Å®Ωnç, Ç °æEE
a) I need your help Need not be -Å-†o°æ¤p-úø’ opposite meaning
îËÆœ Öçúø-´îª’a.
F ≤ƒßª’ç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç (鬢√L) ´≤ÚhçCéπü∆ îËߪ’-†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ. ÉC ´·êuç. îËÆœ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. é¬E î˨»úø’ ÅE.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 10 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Ranjit: Sanjai, we need to be careful. You don't need it any more.
(´’†ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.) (FéπCçéπ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.)
Sanjai: What about? Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù need í∫’JçîË éπü∆? ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ
(üËE í∫’Jç*?) lessons ™ need Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
Ranjit: About the way we are spending money. èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç.
(´’†ç úø•’s ê®Ω’a îËÆæ’h†o N≠æߪ’ç.) Need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úøû√ç; Éûª®Ω verbs
We have to manage with this money till
the month end.
ûÓ éπL°‘ ¢√úøû√ç.-
I. Need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úÕûË, Å´-Ææ®Ωç
(Ñ úø•’sûÓ ØÁ™«-ê®Ω’ ´®Ωèπÿ í∫úø-§ƒL.)
We need an extra Rs. 500/- for the Öç-úø-ôç, Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-´ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC, éπü∆?
book I need. 1) We need an extra Rs. 500/- c) They will need it when they are there.
àüÁjØ√ E•ç-üµ¿-†í¬, Çñ«c-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç, NCµí¬, îËߪ’ôç
´’†èπ◊ Åü¿-†çí¬ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-´¤- ¢√∞¡x-éπ\-úø’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡x-éπC Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ´’ç*C ÅE îËߪ÷Lq -´ÊÆh/ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, must/
û√®· (鬢√L) d) Kumar needed some money yesterday. should, have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆. DEéÀ ´uA-Í®-
Kumar èπ◊ -E-†o éÌç-ûª -úø-•’s Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’içC.
2) You do not need it any more.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
éπçí¬ îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’/ Öçúø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ ņo-°æ¤púø’,
110 Fèπ◊ -ÅCçéπ Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. Ñ sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ need †’ Éûª®Ω verbs need not ¢√úøû√ç.
combination ™‰èπ◊çú≈ independent í¬ ¢√ú≈ç. a) You must do it
(†’´¤y ÅC îËߪ÷L)
You need not do it.

Need I go there now? (†’´¤y ÅC îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’)

b) She has to be here at 10.
(10éÀ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈L)
She need not be here
(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-†-éπ\®Ω™‰ü¿’.)
(Ø√ éπ´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-EéÀ Åü¿-†çí¬ Rs. 500 II. Need †’ ´’†ç Éûª®Ω É°æ¤púø’ Ñ sentences †’ îª÷úøçúÕ: ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Å´-Ææ®Ωç). verbs ûÓ éπL°œ èπÿú≈ a) You must make Coffee for us
Sanjai: That's true. But you need not worry. I a) You need not go now.
¢√úøû√ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ç †’´¤y ´÷èπ◊ Coffee îËߪ÷L.
called Dad yesterday and told him to (verb: need go; = †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.)
verbs ûÁLÊ° °æE-îË-ߪ’-†-´- b) You must not make Coffee for us
send us Rs. 1000. He is sending it. Ææ-®Ωç-™‰-ü¿E Å®Ωnç. Ñ use b) She need not send any money now.
†’´¤y ´÷èπ◊ Coffee îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
We'll get it in a day or two. áèπ◊\´ not ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC, (verb: need send; Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púËç úø•’s °æç-§ƒ- c) You need not make Coffee for us.
(Eï¢Ë’, é¬E †’´¤yworry Å´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ™‰-ü∆ question form ™ Lq-† -Å-´Ææ-®Ωç -™‰ü¿’.)
phone M. SURESAN †’´¤y ´÷èπ◊ Coffee îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
E†oØË Ø√†oèπ◊ îËÆœ ã ¢Á®·u ®Ω÷§ƒ- Öçô’çC. c) I need not take advice from him
b) éÀ éÀ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: b) èπÿú≈, a) ™«í¬
c)
ߪ’©’ °æç°æ-´’Ø√o. äéπ-öÀ È®ç-úø’ ®Ó-V-™x a) I need not be there now (verb: need take-
(-úø-•’s) ´Ææ’hçC.)
؈’ Åûª-úÕ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’éÓ Command. c) Command èπ◊ opposite éπü∆. ÉüË
Ranjit: I have to pay for the tuition I am taking.
Åéπ\úø -É°æ¤p-úø’ ؈’ç-úø-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. -†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’) should èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC.
(verb - need + be) Ñ sentences ™ need Éûª®Ω verbs ûÓ com- a) He should do it
tuition
(؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o fees
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ b) She need not come bination ûÓ ´≤ÚhçC, ´·êuçí¬ not ûÓ. b) He should not do it
éπö«dL éπü∆?)
Questions èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh®·. c) He need not do it
Sanjai: Do you need (to) continue the tuition?
Ç¢Á’ ®√†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.
(Tuition continue îËߪ’ôç Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?) (verb - need come) a) Need I go there now? ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆, (a), (b) Commands. (c) oppo-
Ranjit: I need not continue. c) Need I go there now? (É°æ¤púø’ -ØË-†’ ¢Á-∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆?verb - site of (a). Å®·ûË have to/ has to N≠æ-ߪ’ç™
(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’) ؈-éπ\úÕéÀ -É°æ¤p-úø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? need go.) é¬Ææh ûËú≈. Have to/ has to èπ◊ not îËJÊÆh need
b) Need you take so much trouble? not meaning ´Ææ’hçC.
Sanjai: Then stop it. You need to understand look at the following sentences:
that if you continue to attend tuitions, †’´yçûª trouble BÆæ’éÓ¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆? She has to be here
a) I need your help
you don't have the time to study. F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç – verb- need take.) Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈L.
tuitions She doesn't have to be here
(Å®·ûË Ç°®·u. É™« èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡⁄h b) She needs some dresses. III. Need not ņôç, must, should, have to/ has
time She need not be here
Öçõ‰ Fèπ◊ îªü¿-´-ö«-EéÀ Öçúø-ü¿E Å®Ωnç
Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÌEo dresses Å´-Ææ®Ωç to èπ◊ opposite ÅE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L (îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq-† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC). Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
2) Sumanth: Sudheer, I need your advice. I have been looking
(1) Tarun: Varun,
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? for you, I see you here now.
Varun: ؈’ ´’Lx-é˙†’ ¢ÁçôØË éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.
Sudheer: What's it about? If you really need my advice, you
Tarun: áçü¿’èπ◊? Sudheer: Worry Å´--†-´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’™‰. ØË-†’ éπ†’-éÌ\E Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’ have it/ I will give it.
Varun: Åûª-úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* éÌçûª information Å´-Ææ®Ωç Ø√èπ◊. îÁ§ƒh. ؈’ Phone îË≤ƒh™‰. Sumanth: I want to buy a bike. I need a bike very badly now.
Tarun: üËE í∫’Jç*?
Sumanth: F´¤ îËߪ’-éπ\-Í®x-ü¿’™‰. ØËØË îË≤ƒh. (need badly = î√-™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç).
Varun: ¢Ë’ç ´îËa¢√®Ωç A®Ω’-°æA ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. Åéπ\úø ü¿®Ωz†ç N≠æߪ’ç™
ANSWERS: Shall I buy a second hand one or a new one?
Åûª-úÕ help 鬢√L. Sudheer: Depends on the money you have. If you can afford it,
Tarun: ü∆E-Èéj-ûË †’´¤y ´’Lxé˙ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡x-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´÷ ¶«¶«®· Åéπ\úø 1) Tarun: Hi Varun, What news?
have a new one.
°æE-îË-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. ؈’ -Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©†’. Varun: I need to meet Mallik immediately.
(afford = Å°∂æú˛ = °ô’d-éÓ-í∫-©í∫-úøç/- ≤Úh-´’ûª)
Varun: Çߪ’†’o ᙫ éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√-L ؈’? (immediately = ¢ÁçôØË)
Sumanth: If I want to buy a new one, I have to take a bank loan.
Tarun: †’¢Ëyç worry é¬-†éπ\®Ω-™‰-ü¿’. Åéπ\úø Çߪ’† Fèπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Tarun: Why?
I need your help for that too.
Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åçû√ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Varun: I need some information from him. Sudheer: Don't worry/ No need to worry. I will find out and call
Varun: Å®·ûË ´’Lxé˙ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ØËØËç Introduction letter Tarun: What about? you this evening.
BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Varun: We are going to Tirupathi next week. We need his help Sumanth: You need not. I'll call you.
Tarun: Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé-Rxç-ûª-®√yûª Çߪ’† E†’o áéπ\-úÕéÀ á°æ¤púø’
in the matter of darsanam.
®Ω´’tçõ‰ Åéπ\-úøèπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. Çߪ’† éÌClí¬ éÓ°œ≠œd. Tarun: If it is for that you need not go to Mallik. My uncle works Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ:
Varun: ÅüËç °æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Å™«Íí.
there. I can help you. He gave me advice -
(2) Sumanth: Hi Sudheer, F Ææ©£æ… Å´-Ææ®Ωç Ø√èπ◊. FéÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-
Varun: How do I meet him? Ñ sentence †´‚-Ø√í¬ îËÆæ’èπ◊E áEo sentences, different
ûª’Ø√o. †’-¢Ëy éπE-°œç-î√´¤.
Tarun: You need not worry at all. He will give you all help you subjects different verbs ûÓ, not ûÓ, question form ™, dia-
Sudheer: üËE í∫’Jç*? Ø√ Ææ©£æ… Fèπ◊ Eïçí¬ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË, ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ûÓ,
É≤ƒh. need. logue form frame
™ áEo îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË ÅEo îËߪ’çúÕ.
Sumanth: ؈’ bike é̆’-éÓ\-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Bike Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Å´- Varun: So I need not take any introduction letter from Mallik. eg: a) Saritha showed me her chain.
Ææ®Ωç É°æ¤púø’. second hand é̆’-éÓ\Ø√, éÌûªhC é̆’-éÓ\Ø√? Tarun: No need. Once you go there you should be and you b) Sunil did not give me the book
Sudheer: ÅC F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s†’•öÀd Öçô’çC éπü∆? †’´¤y -¶µº-Jç-îªí∫- should go wherever and whenever he wants you to. He c) Why did they offer him the job?
L-TûË, éÌûªhüË better éπü∆. is a bit short tempered. d) Mukesh: Are you paying me the money now?
Sumanth: Ø√èπ◊ bank loan Å´-Ææ®Ωç, éÌûªhC éÌØ√-©çõ‰. Loan ûÁa- (Short tempered = ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ°æpúË Ææy¶µ«´ç) Ganesh: I am not promising you anything. I will try.
éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ F ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Varun: Don't you worry. OK. Mukesh: Send me the money tomorrow atleast.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 12 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Harihar: Hi Subhakar, do you know Murthy? Subhakar: That's right too. We cant' do two
(Fèπ◊ ´‚Jh ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) things at the same time. We have to
Subhakar: Of course. We Went to school choose between the two.
together. We were the same class. (ÅD Eï¢Ë’. äÍé-≤ƒJ È®çúø’ °æ†’©’
We used to sit on the same bench îËߪ’™‰ç éπü∆. àüÓ äéπöÀ ᆒo-éÓ-¢√L.)
too. We were together for three Harihar: Bye then. Time for me to go for my
years at school. Physics tuition class.
(ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-ô-¢Ë’çöÀ? ¢Ë’ç äÍé school (Physics tuition ¢Á∞«xL ؈’, ´≤ƒh.
™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊Ø√oç. Classmates. äÍé Subhakar: Bye
bench O’ü¿ èπÿ-ØË-¢√∞¡xç èπÿú≈)
Ñ dialogue ™ Ñ expressions
Harihar: I happened to meet him on train.
He told me about you.
îª÷úøçúÕ. É™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ – used to ¢√úøû√ç. Used to conversation
°j ™ ques-
1) We used to sit on the same °j dialogue ™ èπÿú≈ É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀÍé used to tion not
™ never
ûÓ, ûÓ ¢√úøôç
(؈-ûª-úÕE train ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. F bench. ¢√úøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. îª÷úøçúÕ. É™« èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’ used to
í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒpúø’.) 2) We used to be close 1) He used to help me ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´’J-éÌEo îª÷úøçúÕ.
Subhakar: We are still in touch with each other.
3) He used to help me Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ a) Å-ûªúÁ-°æ¤púø÷ punctual í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’
He joined a college in Hyderabad,
4) He used to be very good at stud- 2) We used to be close He never used to be punctual?
and I stayed on here.
ies. b)
(É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢Ë’ç äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ωç touch ¢Ë’ç ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡xç ÅûªúÕ ≤ƒßª’ç †’´¤y ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕ¢√?
™ ÖØ√oç. ¢√úË¢Á÷ Hyderabad col- 5) You used to be the opener 3) He used to be good at studies Did you use to take his help often?
lege ™ îË®√úø’, ØËE-éπ\úË ÖçúÕ-§Úߪ÷) 6) I used to play îªü¿’-´¤™ ¶«í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ (¶«í¬ îªC-¢Ë-¢√úø’ – ÉüË (N’í∫û√ verbs èπ◊ ™«í¬ØË used to question -ûÓ
Harihar: Quite a nice fellow, isn't he? ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ – He used to study well ) é¬F not ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕûË did use Å´¤-ûª’çC.
(î√™« ´’ç* ¢√úø’, éπü∆?) 4) You used to be the opener -Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l ≤ƒßª’ç àO’ îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’
Subhakar: Certainly. We used to be close. He †’´¤y opener í¬ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕN. He didn't use to help me much.
used to help me in studies, espe-
cially in maths. He used to be very
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 111
5) I used to play
؈’ ÇúË-¢√-úÕE
[Used to present/ future actions
of being ]
èπÿ ®√ü¿’
èπÿ states

good at studies

She used to sing well

(Eï¢Ë’. ¢Ë’ç î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖçúË-
¢√∞¡xç. Ø√èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤™ ´·êuçí¬ maths
™ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’. ¶«í¬ îªC-¢Ë-¢√úø’)
Harihar: He told me you used to play cricket
very well. It seems you used to be
the opener for your school team
7) I used to find a lot of time. 6) I used to find a lot of NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN
(†’´¤y cricket î√™« ¶«í¬ ÇúË-¢√-úÕ-´E
Ñ expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ used to time ENGLISH
îÁ§ƒpúø’. O’ school team èπ◊ †’´¤y
opener í¬ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕ-´ô éπü∆?) èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†¢Ë éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ used to Ø√èπ◊ î√™« time üÌJ-ÍéC Ananth: Hi Sumanth, É¢√-∞ÏçöÀ Éçûª ûªy®Ωí¬
Subhakar: Yes. I used to play, but not as well Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. 鬕öÀd 'used to' express- Evü¿-™‰-î√´¤?
used to èπ◊ be form used to be; es a habitual state of Sumanth:
as Murthy has told you. Ñ ´’üµ¿u ؈’ ûªy®Ω-í¬ØË ™‰Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.
being or action. ´‚úø’ ØÁ©© éÀçü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ late í¬ ™‰îË-
(Eï¢Ë’, ØËØ√-úË-¢√úËo, Å®·ûË ´‚Jh Action word: used to + 1st Regular Doing
word Pramod: Your teacher at ¢√-úÕE – college hours áE-N’C †’ç*
îÁ°œp-†çûª ¶«í¬ é¬ü¿’) school was at M. SURESAN
Harihar: Why aren't you playing now? e.g: used to play, used to sing, etc., äçöÀí∫çô ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷Í®a´®Ωèπ◊
our place this
Used to í∫ûªç™ Å©-¢√-ô’í¬, véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ananth: áçü¿’-éπçûª Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË-¢√-úÕN?
afternoon. She's dad's cousin
(É°æ¤púø’ áçü¿’é¬-úøôç ™‰ü¿’?)
Subhakar: I used to find a lot of time to play at Ö†o ÆœnAE é¬F, Ωu (action)†’ é¬F ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Sumanth: ®√vA î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ îªC¢Ë ¢√úÕE. Ç©-Ææuçí¬
Ñ used to èπ◊, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úË use O’ School teacher ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ´*açC
(
school. Now my concentration is °æúø’-èπ◊ØË ¢√úÕE. Åçü¿’-éπE Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË-
èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç. ÇNúø ´÷ Ø√†o cousin.
on EAMCET. No time for games ¢√-úÕE.
Subhakar ´÷ô we used to sit on the same Cousin éπ>Ø˛ – 'éπ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, > size ™
now. Ananth: ´’ü¿u ™‰îË-ô-°æp-öÀ-éÀ-Èéçûª time ÅßË’uC
bench z ™«í¬.
(school ™ î√™« time ÖçúË-C Ø√èπ◊. Sumanth: ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω 8 ÅßË’uC. áçûª £æ…®·í¬
É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ EAMCET O’ü¿ concen- äÍé bench O’ü¿ èπÿØË ¢√∞¡xç (A regular action Å®Ωnç = ®Ωéπh Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E ü¿í∫_®Ω ö«d-©ç-ü¿®Ω’
ÖçúËüÓ
of the past) English™ cousins. Children of your parents
trate îËÆæ ’hØ√o. Games èπ◊ time Ananth:
ûÁ©’-í∫’™: Å°æ¤-úø™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úËC brothers and sisters are all your cousins. ؈’ -´÷vûªç Ç®Ω’Íé ™‰îË-¢√-úÕE. É°æ¤púø’
üÌ®Ω-éπôç ™‰ü¿’) âCç-öÀÍé ™‰Ææ’hØ√o.
(It used to be so); Åçõ‰ O’ ´÷´’ߪ’u éÌúø’-èπ◊©÷, èπÿûª’-∞¡Ÿx -Åç-ü¿®Ω÷
Harihar: I used to play shuttle regularly, but I Sumanth:
gave it up after I joined college.
¢√úø’ ®ÓW ÇúË-¢√úø’ O’ cousins - cousin sister, cousin brother àüÁjØ√ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ .
(He used to play every day); ÅØË ´÷ô©’ English ™ ™‰´¤. ÅN ¢√úøç) ANSWER:
Dad wont' let me play any game
Prasanth: She used to like me a lot she was a Ananth: Hi Sumanth, why are you up so
now. Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ §ƒúËC
(she used to sing well); very good teacher. early?
(؈’ shuttle ÇúË-¢√-úÕE. é¬F ´÷Ø˨»,
college ™ îËJ† ûª®√yûª ´÷ Ø√†o They used to quarrel with each other. (؈çõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æ-úËC/ ÅGµ-´÷†ç How is it you are up so early?
ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’) (¢√∞¡Ÿx -äéπ-J-ûÓ äéπ®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÌ-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx)– ÇNúø î√™« ´’ç* teacher) How is it you got up so early?
Pramod: Though I was n't her student, I used
How is it = get up =
àçöÀ? Evü¿-™‰-´ôç
to go to her for tuition.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ¢- Á·-ü¿-öÀ®Ó-V Office èπ◊ -v°æ-¨¡o: -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù °æ‹-Jhí¬ -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ’-´÷®Ω’ (ØËØ√¢Á’ student Å´éπ§Ú-®·Ø√, Ç¢Á’
= be up. 'be up' ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ simple,
natural)
¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-úø’ -Å-†-ú≈-Eo 275 -¢√éπu -†-´‚-Ø√-©’ (patterns or struc- ü¿í∫_-®ΩéÀ tuition -¢Á∞Ïx-¢√-úÕE.)
'He is going to office Sumanth: Of late I have been getting up early.
tures) -î√-©-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -¢√uéπ®Ω-ù °æç-úÕ-ûª’-© Prasanth: Didn't she use to say, 'understand?'
for the first time' I used to get up late till 3 months
- Å-E at the end of her every sentence?
ago- till the college hours were
-Å-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’ç. -Ç 275 -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -vö«-Ø˛q-
correct
-îª-C-¢√-†’. -Å-C Å- (v°æA sentence *´®√ (Ç¢Á’ teach
™‰-≠æ-Ø˛- Ææ£æ… -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. changed from 8 AM to 1 PM
– Èé.®√-´÷®√--´¤, -N-ï-ߪ’-¢√-úø îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, 'understand?' ÅØË-C-éπü∆?)
´¤-ûª’ç-ü∆? -D-Eo- ´’®Ó -
Ananth: Why did you use to get up so late?
N-üµ¿çí¬ -á-™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’? Pramod: That she used to. I observed too.
2 ) ''Phonetics'' ØË®Ω’aèπ◊-ØËç- ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω-†oC correct. Å®·ûË ´·ç-ü¿’í¬ fun- Most teachers, I think say that. Sumanth: I used to study till late in the night.
So I used to get up/to be up late.
ü¿’èπ◊ -äéπ -´’ç-* °æ¤Ææhéπç damentals ¶«í¬ ûÁLÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ (Å´¤†’ Å™« Åçô’ç-úËC. ؈÷ í∫´’-
Ææ÷-*ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. - îÁ°œp† ¢√éπu †´‚-Ø√©’ (sentence pat- Eçî√†’. Teachers î√™«-´’çC Å™« Ananth: what used to be the time when you
– á. -¢Ë-ù’íÓ-§ƒ-™¸, -Å-Mx°æ‹®˝ terns) practice îËߪ’-´îª’a. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ûªT†
got up/when you were up?
ï-¢√-•’: 1) He
Åçö«-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«.)
is going to office for the first Prasanth: I never used to find our Maths Sumanth: It used to be nearly 8. How happy I
vocabulary èπÿú≈ °çîª ’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆,
time = ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJí¬ (®ÓV é¬ü¿’) teacher say that. He used to say, was!/ How I enjoyed it!
slots fill îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊. Thanks for the sug-
office èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’. ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x, 'Isn't it?' quite often. Ananth: I used to get up at 6. Now I get up
gestion.
This is the first time he is going to (´÷ Maths teacher Å™« ņôç ØËØÁ- at 5 itself.
office ņ-´îª’a. °æ¤púø÷ NØË-¢√-úÕE 鬆’. Çߪ’† á°æ¤púø÷, Sumanth: What ever you may say. I like get-
2) Oxford, longman's Dictionaries î√©’. 'Isn't it?' ÅØË-¢√úø’. ting up late.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ii I Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 14 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Himakar: Who do I see here? Dinakar? Oh
Ñ conversation ™ éÀçC expressions
what a surprise! When did you
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
come?
1. I used to find ...
(àß˝’, á´®Ω÷? C†-éπ®√? Ǩ¡a®Ωuçí¬- -Öç-C! 2. I used to eat out
á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√a´¤?) 3. He used to be quite active here.
Dinakar: Yesterday. The first thing I thought I
4. He used to get up quite late
would do was see you and here I am
5. I am used to it.
(E†o, ®√í¬ØË ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô E†’o 6. I could not get used to the food
îª÷ú≈©†’èπ◊Ø√o. ´îËa¨») 7. He was used to keeping awake late
Himakar: Real pleasure seeing you. So how's
8. He will be used to it. No. 5 to 8 îª÷úøçúÕ. ¢Á·ü¿ô 5, 7 and 8 îª÷úøçúÕ future, past™ üËE-ÈéjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
Bangalore?
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson™ ´’†ç used to Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ 5. I am used to it a) I am used to coffee in the morning
(E†’o îª÷úøôç Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. í∫ûªç™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúøf
7. He was used to keeping awake late (Coffee - noun)
Bangalore ᙫ ÖçC?)
Æœnûª’-©èπÿ, Ωu-©èπÿ (Habitual status of being/habit- 8. He will be used to it (Ø√èπ◊ §Òü¿’l† coffee Å©-¢√ô’)
Dinakar: A beautiful city. I went there in the win-
ual actions in the past) ¢√-úø-û√ç -Å-E °j† expres- 5, 7 and 8 expressions ™ used to ´·çü¿’ be I am used to taking coffee in the morning
ter. I used to find the cold difficult to
sions from 1 to 4 ü∆EéÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ éπü∆. forms (am, was, will be) Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ø√èπ◊ §Òü¿’lØË coffee B≤Ú\-´ôç Å©-¢√ô’.
bear, but now I am used to it.
1. I used to find the cold difficult to bear ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈, used to ûª®√yûª 'be' form é¬F, (Ééπ\úø am used to ûª®√yûª, taking, ... ing form
(Åçü¿-¢Á’i† †í∫®Ωç. ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ îªL-é¬-©ç™ Ç îªL ûªô’d-éÓôç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÅE-°œç-îËC. Regular doing word é¬F ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. ®√´ôç í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ)
¢Á∞«x. Ç îªL ûªô’d-éÓ-´úøç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçúËC. 2. I used to eat out Used to, ûª®√yûª, It é¬F, ing form é¬F ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· b) He is used to long walks / taking long walks
é¬-F É°æ¤púø’ Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úÕ-§Úߪ÷)
Himakar: What about the food?
•ßª’ô AØË-¢√úÕo. éπü∆. Åçõ‰ 5, 7 and 8™ ´’†ç ¢√úÕçC. in the morning
'be' form (am/was/willbe) + it/...ing form (†úøéπ, †úø-´ôç Å-ûª-úÕéÀ Å©-¢√ô’.)
(-ǣ慮Ωç -´÷-õ‰ç-öÀ?)
(Expressions 1, 2, 3, 4™ ¢√úÕçC. (Used to + be c) Ram: Your boss seems to be an angry man.
Dinakar: No trouble now. I cook for myself. I
/ Ist Regular Doing Word) (O’ boss éÓ°œ-≠œd™« éπ-EpÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?)
used to eat out in the beginning but I
Used to + be/1st RDW Rahim: I just don't bother. I am used to his
could not get used to the food. I start-
ed cooking, and I am happy now. -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 112 í∫ûªç™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o ÆœnA/ ïJ-T† °æE. - anger.

(É°æ¤púËç É•sçC ™‰ü¿’. ØËØË ´çúø’-èπ◊ç-ô’- É-D É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC. (ØËØËç ™„éπ\-îË-ߪ’†’. Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úÕ-§Úߪ÷
Ø√o†’. ¢Á·ü¿öx £æ«Ùô™x AØË-¢√-úÕE. é¬-F
-Å-©¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷. ´çúø’-éÓôç
¢Á·ü¿-©’-°ö«d. É°æ¤púË É•sçD ™‰ü¿’.
(Eat out = Restaurants ™ A†ôç)
Himakar: You know our friend Bhaskar, don't
She used to be beautiful
you? He works in a Call Centre there.
(Fèπ◊ ¶µ«Ææ \®˝ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬. ¢√úø-éπ\úø Call
3. He used to be quite active here É°æ¤úø’ 'be' form + used + Çߪ’† éÓ§ƒ-EéÀ.)(am used to - his anger)
Centre ™ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’)
Ééπ\úø î√™« ®Ω’í¬_ ÖçúË-¢√úø’. it/ ...ing form (expressions, d) Bhavan: His wife appears to be the -
Dinakar: How is he? He used to be quite active
4. He used to get up quite late 5, 7 and 8 ™ ÖçC) – nagging type.
here
¶«í¬ Ç©Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË-¢√úø’. ÉC äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ (†Ææ-°õ‰d ®Ωéπç-™« ÖçC ¢√úÕ ¶µ«®Ωu .)
(ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? Ééπ\úø Åûª†’ î√™« ®Ω’í¬_ Used to
ÖçúË-¢√úø’) °æúøôç –any time – past, Sravan: He is so used to her nagging that with-
1) Past ™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o Æœnûª’-©èπÿ, ïJ-T† present or future †’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’- out it he feels he misses something.
Himakar: He is OK. except for his odd hours of
°æ†’-©èπÿ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Present, futureèπ◊ ñ‰Ææ’hç-C.
duty. He has to work late night shifts. M. SURESAN (Ç †Ææ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË àüÓ ¢Á-L-Aí¬ Ö†oô’d ¶«üµ¿-
It's troubling him a bit.
á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç. (í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆, used to + °æ-úø-û√úø’ ¢√úø’. Ç †Ææ-éπçûª Å©-¢√ô’
2) Used to ûª®√yûª 'be' é¬F, Ist Regular Doing be/ 1st RDW - past Íé °æú≈fúø’)
(-Ç-úø÷u-öà -¢Ë-∞¡-©’ ûª°æp ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. Words (used to + go / Walk) Sleep, etc) é¬F °æJ-N’ûªç) (is used to -nagging)
®√-vA -¢Ë-∞¡-™x °æ-E-îË-ߪ’-úøç -Å-ûª-Eo -É-•sç-C ´≤ƒh®·. ÉC ´’†ç last lesson™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. a) Kesav: How do you find Delhi in Summer?
°-úø’-ûÓç-C) Now practise the following:-
Dinakar: He was used to keeping awake late at
´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ. (¢ËÆæN™ Delhi ᙫ ÖçC?) Sekhar:
1) ´÷éπ-°æ¤púø’ ¢√®√-EéÀ 5 ®ÓV™‰ ÖçúË-C Eswar: Quite hot. But I have been used to
†’´¤y *†o-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ °æJ-Èí-ûËh-¢√-úÕN éπü∆?
night here. He used to get up quite
We used to have school only for 5 days a the heat for past three years.
É°æ¤p-úËçöÀ ÅÆæ©’ éÌçûª ü¿÷®Ωç èπÿú≈ †úø-´-™‰-
late here. what's the problem?
week. (áçúøí¬ØË Öçô’çC. é¬F í∫ûª ´‚úË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
(Ééπ\úø á°æ¤púø÷ ®√vA î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™\- 2) ûª®Ωîª÷ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ´Ææ’hç-úË-¢√úø’. Pramod: Ñ office™ join Å®·-†-ûª-®√yûª Ø√èπ◊
´ôç Å©-¢√õ‰ éπü∆ Åûª-EéÀ. Ç©Ææuçí¬ØË ØËØ√ áçúøéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈f. É°æ¤púø’ ÅC
He used to visit me frequently Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿’). ¢√£æ«†ç ÖçC éπü∆. *†o *†o ü¿÷®√-©èπ◊
Evü¿™‰îË¢√úø’ éπü∆?) 3) Ç¢Á’ Åûª-ØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËC é¬ü¿’ (have been (be form) + used + to the heat
èπÿú≈ bike O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç Å©-¢√--õ„i-§Ú-´-úøç
Himakar: But there he has to get off duty too
She never used to like him (noun)
´©x, †úøéπ ûªT_çC.
late, after 12 mid night, and so he Sekhar: Å°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ slim í¬ ÖçúË ¢√úÕN èπÿú≈.
4) EØÁo-°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ É•sçC °õ‰d¢√úÕØ√ ؈’? (üËE-ÈéjØ√ ´’†ç ÉîËa Ê°®Ω’ noun. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ it /
can get up only after 9 or 10 in the Pramod: Ñ Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† @N-û√Eéπ©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç ´©x
Did I ever used to trouble you? that / this etc. ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-´îª’a)
morning. This is his problem. He weight èπÿú≈ °J-TçC. Eï¢Ë’.
5) ¢√úø’ °æí∫©çû√ Ééπ\úË í∫úÕ-Ê°-¢√úø’ b) Åûª-úÕéÀ night shifts (®√vA-¢Ë-∞¡©’ – duties) Å©-¢√õ‰
hopes he will be used to it in a course Sekhar: Bike ¢√úøôç ´÷ØËÆ œ urgent é¬E °æ†’-©èπ◊
He used to spend the whole of day being – He is used to night shifts.
of time
here. c) É™«çöÀ v¨¡´’ Åûª-úÕéÀ éÌûªh. éÌçûª é¬-™«-EéÀ
†úø’.
(é¬F -Åéπ\úø ´’K Ç©Ææuç.®√vA 12 ûª®√yûË 6) ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-çí¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ Pramod: †úø-¢√-©-E°œçîªü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. é¬F v°æߪ’-Aoç-î √L.
duty Å®· Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, Åçü¿’-´©x Öü¿ßª’ç
Å©-¢√ô’ °æúøû√úø’
He used to be very helpful to me This kind of hard work is new to him, but
à´·ç-C™‰, È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ †úÕÊÆh Å©-
9, 10 ûª®√yûË Evü¿ ™‰´ôç, ÉD ÅûªE 6) Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúËC he will be used to the work in course of
¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-û√†’. Å´¤†÷, †’´¤y Delhi ™
Ææ´’Ææu. 鬩-véπ-¢Ë’ù« Å©¢√ô’ °æúø-û√-†E She used to be beautiful Öçô’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?Åéπ\úø AçúÕ Fèπ◊ °æúø’-
time.
ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’) used to ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? ûÓçü∆?
É°æ¤púø’ °j d) ¢√úÕ boss Å´-´÷-Ø√©’ Åûª-úÕéÀ Å©-¢√õ‰
Dinakar: Best of luck for him Sekhar: Ææ´’ÊÆu ™‰ü¿’. Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-ú≈f†’.
conversation expressions...
-†’ç* BÆœ† He is used to the insults from his boss.
b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, àçöÀ ´’K Sundays
e) Pratap: How are you able to carry such a
load?
èπÿú≈ busy í¬ Öçô’-Ø√o´¤?
-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C °æ-ü∆-© π◊ ÆæÈ®j-† Pronunciation -ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’? (Åçûª •®Ω’¢Á™« ¢Á÷ߪ’-í∫©’_ûª’Ø√o´¤?)
Bharat: àç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«´¤? Busy life éπ©-¢√-ô’-°æ-
Bear, Owl, yacht, Menace, Cheer (v), Cheers (n), Cop, Cheerful (adj),
ú≈f†’. É°æ¤púø’ °æE-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË àç ûÓîªü¿’.
Sekhar: What a question? Weren't we
Dishyant: Í®°æ¤ promotion ´ÊÆh ¶«í¬ BJéπ
tyrant, martyr, Chaos, Career (were we not) used to carrying
–-öÀ. -P-´, -†ç-CéÌ-ô÷\®Ω’
. heavier loads of books at school?
Öçô’çC éπü∆? Å°æ¤púËç îË≤ƒh´¤?
Bharat: Å°æ¤púø’ ü∆EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-û√†’. àüÁjØ√
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Bear=¶„-Å; 2) Owl=ñ˜™¸ -(Å--Ö™¸), 3) yacht=ߪ÷ö¸ 4) Menace=¢Á’†Æˇ (àç -v°æ-¨¡o -Å-C? School™ ´’†èπ◊ Éçûª- ´÷®Ω’p éÌEo ®ÓV™‰ Ææ´’Ææu. Ç ûª®√yûª ü∆EéÀ
('¢Á’—ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 5) Cheer=*µßª’; Cheers=*µßª’ñ¸.('ñ¸— size™ z™«) éπØ√o •®Ω’-´¤†o °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢Á÷ߪ’ôç Å©¢√-ô’-°æ-úøû√ç.
6) Cop=鬰ˇ (鬖°-ü¿-´¤©’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp, Ø√©’éπ ´çéπ-®Ω-°-ôdçúÕ) Å©--¢√-õ‰ éπü∆?) Dushyant: Å´¤†’. Correct ´÷ ņo†’ ´÷ Å´÷t,
8) Cheerful='-*µßª’-°∂ˇ™ ¸ – '*µ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 9) tyrant=õ„j®Ω-Ø˛ö¸ ('õ„j ØÌéÀ\
鬕öÀd be used to Åçõ‰ Å©-¢√ô’ Öçúøôç, éÌûªh Ø√†o î√™« Ææ’êçí¬ Â°çî√®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 1) 10) martyr=´÷ô ('´÷— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç)11) Chaos=Èéߪ’Æˇ é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç. be used to ûª®√yûª noun form (this îª÷úø’. business™ ®ÓW 8 í∫çô-©-éπçõ‰
food, the heat, the insults etc) é¬F, '... ing' form
('Èé— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 12) Career=éπJߪ’ ('JØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. be used to Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo- •öÀd, present,
áèπ◊\´ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 16 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Balaram: Hi Damodar, how's your new bike? 1) I will get used to
(F éÌûªh bike ᙫ ÖçC?) 2) You will get used to handling it
Damodar: I have used it for just a few days. I 3) He has got used to holding its weight
feel it is heavy for a man my size. So 4) I got used to it
I find it a bit difficult to handle it. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Lessons ™ be used to ¢√ú≈ç
( éÌCl-®Ó-V-©’-í¬ØË éπü∆ ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√o éπü∆. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ be used to Åçõ‰ Å©-¢√ô’
ü∆Eo. Ø√ Size éπC éÌçîÁç •®Ω’¢Ë ÅEp- °æúøôç ÅE, be used to noun
ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷
≤ÚhçC. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆Eo handle îÁߪ’uôç é¬F, '...ing' form é¬F ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E.
é¬Ææh éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC) 1) She is used to the rudeness of her mother-in-
Balaram: Could it be a wrong choice? law.
selection)
(F áç°œéπ (- Åç-ûª ÆæÈ®jçC Ç¢Á’ Åûªh-í¬J ü¿’®Ω’-Ææ’-ûª-Ø√-EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú- b) Having been poor till now, he is yet to be Sneha: Moreover the language here is differ-
é¬üË¢Á÷ ņ’èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?) ®·çC. used/ yet to get used to/ yet to become used ent, so he may take (some) time to get
(Ééπ\úø rudeness, noun) to, the comforts of rich life used to it.
2) They are used to working for low wages. Maithri: Where English is known/ Where peo-
ûªèπ◊\´ @û√-©èπ◊ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç ¢√∞¡x-éπ-©-¢√õ‰. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Hü¿-¢√-úø’í¬ Öçúø-ôç-´©x, üµ¿Eéπ @Nûª ple know English, he hasn't any prob-
Ææ’ë«-©-éÀçé¬ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’/ ÅN Åûª-EéÀçé¬ lem. He is used to communicating in
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
(Åçõ‰ éÌûËhO’ é¬ü¿’. ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿’™ éÌûªhí¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈-
113 Lqç-üËO’ ™‰ü¿’) éÌûªh/ -Å-ûª-EéÀ ÅN É•sç-Cí¬ ÖØ√o®·. English. The problem is with the local
language.
Sneha: At the most he may take a month to
get used to the circumstances/ situa-

I got used to it tion here. That's all.

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç-Ø√-öÀ -Å-¶µ«u≤ƒ-© Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©’:

a) Sekhar: You used to be good at
running/used to run well/used to be
Damodar: (I) Can't say anything now. I think I 3) This street boy is used a good runner when you were
ÉO be used to, got used to, became used to young. Why aren't you able to walk
will get used to it as days pass. to the cold of the win-
Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. ´’Sx Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬... even a short distance?
(É°æ¤púËç îÁ°æp-™‰†’. ®ÓV©’ í∫úÕîËéÌDl ter. 1) be (get/ become) used to ûª®√yûª noun é¬F,
Å©-¢√ô’°æúø-í∫-©-†-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) Pramod: After I joined this office, I got a vehi-
Ñ OCµ-¶«-©’úø’ Qû√-é¬-©°æ¤ ...ing form é¬F ´≤ƒh®·. Ist RDW ®√ü¿’. Å®Ωnç – cle. I am used to going on the bike
Balaram: I think so too.
even for short distances. So I walk
îªL-éπ-©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøf-¢√úË. Å©-¢√-ô-´ôç, éÌûªh-é¬-éπ-§Ú-´ôç, É•sçC éπ©-í∫-éπ-
(؈÷ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, noun •ü¿’©’,
Damodar: Once it begins to move I feel very
§Ú-´ôç. less now.
is èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. 2) be (get/ become) used to à tense ™ØÁjØ√ Sekhar: You used to be very slim.
comfortable riding it. Only when I M. SURESAN
°j conversation ™ ¢√úø-´îª’a, Öçúøôç, Ωu ïJÍí 鬙«-Eo-•öÀd. Pramod: True. Because I am used to this kind
have to stand it do I feel the weight
get used to èπÿ, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† be PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH: of life and my weight has increased
(éπü¿-©ôç ¢Á·ü¿-™„jûË î√™« £æ…®·í¬ too/ has gone up too/ I have put on
used to èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ áçûÓ ûËú≈ Sneha: Hi
Öçô’çC. ü∆Eo Stand ¢Ëߪ÷Lq ´*a-†- ¢Á’ivB, ᙫ ÖçC Ééπ\úÕ éÌûªh @Nûªç?
weight.
™‰ü¿’. 'be used to' èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd Maithri:
Ø√Íéç éÌûªh ÅE°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Å©-¢√-õ„j-§Ú-
°æ¤púË •®Ω’-´-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC). ®·çC. ô÷d F™«çöÀ friends Öçúø-ôç-´©x Sekhar: Stop using the bike. Walk for things
But I enjoy the ride. ÆæÈ®j† tense form ûÓ get used to ¢√úÌa: not urgent.
Sneha: ´’J O’ Çߪ’† Ææçí∫A?
(Å®·ûË ü∆EO’ü¿ Ææ-¢√-K î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ a) In the beginning I could not adjust to the Pramod: I don't feel like. But I must try. That's
Maithri: Çߪ’-†Íé é¬Ææh Ææ´’-Ææuí¬ ÖçC. Çߪ’-†C
Öçô’çC) hostel food, but I got used to it as time went marketing job éπü∆? Ééπ\úÕ market B®Ω’- nothing, of course. If I walk for 2 or 3
Balaram: Don't worry. You will get used to han- on/but I am now used to it days, I will be used to walking you are
ûÁ-†’o-©-éÀçé¬ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰-ü∆-ߪ’†. Ééπ\úÕ
dling it. Look at Arjun. He is Shorter ¢Á·ü¿ô hostel food °æúËC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ®ÓV©’ market Çߪ’-†èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh. in Delhi now. Are you used to the food
than you and his bike heavier than í∫úÕ-îË-éÌCl Å©-¢√-õ„j-§Ú-®·çC; É°æ¤úø’ ؈’ ü∆EéÀ Sneha: Åçü¿’™ ¶µ«≠æ èπÿú≈ ûËú≈ éπü∆? é¬Ææh time there?
yours. I See him handling it with °æôd-´îª’a Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-ö«-EéÀ. Sekhar: No problem. I am used to it. / I have
Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-ú≈f†’.
ease. He has got used to holding its Maithri: got used to it.
b) How long did it take for you to get used to ÉçTx ≠ˇ ûÁL-Æœ†îÓôx Çߪ’-†-ÍéO’ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.
weight. Çߪ ’-†èπ◊ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Ææ綵«-≠æù Å©-¢√õ‰. b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, you are busy on
the climate of Kashmir?
(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. †’´¤y ûªy®Ω-í¬ØË ü∆E •®Ω’- ≤ƒnEé𠶵«≠æ Å®·-ûËØË Ææ´’Ææu. Sundays too/ even on Sundays,
´¤èπ◊ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-û√´¤. Å®Ω’b-Ø˛†’ îª÷úø’ é¬Qt®˝ ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úø-ö«-E-Èéçûª time Sneha: ´’£æ… Å®·ûË ÉçéÓ ØÁ© °æôd-´-a™‰. Ç what's the matter?
¢√úø’ F éπçõ‰ §ÒöÀd, ¢√úÕ bike F ü∆E- °æöÀdçC Fèπ◊? ûª®√yûª Å©-¢√õ„j §Úûª’çC. Bharat: What can I do. I am used to this
éπçõ‰ •®Ω’´¤. é¬E ü∆Eo ¢√úø’ î√™« c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working for ANSWER: busy life. I feel bad/ out of sorts if I
Ææ’©’´¤í¬ handle îË≤ƒhúø’. ¢√úø’ long hours here unlike in his previous job Sneha: How is the new life here, Maithri? don't have enough work.
Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈fúø’) Ééπ\úø áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úÕçé¬ Maithri: I don't find it new/ different any more; Dushyant: If you get promotion, you will have a
Damodar: Yes That was my Experience of my especially with friends like you around. lot of leisure. What will you do then?
Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úø-™‰-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«, ¢√úÕç-ûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o job Bharat: I will be used to it then change a
cycle too, when I had my First Cycle, Sneha: What about your husband/ hubby?
™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈. Maithri: He finds it a little problem/ He has problem for only a few days. After
I Was just 7 or 8 years old and the d) People in government jobs find it difficult to
some trouble. Hence a marketing job, that we are used to it.
cycle felt heavy , but I got used to it. get used to working in private organisations.
isn't it? He hasn't yet got used to/ He Dushyant: Yes, that's right. My parents brought
(Å´¤†’ Ø√ Cycle ûÓ Å†’-¶µº´ç èπÿú≈ private
v°æ¶µº’ûªy 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷™x °æE-îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ has yet to get used to the trends of the up my brother in all comfort. But
ÅüË. ؈’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJí¬ Cycle é̆o- look now. In his business, he now
ÆæçÆæn™x °æEîËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ Å©¢√ô’ °æúøôç éπ≠dçæ í¬ market here. The market here is
°æ¤púø’, Ø√èπ◊ àúË∞x áE-N’-üË∞x Å°æ¤púø’ Öçô’çC. entirely/ completely/ totally new to him. works for more than eight hours.
Ø√èπ◊ Cycle •®Ω’-´-E°œç-îËC. é¬F Å©-¢√ô’ °j (b), (c), (d) ™x `be used to' èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
b) How long did it take for you to get used to...?
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Leave letter ®√Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, (Head mas- -v°æ-¨¡o: Am, is, are + V3 = ï®Ω-í∫-•úÕ Öçúøôç ™‰ü∆
°æú≈f ü∆E •®Ω’-´¤éÀ.
Balaram: I ride a bike well, but I have yet to get = How long did take for you to be used to....?
used to the traffic of Hyderabad. I c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working ter †’ address îËÆæ÷h ï®Ω-í∫-•-úøúøç (™‰ü∆) È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Ææç-ü¿-®√s¥-†’-
think it will be a few more weeks = I think he hasn't been used to working Teachers) Kindly grant me, ≤ƒ-®Ωçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™«? -á-™« ¢√ú≈-L?
before I can drive comfortably in d) People in government jobs find it difficult to ÅE ®√ߪ’úøç ûª§ƒp, may I – -áÆˇ.-ü¿’®√_®√-´¤, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø
such traffic. get used to working- People in government request you ÅE ®√ߪ’úøç cor- -ï-¢√-•’: am/ is / are + v3 (past participle) Ñ
jobs find it difficult to be used to working in... rect Å´¤-ûª’çü∆, ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. combination ™ Ö†o verb passive voice
2.Respected Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a,
Traffic drive
(Ø√éÀçé¬ Ñ Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ™
îËߪ’ôç Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰ü¿’. ÉçéÌEo ¢√®√- ´ be used to, get used to become
¢√úË îÓôx ™ Öçô’çC. Å®Ωnç '•úø’— ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.
Yours sincerely / Yours 1) The poem is written by John = John îËûª Ç
used to
faithfully -à-C -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-L?
©-èπ◊-í¬E Ææ’êçí¬ drive îËߪ’-™‰-†-†’-èπ◊çö«) èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa.
poem ®√ߪ’-•-úÕçC Å-E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L.
OK. I must be going. Bye a) I've got used/ I've become used to/ I've been
– -G-.-vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, éÌ-´‹y®Ω’ The poem has been written/ was written by
(Oh, Bye)
ØËEéπ ¢Á∞«xL used to this kind of treatment from the Boss
Boss (treatment=
-ï-¢√-•’: 1. È®çúø÷ correct. May I request you ÅØËC John ÅØËC Éçûª-éπçõ‰ better form.
Damodar: Bye †Eo™« îª÷úøôç ¢Ájü¿uç, é¬Ææh formal. am/ is/ are + pp (past participle - v3) - ÉC habit-
Ñ Conversations Get used to
™ ûÓ Ö†o ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. Ééπ\-úø Å®Ωnç äéπ®Ω’ ÉçéÌ-éπJo 2. Respected Sir, ņôç correct é¬ü¿’. Sir, ÅE ual action èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈L. Å®·-§Ú-®·† action
expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷úøôç, Åçõ‰ íı®Ω-Nç-îªôç, ©-éπ-†í¬ îª÷úøôç, Ææç¶-CµÊÆh î√©’. Respected sir ÆæÈ®j† English Å®·ûË, has been + pp/ was/ were + pp ¢√úøôç
Lessons ™ Åçû√be used to èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† üËy≠æç Öçúøôç, ™„éπ\-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ™«çöÀN: Ñ é¬ü¿’. Leave letter ´’†-éπçõ‰ °j ÅCµ-é¬-JéÀ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’, time state îË-¨»-´÷, ™‰ü∆ Å-ØËü∆Eo •öÀd.
N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Get Nüµ¿çí¬ boss ††’o îª÷úøôç (treat îËߪ’ôç) Ø√èπ◊ address îËÆ œ-†-°æ¤púø’ yours faithfully, ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ. 2) He is gone ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖçC– He has gone ÅØË
used to ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: éÌûËhO’ é¬ü¿’. Yours sincerely ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Å®Ωnç-ûÓ. -É-ç-ü¿’™ ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 18 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Jagan: Mohan, when did you last meet kumar? Jagan: I see him the other day when he was
(èπ◊´÷®˝†’ á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o´¤, *´-®Ωí¬?) talking to someone.
Mohan: Just yesterday. He was going home (-¢Á·-ØÁo°æ¤p-úÓ Åûªúø’ á´-J-ûÓØÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-
from office. ûª’çõ‰ ؈ûªEo îª÷¨»)
office
Mohan: He has a number of admirers.
(E†oØË. ¢√úø’ †’ç* ÉçöÀéÀ
¢Á∞¡Ÿh†o°æ¤púø’) (Åûª-úÕE ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™«´’çC
Jagan: Do you meet frequently?
(O’®Ω’ ûª®Ωîª÷ éπ©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√?) ÖØ√o®Ω’.)
admirers = ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx = fans.
Mohan: We used to. Of late, however, we
Admire = äéπJ v°æA-¶µº†’ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç
haven’t been seeing each other that
frequently. His writing stories for the Jagan: He deserves 3) for actions just completed.
Ñ verbs véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊–
magazine keeps him busy. (Åûªúø’ ü∆EéÀ Å®Ω’|úË) (É°æ¤púË °æ‹®Ωh-®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊, just, just now Å-ØË
including habits, facts of science, universal
deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç -´÷-ô-©-†’ ¢√úøû√ç)
(í∫ûªç™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË¢√∞¡xç. Ñ ´’üµ¿u Åçûª truths èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.1st column verbs
™ I †’ a) I have read some of his novels,
ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éπ©-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. °ævA-éπèπ◊ éπü∑¿©’ ®√ߪ’- RDW, II column ™verbs II Regular Doing
†’ Time
ôç™ Åûªúø’ busy í¬ Öçö«úø’) Words
(îªC-¢√†’ – îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’)
b) He has studied here for the past one year
Åçö«ç.
Of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u = recently. 1) ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®ÓW ´≤ƒhúø’
of late/ lately éÀ, late èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ –
(äéπ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωçí¬ Çߪ’† Ééπ\úø îªC-¢√úø’)
late = Ç©Ææuç -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 114 2)
He comes here everyday.
¢√∞¡Ÿx á°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒh®Ω’ ®ÓW Ééπ\-úÕéÀ?
c) They have just gone out -
-¢√--∞¡Ÿx -É°æ¤p-úË •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«x®Ω’.
Jagan: I have read some of his stories. They When do they come here everyday? IV He has been writing for
are quite good. long.
have been + ing / has

Do you meet him frequently?

(؈’ ÅûªúÕ éπü∑¿©’
éÌEo îªC¢√. ¶«í¬ØË been + ing. present
-D-E-E
ÖØ√o®·) perfect continuous tense
Mohan: He writes well. He Åçö«ç– í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ω綵º-¢Á’i
has written about Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’-©èπ◊
40 stories and ¢√úøû√ç.
short stories so far. Mohan: He will be completing his fiftieth novel 3) Åûªúø’smoke îË≤ƒhúø’. Congress has been ruling AP for the past
(Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ØË ®√≤ƒhúø’. É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ next year He smokes (Habit) year and a half
40 éπü∑¿©÷, éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’ ®√¨»úø’) ûª† 50-´ †´©†’ Çߪ’† ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç 4) The sun rises in the -à-ú≈-C-†o®Ωí¬ AP E é¬çvÈíÆˇ §ƒL-≤ÚhçC.
Jagan: Has he been writing for long? °æ‹Jh îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«. east - universal truth.
Regular PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:
(Åûª†’ î√™«é¬©çí¬ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈?) Jagan: My best wishes to him. É™« ᙫçöÀ
Mohan: He started writing at the age of 18 tenses
(î√™«´’çC §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ í∫’Jç* ´’Sx ´’Sx actionsÈéjØ√ Regular Prabha: Ææ’ï† ††’o ûª®Ω disturb îËÆæ’hçC.
itself. He had written for the school and lesson
Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úø-ôçûÓ Ñ ™ tenses revise Doing Words ¢√úøû√ç.M. SURESAN Subha: †ØÁo-°æ¤púø’ disturb îËߪ’ü¿’.
É-C present simple Prabha: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ -Ø√--©’í∫’≤ƒ®Ω’x phone
college magazines before he took to îËÆæ’hØ√ç, í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)
Tense.
Do you meet him frequently? -
serious writing
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ îËÆœçC.
5) Writing for the magazine keeps him busy.
(18 à∞¡xÍé ®√ߪ’ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-úø-ûª†’. Ééπ\úøverb - do meet. do meet ÅØ√o äéπõ‰, Subha: Ø√éÀç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
II. am + ...ing / is + ...ing / are + ...ing for
®√ߪ’ôç serious í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË´·çü¿’ meet ÅØ√o äéπ\õ‰. Prabha: Ǣ˒üÓ é¬®Ω’-éÌ-Eç-ü¿ô. Ç N≠æߪ’ç É°æp-öÀéÀ
actions taking place now. This tense is pres-
school, college magazines èπ◊ ®√¨»úø’) meet, meets, Ø√èπ◊ °æ-C≤ƒ®Ω’x phone îËÆœçC.
ent continuous tense.
Jagan: Any idea of bring out a collection of all sing sings
tense ANSWER:
write writes
his stories?
É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’-©èπ◊ Ñ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) I am reading the paper - É°æ¤púø’ Prabha: Sujana disturbs me often.
(ÅEo éπü∑¿©’ äéπ Ææç°æ¤-öÀí¬ -ûÁ-îËa Ç™-îª- come comes
b) She is singing - É°æ¤púø’ Subha: She never disturbs me.
ØË-´’Ø√o Öçü∆?) watch watches
c) They are walking - É°æ¤púø’ Prabha: She has phoned four times so far
Bringing out = v°æ-Jç-îªôç, collection = (®Ω É™«çöÀ verb forms †’ present simple/ present III. have (for, I, we, you and they) + past par- today.
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™) Ææç°æ¤öÀ indefinite tense Åçö«®Ω’.- Ñ verbs ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
ticiple/ has (for, he, she, it) - present
ÉC Subha: She hasn’t called me so far.
Mohan: A publishing company will soon publish column ™ Ö†o verbs †’ I, we, you and they
perfect tense. DE-E– Prabha: She has bought a car. She has
it. It will be out this June, I think. ûÓ, È®çúÓ column ™E verbs- sings, writes, etc 1) for past actions, time not stated phoned about it to me 10 times.
(ã v°æ-®Ω-ù«-©ßª’ç ûªy®Ω-™ØË Ç Ææç°æ¤öÀE -†’ he, she, it ûÓ -¢√-úø-û√ç. Question ™, not ûÓ (í∫ûªç™ ïJT, time ûÁL-ߪ’E °æ†’-©èπ◊)
v°æ-J-Ææ’hçC. Ñ June ™ v°æ-J-≤ƒh-®Ω-†’- 1st column ™ ÖçúË verbs èπ◊ ‘do’ ´Ææ’hçC. II
2) for action going on from then till now,
èπ◊çö«) column ™ ÖçúË verbs èπ◊ does ´Ææ’hçC.
(Å°æpöÀ†’ç* – É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æ†’-©èπ◊)

-v°æ-¨¡o: ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Being, Been °æü∆©’ passive voice ™ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éçé¬ Ééπ O’ sentences- -¢√-öÀéÀ corrections.
à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√ßÁ÷ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Öü∆: éÀçC ¢√é¬u-™-x 1) Being their faithful servant, he cheated them -
ÉC ûª°æ¤p. Å®Ωnç
¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ ؈’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† Been, Being °æü∆© ™‰ü¿’. †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† ÊÆ´-èπ◊-úø-´ôç ´©x ¢Á÷Ææç î˨»úø’– ÉC ûª°æ¤p éπü∆.
v°æßÁ÷í∫ç ÆæJí¬_ ÖçüÓ, ™‰üÓ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† servant í¬ Öçô÷ØË – Åçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’, Inspite of being
1. Being their faithful servant, finally he cheated them. their faithful servant.... Åçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j-† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
2) Being she is very intelligent - ÉC Wrong construction. Being
2. Being she is very intelligent, she succeeded in dealing the ï¢√•’: i) a) Being ÅØ√o having been ÅØ√o Å®Ωnç– Öçúøôç, ûÓ verb ÖçúË group of words ®√-´¤. (Ñ group ™ is ÅØË verb
situation. Öçúøôç ´©x, ÖçúÕ-†ç-ü¿’-´©x (í∫ûªç™, ´·êuçí¬ having ÖçC éπü∆) – Ééπ\úø correction-
3. Being it is one of the finest products of Wipro, today it is been ņo-°æ¤púø’). Öûªh been ®√ü¿’.
Being very intelligent, she succeeded....
known to every customer/ consumer. b) being/ having been ûª®√yûª verb ûÓ Ö†o group of words ®√´¤.
3) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, °j sentence ™ ™«í¬ØË,
4. Being she was disgraceful in public by him, she has decid- i) Being : We don’t like his being here
Being one of the finest products of Wipro, it is known today....
ed not to talk Ravi from now on. Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø Öçúøôç ´÷éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. (being = Öçúøôç) 4) Being disgraced in public by him, she has decided not to talk
5. Been/ Being beaten by his master Ravi didnot come to ii) Having been: His having been a collector was helpful to us. to him.
class today. (Åûªúø’ collector í¬ Öçúøôç ´÷èπ◊ ¢Ë’©-®·uçC– í∫ûªç™) Ñ 5) Having been beaten by his master, Ravi did not come to class
6. Been our companion for 6 months, she is not coming to us È®çúø’ sentences ™ being Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ Öçúøôç, Having been today. action past
-Ééπ\-úø having been
é¬-•-öÀd, Being -´Ææ’hç-C.
as she has became a famous TV anchor today. Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ Öçúøôç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC éπü∆? beaten ®√-ü¿’.
7. Miss Savithri Been practising the violin since 6 months, Being / Having been = Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x / Å®·†çü¿’´©x 6) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, though / inspite of ¢√ú≈L.
now she has improved. a) Being weak, he is unable to walk Inspite of having been our companian for 6 months, she ....
8. Been/ Being it was very hot sunny they didnot attend the •©-£‘«-†çí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x, †úø-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. today. (
Öûªh ‘been’ ®√ü¿’)
meeting yesterday. b) Having been weak, he was unable to walk 7) Having been practising the violin for the past six months,...
– v¨»´ùÀ, †çü∆u© •©-£‘«-†çí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x †úø-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ (í∫ûªç). 8) It being a hot / sunny day.....

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 20 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Sravan: Hi Bhavan, when do you start for your
II (b) ™ èπÿú≈ The boys (they) are coming ™
class?
verb - are + coming - are + ...ing. D†®Ωnç ¢√∞¡Ÿx
class
(O’ èπ◊ †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-û√´¤?)
Bhavan: Usually at 10. Today I am a little late.
É°æ¤úø’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o action
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ 10 éÀ. É¢√∞¡ é¬Ææh Ç©Ææuç †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.
Åߪ÷u) Å™«Íí Hemanth is playing cricket - DØÓx verb
is playing - is + ...ing É°æ¤púø’ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’, ÅE
Sravan: And when does the class begin?
(Class ´÷´‚-©’í¬ á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤- É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o action †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC.
ûª’çC?) 鬕öÀd am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing - they talk
Bhavan: Usually at 10.30. about actions going on now.
Ñ am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms of verb
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ 10.30 éÀ) a) I am leaving for Guntur tomorrow PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
Sravan: Perhaps you donot have the class on - present continuous tense.
Sundays. Are you coming? - verb, are coming - †’´¤y
؈’ Í®°æ¤ í∫’çô÷®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. Pavan: †’Oy ´’üµ¿u ¨¡çûª-Ø˛-ØË-´’Ø√o éπL-¨»¢√?
(Tomorrow, future (´·çü¿’ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓç-ü¿E) Suman:
(Sunday classes ™‰¢Ë¢Á÷ éπü∆?) ´Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√ (É°æ¤púø’)? á°æ¤púÓ ¢√®Ωç-éÀçü¿ éπE-°œç-î√úø’.
Pavan:
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆?)
Bhavan: That’s true. The teacher does not hold b) My sister is coming here next week
¢√úø’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞Ïx N≠æߪ’ç FûÓ à´’Ø√o
classes on Saturday either. Ééπ\úønext week ÅEtime is com-
îÁ°æpôç ´©x,
îÁ§ƒpú≈ Ç®ÓV?
teacher Suman: ¢√úø’ next monday •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
(Eï¢Ë’. ´÷ ¨¡E-¢√-®√©’ èπÿú≈ ing èπÿú≈future action †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC. Pavan: ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-î √aúø’. ¢√öÀE AJ-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
classes °ôd®Ω’) c) My Parents (they) are starting for Kasi tomor-
Sravan: Does he teach only for five days a 115 row
TîËaߪ÷©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ¢√úø’ ††’o ¢√®Ωçí¬
week? éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’.
Suman: Åûª†’ EFo-®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«.
Pavan: FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’?

When does the class begin? Suman: ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿ éπL-¨»†’ éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√ûÓ
ÅØ√oúø’.
ANSWER
Pavan: Have you met Santhan recently/ of
late?
(Åçõ‰ Çߪ’† Who is singing? - verb, is singing - á´®Ω’ §ƒúø’- Tomorrow ÅE time îÁ°æpôç, are coming èπÿú≈ Suman: I saw him about a week ago
¢√®√-EéÀ 5 ®ÓV-
ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ (É°æ¤púø’)? future action†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓç-ü¿E Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. Pavan: Did he tell you/ talk to you that day
™‰Ø√ class
Am I talking toomuch - verb - am talking - am u éÌEo verbs †’ am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing about his going to the US
îÁÊ°pC?) form ™ ¢√úøç éπü∆: ÅN a) ´’†-Ææ’èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-
+ ing - Suman: He is leaving next monday.
Bhavan: Yes, we like it áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oØ√ (É°æ¤púø’)?
that way too. u am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing, future (´·çü¿’ *† love, hate, like, dislike, feel ™«çöÀN b) ´’† Pavan: He has given me some books. I want
actions
ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’) èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç, time mind èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† know, understand, to return them. He hasn’t (has not) met
(´÷èπÿ ÅüË É≠ædç) remember, forget, think ™«çöÀN; c) appear,
Look at the following M. SURESAN í∫†éπ îÁÊ°h. me for a week.
belong, comprise, contain, consist of, need, Suman: I think he is meeting/ is seeing/ will see
sentences from the dialogue above. Åçõ‰ Past action, time known (í∫ûªç™ ïJT à
seem am + ing/ is
™«çöÀN. OöÀ™x ¢ËöÀéÀ èπÿú≈ you today.
1) When do you start for college? time™ – °∂晫Ø√ ®ÓW, Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç, Æ洒ߪ’ç
+ ing/ are + ing forms ™‰´¤. Pavan: How do you know?
2) When does the class begin? ûÁLÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç Å™«çöÀ actionsèπ◊) Past
3) You do not have classes on Sundays. u have + past participle/ has + participle Suman: I met him a week ago, didn’t I? He told
doing word ¢√úøû√ç
4) The teacher does not hold classes. form- DEo present perfect Åçö«ç. me then.
a) He has gone out (has gone- has + pp; •ßª’-öÀ-
past action, time not stat-
Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ
5) Does he teach only for 5 days a week? Èé-∞«xúø’– No time mentioned) DEéÀ äéπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç,
lesson I Regular Doing edéπü∆?
éÀçü¿öÀ ™ ´’†ç– b) He went out an hour ago (í∫çô éÀçü¿ô ÅE
Words (come, go, sing I, we, you and a) They have seen the movie (verb - have seen
™«çöÀN, time îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç 鬕öÀd - went - past doing word. Suneetha gave the book to me.
they ûÓ ¢√úËN), II Regular Doing Words
a) I have bought the book
- have + pp movie
¢√∞¡Ÿx îª÷¨»®Ω’– á°æ¤p-úø-ØËC (Ææ’Fûª Ø√ π◊ °æ¤Ææhéπç É*açC)
(comes, goes, sings ™«çöÀN, he, she, it ûÓ ûÁLߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’)
b) I bought it yesterday sentences ¢ËÍ® subjects, ¢ËÍ® verbs ûÓ
¢√úËN) í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. OöÀE regular They saw the movie yesterday É™«çöÀ
[ (a) ™ time ™‰ü¿’ – 鬕öÀd have bought - have verb saw - past question not ûÓ, dialogue form ™ áEo
actions-véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. (¢√∞¡Ÿx E†o îª÷¨»®Ω’– ÉC ™,
not
Éçé¬ OöÀE ûÓ, question I
™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ + PP. (b) ™ yesterday ÅE time îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç, doing word. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo simple past tense ®√ߪ’-í∫-©’-í∫’-û√®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.
Regular Doing Word (I RDW) - do + Ist RDW 鬕öÀd - bought - past doing word] Åçö«ç) eg: a) They distribute sweets to children
Å´¤-ûª’çC, II Regular Doing Word (II RDW) - Past doing word - came, went, walked, b) I saw him last night X I did not see him last b) Harish did not show his book to me
does + Ist RDW Å´¤-ûª’çC. cooked, liked, loved
™«çöÀN not ûÓ é¬F, ques- night (not ÖçC 鬕öÀddid see) c) Does he tell his secrets to you?
É¢Ë Â°j conversation ™pick up sen-
îËÆœ† tion ™ é¬E did + 1st Regular Doing Word c) They bought a car a year ago X They did not Raghu: Has he written any letter to you?
tences ™ ÖØ√o®· îª÷úøçúÕ: Å´¤-û√®· éπü∆? buy a car a year ago. (not did
ÖçC 鬕öÀd Ramana: I wrote one to him yesterday.
1) When do you start? - verb - do start a) He came yesterday X He did not come yes- buy) Raghu: He made a call to me yesterday. He
(Question start (in a statement)
鬕öÀd) = terday (Not ÖçC 鬕öÀd did come) Questions did + 1st RDW:
™ èπÿú≈ gave his address to me. Do you want
2) When does the class begin? - verb - does Did you see him last night? it?
Question: Did he come yesterday? (Question-
begin (in a question) = begins (statement ™) Did they buy a car a year ago? Ramana: Give it to me.
did come)
3) You do not have classes on Sundays - verb -
do have (not have (not
-v°æ-¨¡o: -v°æ-¨¡o: ؈’ ûÁ©’í∫’ O’úÕߪ’ç Nü∆u-JnE-E. 鬙¸ ÂÆçô®˝
ûÓ) = ™‰éπ-§ÚûË)
4) The teacher does not hold classes - verb - Where we have to use ‘to’
does hold (not holds (not
ûÓ) = ™‰èπ◊çú≈) 1. I) Naveen told Ramana. II) Naveen told to ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. éπÈ®-é˙dí¬
5) Does he teach only for ... ? - verb - does Ramana. Which is correct ? English spell îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Pronunciation
teach (question teaches (statement
鬕öÀd) = ™) 2. I) After the meeting, please come to me. Audio Casettes , Foreign Accent èπ◊ Ææç•ç-
II Compare the following pairs of sentences: II) After the meeting, please come me. Cµç* Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË cassettes í∫’Jç* ûÁ-L-ߪ’-
3) None of the sentences is correct. The correct
(compare = pairs = 3. I) If you have two pens please give me. -ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. •’é˙q à¢Á’iØ√ ´÷È®\öx -Öç-ö«ßª÷?
– Èé.--´’-ߪ‚-J, é¬--@Ê°-ô
§Ú©açúÕ, ïûª©’) sentence is:
I (a) I go to college at 10 II) If you have two pens please give to me.
b) I am going to college Which is correct?
If you have two pens, please give me one/
please give one to me.
-ï-¢√-•’:
II (a) The boys come here in the evenings Please tell me proper usage of ‘to’. General- 1) Pronunciation Audio Casettes, CIEFL
The uses of to: It has a number of uses. We
b) The boys are coming. ly we use ‘off’ as switch off, Turn off, power (Central Institute of English and Foreign
use ‘to’ before a place, a person, after a num- Languages) Casettes
III (a) Hemanth plays cricket off like that in order to stop some thing. In ¢√∞¡x O’èπ◊°æßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-
b) Hemanth is playing ber of verbs. Please refer to the earlier lessons book shops
your article you had told that ‘how did the û√®·. °ü¿l ™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·.
of spoken English on prepositions, for the cor- BBC, CNN TV Channels
°j sentences (I (a), II (a), III (a)) verbs, I
™ marriage go off’. Tell me the usage of ‘off’ ´·êuçí¬
RDW and II RDW éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ÅN regular also. – ®Ω-´’-ù, -ߪ÷-Ø√ç rect uses of to, off, etc. Newscasts N†çúÕ.
actions †’ îÁ§ƒh®·. -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Naveen told Ramana is correct. ‘Tell’ ‘How did the marriage go off?’ In this sentence 2) Books N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh Oxford/ Langman’s
I (b) verb - am going - am + ...ing -
™ ÉC col- is not followed by to. ‘go off’ is a phrasal verb, and ‘off’ is a part of it. Dictionary pronunciation follow Å´çúÕ–
lege ‘Go off’- the set of words here, as a whole British/ American-
2) Please come to me - is correct, come is
èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o†’, ÅE É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o ¢√öÀ™ x È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩
action means, ‘take place’. Pronunciation É≤ƒh®Ω’.
†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. followed by to before a place/ person.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 22 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Dinesh: Hi Ramesh, I hear (that) you have Ramesh: My brother hasn’t seen my new bike
bought a new bike. yet. He has been away in Chennai for
bike
(†’´¤y éÌûªh éÌØ√o-´E NØ√o†’/ the past four days. We expect him
ûÁL-ÆœçC) tomorrow.
Ramesh: Yes, I bought it the day before yes- (´÷brother new bike
Éçé¬ Ø√
terday. I took it to the temple yester- îª÷∞Ïxü¿’. Çߪ’† Ø√©’-í∫’-®Ó-V-©’í¬ îÁØÁj o™
day, and had the pooja done. ÖØ√oúø’. Í®§Ò-≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç.)
(Å´¤†’, ¢Á·†o éÌØ√o†’. E†o í∫’úÕéÀ Dinesh: Have you shown it to our friend
BÆæ’-ÈéR} °æ‹ï îË®·ç-î√†’) Kapil?
Had the pooja done = °æ‹-ï îË®·ç-î √†’ (éπ°œ-™¸èπ◊ îª÷°œç-î√¢√?)
Dinesh: Wish you a happy ride on the new Ramesh: Yes. I showed it to him yesterday a) I bought it the day before yesterday.
u have + pp/ has + pp †’ á°æ¤púÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i É°æp-
bike itself. He liked the colour very much. bought - past doing
(¢Á·†o éÌØ√o†’ – 鬕öÀd actions
öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ïJ-T† èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç. °j con-
ride = bike, scooter
(´÷´‚-©’í¬) ≤ƒyK, (E†oØË îª÷°œç-î√†’. ®Ωçí∫’ Åûª-EéÀ î√™« word) versation ™ Ñsentences îª÷úøçúÕ.
ride
™«çöÀ ¢√£æ«-Ø√© O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç èπÿú≈ †*açC). b) I took it to temple yesterday and had the a) I have used my bike for only two years
Dinesh: Do come down this evening. Let me pooja done (È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬– Åçõ‰ È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿öÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-
have a ride on it. ´-®Ωèπ◊– Ø√ bike ¢√ú≈†’. Åçõ‰ action from
E†o í∫’úÕéÀ BÆæ’-ÈéR} °æ‹ï îË®·çî√
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√. ã≤ƒJ ††’o c) I called your home three times yesterday then. Å°æpöÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æE.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù b) I haven’t had (have not had) any trouble with

-†-úø°æF ü∆Eo.) Phone
116 Ramesh: Oh, certainly. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈).
؈’ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ E†o ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x î˨»
it so far
trouble
(ü∆E-´©x Ø√éÀ-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç ™‰ü¿’) Ééπ\úø
(Till now)
èπÿú≈ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ action
ïJ-T† èπ◊

I haven’t had any trouble have + not + pp (haven’t had)

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´÷brother
verb - has + not + seen)
îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.
¢√ú≈ç.
c) My brother hasn’t seen my new bike yet.
(yet= bike
Ø√ éÌûªh
d) Have you shown your bike to Kapil?
Ramesh: Thank you. I have called your home Dinesh: Bye then, see °j ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x†÷ time ûÁL-Æœ† Past (F bike Have
éπ°œ-™¸èπ◊ îª÷§ƒ¢√ (Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊–
three times yesterday, but there was you this shown)
actions 鬕öÀd bought, took, called ÅØË past
no response. I wanted to show the evening. e) He has been away in Chennai for the past
doings words ¢√ú≈ç.
bike to you. four days
(Å™«Íí, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç a) I have seen the movie; I saw it yesterday.
phone
(O’ ÉçöÀéÀ E†o ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x (Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬– Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV© éÀçü¿öÀ †’ç*
éπ©’ü∆lç). ¢Á·ü¿ô time îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷ÆœçC. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Çߪ’† îÁØÁj o™ ÖØ√oúø’. has been
bike
î˨»†’, é¬E á´®Ω÷ áûªh-™‰ü¿’. Fèπ◊ éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ Åçü¿’-´©x have seen (have + pp). È®çúÓ - ‘be’ form - state of being -ÖØ√oúø’ – ÅØË
îª÷°œ-ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) îª÷¨»ç ´’†ç– have + M. SURESAN ¶µ«í∫ç™ yesterday ÅE îÁ°æp-ôç-´©x, saw - past
Response = Ææpçü¿†. Phone ™«çöÀN á´-È®jØ√ Å®ΩnçûÓ)
past participle/ has doing word.
îËÊÆh °æ©-éπúøç response u So, have + pp/ has + pp- Ñ verb form†’ éÀçC
+ past participle (PP)_ (DEo present perfect b) We have finished our breakfast; We finished
Dinesh: We were at my cousin’s to attend a Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úøû√ç.
tense Åçö«ç)– past action time not stated èπ◊ it an hour ago. 1) Past action, time not stated (í∫ûªç™ ïJT,
function
cousin
(´÷ function
Éçöx èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xç) ¢√úøû√ç. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ èπÿú≈ Å™«çöÀ ¢√úøéπç (¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¶µ«í∫ç™ time îÁ°æpô癉ü¿’, 鬕öÀd have time îÁ°æpE °æEéÀ)
Ramesh: Any idea of buying a new bike?
îª÷úøçúÕ. finished. È®çúÓ ¶µ«í∫ç™ ‘an hour ago’, ÅE 2) Action from then till now (Å°æpöÀ†’ç* É°æp-öÀ-
bike
(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o éÌûªh éÌçü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- You have bought a new bike = †’´¤y éÌûªh time îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç, 鬕öÀd finished.
´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æEéÀ)
Ø√o¢√?) bike éÌØ√o´¤. é̆ôç past, Å®·ûË á°æ¤p-úø-ØËC c) The police have arrested him; They arrested u have + pp/ has + pp (pp- Åçõ‰ past participle)-
Dinesh: I have used my bike for only two îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’. Verb: have bought = have + just, just now, ÅØË ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕûË É°æ¤púË °æ‹®Ωh-
him last week.
years. I haven’t had any trouble with PP ÅD past action, time stated (í∫ûªç™ (Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ have arrested (time not stated); a) ®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
it, so I don’t find a reason to change ïJT, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçD time ûÁL-§ƒ-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ)– ¢√úÕ-°æ¤púË •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’=
arrested (past doing word because time is
He has just gone out
it. Å°æ¤púø’ past indefinite / past simple tense stated) b) Train É°æ¤púË ´*açC=
bike
(Ø√ †’ È®çúË∞Ïx ¢√ú≈-E-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊. ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ Past doing word (came,
trouble
Ñ difference English ™ very important. So The train has just arrived.
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅC Ø√Íéç É´y-™‰ü¿’. went, sang, danced ™«çöÀ verbs ¢√úøû√ç). c)
´÷®Ωa-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íéç 鬮Ωùç éπE-°œç-îª-ôç- ´’†ç have + pp/ has + pp èπ◊, Past doing èπÿ ¢√Rx-°æ¤púË ¶µçîË-¨»®Ω’=
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ü∆E Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ. Ö†o ûËú≈ î√™« careful í¬ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. They have just had their meals.
™‰ü¿’)

PRACTISE THE
ANSWER:
FOLLOW-
Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-LqçC.
I know that he has gone- sentence model
Ñ
Interviewer: O’ Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª©’ àN’öÀ? sentences
(ŶµºuJn): ؈’ B.Tech î˨»†’. Interviewer: What are your qualifications?
í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊E áEo Å®·ûË ÅEo ņôç
Candidate I know that he has gone. Model: sub + Vb + that clause
Candidate: I have done B.Tech.
Interviewer: O’®Ω’ B.Tech degree á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’- Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. I Know that he has gone
Interviewer: When did you take the B.Tech
èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’? That he has gone= ¢Á∞«x-úøE ´’J-éÌEo examples:
Degree?
Candidate: ؈’ B.Tech exam June 2004 ™ (that èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç = ÅE.) She says that she knows Telugu.
Candidate: I took the B.Tech exam in June
®√¨»†’. Result Aug 2004 ™ That he has passed = Åûªúø’ pass Åߪ÷uúø’ He does (not) know that it is mine.
2004. The result came in Aug
É™« English ™ that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u ´÷ô™x OöÀ™x a) questions b) dialogues
èπÿú≈ practice
´*açC. 2004.
verb (6 forms of verb í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆?) Öçõ‰
Interviewer: Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç*
îËߪ’-´îª’a.
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ O’Í®ç- Interviewer: What have you done since a) Does she think that I am a fool?
îË-¨»®Ω’? then? ü∆Eo ‘that clause’ Åçö«ç.
Candidate: ؈’ ã software company ™ Candidate: I have been a programmer in a Ééπ\úø ... that he has gone- that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u b) Kumar: Do you know that Ganesh is here?
Kesav: I don’t. How do you Know that he is
Programmer í¬ ÖØ√o†’. software company. Ñ ´÷ô™x has gone ÅØË verb ÖçC. 鬕öÀd, ÉC, here.
Interviewer: É°æp-öÀéÀ O’èπ◊ áØËo∞¡x experience? Interviewer: Howmany years of experience ‘that clause’. Kumar: Your sister has said that he is here.
Candidate: ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç-†o®Ω. have you had so far?
Candidate: About a year and a half.
Interviewer: îª÷úøçúÕ, O’È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπç°F ´÷®√-
©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Interviewer: Look here, Why do you want to -v°æ-¨¡o: He is a student of learn well school ÅE -O’®Ω’ ®√¨»®Ω’.
change your company? He is a student at learn well school ÅE Öçú≈L éπü∆. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
Candidate: O’ éπç°-F™ job îËߪ÷-©ØË éÓJéπ
Ø√èπ◊ î√™«-é¬-©çí¬ ÖçC. Candidate: I have had the wish/ desire of – -üµ¿-†, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
doing a job in your company.
Interviewer: That’s OK. O’ certificates
Interviewer: That’s OK. Have you brought
-ï-¢√-•’: A Student of, Student at- Ñ È®çúø÷ correct. Å®·ûË A Student at Learn
well School éÌçîÁç formal. -¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ student of a School/ College/
ûÁî√a®√?
your certificates?
Candidate: ûÁî √a†’.
Candidate: Yes, I have. University ÅØËüË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖçC.
Interviewer: ††’o îª÷úø-E-´yçúÕ.
Interviewer: Let me see them.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 24 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Gunavanth: Where have you been since the
(Let us ring him up = phoneîËü∆lç. Let's go
morning?
¢Á ∞ «l =
ç °æ ü ¿ . Let Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE îËߪ’F
(Öü¿ßª’ç †’ç* áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?) ÅE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
Yashwanth: I have been working on the com-
Let him come = ÅûªúÕE ®√F.
puter in the next room.
Let me go = ††’o ¢Á∞¡xF... É™«í∫.)
(°æéπ\ í∫C™ computer °j ´®˝\ îËÆæ’-
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) °j Conversation ™ Ñ sentences îª÷úøçúÕ:
Gunavanth: I have been trying to get you since a) I have been working on the computer since
the morning. the morning.
(§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç* FûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©E v°æߪ’- b) I have been trying to get you since the morn-
Ao-Ææ’hØ√o.) ing.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬, Ééπ\úÕ 3rd use- (Action Have + PP/ has + PP É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† action
Yashwanth: Why didn't you call my cell? c) I have been getting the response...
starting in the past and going on till now) èπÿ †’ îÁ•’-ûª’çC. É°æ¤p-úÕçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçü∆, ™‰ü∆ ÅØË
cell
(Ø√ phone
Èéçü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?) d) He has been staying at his cousin's.
Gunavanth: That's what I did. But I've been e) I have been thinking of meeting him. have been + ing/ has been + ing use- Action N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ü∆E-´©x ûÁL-ߪ’´¤.
getting the response, 'switched off' starting in the past and going on even now èπÿ b) Tendulkar has been playing cricket since his
(ÅüË Øˆ’ îËÆœçC. áEo≤ƒ®Ω’x îËÆœØ√ î√™« §ÚLéπ ÖçC éπü∆? ÅC correct. 19th year.
'switched off' ÅØË ´-≤ÚhçC.) Ééπ\úÕ verb, has been + ...ing Åçõ‰ 19´ àöÀ
a) í∫ûªç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Å®·ûË: have + PP /
Yashwanth: Well, what's so urgent?
(-àçôçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç?) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 117 has + PP †’ç* Éçé¬ Çúø’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o-úøE. Continue Å´¤-
ûÓçC.
鬕öÀd 1) have + PP/ has + PP - É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊

I have been enquiring ii) have been + ...ing/ has been + ...ing - Éçé¬
(Å®·ûË ã ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç. Ñ ûËú≈ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ,
´÷´‚©’ usage ™ Spoken/ Written form ™
OöÀ È®çöÀéÃ Ñ ûËú≈ °ü¿lí¬ §ƒöÀç-Ω’. Éçé¬ ØÌéÀ\
Gunavanth: Ravi is in town for some course in
f) I have been doing a
b) í∫ûªç †’ç* Éçé¬ Å®·ûË have been + ...ing/
îÁ§ƒp-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ have been + ...ing/ has been +
special course in ...ing, better)
software. He has been staying at has been + ...ing.
his cousin's for the past two days. computers. a) I have worked here for ten years now.
a) Tendulkar has played cricket for since his
He wants to meet us. g) I have been enquir-
nineteenth year b) I have been working here for ten years now.
(®ΩN Ü∞x ÖØ√oúø’. àüÓ software ing.
(19´ àöÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ Çú≈úø’). Çúøôç a), b) ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπ©N. Å®·ûË b)
™
course cousin
èπ◊. È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ ¢√∞¡x Oô-Eoöx verb
Å®·-§Ú-®·çü∆? – -ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. Ñ sentence áèπ◊\´ continuityéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç.
have been + ... ing/
M. SURESAN
Éçöx •Ææ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. ´’†-Lo-ü¿lJo éπ©’-
Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) has been + ... ing form
v°æ鬮Ωç Çúøôç é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûÓç-ü∆?– ÅD ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
Yashwanth: In fact I've been thinking of meet- ™ ÖçC éπü∆.
ing him. I want some books from Have been + ... ing/ has been + ... ing form ™ PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ANSWER
him. verb Öçõ‰ ÅC Present Perfect Continuous Govind: Where are you studying?
Govind: †’¢Áy-éπ\úø îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
(ØËØË Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- Tense Å´¤-ûª’çC. Krishna: In Suvidya College
Krishna: Ææ’Nü∆u 鬙‰-@™
Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’oç* Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo I have been trying to get you since the morn- Govind: How long have you been studying
Govind: áçûª-鬩çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-´-éπ\úø?
°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ 鬢√L.) ing. there?
Gunavanth: Why do you need them? Krishna: í∫ûª È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Krishna: For the past/ last two years/ for two
§Òü¿’löÀ†’ç* F éÓÆæç v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hØ√o (Phone -™¿). Govind: F marks ᙫ ÖØ√o®·?
(-Å-N FÈéç-ü¿’-é¬\-¢√L?) years now.
Yashwanth: You know, I've been doing a spe- Ñ sentence ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. Krishna: ÅEo subjects ™ 80] éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë Govind: How are your marks?
cial course in computers for the í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’çúË action èπ◊ score îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. Maths ™ Krishna: I have been scoring more than 80% in
past two weeks. The course has have been + ing ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. (§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç*,
Å®·ûË ØËEçûª´®Ωèπ◊ 90]èπ◊ ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’. all subjects. In Maths, I haven't
almost come to an end. I've to Éçé¬). scored less than 90% so far.
Govind: Ééπ\úø †’´¤y O’ ûªLxü¿çvúø’©ûÓ
take an exam in it next week. O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, I, we, you and they Å®·ûË, have Öçô’-Ø√o¢√? Govind: Do you live with your parents here?
That's why I need them. been + ... ing Åçö«ç, He, she, it Å®·ûË has Krishna: No. From the beginning I have been
Krishna: ™‰ü¿’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀoç* hostel ™ØË Öçô’Ø√o.
(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆, È®çúø’ ¢√®√-©’í¬ been + ... ing Åçö«ç. (This is for an action staying in the hostel.
computers ™ ØËØÓ special course starting in the past and continuing even now.) (Stay ¢√úøçúÕ)
Govind: My friend Ravi too has been staying
Govind: Ø√ friend Ravi èπÿú≈ ã Ææç´ûªq®Ωçí¬
îËÆæ’h-†oô’x. ÅC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. The congress party has been ruling AP for in the hostel for the past one year. Do
´îËa ¢√®Ωç °æKéπ~. Åçü¿’Íé °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ the year and a half (AP hostel ™ØË Öçô’-Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊
E Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç-†o-®Ωí¬ you now him?
鬢√L.) past
§ƒL-≤Úhç-C. -à-ú≈-C-†o®Ω éÀçü¿ô, ™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Krishna: Yes. I know him (I do). We have been
Gunavanth: Perhaps that's why he has wanted Krishna: ûÁ©’Ææ’. -¢Ë’-´· È®çúø’ ØÁ©-©’í¬ äÍé
Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûÓçC §ƒ©†.) going to the same teacher for tuition
to meet us teacher ü¿í∫_-JéÀ tuition èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç.
°j conversation ™ç* BÆœ† sentences ™ Govind: I have been visiting him frequently
(•£æ›¨¡ Åçü¿’-éπØË Åûªúø’ ´’†Lo Present Perfect Continuous Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-Eç- Govind: ؈-ûª-úÕE éπ©-´-ö«-EéÀ Åûªúø’ îËJ-†-°æpöÀ since he joined there. Haven't you
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-úË¢Á÷.) îªçúÕ. †’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. †ØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü∆? ever seen me? (ever - á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√)
Yashwanth: I have been enquiring all book
c) I have been getting the response... Krishna: ™‰ü¿’. ¢Ë’ç ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ blocks ™ Öçö«ç. Krishna: No. We live in different blocks.
shops here for the books. They
(...
ÅØË responseéÌçûª é¬©ç †’ç*, (§Òü¿’l-
aren't available.
Eoç* Éçé¬) ´≤ÚhçC.)
book
(-Ç °æ¤Ææhé¬-©éÓÆæç ØËE-éπ\úø ÅEo d) He has been staying at his cousin's.
shops ™ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’Ø√o. ÅN üÌ®Ω-éπôç (¢√∞¡xcousin Past
Éçöx •Ææ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’– ™ -v°æ-¨¡o: Pronunciation èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Å稻©-†’ ≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ÅçCç-îª-
™‰ü¿’.) v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, Éçé¬.) í∫-©®Ω’. ¶µ«≠æ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-úøç™ ´·çü¿’í¬ Öî√a®Ωù ´·êuç. à °æü∆Eo à Nüµ¿çí¬
Gunavanth: Are you sure Ravi has them?
e) I have been thinking of meeting him °æ©-鬙 ûÁ-©’Ææ’hçC. -≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx≠ˇèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Æ‘úŒ-©’-í¬F, é¬uÂÆ-ô’x-í¬F
(®ΩN ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅN ÖØ√oߪ’E éπ-*a-ûªçí¬ (Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’ – Éçé¬) üÌ-JÍé Åvúø-Æˇ-©†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
– Èé.-áÆˇ.éπ%-≠æg, -¢Á’-ö¸°æ-Lx
ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) f) I have been enquiring
Yashwanth: I bought them here a year ago and
sent them to him.
(Nî√-JÆæ÷h ÖØ√o†’ – á°æp-öÀ-†’çîÓ... Éçé¬) -ï-¢√-•’: 1) éÌûªh ´÷-ô àüÁjØ√ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E pronunciation Ææ÷*-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç
(àú≈C éÀçü¿ ØËØË ¢√öÀE éÌE Åûª-úÕéÀ (éÀç-ü¿-ô lesson ™ have + PP (Past Participle)/ éπü∆. ´·çü¿’-´·çü¿’ lessons -™ N´-®Ωù éÌçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC.
has + PP use îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ÅC üËEéÀ ¢√úøû√ç?
°æ秃.) 2) Spoken English èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† CDs, Casettes °ü¿l °ü¿l book-
1) Past action, time not stated.
Gunavanth: That's O.K. Then let's ring him up shops ™ üÌ®Ω’èπ◊-û√®·. Central Institute of English and Foreign
2) Action just completed.
and ask him to see us.
3) Action starting in the past and going on till Languages (CIEFL) ¢√∞¡x Pronunciation Casettes, CDs -N-†ç-úÕ.
(ÆæÍ®– Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’†ç phone îËÆœ
now.
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’çü∆ç.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 26 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Kasturi: Hi Mayuri what's new? Mayuri: You know what happened to me yes-
(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’) terday? I went home from Charitha,
Mayuri: I met Charitha yesterday. She had a and by then my husband had left for
piece of good news. She told me she office. He had not taken the lunch box.
had bought a new apartment. He had forgotten it in his hurry.
(E†o ؈’ îªJ-ûª†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. ã ÆæçûÓ-≠æ- (E†o Ø√Íéç ïJ-TçüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? ؈’ îªJûª
éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œpçC. éÌûªh apartment ü¿í∫_-J-†’ç* ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé ´÷ Çߪ’†
éÌØ√o-†çC.)
Office èπ◊ ¢ÁRx§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Lunch box BÆæ’-èπ◊-
News - uncountable. A news ņç. Å®·ûË
News á°æ¤púø’ singular í¬ØË ¢√úøû√ç. A good/ ¢Á-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.)
a bad news ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Good news/ bad news Look at these sentences picked up from the There are two past actions in sentence (a):
Had + PP is always used
´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC:
Åçö«ç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ a piece of good news/ a conversation above: 1) She told me (Ø√ûÓ îÁ°œpçC) for the earlier of two past actions-
piece of bad news ņ-´îª’a. a) She told me she had bought a new apart- 2) That she had bought an apartment (apart- Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ/
Kasturi: That's good really. ment ment é̆o-ü¿E). ´·çü¿J °æEéÀ had + PP ¢√úøû√ç.
Mayuri: She told me (that) she had got bank Ñ È®çúø÷ past actions. Å®·ûË é̆ôç ´·çü¿’,
b) She told me she had got a bank loan a) The teacher knew that he had not done the
loan for buying the apartment. The (éÌØ√o-†E) îÁ°æpôç ûª®√yûª ïJ-í¬®·. ´·çü¿’ ïJ- home work
bank released the loan three days ago. T† action had bought (had + PP form) ™
(ûª†èπ◊ É©’x é̆-ú≈-EéÀ bank ®Ω’ùç É*aç-ü¿E Åûªúø’ home work îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿E teacher èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC.
Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç– earlier/ first past action)
Åçõ‰ had + PP form, È®çúø’ past actions™
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
îÁ°œpçC. È®çvúÓ-V© éÀçü¿õ‰ ®Ω’ùç Núø’-ü¿©
b) Where had you worked before you joined
î˨»®Ω’.) 118 ´·çü¿®Ω ïJ-T† past action èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. here?
Kasturi: Where are you coming from now?
(†’´¤y É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\úÕ†’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Mayuri: I went to the station to book tickets to
Tirupati. But by the time I reached the
reservation counter, they had closed. I
was late by only five minutes.
؈’ A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ tickets reserve îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-
I had had some work
´’E station èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. é¬E ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ, c) By the time I reached the reservation count- Å™«Íí sentence (b) ™
reservation counter ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’. 5 EN’- (Ééπ\úø îËÍ®-´·çü¿’ O’È®-éπ\úø °æE-îË-¨»®Ω’.)
er they had closed. She told me
≥ƒ™‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ¢Á∞«x†’. èπÿú≈. Ééπ\úø îË®Ωôç – past - Åçûª-èπ◊ -´·çü¿’ Ææçí∫-A
d) I had had some work and when I finally... (that) she had got a -é¬-•öÀd had worked)
Kasturi: Why didn't you start early enough?
e) I found it had run out of petrol. bank loan - loan ´*aç- c) I had not known him till you introduced him to
(éÌçîÁç ´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰ü¿’?)
Mayuri: I had some work, and when I finally
f) The train had left before I reached the station. ü¿E îÁ°œpçC. loan ®√´ôç me.
went there it was 2 o' clock. You know g) ... by then my husband had left for office ´·çü¿J past action O’®Ω’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÊÆ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Çߪ’† Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
that on sundays reservation closes by h) ... he had not taken the lunch box 鬕öÀd had got. M. SURESAN
In English, had + PP is very important. ÅC
2.30. I started on my scooter, but on i) He had forgotten it. Sentence c) By the time I reached the reser- ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûËconfusion communication
éπLT,
the way I found it had run out of petrol. In all the sentences above look at the verbs: vation counter, they had closed. (؈’ îËÍ®-ô-°æp- ÆæJí¬ Öçúøü¿’.Look at the following.
I had it filled and then went to the sta- a) had bought (had + Past participle (PP) of öÀÍé ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’). ´‚ÊÆ-ߪ’ôç ´·çü¿’ 鬕öÀd 1) He gave me yesterday what I asked for
tion. That delayed me. buy) had closed. 2) He gave me yesterday what I had asked for.
àüÓ °æ†’ç-úÕçC. Ç ûª®√yûª •ßª’-™‰l-Í®-Ææ-JéÀ b) had got (had + PP of get) d) I had had some work and when I finally went Sentence 1 Å®Ωnç: ؈-úÕ-TçC ÅûªúÕî√aúø’. Ééπ\úø
õ„jç È®çúÁjçC. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆. ÇC-¢√-®√©’, c) had closed (had+ PP of close) there it was 2 o' clock. ؈-úø-í∫ôç, Åûªúø’ É´yôç ¢Áçô ¢ÁçôØË, ü∆ü∆°æ¤
Reservations 2.30Íé éπõ‰d-≤ƒh-®ΩE. Scooter
d) had had (had + PP of have) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °æE ÖçúÕçC ´·çü¿®Ω, ¢Á∞¡xôç ûª®√yûª äÍé-≤ƒJ ïJ-T-†ô’x Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. È®çúø÷ E†oØË.
O’ü¿ •ßª’-™‰l®√. ü∆J™ ü∆çöx petrol Å®·- 鬕öÀd had had (had + PP)
e) had run (had + PP of run) Sentence 2 Å®Ωnç: ؈ç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤úÓ ÅúÕ-TçC
§Ú-®·ç-ü¿E îª÷¨». Petrol §Ú®·ç* ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ
f) had left (had + PP of leave) e) I found it had run out of petrol Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ E†o Éî√aúø’. (É´y-ô¢Ë’ E†o, Åúø-í∫ôç
Ç©Ææuç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.
Run out of (petrol/ money etc.) = g) had left ( had + PP of leave ) Petrol Å®·-§Ú®· Öçúøôç (´·çü¿J action) Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púÓ)
Å®·-§Ú-´ôç.Have it filled = §Ú®·ç-îªôç, Ééπ\úø h) had (not) taken (had + PP) îª÷¨»†’ – 鬕öÀd had run (had + PP) Sentence (1) èπÿ, (2) èπÿ áçûª ûËú≈ØÓ

Kasturi: A similar thing happened to me yes- i) had forgotten (had + PP) f) ؈’ platform îË®Ω’-éÌØËÆæJéÀ train ¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·çC. – í∫´’-Eçî√®Ω’ éπü∆. ÅD had + PP Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.
terday. The train had left before I °j verb form í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆: had + Past ÉC ´·çü¿’, 鬕öÀd had left (had + PP) ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ.
reached the station. So I called my Participle (had + PP)-verb- Ñ form ™ Öçõ‰ g) Éçü¿’™ èπÿú≈ 'ØËEç-öÀ-Èé-∞Ï}-Ææ-JéÀ, Çߪ’† a) He had not slept for two days. When I know
office and told them I was not coming. ÅC past perfect tense Å´¤-ûª’çC. É°æ¤púø’ DE ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. (Had left- ÉC ´·çü¿’) that I felt pity for him
My delay was due to traffic jam. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. h) He had not taken the lunch box - Lunch box È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ Åûªúø’ Evü¿-§Ú-™‰ü¿’. ÅC ûÁL-Æœ†
(--E-†o Ø√èπÿ Å™«ç-öÀüË ïJ-TçC. ؈’ sta- a) She told me (yesterday) that she had bought BÂÆ\-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ – ÉC ´·çü¿’ – 鬕öÀd had (not) ؈’ ñ«L-°æ-ú≈f†’.
tion èπ◊ îËÍ®-™ Ê° train ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC. ´÷ a new apartment taken b) Who had opened this before I saw it?
office èπ◊ Phone îËÆ œ ؈’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E
îÁ§ƒp†’. Ø√èπ◊ traffic jam ´©x Ç©Ææuç éÌûªh apartment éÌØ√o-†E îÁ°œpçC E†o. i) He had forgotten - ÉC èπÿú≈ ´·çü¿J past ؈’ îª÷ÊÆ-´·çüË á´®Ω’ ûÁJ-î√®Ω’ DEo?
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: action 鬕öÀd had forgotten - had + PP
Å®·çC.)
-v°æ-¨¡o: 5-15 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ´ßª’-Ææ’q†o °œ©x-©èπ◊ Angad: Hi Vaali. Åûªúø’ Chennai ¢Á∞«x-úøE †’´¤y PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
Angad: I thought that he had gone. So I
thought I could give him the book later.
‘Spoken English’™ °æô’d ≤ƒCµç- E†o Ø√ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ§ƒp´¤?
Vaali: He was/ felt angry that I had not
îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ àßË’ areas ™ focus (Å•ü¿l¥ç – lie ¢√úøçúÕ) Åûªúø’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’?
returned his book.
îËߪ÷L. ü∆EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Vaali: ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡-û√- Angad: Åûªúø’ wait îËÆæ’h†o Phone call ®√™‰-ü¿ô.
Vaali: I am sorry. I thought he would tell you
Books, Cassettes, C.D.s Vaali: OK. ØË¢Á-∞«xL. ´≤ƒh.
†E Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. FûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÕç-ûª-®√yûª about his change of programme.
áéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·? Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-ü¿E ûÁL-ÆœçC. Åûªúø’ pro- Angad: Bye. Because I had thought so, I didn't call
– Æœ.-áç.-áÆˇ.®√-V, È®j-™‰yéÓ-úø÷®Ω’ gramme ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√o†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. ANSWER you (So - Å™«)
-ï-¢√-•’: NCERT ¢√∞¡x- (Central schools/ cen- Angad: ØËØË¢Á÷ Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-úøE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Åçü¿’-éπE Angad: Hi. Vaali, why did you lie to me that he Angad: I had known that he would not go.
tral syllabus follow ÅßË’ schools ™ ÅûªúÕé¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç ûª®√yûª É´ya™‰ ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. had left for Chennai yesterday? Vaali: Why didn't he go? (Why did he not
¢√úË) books î√-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç. 5 – 15 ØËØ√°æ¤Ææhéπç É´y-™‰-ü¿E Ø√O’ü¿ î√™« éÓ°æp-ú≈fúø’. Vaali: No. I didn't lie. He had told me that he go?)
à∞¡x-™ °æ¤¢√∞¡Ÿx concentrate îËߪ÷-Lq† Vaali: I am sorry. Åûªúø’ -FûÓ Programme would go. I knew that he had not gone Angad: He didn't get the phone call he had
areas: spellings, sentence structures, ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. 鬕öÀd only after I had talked to you. He told waited for.
Conversational Skills. É´Fo èπÿú≈ Fèπ◊ Phone îËߪ’™‰ü¿’ ؈’. me that he had changed his pro- Vaali: OK. I must be going. Bye.
NCERT books ™ -Öç-ö«®·. Angad: Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’Ææ’. gramme. Angad: Bye.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 28 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Soundarya: Hi What a fine dress you've
Ö†o Ñ verbs sentenceses †’ îª÷úøçúÕ.
bought? Where did you buy it and
1) I had been thinking of buying it for a longtime.
how much did it cost you?
I had the opportunity yesterday.
(Ŷs -î√-™«- ¶«í∫’ç-C - F vúøÆˇ 2) She had been working as a teacher when
áéπ\úøéÌØ√o´¤? áçûª?) she got married.
Aiswarya: Thank you for the compliment. I
3) We had been studying in the same college
bought it at Vastraloka for Rs.
until we completed the degree.
3000/-
4) She had been staying with us until she got
(-ü∑∆uçé˙q -´‚-úø’ -¢Ë-© ®Ω÷-§ƒ-©-ߪ’-©’ the job.
°öÀd ´ÆæY-™éπ™ éÌØ√o.) Last two lessons had + past participle
™ ´’†ç
Soundarya: Certainly worth it. I wish I had one
( past perfect tense ) uses (°∞¡xßË’ ´®Ωèπÿ/ °∞¡x-ßË’u-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆! (Å´¤†’. Å-°æ¤púø’ O’Í®-¢Á÷ -´÷-vûª-©’ Éî√a®Ω’.
like it.
Let us recall it once again. °æEîËÆæ÷h ÖçC.) Ééπ\-úø verb had been+ing. È®çvúÓV© ûª®√yûª ûªT_-§Ú-®·çC. Å°æp-öÀ-
(a) ™ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† °æ†’™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’, È®çúÓC
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åçûª îËÆæ’hçC. Ø√èπÿ\ú≈ ✔ Had Past participle is used for the earlier of †’ç* Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç ´®Ωèπ◊ Ø√Íé Ææ´’≤ƒu
Å™«ç-öÀC Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿-E - two past actions. ûª®√yûª, éπü∆? - (had + pp) ™‰ü¿’ )
°œ-≤ÚhçC.) (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ü∆ØÁo-°æ¤p (b) ™ í∫ûªç™ äéπ °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i È®çúÓ °æE ´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úø πÿú≈ ....
I wish I had one like that. ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’†o-
continue Å®·uçC 鬕öÀd had been + ing. a) had been walking... felt the pain.
°æ¤púø’ B®ΩE éÓJéπ©èπ◊ É™« Åçö«ç. She wishes a) He had been driving at 100 kmph when he b) hadn't been having any pain till this morn-
she had a car
hit a lorry. ing.
(
100
ûª†èπ◊ 鬮Ω’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’ØÓ Å†’èπ◊ç-öçC.) (Åûªúø’ ™«KE úµŒéÌ-õ‰d-°æp-öÀéÀ -éÀ.-O’. ¢Ëí∫çûÓ - - a)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
Ééπ\úø had, past Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ É°æpöÀ éÓJéπ†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤- Ø√èπ◊ ØÌ°œp éπL-T-†-°æ¤úø’ †úø’Ææ÷h ÖØ√o†’.
b)
119
vúÁj-¢˛ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.) §Òü¿’l-† -´-®Ωèπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ ØÌ°œp ÅØË-üË™‰ü¿’.
b) The British had been ruling India for over
ûª’çC. 鬕öÀdhad been + ing á°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-
Aiswarya: Time you bought one, Soundarya.
(É°æp-öÀÍé éÌØ√-LqçC †’´¤y)

We had been studying...

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bought - past form
Time you bought = á°æ¤púÓ éÌE Öçú≈-LqçC.
Time you learnt manners .
(†’´¤ymanners ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L)
(Éçé¬ Fèπ◊manners ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’;
á°æ¤púÓ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-LqçC.)
Soundarya: When did you buy it? two centuries until it
úø÷ had + PP form ™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç.) ¶µº-¢Á’i† two actions ™ first action, 2nd action
(á°æ¤púø’ éÌØ√o´¤?) e.g. became independent in ´®Ωèπ◊ continue Å®·ûË ü∆Eo had been + ing ûÓ
Aiswarya: Yesterday. I had been thinking of 1947
a) He was unhappy that his friend had gone.
buying it for a long time. I had the (1947 ™ ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç
îÁ°æ¤û√ç.
opportunity yesterday when dad
(¢√∞¡x -v°∂ç-ú˛ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøE Åûª†’ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈fúø’) ÉC 'be' form ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. (Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ È®çúÓ °æE
b) She had worked as a teacher before she got §ÒçüË-´-®Ωèπ◊ -vG-öÃ-≠æ®Ω’x
gave me the money. I got it for my ïJÍí ´®Ωèπ◊ Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo -Ê°®Ì\-†-úøç)
married. ¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ È®çúø’ ¨¡û√-¶«l-© - a) He had been here till his father called him.
birthday the day after tomorrow. †’ç-* §ƒL-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.) M. SURESAN
(°RxéÀ ´·çü¿’ -öÃ-˝í¬ °æE îËÆœçC)
Soundarya: Who is the other dress for? Doctor: What's your complaint?
(¢√∞¡x Ø√†o °œLîË ´®Ωèπ◊ Åûª-E-éπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’.)
c) We know that he had passed.
(Öçúøôç had been - í∫ûªç™, ûª®√yûª his father
(Ç ÉçéÓ vúøÆˇ á´-JéÀ?) (
-§ƒÆˇ Åߪ÷u-úøE ´÷èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC) Subash: I have a pain in the side, doctor. I
Aiswarya: That's for my cousin Sowjanya. I called- °œ©-´ôç)
ÉO Had + PP
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’. É°æ¤púø’ have had the pain since this morn-
am going to present it to her. b) Abdul Kalam had been a space scientist until
¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E had been + ing
(Åçõ‰ Past ing. I had been taking my morning
he took over as President
(ÅC ´÷ éπ->-Ø˛ -≤˘-ï-†uèπ◊. ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊ Perfect Continuous tense)
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. walk when I suddenly felt it.
(®√-≠æZ°æ-Aí¬ ¶«üµ¿uûª©’ Æ‘yéπ-JçîË ´®Ωèπ◊ éπ-™«ç ÊÆpÆˇ
✔
ÅC 鬆’-éπí¬ É´y-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’.) í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ-†’-™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’ v§ƒ®Ωç- (§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç* úÌéπ\™ ØÌ°œpí¬ ÖçC.
Soundarya: Has she returned from the states? ¶µº¢Á’i È®çúÓ °æE ïJÍíü∆é¬ continue
Å®·ûË Øˆ’ §Òü¿’l† †úø’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ ØÌ°œp -´-*aç- ÂÆjç-öÀÆˇdí¬ (ÖØ√o®Ω’)
( ÊÆd-ö¸q †’ç* AJ-íÌ-*açü∆?) c) I thought till this morning that he had been
Å°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo had been + ing form C)
Aiswarya: Yes, last weekend. here.
™ îÁ§ƒhç. Doctor: I remember that you came to me last
(Å´¤†’. í∫ûª ¢√®√çûªç-™) Compare the following sentences. month with a similar complaint.
(§Òü¿’l† ´®Ωèπ◊ Åûª-E-éπ\úË ÖØ√o-úøE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o)
Soundarya: Wasn't she a teacher here? ÉD had been, had been + ing ¢√ú≈-Lq† B®Ω’. ûÁ©’-
a) She had worked as a teacher before she got (O’®Ω’ í∫-ûª ØÁ© ÉüË éπç°æx®·ç-ö¸-ûÓ ´*a-
(Ééπ\úø Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬ ÖçúËC éπü∆?) married. †ô’d Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h) í∫ ’™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, English ™ time of action, time
Aiswarya: Yes. She had been working as a of state of being †’ •öÀd ´’†ç ¢√úË verb forms
(°RxéÀ ´·çü¿’ Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬ °æE îËÆœçC.) Ééπ\- Subash: Yes, doctor. You gave me some
teacher when she got married. She úø verb- had + PP tablets and I felt all right after two
éπ*aûªçí¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ö«®·. Å™« correct í¬ Å®·†
then joined her husband in the verb forms †’ ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË Â°úø-®√n-©èπ◊, -Aéπ-´’éπ©èπ◊ ü∆J-
b) She had been working as a teacher until- days. Since then I hadn't been having
U.S. when she got married. any problem till this morning.
B- ≤ƒh®·.
(°∞¡x-ßË’u-°æp-öÀéÀ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø öÃ-˝ í¬ °æE
îËÆæ’hç-úËC. Ç ûª®√yûª ¢√∞«x-ߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ friend got an idea that we start a soft-
¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC.) Tarun: -´®Ω’-ù˝ , î√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC E†’o îª÷Æœ, áéπ\- PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ware company in Hyderabad.
Soundarya: We had been studying in the same úø’-Ø√o´¤? àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? Tarun: It's good. When are you starting it?
college until we completed the Varun: v°æÆæ’hûªç ؈’ -´·ç-¶-®·™ ÖØ√o. ´·ç-¶- Tarun: Best of Luck. Varun: In two or three months.
degree. Later she took a job and I ®· ™ Å´-鬨¡ç ´îËa-°æp-öÀéÀ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ Answers Tarun: Best of luck.
went for M.Sc. °æE-îË-Ææ’hØ√o. Tarun: Hi Varun, long since I saw you. Where Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ. Ñ éÀçC sentence †´‚Ø√™
(¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç -úÕ-vU °æ‹-Jh ÅßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ äÍé Tarun: -´·ç-¶-®·éÀ ´÷Í®-´-®Ωèπ◊ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ™ áçûª- are you and what are you? sentences
O™„j-†Eo ®√ߪ’çúÕ. ®√Æœ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ îªü¿-
é¬-™‰-ñ ¸™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-ØË¢√∞¡xç. ûª®√yûª Ç¢Á’ é¬©ç °æE-îË-¨»´¤. Varun: I am at present in Mumbai. I had been ´çúÕ,Not ûÓ†÷, Questioní¬†÷, Dialogue form
ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ îËJçC. ؈’ - áç.- Varun: v§Ú-ví¬-´ ’®˝í¬ °æE-îËÆæ ÷h Ñ Å´-鬨¡ç working in Hyderabad when I got the ™†÷ ®√ߪ’çúÕ.
áÆˇ.Æœ.éÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. §Òçü∆†’. opportunity in Mumbai. They laughed at him Ééπ\úø †´‚Ø√.
Aiswarya: She had been staying with us until, Tarun: £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ ´·çüÁ-éπ\úÓ ÖØ√o´¤ éπü∆? Tarun: How long had you been working in sub verb Preposition Noun or pronoun
she got the job. Her father who had Varun: Å´¤†’. îÁØÁj o™ ÖØ√o 6 ØÁ©©’. Hyderabad when you got the opportu- a) She looked at me.
been working else where, had a Tarun: É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úÕéÀ? nity in Mumbai? b) They did not come for him
transfer here, and she went back Varun: ؈’ Ø√ -v°∂ç-ú˛-ûÓ, ( í∫-ûª ØÁ© ņ’-èπ◊çö«) Varun: I had been working as a programmer c) Why do you stare at her?
home. ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’çõ‰, ÅûªúÕ -v°∂ç-ú˛ ´î√aúø’. ã - when I got the opportunity. (Stare- ÅüË °æEí¬ îª÷úøúøç)
( -Ö-üÓuí∫ç ´îËa ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷ ü¿í∫_Í® ÖçC. í∫çô ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊-ØË-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ Ñ È®çúÓ -v°∂ç- Tarun: Hadn't you (had you not) been some a) Prem: Why do you look at your watch (so
Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÉçÈé-éπ\úÓ °æE îËÆæ’h†o ú˛èπ◊ -äéπ -Ç-™-îª-† ´*açC. ¢Ë’ç ´·í∫’_®Ωç where before you were in Hyderabad? often) ?
¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ -Ééπ\-úÕéÀ vö«-Ø˛q°∂æ®˝ ÅßË’u- éπLÆœ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«--ü˛™ ã -≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ éπç°-F Varun: Yes. In Chennai for six months. Karim: I must talk to my uncle immediately
Ææ-JéÀ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC.) °ö«d-©-E. Tarun: Where now? Prem: You wait for a few minutes.
Soundarya: She is quite nice. Tarun: ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Varun: When I was talking to my friend, I think Karim: I have waited for half an hour already
(-ûª-†’ ´’ç* Å´÷t®·) Varun: È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©™x. it was last month, his friend came. As
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ had been combinations ûÓ - we had been talking for an hour, this

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 2 -´÷-Ja 2006
Pramod: Hi Prasanth, when are you starting Pramod: It's for him and for his dad to settle.
for Bangalore? Meet you at the station tomorrow.
(á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Bye.
Prasanth: Tomorrow by the evening train.It (ÅC ¢√úø÷, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√-Lq†
arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10 N≠æߪ’ç. Í®°æ¤ E†’o station ™ éπ©’≤ƒh.
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç Train™. ÅC-éπ\-úÕéÀ ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ- ´≤ƒh-´’J)
´*a, 6.10éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’çC.) Prasanth: Bye.
Pramod: I'll be at the station even before 6 to Ñ Conversation ™, look at the following
see you off. expressions.
1) starting for Bangalore
(Fèπ◊ OúÓ\-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ ÇJç-öÀéÀ ´·çüË At home, at college, at school, at that place,
station ™ Öçö«) 2) by the evening train
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
at the village, at 6.00 pm, at 12 noon, at a
See off= OúÓ\-L-´yôç 3) arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10 stage/ a certain stage/ at that stage, (stage = Subha:
àçöÀ ¨¶µ«, Vizag †’ç* á°æ¤púø’
Prasanth: O that's good of you. Thank you. 4) before six ü¿¨¡) AJ-íÌ-î√a-´¤?
(î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. ü∑∆çé˙ ߪ‚. á´-È®j-Ø√ 5) good of you at the theatre, at the station etc. Sobha: E†o, §Òü¿’l-öÀ train ™
´’†èπ◊ ´’ç*-í¬F, ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-TçîËCí¬F 6) into software 2) to = äéπîÓöÀéÀ, äéπ-JéÀ, äéπîÓô’¢Áj°æ¤ - to Subha: ¢Á ∞Ï-xô-°æ¤púø’ car ™ -¢Á-∞«}-´¤í∫-ü∆, 鬮ÓxØË ´≤ƒh-
îËÊÆh, that's (that is) good of you, 7) close to Hyderabad, to Vijayawada, to Tirupathi to my ´- †’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
That's Kind of you Åçö«ç. good/ father, to the CM, etc. Sobha: Car repair ™ ÖçC. ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁçôØË
8) talked to him over phone
Kind ´·çü¿’ very îË®Ωa-´îª’a) 3) äéπJ†’ç*, äéπ v°æü˨¡ç†’ç* = from. from ®√¢√Lq ´îËa-¨»†’.
9) the day before sivarathri
Pramod: You remember our friend vinod is Hyderabad, order from the CM, etc. Subha: F O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC.
10) his father is angry with him at his postpon-
there too. He is into software. 4) By- éπ°æ¤p Ö†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©-®·ûË - by bus, by car, Sobha: áçü¿’èπ◊?
ing his marriage.
(´’† v°∂çú˛ NØÓü˛ èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úË by train, by ship, by lorry, etc - D†®Ωnç Ñ ¢√£æ«- Subha: E†oöÀ†’ç* Éçöx ÖçúÕ äéπ\-≤ƒJ èπÿú≈
11) differs with his father over who he should
ÖØ√oúø’. Åûªúø’ èπÿú≈ ≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ (éπç°æ‹u- Ø√™x ÅE. phone îËߪ’-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
marry.
ô®˝q)™ ÖØ√oúø’. 'into' Ñ ´’üµ¿u Ñ a) I go to school by bus = Sobha: ؈’ ´îËa-Ææ-JéÀ É©xçû√ ´·JéÀ. É™xçû√
12) Particular about
Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.
School èπ◊ bus ™ ¢Á∞«h†’. clean îËÆæ÷h busy í¬ Ö-Ø√o. Sorry.
He was into business for some time 13) Outside the family circle
b) Goods arrived by lorry = ANSWER
14) The reason for
Åûªúø’ éÌçûª-é¬©ç ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’/ Subha: Hi Sobha, when did you come back?
¢√u§ƒ®Ωç î˨»úø’) 15) It's for him and for his dad to settle. ≤ƒ´÷†’x ™«K™ ´î√a®·.
Sobha: Yesterday, by the morning train.
16) At the station c) He travelled by train =
Subha: While going you went by car. I thought
Words like for, by, at, before, of, into, to, over, Train
™ v°æߪ÷ùç î˨»úø’.
you would return by car again.
with, about, outside etc. are prepositions. 5) Top ™‰E (scooter, bike, cycle, horse) ™«çöÀ-

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 120
Sobha: The car was under repair. I came back
prepositions í∫’Jç* Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ ´-®·ûË on. because I had to come back urgently.
éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. a) He goes to college on bike.
Subha: I am very angry with you
Sobha: What for?

By the evening train

Subha: You have been at home and haven't
called me even once.
Sobha: By the time I came back, the house
was dirty. I was busy cleaning it. Sorry.

Prasanth: Yea. My office in Bangalore is close ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ preposi- b) She moves about on a scooter -
to his. I talked to him over phone this tions ´’†’-≠æfl©, ´Ææ’h-´¤©, Ç¢Á’ scooter O’ü¿ A®Ω’í∫’ûª’çô’çC.
morning, He said he would be at the ïçûª’-´¤© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ c) Travel was on horseback in the olden days =
station to receive me' (Bangalore ™ Ææn©ç, ÆœnA, time, °æü¿l¥A §ƒûª ®ÓV™x v°æߪ÷-ù«©’ í∫’v®√© O’ü¿.
Ø√ office ÅûªúÕ Ç°∂‘Æˇèπ◊ ü¿í∫_Í®. ؈-ûª-úÕûÓ
v°æ¨¡o: Spoken
ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç ÅE
English, Grammar ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-
6) äéπ îÓöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç = go to a place;
Ñ®ÓV Phone ™ ´÷ö«x-ú≈†’. Ø√éÓÆæç -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™
station èπ◊ ´≤ƒh†Ø√oúø’.) îª÷¨»ç. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´÷ô© M. SURESAN Å®·ûË äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç = leave for a place, ú≈-EéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh鬩
ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ preposi- depart for a place; be bound for a place. N´-®√©’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’.
Pramod: He was here the day before
sivarathri it seems his father is angry
tions ´≤ƒh®·. a) He is going to Delhi tonight. – >. Í騡-´¤©’, §ƒ´·- π◊çô
with him at his postponing his mar-
î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. à preposition áéπ\úø b) She has left for Kolkata
-ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω’ Ö†oC *†o °æ™„xô÷®Ω®·-†ç-ü¿’-´©x
¢√ú≈-©ØË rule à-O’™‰ü¿’. ´÷ö«x-úøôç, îªü¿-´ôç ´™‰x c) This train is bound for Chennai O’èπ◊ English ´îËa Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅØË
riage.
Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-ûª’çC. (îÁØÁj o ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC) ¶µºßª’ç Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. *†o °æ™„x-ô÷-®Ωx-†’ç-*
(¢Á·†o P´-®√vAéÀ ´·çü¿’-®ÓV Ééπ\-úø’- The correct use of prepositions is just a mat- d) The train is ready to depart for Lucknow. ´îËa-¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ v•£æ…tç-úøçí¬ English
Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ °Rx-¢√-®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úøE ter of practice. 7) äéπJéÓÆæç, äéπ N≠æߪ’çéÓÆæç = for ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’, O’®Ω’ èπÿú≈ ´÷ö«x-
¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æçí¬ Ö†o-ô’dçC) English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†oéÌDl, îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’†oéÌDl a) This book is for Ramesh = úø-í∫-©®Ω’ ÆæÈ®j† serious practice îËÊÆh.
It seems- Å™« ÅE-°œç-îªôç/ éπE-°œç-îªôç prepositions Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ´’†ç Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ éÓÆæç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-®Ωù ÖçúË spoken English
books ™ Rapidex, English in 30
Prasanth: He differs with his father over who ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçô÷çö«ç: ¢√úÕ O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç. b) I am taking a lot of trouble for you =
days ™«çöÀ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îª÷úøçúÕ. ¢Á’-©xí¬
he should marry. His father insists Ééπ\úø éÓ°æç ´·çü¿’ 'O’ü¿— áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L ÅØË
O’ éÓÆæç ØËEçûª trouble BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ ï¢√-•’ç-úøü¿’ éπü∆. Ç ¶µ«≠æ ©éπ~ùç, ¢√úø’éπ English news paper îªü¿-´ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-
that he marry his uncle's daughter.
ÅçûË. English ™ preposition ¢√úø’éπ èπÿú≈ 8) a) Angry with = äéπ ´uéÀh O’ü¿ éÓ°æç îªçúÕ. Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, interest
He is particular about marrying a girl b) Angry at/about = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ éÓ°æç. ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ îªü¿-´çúÕ. ´’ç* dic-
ÅçûË. à ´÷ô´·çü¿’ à preposition, ûª®√yûª à
outside the family circle. That's the preposition ÅØËC éÌçîÁç éπç®∏ΩÆæhç îËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈ i) My father is angry with me = Ø√ O’ü¿ éÓ°æç. tionary (English to Telugu) ü¿í∫_®Ω Öç-
reason for his coming rarely. ´’ç*üË. äÍé-´÷ô ûª®√yûª ¢√úË preposition ™ ii) My father is angry at/about my low marks. éÌE àüÁjØ√ °æü¿ç O’èπ◊ Å®Ωnç é¬èπ◊ç-õ‰ ûÁ©’-
ûËú≈´ÊÆh Å®Ωnçèπÿú≈ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE (Ø√éÌ*a† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC) Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. *†o *†o story books, *†o
(Åûª-úÕéÀ, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊, ÅûªúÁ´JE °Rx classes English nondetailed books
prepositions N≠æߪ’ç-™  î√™« ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. 9) Particular about = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç™ °æô’d-ü¿-©í¬
îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©ØË N≠æߪ’ç™ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’-¶µ‰-ü∆-©’-
Å®·ûË éÌEoîÓôx Åçûª confusion ®√ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hç-- TV
îªü¿-´çúÕ. Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√
Ø√o®·. ¢√∞¡x Ø√-ØËo¢Á÷ ÅûªúÕ ´÷´’ߪ’u Öçúøôç. English news
éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: ûÁ©’-í∫’™, English ™, ´·çü¿’ Many members of TRS are particular about
N†ç-úÕ. O’èπ◊ ûÓ*-†N ®√Æœ
èπÿûª’-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’- é¬ÆæhEnglish ûÁL-Æœ† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îª÷°œç-îªçúÕ.
¢Á†’éπ Å´¤-ûª’ç-ö«®·. KCR's resignation = OöÀûÓ§ƒô’ ´÷ Spoken English
Ø√oúø’. ÉûªúË¢Á÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω ö«d-©-¢√-∞Îx-´-JE Eg: To Mumbai = ´·ç¶„jéÀ KCR ®√@-Ø√´÷ N≠æߪ’ç™ î√™« ´’çC TRS îªü¿-´ôç practice îËߪ’ôç ´©x O’èπ◊ ã
îËÆæ’-éÓ-†E °æô’d-ü¿-©í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ 1) äéπ-îÓô, äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™, äéπ time èπÿ, äéπ ü¿¨¡™  – Æ涵º’u©’ °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ØÁ© ®ÓV™x î√-™« ûËú≈ éπE°œÆæ’hçC.
®√´ôç Åçü¿’Íé Å®Ω’ü¿’) É™«çöÀ Å®√n©’ ´îËa preposition, at. É™«çöÀN îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ í∫´’-EÆæ÷h îªü¿-´çúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 4 -´÷-Ja 2006
Yamini: Hi Salini, when exactly do you expect I a) at 11.30 II a) by 12.30
Malini? b) at the age of 22 b) by then
(´÷LE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ á°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- c) at breakfast c) by chance
Ø√o´¤?) d) at a distance of d) by your watch
expect = ÉÈéqpé˙d– 'Èéqp— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =
ÇPç-îªôç/ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç/ ņ’-éÓ-´ôç e) at 50 to 60 KMPH e) fast by/ slow by 5 min.

Salini: At 11.30. I am sure she will be here f) good at calculations f) by 11.45

atleast by 12.30 Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Éûª®Ω prepositions:
(11.30 éÀ. éπFÆæç 12.30 éπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ô’ç- a) from the US b) leave for
ü¿E éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) c) age of d) in a short time
sure = ≠æ‡uÅ = éπ*a-ûªçí¬ I) At
áéπ\-úÁ-éπ\úø ¢√ú≈¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ. ii) Planes Ñ ®ÓV™x í∫çôèπ◊ 700 ¢Á’i∞¡Ÿx ü∆öÀ ii) ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éπØ√o ´÷ °æéÀ\©’x 10 Åúø’-í∫’©’ áûª’h=
Yamini: So she is returning from the US. When
a) at 11.30. éπ*a-ûªçí¬ °∂晫Ø√ time èπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’-í∫-©´¤. Our next building is taller than ours by 10 feet.
did she actually leave for the states?
at ¢√úøû√ç. Planes today can travel/ fly at more than iii) ü∆EéÀ DEéÀ ûËú≈ 10 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’=
(Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ US †’ç* AJ-íÌ-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. 700 miles per hour. This differs from that by Rs 10/- (This is
i) I show 6.15 èπ◊ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’çC.
ÅÆæ-™„-°æ¤p-úÁ-RxçC Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊?) f) Good at calculations costlier than that by Rs 10/-)
Salini: She left at the age of twenty two, two The first show begins at 6.15
™„éπ\©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç iv) He is taller than his brother by 4 cms
years ago. By then she had completed ii) ´÷ classes 4.30 éÀ Å®·§Úû√®·.
i) Maths ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫ôç= brother éπØ√o Åûªúø’ 4 cms §Òúø´¤.
¢√∞¡x
her software training here. Our classes end/ close at 4.30
good at/ clever at/ bright at Maths ÉO at, by
© Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. É°æ¤púø’–
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ 22 à∞¡x-°æ¤púø’, È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô. Å°æp-öÀ- iii) Ç time èπ◊ Ø√éà Ææçí∫A ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ 1) From: -D-E-E– '†’ç*— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
鬢Á’ Ééπ\úø ûª† software training °æ‹Jh-îË- ii) English ¶«í¬ ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç=
I did not know this at that time. Kumar: Srikanth is coming from Chennai today
ÆœçC). poor at/ bad at English
iv) ¢√úÁ°æ¤púø’ ´≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? iii) Kesav: How do you know?
Yamini: I was at breakfast when you called to ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç Ç©-Ææuçí¬/ Eü∆-†çí¬= (FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’)
tell me that she wanted to see me. I am At what time do you expect him? slow at learning- Kumar: I had it from his brother. (Ñ ¢√®Ωh Ø√èπ◊
surprised that Malini still remembers (Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø At what time •ü¿’©’, when, iv) ûªy®Ωí¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç= ÅûªúÕ brother †’ç* ûÁL-ÆœçC)
me and told you to phone me. better) Kesav: You know, Srikanth and I are from
quick at learning.
Nellore.
(Ç¢Á’ ††’o îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o N≠æߪ’ç II) Now let us look at by
îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ F´¤ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ (Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ, Xé¬çû˝, ؈÷ Éü¿l®Ωç ØÁ©÷x®Ω’
a) By 12.30= 12.30 éπ™«x= 12.30 ü∆ô-èπ◊çú≈= ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’). Ééπ\úø From †’ à ÜJéÀ îÁçC†
v¶‰é˙-§∂ƒÆˇd îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ´÷LE É°æp-öÀéà ††’o 12.30èπ◊ í¬F, Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-í¬E. ÉC time Íé
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 121
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ÷-©E é¬èπ◊çú≈, date èπ◊, month èπÿ year èπÿ à time Sankar: Where are you from? (O’üË Ü®Ω’?)
Fèπ◊ îÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC) ™ Å®·Ø√ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC. Sukumar: I am from Vizag (´÷C Vizag)
Ééπ\úø Sentence ™ from Å®Ωnç îª÷úøçúÕ. O’üË

I will be there by 6.30

Ü®Ω’? ÅE Å®Ωnç= Ñ Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË Where do you
come from? Åçö«ç– Åçõ‰ O’È®-éπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’h-
Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE é¬ü¿’, O’üË-´‹®Ω’ ÅE. I come from
Hyderabad Åçõ‰ ´÷C Hyderabad ÅE.
(Å®·ûË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd äéÓ\-≤ƒJ– O’È®-éπ\-úÕoç*
´≤ƒh®Ω’ v°æA ®ÓW – ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, where do you
Salini: She is that type. She never loses b) at the age of come from? ņ-´îª’a. Where are you com-
i) ؈’ 6.30 éπ™«x Åéπ\úø Öçö«†’=
friendship. äéπ-JéÀ °∂晫Ø√ ´ßª’-Ææ- ing from Åçõ‰ ´÷vûªç, O’®Ω’ É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\-úÕoç*
I will be there by 6.30 (I will be there at
(ûª†™«çöÀüË. friendship ´ü¿’-©’-éÓü¿’). °æ¤púø’– 6.30= 6.30 èπ◊ correctí¬, by 6.30= 6.30 èπ◊ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? ÅE.)
Yamini: We met only once, that too by chance, i) Children in India are í¬F, Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-í¬-F) PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:
a year ago. After that we have met just put to school at the
ii) 20 à∞¡xÍé Tendulkar tests Çúøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç- Sasikanth: ´÷´‚©’í¬ †’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úø’ç-ö«-N-éπ\úø?
once or twice. Good of her to remem- age of 3. Ravikanth: 9.30 éπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«†’. Éçöx correct
î√úø’=
ber me. ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ °œ©xLo ´‚úÓ M. SURESAN Tendulkar began playing tests by his twen- í¬ 8.45 èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-û√†’.
(á°æ¤púÓ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éÀçü¿ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’- àôØË School èπ◊ tieth year Sasikanth: 8.45èπ ◊ ؈’ breakfast ™ Öçö«†’.
Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ. Ç ûª®√yûª äéπöÀ °æç°æ¤-û√®Ω’. iii) 2003 èπ◊ Åûª†’ ©é~¬-Cµ-é¬J Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’= Ravikanth: Ç time èπ◊ ؈’ ≤ƒo†ç, breakfast
È®çúø’-≤ƒ-®Ωx-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Eïçí¬ ii) Åûª-úø’ 11´ àôØË Chess grand master Åçû√ °æ ‹ Jh îË≤ƒh.
He became a lakhier by 2003.
´’ç*üË– ††’o éπ©-¢√-©-†’-éÓ-´ôç) Åߪ÷uúø’ Sasikanth: ᙫ ´≤ƒh´¤ †’´¤y?
Salini: What's the time by your watch? b) By then= Å°æp-öÀÍé
He became a Chess grand master even at Ravikanth: Bus™, ´÷ Office ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ 10 éÀ.O’
( watch time
F áçûª?) the age of 11/ even at 11 i) I went there at 11.30. By then the match
ü¿÷®Ωç. Åçü¿’-éπE 45E. ´·ç-ü¿’ •ßª’-™‰l-
c) at break fast = breakfast îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’. É™«Íí had begun=
Yamini: It is 11.15 ®Ω’û√.
Salini: Mine shows 11.20. My watch is fast by at lunch; at dinner; at bath, etc... Çߪ÷ Ææ´’- ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ 11.30èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé match Sasikanth: ؈’ bike ™ ´≤ƒh. Traffic jam ™‰éπ-
five minutes or your watch is slow by 5 ߪ÷™x ÅE. v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC. §ÚûË 40-50 kmph ¢Ëí∫çûÓ ´ÊÆh ØËE-éπ\-
minutes. Doesn't matter. She will be i) ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶µçîË-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ jokes ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. ii) ؈’ ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ ÅûªEo ¢√∞¡Ÿx B-Ææ’Èé-∞«}®Ω’= úÕéÀ correct í¬ 9.30éÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊çö«.
here in a short time. They had jokes at their meals/ lunch/ din- By the time I reach there, they had taken Ravikanth: E†o ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Xé¬çû˝ éπL-¨»úø’.
(Ø√ watch 11.20 îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ø√ watch 5 ner etc... him away. Åûª†’ lift Éî√aúø’. ´÷´‚-©’-éπØ√o 10
EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´·çüÁjØ√ †úø’-Ææ’hç-ú≈L, ™‰ü∆ F ii) Åûªúø’ ≤ƒo†ç îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ phone ¢Á÷TçC. c) By chance= ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈= by accident. EN’- ≥ƒ©’ ´·çü¿-®Ω’Ø√o.
i) ¢Ë’´· ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç= We met Sasikanth: ¶«í¬ drive îË≤ƒhúø’.
watch 5 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ †úø’-Ææ’hç-ú≈L. He heard the phone ringing when he was
Xé¬çû˝
ANSWER
°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. éÌCl-ÊÆ-°æöx ûªE-éπ\-úø’ç-ô’çC.) at bath. by chance/ by accident (accidentally).
Sasikanth: When/ At what time are you here
Yamini: How is she coming? É™«Íí - at that height = Ç áûª’h™ ÅE èπÿú≈ Å™«Íí by mistake= §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’†. usually?
Salini: She is driving. When she last called Åçö«ç. ii) By mistake I posted the letter to him
Ravikanth: By 9.30. I start at home at 8.45
me she was at a distance of 80 Kms. d) at a distance of = ... ü¿÷®Ωç™ instead of to his sister=
Sasikanth: I am at breakfast at 8.45
Suppose she is driving at 50 to 60 i) Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ 300 Km ü¿÷®Ωç™ §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’† ¢√∞¡x îÁ™„x-LéÀ •ü¿’©’, Ç Öûªh®Ωç Ravikanth: By then I finish my both, breakfast,
KMPH, she will be here by 11.45 at the ÖçC ÅûªúÕéÀ post î˨»†’. etc.
most. Vijayawada is at a distance of 300 Km from iii) Åûªúø’ àüÓ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ´©x ÅC î˨»úø’=
Sasikanth: How do you come?
(Ç¢Á’ Car ™ ´≤ÚhçC. Ç¢Á’ Ø√èπ◊ Phone Hyderabad. He did it by mistake. Ravikanth: By bus. My home is at a distance of
îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ 80 Kms ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçC. í∫çôèπ◊ ii) Åçûªü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçúø-ôç-´©x Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ d) By your watch= O’ watch
v°æ鬮Ωç. 10 km from office. So I start 45 min-
50/ 60 Km ¢Ëí∫çûÓ ´≤Úhç-ü¿-†’éÓ. ®√™‰úø’ i) Ø√ watch ™ time 8 Å®·çC. utes earlier.
11.45éπ™«x Ééπ\úø Öçô’çC.) Being at such a distance (= so far off) he
It's 8 by my watch. Sasikanth: I come on bike. If there is no traffic
Yamini: You are good at calculations. cannot come here frequently.
ii) O’ watch ™ time áçûª?= jam, I reach here exactly at 9.30,
´’†ç last lesson ™ prepositions discuss e) at 50 to 60 KMPH driving at 40 to 50 kmph.
(îªJaç-îªôç) î˨»ç éπü∆. Let's (let us) know What's the time by your watch?
50/ 60 Km ¢Ëí∫çûÓ. ¢Ëí∫ç í∫çôéÓ, EN’-≥ƒ-EéÓ îÁÊ°p- Ravikanth: I met Srikanth by chance yester-
something more. (´’J-éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç). at
ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç. e) Fast/ slow by= Éô’-´ç-öÀ-îÓôx by 'áçûª¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊— day. He gave me a lift on his bike.
°j Conversation ™ We have used the two i) í∫çôèπ◊ 70 Km = at 70 KMPH; Second èπ◊
ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. So I was here earlier than usual by
prepositions 'at' and 'by'. Let's look where we 1230 Åúø’-í∫’© ¢Ëí∫çûÓ = at 1230 feet per i) ´÷ ņo Ø√éπØ√o È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °ü¿l= 10 minutes.
have used them: second etc. My brother is my elder by two years. Sasikanth: He is good at driving.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 6 -´÷-Ja 2006
Vighnesh: Hi Manikanth you appear very a) India became independent on the 15th
happy today. August 1947.
(Ñ ®ÓV †’´¤y î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ éπE-°œ- b) The college closed preparation holidays on
Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤) the 2nd March.
Manikanth: You are right. Dad called home this c) India became a republic on Jan 26th 1950.
morning. He is coming on the 10th, °jSentence
™ date
îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ month
that is, the day after tomorrow. (January)
´·çü¿’ îÁ°œp ûª®√yûª ûËC îÁ§ƒpç éπü∆.
(§Òü¿’l† ´÷ Ø√†o §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»®Ω’. Åçü¿’éπØË on Jan 26th ÅØ√oç. Months (ØÁ©©’),
á©’xçúÕ Åçõ‰ 10´ ûËC† ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’) Ææç´-ûªq-®√© (years) ´·çü¿çû√ in.
Vighnesh: So he will be here on saturday. a) Ramu: When did Saran come here?
That's good. Will he go back to the Raghu: He came here in February.
states again? [every October / November 鬕öÀd on ®√ü¿’] ✓ Since = DE Å®Ωnç í∫ûªç™ äéπ time †’ç* ÅE.
(February ™ ´î√aúø’)
(Åçõ‰ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†o-´÷ô. Ramu: When is he going to complete his
c) The child was born in August 2005. Åçõ‰ °∂晫-† time †’ç*, °∂晫-† ®ÓV †’ç*,
´’Sx states èπ◊ ¢Á∞«h®√?) research project? (Gúøf August 2005 ™ °æ¤öÀdçC - in August) °∂晫E ØÁ© /Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç / Ææç°∂æ’ô† †’ç*
Manikanth: Yes, he will be leaving again in a d) The child was born last August
ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ since ¢√úøû√ç.
(Åûªúø’ ûª† -KÂÆ®˝a -v§ƒ-ñ„é˙d-†’ á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh i) India has been independent since 1947
month. He has to be back there in îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’?) (§Ú®·† August™ °æ¤öÀdçC–last ÖçC 鬕öÀd in
April. (1947 †’ç*)
Raghu: I think in another year; that is in 2007. ™‰ü¿’)
(Å´¤†’. äéπ ØÁ© ûª®√yûª ¢ÁRx-§Ú-û√®Ω’. ✓ Å™«Íí Last year, next year, that year, this ii) I have not met him since last January
(ÉçéÓ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-E-éπ-†’-èπ◊çö«, Åçõ‰ 2007™) January
year, every year ´·çü¿’ in ®√ü¿’ (í∫ûª †’ç* ؈-ûªEo éπ©’q-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)
àv°œ-™¸™ Çߪ’† Åéπ\úø Öçú≈L.) Ramu: When did he begin it?
Vighnesh: Will he settle down there? a) We had heavy rains last year Compare the following:
Raghu: In 2005
(
í∫ûª àú≈C ´®√{©’ ¶«í¬ °æú≈f®·.) a) India has been a republic since 1950.
(Åéπ\úË Æœn®Ω°æúøû√®√?) b) There are only 28 days in February, except
Manikanth: No, but he will be there for quite a ✓ Last year ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’. b) India has been a republic for the past/ for the
once in four years.
longtime. b) There was an earthquake that year last 55 years.
(Ø√©’-Íí-∞¡xèπ◊ äéπ-≤ƒJ ûª°æp February ™ 28 ®ÓV™‰
(é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË éÌ-Ø√o-∞¡x-§ƒ-ô’ Åéπ\úË Öçö«®Ω’) (Ç Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ¶µº÷éπç°æç ´*açC.) ✓ a)™ 1950 †’ç* Republic í¬ ÖçC Åçô’Ø√oç.
Öçö«®·.) Åçõ‰ since, point of time ´·ç-ü¿’ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç.
Vighnesh: When will you people join him? ✓ That year ´·çü¿’ – in ™‰ü¿’)
✓ b) ™ 55 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ (Period of time) ÅE ´u´Cµ
(O’®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷ Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«h®Ω’?) c) He will return next year
Manikanth: I have told you my sister is getting (¢√úø’ ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’) 鬕öÀd for ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç.
a) He has not seen a movie since January
married on the 4th of April. The ✓ next year ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’)
bridegroom is a software engineer
there. So she will be leaving on the
-Ç-Ççí∫
çí∫x-¶x-¶µ«µ«-≠-≠æ-ùæ-ù 122 d) He goes to Ooty every year
b) He has not seen a movie for the past / for the
last two months.
10th or so of April. Dad will leave a
week after that.Mother and I will
join him next year, after I finish my
studies.
(´÷ Åéπ\ °Rx àv°œ™¸ 4† ÅE îÁ§ƒp†’
éπü∆. °Rx-éÌ-úø’èπ◊ Åéπ\úø ≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ Éç>-
During the training period...
F®˝. Ç¢Á’ 10† ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’çC. -ûª®√y-ûª -
¢√®Ωç ®Ó-V-©èπ◊ -Ø√-†oí¬®Ω’ -¢Á-∞«h®Ω’.؈’, c) There are 12 months
in a year. ( Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ (v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Å-ûª-úø’ ÜöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’) a) ™ January †’ç* b) ™ È®çúø’ ØÁ©-©’í¬
Å´’t ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ø√ îªü¿’´¤ °æ‹®Ωh- ✓ (Every year ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’.
12 ØÁ©-©’ç-ö«®·) Now practise the following
®·† ûª®√yûª ¢Á∞«hç.) ✓ Å™«Íí This week, that week, next week,
Vighnesh: I have my visa interview on 18th d) He was born on 10th Dheeraj: ØËFo-éπØ√o °ü¿l-¢√--úÕ-†-E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
every week, last week ´·çü¿’ in ®√ü¿’. (Week
September 1984.
March. I have got admission into ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ in) Ø√o´¤?
MBA in one of the universities in ( ¢√úø’ 10th September Neeraj: †’´¤y July™ °æ¤ö«d´¤, ؈’
a) I saw him here three times last week
the US. The course will begin on 1984 ™ °æ¤ö«dúø’.) September™ °æ¤ö«d†’ é¬-•-öÀd.
Imp...
M. SURESAN (§Ú®·† ¢√®Ωç ؈-ûªEoéπ\úø ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»)
the 7th May. I propose to leave in Dheeraj: é¬F -´’-† -É-ü¿l®Ωç school™ June 12 †
(Last week ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’)
the 4th week of April. i) On – before dates and days;
e) For quite a long time: îË®√ç.
(Ø√èπ◊ -O≤ƒ Éç-ô®Ω÷yu -´÷-Ja 18-† -
✓
in – before months and years.
'the'
For Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç... (for Åçõ‰ Éçûª-鬩çí¬ ÅE.) Neeraj: §Ú®·†¢√®Ωç ü∆é¬ ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç äÍé ´ßª’-Ææ-
Öç-C. Å¢Á’-J-鬙-E ߪ‚E-´-Kq-öÀ™ -ûË-D-©èπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púø’ ®√¢√L. i) (He was here for a week.) †’-èπ◊Ø√o ؈’. F date of birth áéπ\úÓ
áç.G.à. Æ‘ö¸ ´*açC. éÓ®Ω’q -¢Ë’ 7-† On the 10th June; on the 15th of August, etc.
(¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ¢√®Ωç ÖØ√oúø’.) îª÷¨». Å°æ¤púø’ ûÁL-ÆœçC.
v§ƒ®Ω綵º´’´¤-ûª’çC. ؈’ -àv°œ™ ¸ ✓
Å®·ûË dates, days, months, years èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ Dheeraj:
ii) (I waited for two hours for you yesterday.) Ñ ØÁ© 12 Ø√ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV †’´¤y ûª°æpéπ
Ø√-™_ ¢√®Ωç-™ ¢Á∞¡-û√†’.) Next (´îËa), last (§Ú®·†), every (v°æA) this ®√. 2002 †’ç* Ø√ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV-Èé-°æ¤púø÷
Manikanth: Best of luck for you. During your (Ñ), that (Ç) ÅE-´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ dates and days E†o FéÓÆæç È®çúø’ í∫çô©’ îª÷¨»
stay there you can meet dad. He iii) Any degree course is for three years
´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ®√.
èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ on é¬F, months and years ´·çü¿’ Neeraj:
will be happy to be of help to you. in é¬F ®√´¤. (à degree Course Å®·Ø√ ´‚úË-∞¡x-§ƒô’ Ñ ≤ƒJ ؈’ ®√™‰-ØË¢Á÷. Ø√ éÓÆæç Ü∞x
(Best of luck) 1. a) He will be here on Sunday. (Åûª†’ ÇC-¢√®Ωç Öçô’çC.) Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u áü¿’-®Ω’-
✓
(†’´y-éπ\úø Ö†o-°æ¤úø’ ´÷ Ø√†o í¬Jo Ééπ\úø Öçö«úø’.) Sunday ´·çü¿’ on ®√´-ú≈Eo 鬩-´u-´Cµ (Period of time) ´·çü¿’ for ¢√úøû√ç. îª÷-≤ÚhçC. ´’Sx ؈’ ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√-®Ω¢Ë’
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Çߪ’† Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) a) He has been here for the past two days
®√í∫-©†’.
à ≤ƒßª’ç Å®·Ø√ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. b) He will be here next Sunday (´îËa (next) ANSWERS
(È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ Çߪ’-E-éπ\úø Öçô’-Ø√oúø’)
Vighnesh: Thank you. As soon as I go there, I Sunday ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ´¤çö«úø’ - next Sunday Dheeraj: Why do you think I am older than
b) The train stops here only for 5 minutes
shall get in touch with him. 鬕öÀd on ¢√úøç] you?
( È®j©’ Ééπ\úø 5 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Çí∫’-ûª’çC.
(ü∑∆çèπÿu. Åéπ\-úøéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-í¬ØË Çߪ’-†ûÓ 2. a) I met him on the 26th Feb. Neeraj: You were born in July and I was born
f) During your stay = (†’´¤y Ö†o 鬩ç™)
touch ™ Öçö«†’.) (؈’ ÅûªúÕo °∂œv•-´J 26† éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o). ûËC© in September.
✓ äéπ ´u´Cµ ™°æ© ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’dí¬ Å®·ûË dur-
✓ At, by time èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† prepositions. Å™«Íí ´·çü¿’ On ®√´-ú≈Eo í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Dheeraj: But we joined school on 12th June.
ing ¢√úøû√ç.
in, on, during, for, from, to/till, since èπÿú≈ b) I met him last 26th. (§Ú®·† 26† éπ©’q-èπ◊Ø√o) Neeraj: Till last week I had thought we were
i) During his visit here, he did not meet me
timeèπ◊ Åçõ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† preps. last Öçúøôç ´©x 'on' ®√ü¿’) the same age. I then saw your date of
(prepositions) (Åûª-†’ -ûª-† °æ®Ωu-ô-†-™ ††’o éπ©’q-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.)
c) Salaries are paid on the first of every birth some where I knew it then.
Look at the following expressions from the ii) During the training period, you do not get
month. [on the first - on] í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ any salary Dheeraj: My birth day is on the 12th this
conversation at the beginning of this lesson:
d) Salaries are paid every 1st. (Péπ~ù« 鬩ç™ Fèπ◊ @ûªç ®√ü¿’) month. Do attend it. You have been
a) This morning b) on the 10th c) on satur-
(v°æA ØÁ™« ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ûËC† @û√©’ îÁLx-≤ƒh®Ω’) iii) During the show there was some distur- attending (coming for) my birth day
day d) in a month e) for quite a longtime
Ééπ\úø every 1st 鬕öÀd on ™‰ü¿’. bance since 2002. Don't fail this time.
f) on the 4th of April g) on the 10th of April h)
3. a) Deepavali comes in October or November. time Neeraj: I'm afraid I may not come/ I doubt if I
on 18th March /the 7 th May i) in the 4th week (Ç v°æü¿-®Ωz† ™ àüÓ Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç éπL-TçC.)
October
(D§ƒ-´R November
™ é¬F ™ é¬F iv) During his tenure as President, he visited can come - My sister has been wait-
j) during your stay Days (sunday, monday,etc.)
month
´Ææ’hçC). Ééπ\úø in
´·çü¿’ ®√´-ú≈Eo many foreign countries. ing for me for the past four days at my
dates (the 10th, the 18th April)èπ◊ ´·çü¿’, on
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. village. I can come back only next
®√´-ú≈Eo í∫´’-Eç* Öçö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí months and (Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ Çߪ’† °æü¿-O-é¬-©ç™ î√™« Nü˨»©’
b) Deepavali comes every October/November. îª÷¨»úø’. Tenure - õ„†÷uÅ = °æü¿-O -鬩ç) Monday.
years in
´·çü¿’ ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆?
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 8 -´÷-Ja 2006
Viswanath: When does the temple near your Viswanath: A few days ago our friend Trinath
place open? met me. You know he had been
(O’ ÉçöÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω temple á°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’?) away for long. He said he would
meet me the next evening, but he
Lokanath: In the morning or in the evening?
did not come.
(§Òü¿’lØ√o, ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª´÷?)
(´’† v°∂çú˛ vAØ√ü∑˛, éÌCl®ÓV©éÀçü¿
Viswanath: In the morning.
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ´’®Ω’-ÆæöÀ®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-
(§Òü¿’lØËo) †-Ø√oúø’. é¬E ®√™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ î√™« 鬩ç
Lokanath: It opens at 5 in the morning and †’ç* Ééπ\úø ™‰úø’.)
closes at 12 noon. Lokanath: Trinath is unreliable.
(§Òü¿’l† 5 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’. ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç iv) She is at leisure in the evenings Ramana: Well, let me see; that is the 4th Feb,
(vAØ√ü∑˛ Åçûª ´÷ô E©’-°æ¤-éÌØË¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’.
12èπ◊ ´‚≤ƒh®Ω’.) Unreliable = Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-ü¿-í∫-E)
≤ƒßª’ç-vû√©’ Ç¢Á’ BJ-éπí¬ Öçô’çC. isn't it? That's right. On the morning
(leisure = ™„ï®˝ – measure ™ su ™«í∫ – '™„— of the 4th Feb I left for Guntur. So I
Viswanath: In the evening? Viswanath: Well then. Meet you again.
ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) didn't take the walk that morning.
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç?) (´’ç*C. ´’Sx éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«.) b) at noon: ÆæJí¬_ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12 í∫çô©’ noon.
Lokanath: The temple is open from 4 in the Lokanath: Bye. DEéÀ Åçõ‰ noon èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´÷vûªç at noon, the (Åçõ‰... Ç®ÓV Ø√©’íÓ ûËD éπü∆. éπÈ®Íéd.
evening till 8 in the evening. ´’†ç timeèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† prepositions ®√ü¿’. Ø√©’íÓ ûËC Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ í∫’çô÷®Ω’
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√©’í∫’ †’ç* 8 ´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁJîË îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆ éÌEo lessons †’ç*. This les- i) ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12èπ◊ Ææ÷®Ω’uúø’ ´’† ØÁAh O’ü¿ Öçö«úø’ ¢Á∞«x.)
Öçô’çC.) son too deals with prepositions of time. The Sun is exactly above our heads at noon. Bhanu: When did you return?
ii) ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç °æØÁoç-úÕç-öÀéÀ Åûª†’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’
Viswanath: I thought it opened from three in (á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤)
He went out at 12 noon/at noon. Ramana: I returned on the evening of the 5th
the afternoon.
c) In the night or at night -
(Å®·üÓ ûËD ≤ƒßª’çvûªç).
(´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´‚úÕçöÀ †’ç* ûÁJ* in
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 123
Ñ È®ç-úÕ-çöÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË, ûª®√yûª
The morning, the evening, the afternoon
Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.) the ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
´·çü¿’ in ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË Â°j conversation ™
™«í¬ °∂晫-†-®ÓV, °∂晫† ûËC morning, after-

She is very busy in the mornings

noon, evening Å®·ûË on ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) on the morning of the 4th
2) on the evening of the 5th
3) on the after noon of Sunday.
We met him on a Sunday afternoon
Lokanath: On festive days it is open till 2 in the deal with = îªJaç-îªôç/ i) Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç, Ñ®ÓV ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç, Ñ®ÓV
afternoon. For example it was äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷Ææ’-éÓôç Åûªúø’ ®√vA Ç©-Ææuçí¬ Evü¿-§Ú-û√úø’
He goes to bed late in the night/late at night. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç
open at one on the afternoon of etc.
ii) This morning, this afternoon, this evening.
Sivarathri and closed late at night.
®√vA Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™Ô\E Öçúøôç éπ≠dçæ
Look at the following
It's difficult to be awake/keep awake so late (today morning/ today afternoon, today
(°æçúøí∫ ®ÓV™x ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø’ ´®Ωèπ◊ expressions in the con-
in the night/so late at night. evening
ņç).
versation above:
ûÁJîË Öçô’çC. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ P´-®√vA iii) Åûªúø’ ®√vA î√™« §Òü¿’l-§Ú-ߪ÷éπ ÉçöÀéÀ ´î√aúø’. Ñ®ÓV ®√vA = tonight
®ÓV ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç äçöÀ-í∫ç-ôèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ûÁJ* a) In the morning or in the M. SURESAN He came home very late at night/in the night.
(this night, today night
ņç)
Öç-*, ®√vA î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´‚¨»®Ω’.) evening. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ in the night éπØ√o at night ¢√úø’éπ i) ØËF-®ÓV ®√vA Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o
Viswanath: I visited the temple on the morning b) at 12 noon áèπ◊\´.
I am leaving for Vijayawada tonight
of Saturday. I went to your place c) till 8 in the evening d) in the day = °æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô. 2) Programme Ñ®ÓV §Òü¿’l† ¢Á·ü¿-™„jçC
too. You were out. d) in the afternoon i) ®√vA-éπØ√o °æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô îªü¿-´ôç ¢Ë’©’
The programme began this morning.
e) on the afternoon of Sivarathri
(؈’ í∫’úÕéÀ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Öü¿ßª’ç ¢Á∞«x†’. It is better to study in/ during the day than at (Today morning é¬ü¿’.)
Å™«Íí O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ´î√a†’. †’´¤y •ßª’-öÀéÀ f) at night night. (during = Ç ´u´-Cµ™) 3) Ñ®ÓV ´’üµ∆u-£æ«o¢Ë’ ؈-ûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o
¢Á∞«x´¤.) g) on the morning of Saturday
ii) We move about more during/ in the day than I met him only this afternoon
Lokanath: On the morning of Saturday? Yea, I h) every evening at night (Today afternoon é¬ü¿’)
went to my sister's. She was plan- i) last evening
°æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô áèπ◊\´ A®Ω’-í∫’û√ç ®√vA-éπçõ‰. 4) Ñ®ÓV ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢√∞Ôx-≤ƒh®Ω’
ing to go to Delhi on the evening of j) the next evening
iii) He worked day and night to educate his chil- They will come this evening
Sunday. I was there to help her in Ééπ\úø îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆: Åçû√ morning, evening, dren (Today evening é¬ü¿’)
packing. night, noon ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√ú≈ç. É´Fo
°æ‹ô©’ (parts of the day) ûª† °œ©x-©†’ îªC-Nç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ®√vAç-•-´-∞¡Ÿx/ -®√-vûª-†éπ Å™«Íí, E†o-®√vA = last night, E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç =
(¨¡E-¢√®Ωç §Òü¿’lØ√o? Å´¤†’. ´÷ °æí∫-©-†éπ °æE-îË-¨»úø’. last evening. (yesterday night, yesterday
Åéπ\ߪ’u ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. ÇC-¢√®Ωç °∂晫-†-°æ‹ô – morning, evening etc.
Ééπ \ úø day and night ´·çü¿’ à preposition ¢√úøç. evening ņç).
≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ç¢Á’ úµÕMxéÀ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-úø-ôçûÓ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, Ç °æ‹ô (part
That, this, every, last, next OöÀ™x à¢ÁjØ√ morn-
≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ωl-ôç™ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-ú≈-©E of the day) ´·çü¿’, the °öÀd, ü∆E ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púø÷ e) At midnight = ®√vA 12 í∫çô-©èπ◊.
ing, evening, afternoon, night ´·çü¿-®Ω-¢√-úÕûË in,
¢Á∞«x†’.) 'in' ¢√úøû√ç. i) You can wake me up even at midnight if you
on àO-®√´¤.
want my help = Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç éÓÆæç ´’üµ¿u-®√-vûª-®·Ø√
Viswanath: Do you go to your sister's frequent- é¬-™‰-ñ ¸ §Òü¿’l† 8éÀ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’çC
1) He came to me that morning (on ®√ü¿’)
ly? The college starts at 8 in the morning. ††’o ™‰°æ-´îª’a.
2) I sent it to him that afternoon (on ®√ü¿’)
鬙‰ñ ¸ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC. ii) The train arrive here at midnight
(O’ Åéπ\ߪ’u ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢Á∞«h¢√?) 3) The doctor checks him up every morning
The college closes at 2 in the afternoon Train Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√vA 12èπ◊ ´Ææ’hçC.
Lokanath: Almost every evening. They live (v°æA-®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç doctor Åûª-úÕE °æK-éÀ~-≤ƒhúø’.)
a) In the morning, in the evening, in the The morning, the evening, the afternoon, the
very close to our place. (on/in ®√ü¿’)
afternoon night ´·çü¿’ in ´Ææ’hçC; Å™«Íí noon, mid day,
(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç.) 4) He left for Bangalore that night (on ®√ü¿’)
i) My mother gets up at 5 in the morning night, mid night ´·çü¿’ at ´Ææ’hçC.
Viswanath: But I saw you at home last 5) He goes out 9 every night and comes back at
´÷ Å´’t Öü¿ßª’ç Å®·CçöÀéÀ ™‰Ææ’hçC. Bhanu: You come here in the mornings; why?
evening. 11.
ii) I saw him in the park at 8 in the evening. (Ééπ\-úÕéÀ §Òü¿’lØËo áçü¿’-éÌ-≤ƒh´¤?)
(Å®·ûË E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’Nyçöx (v°æA-®√vA ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀéÀ •ßª’-öÀ-éÀ-¢ÁRx 11 í∫ç-ô-©èπ◊
؈’ ¢√úÕE E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áE-N’-Cç-öÀéÀ îª÷¨»-†’. Ramana: You see me on my morning walk up AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’) (In/ on/ at àO-®√´¤)
Öçúøôç îª÷¨»†’.) í∫´’-Eéπ: English ™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ®√vA °æúø’-èπ◊ØË´®Ωèπ◊, to the river bank 6) I wanted to meet him the next morning but I
Lokanath: Yea, I was at home last evening. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ evening ÅØË Åçö«®Ω’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 9 (†C äúø’f ü∆é¬ §Òü¿’l† †úÕ-îË-ô°æ¤púø’ ؈’ was busy.
My sister was away shopping. ´®Ωèπ◊ evening ÅØË Åçö«ç. Fèπ◊ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh†’. (On the next morning é¬ü¿’)
(E†o ؈’ ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ iii) She is very busy in the mornings.
Bhanu: But I didn't see you on the morning of
Åéπ\ߪ’u shopping èπ◊ ¢ÁRxçC.) §Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ BJ-èπ◊ç-úøü¿’. Saturday.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 10 -´÷-Ja 2006
Karthik: Kousik, have you seen Mallik? 2) If I don't submit it tomorrow - verb, do submit
( ´’Lxé˙†’ îª÷¨»¢√?) (= submit) = submit
Í®°æ¤ ؈’ îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË.
Kousik: I haven't met him since the day before 3) If I do not go now - Verb, do go (=go) É°æ¤púø’
yesterday. Well, What's the matter? ؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË.
(¢Á·†oöÀ†’ç* éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) 4) If I see him - verb, see = ؈’ Åûª-úÕE
Karthik: If you happen to see him, tell him to îª÷ÊÆh/éπLÊÆh
call me or meet me. I need to see him 5) If I go to his place - verb, go= ؈’ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ
urgently. ¢ÁRûË
(¢√úÕE †’´¤y îª÷ÊÆh ††’o éπ©-´´’ØÁjØ√ 6) If I go now - verb - go, É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ¢Á∞Ïh
îÁ°æ¤p. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ §∂ÚØ˛ Å®·Ø√ îËߪ’-´’†’. 7) If he sends me the books- verb, sends - ¢√úø’ 7) If he sends me the books - d) You get the books when you pay the money
books
¢√úÕE ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË éπ©-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç Ø√èπ◊ °æç°œûË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ °æç°œûË,
ÖçC) (úø•’s îÁLxç-*-†-°æ¤púË Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™Ô-≤ƒh®·. úø•’s
IMP: É™«çöÀ verb Ö†o group of words †’ I shall be happy - îÁLxç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ – when you pay the money -
Kousik: What is so urgent about it?
clause Åçö«ç. (ÉC î√™« ´·êuç. í∫’®Ω’hç-- ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æú≈h conditional clause)
(àçôçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç?) éÓçúÕ. Ééπ\úÕ†’ç* ´’†ç clauses ûÓ deal 7) ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-üÁ-°æ¤púø’– If he sends É™«çöÀ¢Ë´-®·Ø√ ÆæÍ®, conditions †’ ûÁLÊ° claus-
Karthik: He has two books of mine with him. I îËÆæ’hçö«ç) me the books, Åçõ‰ ¢√úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ °æç°œûË –
es - conditional clauses.
need the books for my assignment. If I 鬕öÀd Ø√ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒ-EéÀ ≠æ®Ωûª’ (condition) ¢√úø’
So a CLAUSE is a group of words with a verb.
don't submit the assignment tomor- °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ °æç°æôç. If clauses á°æ¤púø÷ É™«çöÀ If I see him - Ñ conditional clause – ؈-ûª-úÕE
Some more examples of clauses (Clauses éπLÊÆh – Éçé¬ éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. éπ©-¢√L – Åçõ‰ ÉC future
row, I lose marks. conditions †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. É™« conditions †’
(Ø√ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ È®çúø’ ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω’Ø√o®·. Ø√ ´’J-éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’) ûÁLÊ° clauses †’ conditional clauses Åçö«ç. (¶µºN-≠æuûª’h)†’ ûÁLÊ° clause. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ verb
assignment èπ◊ ÅN Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Í®°æöÀ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ conversation ™E clauses (1) to (7) - 'see' future tense é¬ü¿’. Present tense ÅØËC
™°æ© submit îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË, ´÷®Ω’\©’ ÅFo èπÿú≈ conditional clauses. Ééπ\úÕ condi- í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰ àçöÀ? Conditional Clause
tional clauses ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'if' ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’- Future †’ ûÁLÊ°üÁjØ√, Åçü¿’-™ E verb future
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 124
§Úû√®·.)
Kousik: Phone him or go to his place. Ø√o®·éπü∆. conditional clauses, if ûÓØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, tense ™ Öçúøü¿’.
(¢√úÕéÀ phone Å®·Ø√ îÁ®·u, ™‰ü¿çõ‰ éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©-ûÓ†÷ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬴a. Åçõ‰ conditional clause ™ shall/ will ®√´¤.
¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ})
Karthik: I've called his home twice already. He

If you happen to see him

is out. He will be back in an hour, his
mother told me. I have to go home
now urgently to take mother to hospi-
tal. If I do not go now, mother will be in
trouble.
1) Though she likes music (verb - likes, though a) Unless he pays the
(È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x §∂ÚØ˛ î˨». ¢√úø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé- ´’S} îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç. conditional clause, future
-Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) money, I will not give
∞«xúø’. í∫çôûª®√yûª AJT ´≤ƒh-úøE ¢√∞¡x´’t N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îÁ°œpØ√ èπÿú≈, Åçü¿’™ verb future
2) When he was here (verb- was) him the book
îÁ°œpçC. ØËEç-öÀéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL. ´÷ tense Öçúøü¿’. Åçõ‰ conditional clause ™
Å´’t†’ hospital èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ. É°æ¤púø’ 3) He knows that... (verb- knows) (¢√úø’ úø•’s îÁLxÊÆh ûª°æp,
shall/ will ®√´¤. °j† îÁ°œp† ™«çöÀ conditions ™
4) After he had done it.. (verb - had done)
؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË Å´’t É•sçC °æúø’-ûª’çC.) ؈’ ¢√úÕéÀ °æ¤Ææhéπç
present tense verbs ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·.
Kousik: If see him I'll definitely tell him about É´y†’.
É™« verb Ö†o group of words ÅEoç-öÀE a) Doctor E†’o °æK-éÀ~ç-*† ûª®√yûª ´’çü¿’-L-≤ƒhúø’ –
the books. Unless - Å®·ûË ûª°æp,
clauses M. SURESAN The doctor will give you medicines, after he
Åçö«ç.
(¢√úÕE îª÷ÊÆh books N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh) É™« ´’†ç conversation (at the beginning of Unless you study well
examines you (will examine ®√ü¿’)
Karthik: If you go to his place, you can see = conditional
this lesson) ™ç* BÆœ† clauses †’ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç. †’´¤y ¶«í¬ îªC-NûË ûª°æp...
him. b) ÉçöÀéÀ ¢ÁR}† ûª®√yûª Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’ =
clause
(†’´¤y ¢√úÕç-öÀéÀ -¢Á-∞Ïh ¢√úÕE †’´¤y éπ©-´- 1) Ñ
éπü
Clauses ÅFo èπÿú≈ if ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·
∆– É™« if ûÓ begin ÅßË’u clauses †’, if b) Before you pay the money, you cannot get
I will take rest after I go home (I will go home
í∫-©´¤) é¬ü¿’)
clauses Åçö«ç. admission
Kousik: If I go now, how can I meet him? He c) ¢√úÕ-éÀC ûÁLÊÆh ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√úø’ –
2) If Åçõ‰ 'Å®·-†-ôx-®·ûË— ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆.
will be back only an hour later. (úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’ Fèπ◊ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç ®√ü¿’. úø•’s If he knows this, (if he will know this é¬ü¿’), he
(É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞Ïh ᙫ éπ©-´-í∫-©†’ ¢√úø’ í∫çô- 3) °j† ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† 7 clauses èπÿú≈ if clauses. îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’ – úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-èπ◊çõ‰ – Before will be happy.
ÊÆ-°æöÀ ûª®√yûË éπü∆ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’) If clauses á°æ¤púø÷ ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤ƒh®·. Åçõ‰ you pay the money - conditional clause)
d) Ø√èπ◊ prize ´ÊÆh, ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√†’ =
Karthik: That's what I mean too. If you wait for Condition †’. c) You come here, - only after you get the per-
If I get the prize (If I will get the prize é¬ü¿’
another 45 minutes, and go to his 1) If you happen to see him - mission
place, you will find him. If he sends me
éπü∆?) I shall be glad.
†’´¤y ¢√úÕE îª÷úøôç ïJ-TûË (Permission - ņ’-´’A §ÒçC† ûª®√yûË Ø√ ü¿í∫_-
the books, I shall be happy. Imp: Ñ will/ shall ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç conditional claus-
Tell him to call me - ®Ωèπ◊ ®√. ņ’-´’A §ÒçC† ûª®√y-ûªØË – Only after es Íé, sentences ™ N’í∫û√ clauses èπ◊ ´Jhç-îªü¿’.
(؈-ØËD ÅüË. ÉçéÓ ´·§ƒp´¤ í∫çô îª÷Æœ, Ø√èπ◊ Phone îË-ߪ÷-©-E îÁ°æ¤p you get the permission - conditional clause)
¢√úÕç-öÀ-Èé-∞«x-´çõ‰ ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a.
¢√úø’ books °æç°œÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç)
Sasir: Before I give/ lend you the money, let me
Kousik: Don't you worry. You will get them. Vidur: Hi Sasir,Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤ †’´¤y? PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH
tell you one thing. All the money I have
(¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊ Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Åçü¿’-û√®·) ØË † ’ î√™« shops ¢ÁA-鬆’. Ø√èπ◊ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’.
Sasir: ÉCíÓ úø•’s. ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ- is Rs.200/- If you (can) return it by the
Look at the following expressions from Sasir: ØËEC Books 'n Books ™ éÌØ√o†’. Åéπ\úø §ÚûË, Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææhéπç üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§Ú-´îª’a. evening, I will give it to you.
the conversation above. èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\´ copies ™‰´¤. ¢ÁçôØË ¢ÁRûË é̆-
Vidur: Bye. Vidur: As soon as I buy the book, I will go
1) If you happen to see him
í∫-©´¤.
ANSWER home, take the money from dad and
Vidur: †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ Å°œpÊÆh ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞«h. ØËEç-öÀéÀ
2) If I don't submit it tomorrow repay you.
¢ÁR} úø•’s ûÁa-éÌ-ØË-Ææ-JéÀ Ç©Ææuç Å¢Ìya. Vidur: Hi Sasir, where did you buy the book? I
3) If I do not go now Sasir: When you buy the book, don't forget to
Sasir: ؈’ úøGsîËa ´·çü¿’ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æ¤p. -Ø√ have searched/ enquired at a number of
4) If I see him take/ collect the gift coupon.
ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†oü¿çû√ Rs. 200/-. †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’çvûªç shops, but I could not get/ find it.
5) If I go to his place Vidur: What happens if I don't take the gift
AJ--TîËa-ôx-®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ FéÀ≤ƒh. Sasir: I bought it at Books 'n Books. There
6) If I go now coupon?
Vidur: Book é̆’-èπ◊\E ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-í¬ØË, ´÷ Ø√†o-†’ aren't (are not) many copies either. If
7) If he sends me the books -ÅúÕT BÆæ’-éÌ*a FéÀ≤ƒh. you go now/ at once/ immediately you Sasir: Unless you take the gift coupon, you
°j expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ groups of words Sasir: °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, ü∆çûÓ §ƒô’ ÉîËa gift can buy it. cannot get the II part of the book free.
(´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p©’) éπü∆. °j groups of words coupon ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊. Vidur: If you lend me the money, I will buy it. If Vidur: Thank you.
v°æA ¢√öÀ™x verb Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Vidur: Gift Coupon BÆæ’-éÓ-éπ§ÚûË à´’-´¤-ûª’çC? I go home now, get the money and go, it Sasir: Here is the money. Hurry up. If you don't
1) If you happen to see him -Ééπ\úø verb, happen might be too late. (By the time I go go now/ unless you go now, you may not
Sasir: †’¢√y gift coupon BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp Fèπ◊ II
(To see = to+1st Regular doing word- DEo home, take the money and go to the get the book.
Part of the book ®√ü¿’ free í¬.
infinitive Åçö«ç. ÉC verb é¬ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆)
shop, it might be too late) Vidur: Bye.
– Å®Ωnç, Åûª-úÕE †’´¤y îª÷ÊÆh. (If - Å®·-†-ôx-®·ûË). Vidur: Thank you.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 12 -´÷-Ja 2006
Neeraj: Shall we start? Unless we start now, we I will pay the advance provided you begin
cannot reach college on time. the work
(´’†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ü∆´÷? É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’- †’´¤y °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-ÊÆhØË Øˆ’ advance É≤ƒh.
üË-JûËûª°æp college éÀ time èπ◊ îË®Ω’-éÓ™‰ç) If, unless Ææç•çüµ¿ç
Suraj: Have you taken the money? Before If = unless... not; unless = if ... not
you pay the fees they won't allow you
Åçõ‰ if Ö†o clause †’, unless clause í¬ ´÷®Ωa-
to attend classes.
´îª’a; ᙫ? If Ö†o sentence ™ not °öÀd.
(úø•’s BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’ eg. a) If you work hard, you will pass
E†’o classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-F-ߪ’®Ω’)
Neeraj: I have the money ready.
(éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-NûË, †’´¤y §ƒÆæ-´¤-û√´¤)
I Clause: 1) He was an LIC agent when I last met him.
b) Unless you work hard, you will not pass
(úø•’s ready) Before you pay the fees = Fees îÁLxç-îË-´·çü¿’; Ééπ\úø Subordinate clause - when I last met
Suraj: Have you all your certificates? They
(†’´¤y éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-NûË ûª°æp, pass 鬴¤) Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jh-é¬-™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd ÉC subordinate clause. him.
will grant you admission after they a) if clause Ö†o sentence ™ not ™‰ü¿’. (mean-
II Clause:
™ Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ *´-Jí¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’...
check up your certificates. b) Å®Ωnç, unless clause Ö†o sentence not ing not complete).
™ ÅüË They will not allow you to attend classes =
(certificates ÅFo ÖØ√oߪ÷? F certifi- He was an LIC agent.
´©x ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? E†’o classes èπ◊ ®√E-´y®Ω’ – DEéÀ Å®Ωnç
cates ÅFo °æJ-Q-Lç-*† ûª®√y-ûªØË ¢√∞¡Ÿx Å™«Íí unless clause Ö†o sentence ™ not °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC, 鬕öÀd ÉC main clause. Åûª†’ LIC agent í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. Main clause
admission É≤ƒh®Ω’) ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ if clause Ö†o (complete meaning)
Exercise 1
2) I know where he is hiding.
Neeraj: The certificates are all ready, but I have sentence ™ not omit îËÆ œ îÁ§Òpa. Now, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ conversation ™E éÀçC sen-
yet to fill in some columns in the appli- subordinate clause - where he is hiding
a) Unless we start now, we cannot catch the tences ™ main clauses, subordinate claus-
cation. Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\úø ü∆éÌ\E ÖØ√oúÓ, (incomplete mean-
train = ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË ûª°æp train es í∫’Jhç-îªçúÕ.
ing)
Åçü¿’-éÓ™‰ç. 1) They will grant you admission after they
Main clause - I know
b) If we start now we can catch the train check up your certificates.
Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – complete meaning.
´’†ç É°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË, train Åçü¿’-éÓ-í∫©ç. 2) They will accept the application after you fill
Exercise 2
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 125 É™«çöÀ if, sentences if, unless äéπ-ü∆Eo äéπ-öÀí¬
´÷Ja practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
it completely.
3) I will complete it if you help me.
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
Sriram: †’´¤y Kumar -†’ -*-´-Jí¬ -á°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»´¤?
Raghu: äéπ ¢√®Ωç éÀç-ü¿-ô.
Sriram: ¢√úË-´’Ø√o ††’o éπ-©’Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E îÁ§ƒpú≈?

If you work hard, you will pass Raghu: È®çvúÓ-V©’ Ü∞x Öçúø-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.Åçûª-éπçõ‰
ÉçÍéç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
Sriram: ¢√úø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ´≤ƒh-úøE Ç-PÆæ’hØ√o.
Raghu: àçöÀ -Ææç-í∫A?
Sriram: ´’† film hero ü¿í∫_-JéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’.
4) Conditional clauses 4) If I go on helping you, your dependence on ¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç Çߪ’† fans í∫ü∆?
(certificates
Æœü¿l¥ç. é¬F application ™ ™
shall/ will ®√´¤. (Åçõ‰ me will increase. Raghu: ü∆E-éπçûª ûÌçü¿-Í®çöÀ?
éÌEo columns 鬩çñ¸ – ï size ™ z
future tense Öçúø-ü¿’ 5) I may make mistakes if I do it on my own. Sriram: next month †’ç* Çߪ’† busy, É°æ¤púø’
™«í¬, Éçé¬ °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC)
conditional clause Answer: éπ©-´-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ûª®√yûª Çߪ’Eo éπ©-´™‰ç.
Suraj: They will accept the application after
future ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ.) Answer:
you fill it completely. Main clause Sub clause
ÉO conditional clauses Sriram: When did you see Kumar last?
(†’´¤y °æ‹Jhí¬ Eç°œ† ûª®√yûË F applica- (complete meaning) (incomplete meaning)
í∫’Jç* ´’†ç last Raghu: A week ago. (a week back
tion BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’) M. SURESAN 1. They will grant you after they checkup your
é¬ü¿’)
lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Sriram: Did he tell you (that) he would meet
Neeraj: I will complete it if you help me. admission. verb, certificates... Verb -
Very Important: me?
(†’´¤y ≤ƒßª’ç-îËÊÆh °æ‹Jh-îË≤ƒh) will grant. checkup
(¢√∞¡Ÿx Fèπ◊ (F certificates
Main clause: Å®Ωnç°æ‹®Ωh-®·† clause. admission É≤ƒh®Ω’). °æJ-Q-Lç-*† ûª®√yûª..) Raghu: He just told me (that) he would be out
Suraj: Fill it yourself. If I go on helping you, of town for 2 days. He didn't tell me
Subordinate clause = Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jh-é¬E clause, 2. They will accept after you fill it complete-
your dependence on me will increase. anything more.
Conditional clause. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ-†-´Fo the application. ly... Verb - fill (°æ‹Jh îËÆœ†
You will never be independent. Sriram: I hope (that) he will come soon.
subordinate clauses éπü∆? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç verb - will accept. ûª®√yûª..)
(†’¢Ëy fill îÁ®·u. ؈’ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç-îËÆæ÷h complete é¬-ü¿’ é¬-•-öÀd. (¢√∞¡Ÿx application Raghu: What's the matter?
Öçõ‰, Ø√ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. If he comes - ¢√úø’ ´ÊÆh - (conditional clause) BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’). Sriram: He said (that) he would take me to our
†’´¤y Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Öçúø-™‰´¤.) Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ÉC subordinate clause. 3. I will complete it. if you help me... verb - hero. We two are his fans, you know.
go on doing something = äéπ °æE îËÆæ÷h Look at the following sentences from the verb - will com- help (†’´¤y Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Raghu: What's the hurry?
Öçúøôç = continue conversation above: plete. (؈’ °æ‹Jh îËÊÆh...) Sriram: He will be busy from next month. If we
Neeraj: I may make mistake if I do it on my i) Unless we start now, we cannot reach college îË≤ƒh†’). can't (can not) see him now, we cannot
own. That's my fear. on time. 4. your dependence If I go on helping you ... see him afterwards.
on me increases. verb - go (helping -
(≤Òçûªçí¬ îËÊÆh ûª°æ¤p©’ îËßÁ·îª’a ؈’, ÅüË Éçü¿’™ áEo clauses ÖØ√o®·? í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
verb - increase; 'ing' from - verb
äéπ sentence ™ the number of clauses = Íé-´-©ç
-v°æ-¨¡o: Not
Ø√ ¶µºßª’ç) (Ø√O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç é¬ü¿’) (Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç- îËÆæ÷h
Suraj: Don't worry. Complete the application The number of verbs in it. Åçõ‰ sentence ™ only did
áEo verbs Öçõ‰ ÅEo clauses. áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC). Öçõ‰...)
and show it to me. Hurry up. 5. I may make mis- If I do it on my own... He..... But also
(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Application °æ‹Jh-îËÆœ Ø√èπ◊ In the sentence above, there are two verbs. .... subject
takes. verb - may verb - do. èπ◊
îª÷°œç. ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬F) 1) Start 2) Can reach. make. (؈’ ûª°æ¤p©’ (-Ø√ -Åçûªô ؈’ îËÊÆh...) ´·çü¿’ verb ´ÊÆh
In the last lesson, ´’†ç conditional clauses So there are two clauses. îËߪ’-´îª’a). v°æ¨¡o Å´¤-ûª’çC
1) Unless we start now = ´’†ç É°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-©’- éπü∆?
í∫´’-Eéπ: °j† ´*a† – Ø√u©-°æLx °çôߪ’u,
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC–
- conditional clause, so subordinate
üË-JûË é¬E subordinates ÅFo condition-
1) A group of words with a verb is a clause.
clause. al clauses. Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 subordinates ÅL-ߪ÷-¶«ü¿’
(Verb clause)
Ö†o ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p
2) A clause stating a condition is a CONDI-
2) We cannot reach college = ´’†ç college clauses èπÿú≈ î√-™« ÖØ√o®·. äÍé clause -ï-¢√-•’: Sentence not only ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ
îË®Ω’-éÓ™‰ç – Ñ clause èπ◊ meaning °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC ÖçúË sentences èπÿú≈ Öçö«®·. v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh, question é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ verb
TIONAL CLAUSE: clause,
≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁLÊ° éπü∆. 鬕öÀd ÉC main clause. I saw him yesterday . This sentence has only ´·çü¿®Ω ®√¢√L.
conditional clause.
ii) Before you pay the fees, they won't allow one verb - saw. So it is a sentence with just a) Not only did he insult me, but also
3) Conditional clauses begin with if, unless, (will not allow) you to attend classes.
one clause, and it is the main clause and it hit me.
before, after, when, where, provided, etc. Here again, there are two verbs = pay, will is the sentence. b) Not once has he helped me.
(Conditional clauses °j ´÷ô-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç- allow. sentences
鬕öÀd Ñ two
™ èπÿú≈
Gµç-îª-´îª’a) clauses (to attend - infinitive; verb
Öçö«®·. Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 subordinate clauses éÀçC sen- äéπ-≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç
tences ™ îª÷úøçúÕ: îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
Provided = if = Å®·ûË é¬ü¿’)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 14 ÷«Ja 2006

Prabodh: Hi Subodh, (do) you know where pretext = ví‡çµÚÂd q–‘çµ’ ûË•Ú¨\-í£-õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù = þ§ÚÛª
we can get good mangoes? put on weight = ñô¢ª-îµ-ÚÛ\è[Ù/ ö°÷÷è[Ù
(óÀª ú£ªò˺ëÅÂ! ÷ªÙ# ÷«Nªè… í£üŒ‰x Subodh: Tell your wife that you are not a dia-
ÓÚÛ\è[ ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-ê¦ó¶ª êµõªþ§?) betie. Let her know that eating
Subodh: Where else? At rythu bazaar. mangoes within limits wouldn't
Every one says that the quality is harm you.
good, and the prices moderate. (ìª÷±y ÷ªëÅ]ª---î¦uCÅ íˆè…-꟪-è…N Ú¥÷E
(ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è[? ·ôj꟪ ñâ°ôÁx. û¦éuêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ- Oª ÎNè[êÁ àµí£±p. í£J-Nª-êŸÙÞ¥ ÷«Nªè…
åªÙë]E, ëÅ]ô¢õª ú£ô¢-ú£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°óŸªE ví£A- í£Ùè[ªx Aìè[Ù ÷õx ví£÷«-ë]Oª ö¶ë]E
î¦üŒ‰x ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.) àµí£±p).
else = ÏÙÚÛ (Ô ÏêŸô¢ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ). Diabetie = a person suffering from dia-
where else = ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è[ betes/sugar complaint
who else = ÏÙ·Ú-÷ô¢ª? harm = E
when else = ÏÙ·Ú-í£±pè[ª He thinks he is great. Nù£-óŸ«õª Ïö°/ Íö° ÍE ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù ÚÛë¯. situ-
Prabodh: I keep telling her that but she
how else = ÏÙ¸Ú-N-ëÅ]ÙÞ¥/ ÏÙ·Úö°?) d) ÍêŸè[ª ÑëÁuޜ٠÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]E ÎPÙ-àŸ-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª. ation conversationö˺ ÏC êŸô¢-àŸªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhÙ-åªÙC.
doesn't listen.

ÍìªÚÛªû¦o.. ÎPÙ#û¦.. Íìª÷«EÙ#û¦..!

Prabodh: How about Sakala Supermarket? He does not hope (that) he will get the job. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE say, know, think, hope, expect, sus-
(û¶ìª àµñªêŸ«û¶ ÑÙæ°. Ú¥F Î Nìë]ª.) e) ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ÷« þ§óŸªÙ Ú¥î¦õE ٠Íìª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù
(÷ªJ ú£ÚÛõ ú£«í£ô ÷«·ô\æ˺x?) Subodh: Wish you a sweet time with the pect, doubt, (be) sure, assure, admit, deny,
ö¶ë]ª. allow, agree (ÏN Ú•Eo. Ïö°Ùæ¨N à¦ö°
Ñû¦oô³.)êÁ ÷à¶a Main ClausesÚÛª That claus-
es join à¶óŸªè[Ù practice à¶óŸªÙè….
Now practise the following in English:
Vimal: ú£ªÚÛª-÷«-ôÂìª Ïî¦ü™÷ªû¦o ÚÛõª-þ§hî¦ ìª÷±y?
Kamal: ÔÙ? ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?
Vimal: î¦è…êÁ àµí£±p, ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ÷«uà ÑÙë]E.
Kamal: ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÷«uà ÑÙë]E ìª÷±y î¦è…êÁ
àµí£p-ö¶ë¯?
Subodh: The quality may be good there, but mangoes. Bye. Vimal: û¦ÚÛª Eìoû¶ ê¶D êµL-ú‡ÙC. ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ#
the prices are prohibitive. I am sure ÷ªìÙ vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸ«-õE ÚÛ«è¯ àµí£±p.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 126
(ìª÷±y AóŸªuæ¨ ÷«Nª-è…í£Ùè[ªx Aû¦-õE
(that) it is not the place if you want ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. òµj) Kamal: î¦è… Ú ¨ êµõª-ú£E û¶ìªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. Eìo
reasonable prices. Ïí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ú¥ú£h advanced level conversation ·ôÙè[ª-÷´è[ª þ§ô¢ªx
practice à¶ë¯lÙ. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ follow Í÷Ùè…. Last ë¯E ÞœªJÙà¶
We do not think (that) he needs our help.
lesson ö˺ the things we have learnt. ÷«æ°x - è ¯è[ ª . ÷ªìÙ
f) ìª÷±y êµL-N-Þœõ î¦è…ìE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oî¦?
★ A clause is a group of words with a verb. · Þ LචÍ÷- Ú ¥-ø‹õª
Do you think (that) you are clever?
★ A main clause has complete meaning. ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o-óŸªE
★ A subordinate clause doesn't have com-
Ïí£±pè[ª look at the table - subordinate clauses Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.
in the conversation at the beginning of the Vimal:
plete meaning. î¦è[ ö° ÍìªÚÁ÷è[Ù
lesson-
★ The number of clauses in a sentence = û¦ÚÛ ª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥
The number of verbs in it. ÑÙC. M. SURESAN
★ That êÁ begin Íó¶ªu MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE û¶ìª
clauses- that clauses. ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìÙ ·Þõª-þ§h-÷ªE Þœæ¨dÞ¥
Ïö°Ùæ¨ that clauses ö˺that 1) Do you know Where we can get good mangoes. ÎP-ú£ªhû¦o.
ÚÛª meaning ‘ÍE’ ÍE. (FÚÛª êµõªþ§?) (÷ªÙ# ÷«Nªè… í£Ùèµx-ÚÛ\è[ ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-ê¦óµ«?) Kamal: ›ï°÷ªÙê ú£÷ª-óŸ«-EÚ¨
Conversation ö˺ ÓÚÛª\÷ î¦è¶ 2) Every one says a) That the quality is good.
ÒJÚ¨ AJ-Þ•-þ§h-è[Ù-
clauses ö˺ that clause ÖÚÛæ¨ (ví£A-î¦üŒŠx ÍÙæ°ô¢ª) (û¦éuêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-åª-ë]E) æ°î¦?
Vimal: î¦è[ ª ¸ô›í ÷à¶a-þ§h-ì-
ÍE Íô¢nÙ Í÷±-꟫û¶ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯. b) (that) the prices are moderate.
ÖÚÛ-¸ôëÁ Íö°/ Ïö° ÍE û¦oè[ª û¦êÁ.
àµñªê¦ô¢ª/ àµð§p-ô¢ª/àµñªêŸª-
(ëÅ]ô¢õª ú£ô¢-ú£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°-óŸªE) Kamal: î¦è[ª ÑÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ
û¦oô¢ª ÍE ÷ªìÙ Íìo-í£±pè[ö°x, 3) I am sure a) That is not the place. ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ ·Þõª-
ÖÚÛô¢ª/ û¶ìª/ ÷³ etc. Íö°/ (û¦ÚÛ ª êµ õ ªú£ ª ) (ÍC ú£ · ô j ì àÁåª Ú¥ë] E ) þ§h ÷ ªìªÚÁ- ÷ àŸ
ª a.
Ïö° ÍE Íìª-ÚÛªû¦o, ÎPÙ-#û¦, b) if you want reasonable prices. ÷þ§h!
Íìª-÷«-EÙ-#û¦, êµL-ú‡û¦, ÷ªìÙ (FÚÛª ú£·ôjì ëÅ]ô¢õª Ú¥î¦-õÙç¶) Answer:
î¦è¯-LqÙC that clause 4) I thought That I would serve them mangoes. Vimal: Are you meeting/
÷«vêŸî¶ª ÚÛë¯. Will you meet
Why? What's the matter? a) ÍêŸè[ª ÷þ§hè[ª ÍE, û¦ÚÛª
(Íìª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª) (î¦üŒxÚÛª ÷«Nª-è…í£Ùè[ªx šíæ°d-õE) Sukumar today?
êµõªú£ª. 5) They will know That you are a good host. Kamal: Why? What's the
(ÍÚÛ\è[ í£Ùè[x û¦éuêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-è•àŸªa Ú¥F I know that he will come. (î¦üŒ ‰ x êµ õ ª- ú £ ª - Ú Û ª Ù- æ °ô¢ª ) (ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ ÎAëÇ]uÙ Ïà¶aî¦è…÷E) matter?
ëÅ]ô¢õª ÷«vêŸÙ ÷ªìÙ òÅ¡JÙ-àŸ-ö¶-EN. ú£·ôjì ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè…. î¦è[ª-÷-þ§hè[ª 6) She fears That I may put on weight. Vimal: Tell him (that) we
ëÅ]ô¢õª Ú¥î¦-õÙç¶ ÍC ú£·ôjì àÁåª-Ú¥-ë]E = he will come (Î òÅ¡óŸªí£è[ªêÁÙC) (û¶ìª ö°÷-÷±-ê¦-ìE) have the match
ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª.) î¦è[ª ÷þ§h-è[E =that he will 7) Tell your wife next week/ That the
prohibitive = (ëÅ]ô¢õª) Íè[ªf-ÚÛªû¶. That you are not a diabetie
come. match is next week.
prohibitive = Ú•ì-è¯-EÚ¨ Íè[ªfí£-è¶ÙêŸ ëÅ]ô¢õª. û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª =I know. (Oª ÎNè[êÁ àµí£±p) (ìª÷±y ÷ªëÅ]ª---î¦uCÅ íˆè…-꟪-è…N Ú¥ë]E) Kamal: Have n't you (=
Prabodh: Perhaps you are right. I expect b) ÷«Nªè… í£Ùè[ª Î-Ú¨-ù£d-÷ªE 8) Let her know That eating mangoes within limits wouldn't Have you not) told
some guests tomorrow. I thought ÍÙæ˺ÙC. harm you. him (that) the
(that) I would serve them man- ÷«Nªè… í£Ùè[ª Î-Ú¨-ù£dÙ/-Î (Îîµªìª Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÁE) (í£J-Nª-êŸÙÞ¥ ÷«Nª-è…-í£Ùè[ªx Aìå٠E à¶óŸª-ë]E) match is next
goes. Ïù£d-í£-è[ª-êÁÙC. week?
(ÍóŸ³uÙ-è•àŸªa. ¸ôí£± ÷« ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÍA- She likes the mango. Vimal: I knew the date, only yesterday you
Oªô¢ª ç¶ñªöËÀö˺ Þœ÷ª-EÙචÑÙæ°ô¢ª. ÖÚÛ sen-
tell him too (that) we have to practise
ëÇ]ªõª ÷þ§h-ô¢-ìª-ÚÛªÙåªû¦o. î¦üŒxÚÛª ÷«Nªè… ÷«Nªè… í£Ùè[ª Î Ïù£d-í£-è[ª-êÁÙ-ë]E tenceö˺ ·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª sub. clauses ÑÙè[è[Ù.
í£Ùè[ªx šíè[ë¯-÷ªE Íìª-ÚÛªû¦o.) that she likes the mango. from tomorrow.
Subodh: Go ahead. They will know that you Íö°¸ Þ main clauses Óûµjoû¦ ÑÙè•àŸªa.
ÍÙæ˺ÙC = she says/ is saying. šíj sentences ÍEoÙ-æ¨ö˺ main clause ÷³Ùë]ª, Kamal: I think he knows the date. He
are a good host. She says that she likes the mango.
subordinate clause êŸô¦yêŸ ÷à¦aô³. Íö° ô¦î¦- referred to it/ talked about it two or
(Ú¥F ÷ªJ. ìª÷±y ÷ªÙ# ÎAëÇ]uÙ Ïà¶a-î¦- c) î¦è[-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª î¦è[ª Þ•í£p ÍE.
õE rule ö¶ë]ª. ÔC ÷³Ùë]ª, ÔC îµì-·Újû¦ íÆ£ô¦yö¶ë]ª. three times yesterday. He thinks
è…-÷E êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª.) î¦è[ª-Þ•í£p = he is great; (that) we have good chances of win-
host = ÎAëÇ]uÙ Ïà¶a-î¦è[ª î¦è[ª Þ•í£p ÍE = that he is great. Every body knows that he plays well.
That he plays well, every body knows. ning.
Prabodh: It just gives me a pretext to enjoy He thinks that he is great.
(refer = (ÏÚÛ\è[) ví£þ§h-NÙ-àŸè[Ù)
mangoes. Otherwise my wife Íô³ê¶ conversation ö˺ that ÷C-ö¶-óŸª-÷àŸªa. ÷ªìÙ daily conversation ö˺ ÖÚÛô¢ª ൛íp, Íìª- Vimal: I am glad (that) he thinks. I strongly
wouldn't let me. She fears that I He thinks that he is great. ÚÛªû¶, ÎPÙà¶, Îö˺-#Ùà¶, ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¶ (be sure) hope too that we will win.
may put on weight if I eat man-
Kamal: Do you say (that) Hemanth will
goes.
(û¶ìª ÷«Nªè… í£üŒ‰x Aû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª ÍA-ëÇ]ªõª Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…... return in time for the match?
Vimal: He has told me (that) he will come
ÖÚÛ þ§ÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª. ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÷« ÎNè[
back tomorrow itself.
ììªo ÷«Nªè… í£üŒ‰x Aì-F-óŸªë]ª. û¶ìª
ö°îµj-ð¼-ê¦-ìE ÎNè[ òÅ¡óŸªÙ.) URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm Kamal: If he is there we can be sure (that)
we will win the match. Bye.
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 16 -´÷-Ja 2006
Brahmam: (Do) you know when the train 8. (that) He doesn't have a cell
arrives here? (¢√úÕéÀ cell ™‰ü¿E).
(Train Ééπ\-úÕ-Èé-°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’hçüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) 9. Whose number it is (ÅC á´J †ç•®Ó).
Vishnu: I do not know exactly when, but I 10. (that) he has no cell (¢√úÕéÀ cell ™‰ü¿E).
am sure that it arrives between 8.30
and 9.00 in the morning.
OöÀ™x subordinate clauses no. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7
and 9 îª÷úøçúÕ. É´Fo 'Wh' words (When,
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ á°æ¤púÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, é¬E §Òü¿’l† Where, How, How many, Why and Whose)ûÓ
8.30, 9.00 ´’üµ¿u ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-ØËC ´÷vûªç begin Å´¤-ûª ’-Ø√o®· éπü∆? É´Fo When,
éπ*aûªç) Where, How ™«çöÀ 'Wh' wordsûÓ begin Å®·-
Brahmam: That suits us fine then. Find out
†-°æp-öÀéÃ, questions 鬴¤. ´’† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ lessons a) lesson beginning conversation
where Eswar is. Ask him whether ¢√úÁ-éπ\úø îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ = Ééπ ™E ™
™ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-†oC í∫’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆. Question Å®·ûË I do not know where he studies. clauses 5, 8 and 10 that clauses.
he is coming with us or not. Tell him ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç*
'Wh' word ûª®√yûª verb ´·çü¿÷, ûª®√yûª subject
we have to reserve tickets. b) ¢√úÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ time waste îË≤ƒhúÓ Ø√éπ-®Ωnç-é¬-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆.
´≤ƒh®·. Clauses No. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 and 9™
(ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. Ѩ¡y®˝ áéπ\- I do not understand why he wastes time EXERCISE:
'Wh' word ûª®√yûª subject ´·çü¿÷, verb
úø’-Ø√oúÓ îª÷úø’. ¢√úø’ ´’†ûÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ûª®√yû√ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’-éπE É´Fo (sub + c) ¢√úÕéπçûª úø•’s ᙫ ´≤ÚhçüÓ á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ – NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN
™‰üÓ éπ†’éÓ\. ´’†ç tickets reserve verb) form ™ ÖçúË subordinate clauses. No body knows how he gets/ is getting all ENGLISH.
îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E îÁ°æ¤p.) ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: questions ™«í¬ that money.
Vishnu: (I have) no idea how I can meet Vani:
Hi Durga, Lakshmi áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁR}çüÓ
®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. d) ¢√úÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ ´÷èπ◊ îÁ°æpçúÕ.
him. I called his home twice but ûÁ©’≤ƒ?
Please tell us when he will come/ comes/ is
there was no response. He has- Durga: ûª†ûÓ Fèπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Ë’çö îÁ°æ¤p, ´·çü¿’.
coming.
n't/he doesn't have a cell phone. Vani: ûª† †’ç* Ø√èπ◊ úø•’s Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’E îÁ§ƒp†’
e) function á´®Ω’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒh®Ó ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 127
(Åûª-ØÁo™« éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√™ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’. éπü∆?
They do not know who will inaugurate the
È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x ¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀéÀ phone î˨», é¬E Durga: Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’sçüÓ ™‰üÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ Fèπ◊?
á´®Ω÷ áûªh-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕéÀ cell phone function.
™‰ü¿’.)

Whether he is coming or not

Brahmam: How can we know how many berths
we have to reserve?
Vishnu: Hi... I remember. He and his people
are away in Eluru. They will be back
tomorrow.

Look at the difference between 'wh'

(Ç... É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Åûª†’, ¢√∞¡x
f) Åûª-EüËÜ®Ó Åûª†’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Vani:
©éÀ~ t ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉçÈé-´-J-
¢√∞¡Ÿx à©÷®Ω’ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. Í®°æ¤ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’.) subordinate clauses and 'wh' questions.
Brahmam: I now understand why he hasn't met
îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ = ü¿-í∫_-®Ω’ç-ô’çC? †’¢Ëyç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Fèπ◊
Subordinate Clause Question He hasn't told them
us. ûÁL-ߪ’-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
(With Wh words) (With Wh words) where he is from. Durga: Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’sç-úÌa. é¬F FéÀ-Ææ’hçüÓ ™‰üÓ
(¢√úø’ ´’†-™„oç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰üÓ É°æ¤púø’
1) ... when the train 1) When does the g) ÅC ¢Ë’¢Á’™« îËߪ÷™ FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’?
Ø√éπ®Ωnç Å´¤-ûÓçC).
arrives (train á°æ¤p-úÌ- train arrive? (Train ´÷èπ◊ teacher explain
I think I have his cell number in my Vani: ؈’ ûª†E éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ E†o ņ’-èπ◊çö«–
Ææ’hçüÓ... sub clause á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçC?)–
M. SURESAN
pocket book. Let met see.
îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ = É≤ƒh-†E promise îËÆœçC.
No. 1) Not a ques- question Our teacher hasn't
(ÅûªE cell no. Ø√ pocket book ™ tion.
Durga: FÈéçûª 鬢√™ îÁ§ƒp¢√ Ç¢Á’èπ◊?
explained to us how we should do have to do
Öçü¿-†’-éÌçö«. îª÷úøF.) Vani: Féà N´-®√-©Fo áçü¿’éÓ Øˆ’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?
2) ... Where Eswar is- 2) Where is Eswar? it.
Vishnu: I am telling you he doesn't have a Durga: Sorry. Ø√èπ◊ áéπ\úÕéÀ ¢ÁR}çD ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
(Ѩ¡y®˝ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ– (Ѩ¡y®˝ áéπ\-úø’- h) ÅC á´-J™x á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ –
cell.
subordinate clause Ø√oúø’?)– question Whose house it is no one knows. áéπ\-úø’çüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. á°æ¤p-úÕç-öÀéÀ ´Ææ’hçüÓ
(¢√úÕéÀ cell ™‰ü¿E îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√o†’ éπü∆?) No. 2) - not a ques- í∫´’-Eéπ: Ééπ\úø where, when ûÓ begin ÅßË’u ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
Brahmam: Then whose is this cell no. here?
tion. clauses conditional clauses 鬴¤ éπü∆– Å¢Ëç Vani: ûª†’ AJ-íÌÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ îÁ§ƒh¢√?
(Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø Ñ cell no. á´-JC?) 3) ... How I can meet 3) How can I meet condition †’ ûÁ©-°æ-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE will/ shall Durga: OK.
Vishnu: I do not know whose number it is,
him- ( Åûª-ØÁo™« éπ©’- him? (؈-ûªEo ᙫ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ¢√úøû√ç.
but I am sure he has no cell. ANSWER:
Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©ØÓ) – subor- éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’?)– É™«çöÀ clauses O’ conversation ™ ¶«í¬
(ÅC á´J †ç•®Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, é¬E dinate clause No. 4 question Vani: Hi Durga, (Do) you know where
practice îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç.
¢√úÕéÀ cell ™‰ü¿-ØËC ´÷vûªç éπ*aûªç) 4) ... how many berths 4) ... how many Lakshmi has gone?
In our earlier lesson we have seen the uses
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ lesson beginning ™E clauses E
we have to reserve berths have we to îª÷úøçúÕ – Whether he is coming or not = Durga: Tell me first why do you need her?
of that clauses. There are some more sub-
(´’†ç áEo berths reserve ( ´’†ç áEo Åûª†’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ™‰üÓ.. ask him - ÅûªEo Åúø’í∫’. Vani: I've told you that I need money from
ordinate clauses. ¢√öÀE ´’†çdaily conver-
reserveîËߪ÷™) – berths reserve ´’†-éÌéπ N≠æߪ’ç Å´¤ØÓ é¬üÓ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ- her.
sation ™frequent Real life
í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. subordinate clause îËߪ÷L?)- Question §ÚûË, Å°æ¤púø’ whether é¬F, if é¬F ¢√úøû√ç. if Durga: Do you know whether/ if she has money
situations ™ OöÀ ¢√úøéπç î√™« áèπ◊\¢Ë. ¢√öÀE no.6 Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø conditional clause if (Å®·ûË ÅØË or not?
main clauses ûÓ join îËÆœ ᙫ ¢√ú≈-©-ØËC 5) Why he hasn't met 5) Why hasn't he met
É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç: Å®Ωnç) é¬ü¿’. Vani: If Lakshmi doesn't have/ has no money,
us (´’†-™„oç-ü¿’èπ◊ us? a) Åûª†’ ¢Á∞«xúÓ ™‰üÓ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ =
Let us look at the subordinate clauses in the
(´’†-™„oç-ü¿’èπ◊ who else has? You do not understand
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰üÓ)– éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’?)-– She does not know whether/ if he has gone what you are talking.
conversation between Brahmam and
Subordinate Question or not.
Vishnu: Durga: She may have money, but how do you
Clause No.7
1. When the train arrives (Train á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçüÓ). 6) Whose number it is 6) Whose number is
b) Ç¢Á’ fees éπöÀdçüÓ ™‰üÓ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ – know/ how are you sure whether she
2. Where Eswar is (Eswar áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ.) ( it? num-
We do not know whether/ if she has paid the
fees (or not)
will give it to you or not?
3. Whether he is coming or not
ÅC á´J †ç•®Ó) – (ÅC á´J Vani: When I met her- I think it was yester-
Subordinate clause ber? - Question c) Chief Guest ÅÆæ©’ ´î√aú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC á´®Ω÷ day, she promised to give it.
(Åûª†’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ™‰üÓ). No. 9.
4. How I can meet him
îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’ = Durga: Did you tell her how much you need?
No one is able to say whether/ if the Chief
ÉD wh words begin
ûÓ subordinate
ÅßË’u Vani: May I know why you need all these
(؈-ûªEo ᙫ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©ØÓ). guest has arrived (or not)
5. (that) We have to reserve tickets clause wh word
èπÿ, begin
ûÓ ÅßË’u
d) ÅC êK-üÁj-†ü∆, -Èéj-†ü∆ ÅØËC Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? – details?
Question èπÿ ÖçúË ûËú≈. Ñ ûËú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Durga: Sorry. I do not know where she has
(´’†ç tickets reserve îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E). English
Do you know whether/ if it is expensive or
6. How many berths we have to reserve gone, where she is and when she will
´÷ö«x-úÕûË ´’†èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
cheap?
®√†õ‰x èπÿú≈. Ñwh word subordinate clause return home/ will be back home.
(´’†ç áEo berths reserve îËߪ÷™). main clause join sentence ÉC whether/ if¢√ú≈-Lq† B®Ω’. ÉC èπÿú≈ real
7. Why he hasn't met us Vani: Will you let me know when she returns?
†’ ™ îËÊÆh ´’†èπ◊
form life situations ™ ´’†èπ◊ conversation ™
Durga: OK
Å´¤-ûª’çC.
(´’†Lo áçü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰üÓ). Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 18 -´÷-Ja 2006
Sridhar: Who do I see here? Giridhar! what a Giridhar: You and I have known him since our
surprise! (I have) been thinking you College days. He was our junior at
are still in Dubai. What brings you college by two years. He is Eswar. He
here so suddenly? is a software man in the US. As he
(á´®Ω÷? TJ-üµ¿®√ Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçüË! has to be back in the states by the
†’Nyçé¬ ü¿’¶«-ß˝’™ ÖØ√o´-†’-èπ◊ç- month end, he is in a hurry.
ô’Ø√o. Ö†oô’xçúÕ É™« ÜúÕ°æ-úø-ö«-EéÀ Sridhar: It is Eswar. Is it? A good choice. A
鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’çöÀ?) nice young man.
Giridhar: Because dad wanted me here Giridhar: Since my sister too a B.Tech, he
urgently for my sisters wedding hasn't demanded any dowry. yet the
marriage is going to cost us a lot, as Clause 7: as they want the marriage to be a Since/ Ever since he came here, he has
engagement. Though he wanted me
they want the marriage to be a grand grand affair been good to me.
yesterday morning itself, I could be
affair, ÉO because/ as/ since clauses, since claus-
here only last night. I tried my best, ¢√∞¡Ÿx °Rx °∂æ’†çí¬ ï®Ω-§ƒ-©-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀd.
sister B.Tech es í∫’Jç-*† N≠æߪ’ç. Practice them thor-
but I could not get the ticket for the (´÷ èπÿú≈ 鬕öÀd, éπôoç O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. É´Fo 鬮Ω-ù«©’ ûÁLÊ°
oughly.
earlier flight. àç Åúø-í∫-™‰ü¿’. é¬E °RxéÀ ´÷èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË clauses éπü∆. Oô-Eoç-öÀE, because/ as/ since
PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
sister
(´÷ EPa-û√-®√n-EéÀ ´÷ Ø√†o ê®Ωa-´-¶-ûª’çC, ¢√∞¡Ÿx °Rx °∂æ’†çí¬ îËߪ÷- ûÓ ¢ËöÀ-ûÓØÁjØ√ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-´îª’a. Oô-EoöÀ Å®Ωnç
††’o ¢ÁçôØË ®Ω´’t-Ø√oúø’. Çߪ’† ††’o ©-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀd) Å®·-†ç-ü¿’-´-©x/-áç-ü¿’-îË-ûª-†ç-õ‰/-é¬-•öÀd ÅE. Vasanth:
àçöÀ †’´¤y E†o ®√™‰ü¿’?
E†o §Òü¿’lØËo Ééπ\-úø’ç-úø-´’-†o-°æp-öÀéÀ, E†o A Grand affair = íÌ°æp N≠æ-ߪ’ç/- °∂æ’†çí¬ ïJÍí 1) áçúøí¬ Öçúøôç ´©x •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡}™‰ü¿’. Hemanth:
®√¢√-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-*-†-°æpöÀéà ®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-
®√vAéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ééπ\-úø’ç-úø-í∫-L-í¬†’. N≠æߪ’ç. Affair: ÅÊ°∂Å – Ê°∂ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = I haven't gone out because it is hot (as it is
ߪ÷†’. ´÷ ´÷´’-ߪ’u-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´Ææ’hç-úøôç
Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ flight èπ◊ áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç- N≠æߪ’ç. hot/ since it is hot)
´©x ÉçöxØË ÖçúÕ-§Ú-¢√Lq ´*açC.
Sridhar: When is the marriage? Vasanth: Phone îËÆ œ ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿E îÁ°æp-™‰üËç?
*Ø√ ticket üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. 2) As he did not start on time, he missed the
Giridhar: The 17th this month. only 12 days Hemanth: ؈’ î˨»†’, é¬F †’¢Áy-ûªh-™‰ü¿’. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊
bus
left. îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?
(Ñ ØÁ© 17†. 12 ®ÓV™‰ N’T-©’-Ø√o®·) Time èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd bus Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Vasanth: Ø√ cell out of order Å®·-†ç-ü¿’-´©x
Last Lesson ™ wh words ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u sub- (Ééπ\úø, as •ü¿’©’, because/ since ¢√úø-´îª’a) îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷. E†o §Òü¿’l† éÀçü¿ °æúÕ-†-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 128 ordinate clause îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Éûª-®Ω -®Ω-鬩 sub- 3) Since/
is
as/ because
successful
he knows English well he
Hemanth:
°æpöÀ †’ç* ÅC ÆæJí¬ °æE îËߪ’-õ‰xü¿’.
Land phone †’ç* áçü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?
ordinate clauses É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.
Vasanth: ¢Ë’ç bill îÁLxç-îª-†ç-ü¿’-´©x ÅC discon-
nect Å®·çC.
Hemanth: Öü¿ßª’ç ´’≤ƒ© üÓÂÆ A†o-°æp-öÀoç*, Ø√èπ◊

Although Ganguly
ry...scored a centu-
´’ûª’hí¬ ÖçC. ÉçöÀ-ÈéRx Evü¿-§Úû√. Bye.
ANSWER
Vasanth: Why didn't you come yesterday?
Hemanth: Though I tried to come, I could not
(come).
Study the following
Because dad wanted... engage-
í∫´’-Eéπ: English ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ é¬•öÀd, Åûª†’ Nïߪ’ç I had to be/ to stay at home since /
subordinate clauses
ment - sentence
ÉC clause
é¬ü¿’ éπü∆, §Òçü¿’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. as/ because my uncle was coming.
from the conversation
conversation
´÷vûª¢Ë’ clause
™ Éô’-´çöÀ Now look at clause 2: Vasanth: Why didn't you phone me (that) you
above:
writing
¢√úø-´îª’a, because
™ clause
ûÓ Though he wanted me here yesterday itself were not coming?
1) Because dad wanted
begin main clause
îËÆœ, ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøç. E†o ØËEéπ\úø Öçú≈-©E Çߪ’† ņ’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ. Hemanth: I called you, but you didn't respond.
me here urgently Why didn't you phone?
Wedding engagement = °Rx -E-Pa-û√-®Ωnç/- Though = although = even though Å®·-†-°æp-
2) Though he wanted me öÀéÃ, ÉC èπÿú≈ conversation™ common. Vasanth: Because/ as/ since my phone is out
flight =
û√ç-•÷-™«©’ °æ¤îª’a-éÓ-´ôç. N´÷†ç. M. SURESAN
here yesterday itself. a) Åûªúø’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °æúø’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéà ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-≤ƒhúø’ of order. Ever since/ since it fell
3) What he is, where he is from and whether he
(°æéÀ~ áí∫-®Ωôç èπÿú≈)
Though/ although/ even though he goes to down yesterday morning it hasn't
Sridhar: When is the engagement? is in India or abroad bed late, he gets up early. been working well.
(Engagement á°æ¤púø’?) clauses; wh subor-
(ÉN ´‚úø’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®çúø÷ b) bus
Åûªúø’ °æ-®Ω’-Èí-Ah-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ Hemanth: Why didn't you phone from/ use your
Giridhar: The day after tomorrow. Dad has dinate clauses, whether clause.
*´-JC OöÀE Though he ran, he could not catch the bus. land phone?
none to help him, so he asked me last lesson
í∫’Jç* ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆) c) Although/ though/ even though Ganguly Vasanth: As/ since/ because we had not paid
here urgently. 4) since we met the bill they disconnected it.
scored a century, his team lost the match
(á©’xçúÕ Ø√†oèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ 5) as he has to be back in the states by the í∫çí∫÷M century team
éÌöÀd-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Çߪ’† ãúÕ- Hemanth: Since/ Ever since I ate masala dosa
á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’, Åçü¿’-éπE †Eo-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁçôØË month end. §Ú-®·çC. in the morning I've been drowsy. I'd
®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’) 6) since my sister too is a B.Tech Look at clause no. 4 now. go home and sleep. Bye.
Sridhar: Happy to hear that she is getting
engaged. Congrats to her. But why
7) as they want the marriage to be a grand
affair.
Since we met - Ñsince èπ◊ Å®Ωnç as/ because v°æ¨¡o: 1) -O’®Ω’ -äéπ Lesson The Wife and
™
since
ÅE é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, í∫ûªç™ ã Ææç°∂æ’- husband have a good understanding
this hurry? Ñ subordinate clauses ÅFo èπÿú≈daily real
life situation
ô† ïJ-T-†-°æpöÀ †’ç*, í∫ûªç™ °∂晫Ø√ time †’ç* for each other grammat-
ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬F
sister
O’ EPa-û√®Ωnç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ™ Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆. ÉN ï®Ω-í∫ôç
´©x, Åü¿™« Å®·†-°æp-öÀéÀ, °∂晫† N≠æ-ߪ’ç/-Ææç-°∂æ’- ÅE. icalí¬ Man and Wife ÅØ√-L-éπü∆!
î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ø√ ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«- Since we met = ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æpöÀ†’ç* 2) ™„ô®˝™ *´®Ω Yours faithfully ÅE
é¬ç-éπ~©’. Å®·ûË Éçûª £æ«ú≈-N-úËçöÀ?) ô† ïJT†°æpöÀ †’ç*, Åü¿™« Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ a) If not even minute since we met (Giridhar
É™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√©ûÓ Ö†o Ñ clauses †’ ´’†ç ®√≤ƒhç-éπü∆! DE Å®Ωnç N´JçîªçúÕ.
And you haven't told me who the
Eûªuç conversation ™ ¢√ú≈-Lq† °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ ņôç) –¢ÁØ√o *-ôd-¶«s®·, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø
bride groom is, what he is, where he
is from, and whether he is in India or
áØÓo. Åçü¿’-éπE practice them well and fill ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀ-†’ç*/ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E EN’-≥ƒ- -ï-¢√-•’:
your conversation with ideas. ©Ø√o Å´-™‰ü¿’. 1) Husband and wife/ wife and husband ņôç,
abroad Look at the clauses No 1, 5, 6 and 7 b) Since India became independent 58 years
accepted usage - Éçü¿’™ ûªÊ°p癉ü¿’. Man
Observe that they begin with because, as, have passed
(°Rx-éÌ-úø’-Èé-´®Ó, àç îËÆæ’hç-ö«úÓ, à Ü®Ó, and wife èπÿú≈ correct, Å®·ûË -É-C éÌçîÁç for-
India ™ Öçö«ú≈, NüË-¨»™x Öçö«ú≈ and since. ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨»-EéÀ ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç ´*a 58 à∞¡Ÿx í∫úÕ-î√®·. mal. áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†oC husband and wife.
†’´¤y Éçûª-´-®ΩÍéç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ ) É™«çöÀ clauses - because/ as/ since
Åçõ‰, c) Hi Arun, it is ages since we met 2) Yours faithfully; Ñ expression, formal letters
Giridhar: O you are too impatient. It is not even clauses ™because = as = since = Å®·-†ç-ü¿’- (°æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô) Ê°®Ω’ûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈, (Dear) Sir/ Madam ÅE Ææç¶-
minutes since we met, you shoot ´©x. ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀoç*/ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ߪ·í¬©’ CµçîË î√-™« formal letters ™ ´·Tç-°æ¤í¬
question after question. Will you let Clause 1: Because dad wanted me here (ages) Åߪ÷u®·. ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆. DEéÀ §ƒûª ®Ω÷°æç: I am/ I remain.
me talk? urgently d) Since the time he came here, he has been Your faithful servant xxx. v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u
(Fèπ◊ ã®Ω’p-™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E Ø√†o ††’ourgent í¬ Ééπ\úø 鬢√-©-†oç-ü¿’-´©x. troubling me v°æ¶µ«´ç ´©x, servant ÅØËC §Ú®·, faithfully
EN’-≥ƒ-©-®·Ø√ Å´-™‰ü¿’. v°æ¨¡o© ¢Áçô Clause 5: as he has to be back in the states by ¢√úÕ-éπ\úÕéÀ ´*a-†-°æpöÀ †’ç< Ø√èπ◊ É•sçC éπLT-Ææ’h- yours, O’ N¨»yÆ槃vûª’-úÁj†/ O’èπ◊ ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’
the month end. Ø√oúø’. (faithful) Ö†o-ü¿’-†o-ô’xí¬ ûÁ©’p-èπ◊ç-ô’†o O’¢√úø’–
v°æ¨¡o -èπ◊-J-°œç-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ††’o ´÷ö«x-úø-
Åûª†’states (America) ™ ØÁ™«-ê-®Ω’éÀ Å®·ûË since Åçõ‰ because/ as Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÖçúËC. É°æ¤úø’ faithfully yours,
E-≤ƒh¢√?)
Sridhar: Ok, Go ahead.
AJT Öçú≈-Lq-†ç-ü¿’-´©x ¢√úøôç ´©x confusion Öçô’çC 鬕öÀd, since yours faithfully í¬ ´÷JçC. éÌçûª´’çC faith-
Clause 6: Since my sister too is a B.Tech (Å°æpöÀ †’ç* ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ever since ÅE èπÿú≈ fully yours faithfully
( ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø
sister B.Tech
ÆæÍ®...é¬F) ´÷ èπÿú≈ 鬕öÀd. Åçö«®Ω’. ņôç ®√Æœ†N Eï¢Ë’ ÅE ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 20 -´÷-Ja 2006
Shantan: Hi Vineet, Sunil was here yesterday.
™„j†ô’´çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ),
He suggested we see a movie but
He has agreed to what I have said.
dropped the idea. He suddenly
3) Whether / if clauses
remembered he had to take his
(Å´¤Ø√/é¬ü∆ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)
mother to temple.
I don't know whether/ if he has come
(Ææ’F™¸ E†o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’. ´’†ç ÆœE- (¢√úÌ-î√aúÓ ™‰üÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’)
´÷-Èé-∞«l-´’-Ø√oúø’ é¬F -Ç Ç™- ´÷†’-èπ◊- 4) Because/ as/ since clauses (Åçü¿’-´©x/鬕öÀd
Ø√oúø’. ¢√∞¡}-´’t†’ í∫’úÕéÀ BÂÆ\-∞«x-©E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)
¢√úÕéÀ Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ í∫’®Ìh-*açC) As the book is expensive, I cannot buy it.
Vineet: Though I wanted to see you both, I
(°æ¤Ææhéπç êK-üÁj†C Å´ôç ´©x ؈’ é̆-™‰†’) Clause so
could not come. My bike had trou-
5) though/although/even though clauses
Ñ ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ö†o- -¢√é¬u-Eo °æ-J-Q-L-ü∆lç •ü¿’©’ ¢√úÕ îª÷ü∆l´÷?
bled, so I took it to the mechanic. He ✒ He suggested that we see a movie but Clause 4:
Though it is raining he has gone out
took an hour to repair it. dropped the idea. ✓ They demand what is more than right
(´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω’-Ææ’h-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«xúø’)
(E†o N’´’tLo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o é¬F 6) Since DØÓx but BÊÆÆœ though ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆. (áçü¿’- because we bargain for less.
/ ever since clauses
®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ø√ ¶„jé˙èπ◊ -àüÓ Ææ-´’Ææu éπçõ‰ though (Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ), but È®ç-úÕç-öÀ Å®Ωnç ✓ We bargain for less, so they demand what is
´*açC.Åçü¿’-éπE -¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’Èé-∞«x. (Å°æ p öÀ †’ç* ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) äéπõ‰ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, sentence structure ´÷®Ω’- more than right.
Ever since he came here, he has had health
-JÊ°®˝ -îË-ߪ’-ú≈--EéÀ -Å-ûª-úø’ í∫çô Ææ-´’-ߪ’ç ûª’çC) Clause 7:
problems
BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) ✒ Though / Although / Even though he sug- As I am going back to College tomorrow.
gested the movie he dropped the idea.
Shantan: How much did it cost you?
(Ééπ \-úÕéÀ ´*a-†-°æpöÀ †’ç--< ¢√úø’ èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰úø’) Ñ clause ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ö†o- -¢√é¬u-Eo °æ-J-Q-L-ü∆lç...
(áçûª-®·çC) ✒ Though / Although / Even though He is ✒ As I am going... tomorrow, how about a
Vineet: He billed me Rs.200/- But I offered weak, he works hard movie this evening?
him only Rs. 150/-. He accepted it. (or) ✒ I am going back to college tomorrow, So how
(¢√úø’ ®Ω÷.200 ÅúÕ-í¬úø’/È®çúÌç-ü¿©’ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 129 ✒ He is Weak, but works hard. about a movie tonight.
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© G™¸ ¢Ë¨»úø’. ؈’ †÷ô ߪ÷¶µ„j (•©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖØ√o éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’.) ✓ É™« Though / Although / Even though
Éî√a†’. BÆæ’\-Ø√oúø’)
Shantan: These mechanics are smart guys .
They demand more than What is
right because we bargain for less.
(O∞¡Ÿx î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx. ÆæÈ®j† ü∆E-éπçõ‰
áèπ◊\-´-úø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’. ´’†ç ᙫí∫÷ ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊
Let's go to his place...
¶‰®Ωç îË≤ƒhç 鬕öÀd)
Smart = ûÁL-¢Áj†/ ´’ç* •ôd-©ûÓ îªéπ\í¬ éπE- ✒ Though he is rich, he Clauses But Clause
†’ , But Clauses †’
°œçîË É´Fo í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√oß˝’ éπü∆. OöÀE Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd- is not proud Though Clause í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a.
bargain = ¶«í∫Ø˛= -¶‰®Ωç/ ¶‰®Ωç îËߪ’ôç
straight í¬ main clause ûÓ join îËÊÆh O’ con-
(or) ✓ Å™«Íí,Because / As / Since Clauses 'So' †’
versation î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
Vineet: That's true, but my mechanic is n't ✒ He is rich, but he is Clauses So Clause Because Clause
Practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
, í¬ †’
that type. not proud ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a éπü∆.
(éπÈ®Íéd. é¬-F ´÷- ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√úø’ Now look at the following clauses from the (Å-ûª-úø’ -üµ¿-†-´ç-ûª’-úÁj†-°æp- O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’.
é¬ü¿’) conversation at the beginning of this les- öÀéÃ, Åûª-úÕéÀ í∫®Ωyç- -™‰-ü¿’) M. SURESAN ✓ Though Clause †’ But Clause í¬ ´÷Í®a-ô-
Shantan: Every one thinks so about their son. ✓ Clause No.3 ™ èπÿú≈ °æ¤púø’ though ™‰E clause -èπ◊ but °úøû√ç.
mechanics 1) ... but (he) dropped the idea. but •ü¿’©’ though / ✓ Because / as / since clauses †’, so clause í¬
(v°æA ¢√úø’ ûª† ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ í∫’-Jç-* Å™«Íí (Ç Ç™- N®Ω-N’ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) although / even though ûÓ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’ because / as /since ™‰E clause
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’) 2) ... So I took it to the mechanic. ✓ Clause No.2, ... so, I took it to the ´·çü¿’ so ´Ææ’hçC.
Vineet: OK. Will Sunil be coming here today? 3) ... but I offered him only Rs.150. mechanic Though she is beautiful, she is not proud
(ÆæÍ®. Ææ’F™¸ Ñ¢√∞¡ ´≤ƒhú≈) 4) ... because we bargain for less. Ñ clause ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ö†o- -¢√é¬u-Eo °æ-J-Q-L-ü∆lç (or)
Shantan: He hasn't even called me since he 5) ... but my mechanic isn't that type. ✒ My bike had trouble, so, I took it to the She is beautiful but she is not proud
left me yesterday. I don't know if he 6) ... Since he left me yesterday. mechanic. (
-Ç-¢Á’ -Åç--ü¿çí¬ -Ö-†o°æp-öÀéà -Ç-¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç -™‰-ü¿’)
will come. As I am going back to 7) As I am going back to college tomorrow. Ééπ\úø 'so •ü¿’©’ because / as / since ¢√úø- (Though, but Ö†o Clause í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)
College tomorrow, how about a ( 4, 6 , 7 ´’†èπ◊ ûÁLÆ- †œ clauses éπü∆. ´îª’a éπü∆. Because She is good, every one likes her
movie this evening? ✓ Clause No.4 鬮Ω-ù«Eo ûÁ™‰pC. ✒ Because / Since / as my bike had trouble I (or)
(E†o †ØÌo-CL ¢ÁRx†°æpöÀ †’ç* Ø√èπ◊ - ✓ clause No. 6 °∂ 晫Ø√ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† †’ç* ÅE îÁÊ°pC. took it to the mechanic. She is good, so every one likes her.
§∂Ú-Ø˛ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ ™‰üÓ ✓ Clause No. 7 èπ ÿú≈ 鬮Ω-ù«Eo ûÁ™‰p-C ✒ My bike had trouble. So I took it to the (
-Ç-¢Á’ -´’ç-* -´uéÀh é¬-•-öÀd -Åç-ü¿®Ω÷ -
ûÁMü¿’. Í®°æ¤ ؈’ é¬-™‰-ñ ¸èπ◊ ¢ÁR}§Úûª’-Ø√o†’ É°æ ¤ p úø ’ look at Clause NO. 1 mechanic. Ç-¢Á’-†’ -Å-Gµ-´÷-E≤ƒh®Ω’)
鬕öÀd Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?) ... but (he) dropped the idea ✓ Clauses 4, 7 ™ èπÿú≈ as / since / because
Vineet: That's a good idea. When are you
once?
starting for your Engineering College Sailesh: ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ, ؈’ ¶«í¬ØË ®√ÆœØ√ °æ-Kéπ~-™x Ø√èπ◊ PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING Sailesh: I will do that. I tried to meet the
in Anantapur? ´÷®Ω’\-©’ ÆæJí¬ ®√™‰-üËçöÀ?
Aoç-*Ø√ èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-ô癉ü¿’. Maths Lecturer Yesterday. But he
(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. ņç-ûª-°æ‹®˝-™ -E Ramesh: F -îË-A®√ûª ¶«í∫’ç-úøéπ§Ú´úøç ´©xØË Fèπ◊ -
Ramesh: Don't worry. Çߪ’-†çûª busy Å®·-†-°æp- was not available.
Engineering College Èé°æ¤p-úÁ-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤) ´÷®Ω’\-©’ ÆæJí¬ ®√´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
Shantan: Tomorrow After noon öÀéÃ, Çߪ’Eo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫© ´÷®Ω_ç Fèπ◊ Ramesh: He is always busy with tuitions. So it
Sailesh: ؈’ Ææ÷\-™¸™ -ñ«®·-Ø˛ Å®·-†-°æpöÀ †’ç*
(Í®°æ¤ -´’--üµ∆u£æ«oç -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-†’) îÁ§ƒh. is difficult to meet him.
Ø√ -îË-A®√-ûª É™«Íí ÖçöçC. Ææ÷\-™¸ ™
Vineet: Let's call Sunil then Sailesh: Thank you Sailesh: Ever since he returned our answer
Ø√èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’\-©’ ¶«í¬ØË ´î√a®·. ´’J
(Sunil èπ◊ §∂Ú-Ø˛ îËü∆lç) Answers: books, I have been trying to meet
Shantan: Let's go to his place -
é¬--™‰-ñ ¸-™ ®√´-ôç-™‰-üËçöÀ?
him, but could not.
Ramesh: †’´¤y -™„éπa®Ω®˝qûÓ ã≤ƒJ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü∆? Sailesh: Ramesh, I did well in the exam. But
(¢√úÕç-öÀ-Èé∞«lç) Ramesh: Don't worry. Though he is busy, I will
Vineet: OK Sailesh: Ç °æE îË≤ƒh. -´÷u--ü∑˛q -™„éπa®Ω®˝q†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- I got low marks. Why?
tell you a way to meet him.
´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ω π◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊†o Subordinate ¢√-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’ E†o, é¬F Çߪ’† Ramesh: You are not getting good marks
Sailesh: Thank you.
Clauses. üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. because your hand writing is bad.
1) That clauses Ramesh: Çߪ’† tuitionsûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ busy. Åçü¿’- Sailesh: My handwriting has been like this (In the sentence above, change but into
(He says that he saw you yesterday) éπE Çߪ’†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç éπ≠dçæ . since I joined School.. But I got/used although/though/even though, and
(ÅE ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Sailesh: Çߪ’† ´’† Answer books AJT É*a-†- to get good marks at school. How is as/since/because into so, and vice versa.
2) Wh clauses °æpöÀ †’ç* Çߪ’†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E v°æߪ’- it I don't get such marks in College?
(á°æ¤púø’ ïJTçüÓ, à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ó, ¢Á·ü¿- Ramesh: Why don't you talk to the lecturers

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 22 -´÷-Ja 2006
Anand: Before you start, check up your lug- 3) Whether/ If clauses -
gage. Å´¤ØÓ, é¬üÓ ÅØË ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo, v°æ¨»o-®Ωn-é¬Eo ûÁL-Ê°N.
(•ßª’-™‰lÍ® ´·çü¿’ ≤ƒ´÷†’ ÆæJ-îª÷-Ææ’éÓ) 4) Because/ as/ since clauses -
Achyut: I will do that after I complete packing. 鬮Ω-ù«© clauses- OöÀE so clauses í¬
(؈C Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´úøç °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª îË≤ƒh) ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a.
Anand: OK, then, I am leaving. I will collect
5) Though / although / even though clauses-
from the shop on my way those books
you need. I will be at the station twenty
Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁLÊ° clauses - OöÀE
but, yet, still clauses í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a.
minutes before the train arrives. I will
have the lunch packed for you at the (But = yet = still = é¬F/ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) 3) ... before the train arrives
c) Çߪ’† class èπ◊ ®√í¬ØË §ƒ®∏Ωç ¢Á·ü¿©’
station. 6) Since (°∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† †’ç* ÅE train´îËa ´·çü¿’ °úø-û√úø’. Ü°œJ °‘©’a-èπ◊ØË Æ洒ߪ’ç èπÿú≈
ûÁLÊ° clauses. Since •ü¿’©’ ever since ÉN ´’†ç conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË claus- É´yúø’
¢√úø-´îª’a. from the time ÅE èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. es éπü∆.
He begins the lesson as soon as he
É¢Ëé¬èπ◊çú≈ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o condition- a) India was under British before it became
enters class; he doesn't give us even the
independent
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 130
al clauses. (if/ unless/ before etc. ûÓ time to breathe.
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i will/ shall ¢√úø-EN) ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç §Òçü¿-éπ-´·çü¿’ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ vGöÀ≠ˇ §ƒ©-†™
(even = Åçü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈)
ÖçC.
d) As soon as he saw the police, he ran

As soon as he saw the police..

away
§ÚMÆæ’©†’ îª÷úø-í¬ØË Åûª†’ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.
5) By then I shall be on my way to the station
ǧƒ-öÀéÀ / Ç Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ / Å°æp-öÀéÀ ؈’
station èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-ü∆-J™ Öçö«.
b) ؈’ station èπ◊ ¢ÁRx† ûª®√yûª train ´*açC
(ØË ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. ü∆J™ Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† °æ¤Ææh鬩’ Now look at the fol- a) By then he had finished his lunch
Shop™ BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«. Train ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ The train arrived after I (had) reached the
lowing clauses used
É®Ω¢Áj EN’-≥ƒ© ´·çü¿’ Station éÌ≤ƒh. Fèπ◊ station Å°æp-öÀéÀ Åûªúø’ lunch °æ‹Jh-îË-¨»-úø’/- A-ØË-¨»úø’.
in the conversation
lunch èπÿú≈ pack îË®·≤ƒh. c) ´®Ω{ç ÇT† ûª®√yûª ¢√∞¡Ÿx Çô ´’Sx ¢Á·ü¿©’°ö«d®Ω’ b) By then he had gone
at the beginning of
Achyut: Thank you. Call me as soon as you They resumed the game after the rain (had)
this lesson. Ç Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.
reach the station. I think by then I shall stopped (resumed - ´’Sx v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√®Ω’)
1) Before you start c) for clause:
be on my way to the station. My pack- 2) after I complete pack-
M. SURESAN d) ¢√úø’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√éπ-´·çü¿’ ¢√úÕÍéç Job ™‰ü¿’
Ééπ\úø for èπ◊ Å®Ωnç Åçü¿’-´©x, 鬕öÀd ÅE–
ing is almost complete. I will be start- He had no job/ He was jobless before he
ing because/ since/ as ™«í¬.
ing in ten minutes. came here.
3) ... before the train arrives
Anand: You must hurry for there isn't much e) O’Í®ç îËÊÆ-¢√®Ω’. Lecturer é¬éπ-´·çü¿’? (Åçõ‰ àç You must hurry for there isn't much time
4) .... as soon as you reach the station
time left? ÖüÓu-í∫-´’E) left
5) ... by then I shall be on my way to the station
(ûªy®Ωí¬ ûÁ´’-™«L †’´¤y. time áèπ◊\´ What were you, before you became a lec- time áèπ◊\´ ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´©x †’´¤y ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L.
6) ... for there isn't much time left.
™‰ü¿’) turer? a) He can play well for he is tall
Take clauses 1, 2 and 3. Ñ ´‚úø÷ èπÿú≈
Achyut: Bye. See you at the station What were you (í∫ûªç™) O’ ÖüÓuí∫ç àN’öÀ?
before, after ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆. OöÀE
Åûª†’ §Òúø’í¬_ Öçúøôç´©x ¶«í¬ Çúø-
(´≤ƒh. ÊÆd≠æØ˛™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç) ÉO before, after clauses. Ñ before, after í∫-©úø’.
before, after clauses Åçü∆ç. É¢ËçöÃ? äéπöÀ clauses †’ î√™« ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Anand: Bye
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o subordinate time èπÿ, Ææç°∂æ’-ô†èπÿ, ´·çü¿’, ¢Á†é¬ ïJÍí 4) As soon as clauses b) Let's stand in the shade of the tree for
it is very hot here
clauses, ¢√öÀ Ææy¶µ«´ç èπ◊x°æhçí¬... ¢√öÀE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË DE Å®Ωnç ¢ÁçôØË ÅE.
1) That clause : 'ÅE— ÅE ûÁL-Ê°C ÖçC éπü∆. a) Call me as soon as you reach the station
Ééπ\úø ¶«í¬ áçúøí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x ´’†ç
îÁô’d Fúø† E©’açü∆ç.
2) 'Wh' clause: What, When, Where, Who, 1) Before you start - station îËJ† ¢ÁçôØË/ îË®Ω-í¬ØË Ø√èπ◊ Phone
Whom, Which, Why and how ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº- †’´¤y •ßª’™‰lÍ® ´·çü¿’ îÁ®·u. c) I need water for I am thirsty

´’-ßË’uN– ã ´uéÀh, Ææç°∂æ’-ô††’ í∫’Jç-*† N´-®√©’ 2) After I complete packing b) ¢√úø’ ®√í¬ØË ´’†ç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç Ø√èπ◊ ü∆£æ«çí¬ ÖçC 鬕öÀd F∞¡Ÿx 鬢√L.
ûÁL-Ê°N. Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç °æ‹®Ωh-ߪ÷uéπ We will begin as soon as he comes.

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING O’®Ω’ next lesson ÆæJí¬_ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊
Eswar: Hi Govind, †’´¤y •ßª’-™‰l-Í®-´·çü¿’ ANSWER éÀçC table ¶«í¬ study îËÆœ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
Eswar: Hi Govind, did you meet Sriram
Sriram -†’ -à´’Ø√o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?
before you started? TENSE VERB FORMS
Govind: ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ •ßª’-™‰lJ† ûª®√yûª ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊
Govind: No. He called me after I (had) start- PRESENT a) am, is, are I RDW a) have, has may
§∂ÚØ˛î˨»úø’. ed. b) am, is, are ûÓ II RDW b) have ûÓ, has ûÓ can
Eswar: ¢√úÕE ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË éπ©-¢√L, ¢√úÕ †’ç* Eswar: I have to meet him. I need some ´îËa-´Fo. do ´îËa-´Fo
Ø√èπ◊ éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç urgent í¬ é¬¢√L. information urgently from him.
does
Govind: ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕÍé ´Ææ’hØ√o†Ø√oúø’ é¬F á°æ¤p-úÌ- Govind: He told me (that) he would be com-
PAST a) was, were a) Past doing a) had might
≤ƒhúÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. ing here, but when exactly, he did not
say. b) was, were ûÓ word b) had ûÓ ´îËa-´-Fo could
Eswar: Sekhar èπÿú≈ Ééπ\-úÕ-éÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. ¢√úø’
Eswar: Sekhar too is coming here. I have to ´îËa-´Fo. b) did -´÷-´‚-©’í¬
´îËa-´·çüË Øˆ’ Sriram ûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L. take to Sriram before Sekhar comes FUTURE a) Shall/ Will
Govind: ¨Ïê®˝, X®√ç éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’´ÊÆh ؈-ûªEo
here. b) Shall/ Will ûÓ ´îËa-´Fo
•ßª’-ôèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«h†’. Å°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y Govind: If Sekhar comes here before Sriram
X®√çûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´îª’a. comes I will take him away. You can I RDW = Ist Regular Doing Word (come, go, eat, etc)
Eswar: Fèπÿ ûÁL-N-ûË-ô-©’-Ø√o®·, Åçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’a- then talk to Sriram. II RDW = IInd Regular Doing Word (comes, goes, eats, etc)
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Eswar: I appreciate you for you too are Past Doing Word = came, ate, went, etc.
Govind: F friendship ´™‰x Ø√éà ûÁL-N-ûË-ô©’ smart/ clever.
Ñ Table ™ îª÷°œ† verbs Ç tenses ™ Öçö«®·. ÉC O’®Ω’ correct í¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ ÅFo Ææ’©¶µºç.
Govind: That's because of my friendship with
´î√a®·.
you.
™‰èπ◊çõ‰ v°æAD confusing í¬ Öçô’çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 24 -´÷-Ja 2006
Sugandhi: I thought (that) you were not in Now look at the clauses in the conversation at
town. the beginning of the lesson.
(†’´¤y Ü∞x ™‰´-†’-èπ◊Ø√o) Subordinate clause Main clause
Supushpa: True; I phoned you yesterday that 1. (that) you were not in town I thought
we were going to our village, but
(†’´¤y Ü∞x-™‰-´E) (؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o)
we dropped the idea because we
2. (that) We were going to I phoned you
had relatives coming suddenly.
our village Fèπ◊ phone
(Eï¢Ë’. E†o Fèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ† ´÷ô
¢√Ææh-´¢Ë’– ¢Ë’ç ´÷ ÜJéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-´’E, (¢Ë’ç ´÷ ÜÈ®-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-´’E) î˨»†’.
é¬F ´÷ØË-ߪ÷Lq ´*açC, sudden í¬ 3. because we had relatives But we dropped
´÷ ö«d©’ ®√´ôç ´©x). coming. the idea. III. a) †’´¤y ÉçúÕߪ÷ Èí©-´-í∫-©-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? ÉO ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-´-©-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’.
Sugandhi: In fact surekha was about to start ö«d-™Ô-Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’-´©x Ç Ç™- Do you think (that) India can win the ´’† practice †’ •öÀd Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·.
for your place yesterday. I told her ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√oç match ? (b)
éÀçü¿ îª÷úøçúÕ. PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
(that) you were away and she 4. (that) you were away I told her b) India
†’´¤y Èí©-´-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? Ravikanth:
Féπ®Ωnç Å´¤-ûÓçü∆ ÅûªØËç ÅØ√oúÓ?
stopped. She said (that) she did not Did you think (that) India could win the Sreekanth:
ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC. ûª†’ E†o Ééπ\-úÕéÀ
O’®Ω’ Ü∞x ™‰®ΩE ؈’ -Ç-¢Á’-ûÓ îÁ§ƒp†’ match?
know about your plan to go to your
®√™‰-ü¿E -Å-ûª-úø’ -îÁ-§ƒp-úø’.
5. (that) you would be Why didn't you
IV. a) Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’çîËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o Ravikanth: Å®·ûË †’´y-ØËC Åûª-E-éπ\úø E†o
village. away tell them? I think (that) he may not help me. ÖØ√o-úøØ√?
(ÅÆæ©’ E†o Ææ’Í®ê O’ ÉçöÀÍé •ßª’-™‰l- O’®Ω’ç-úø-®ΩE ¢√∞¡xûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ b) Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Sreekanth: Åûª-úÕ-E E†o Ééπ\úø îª÷Æœ-†-ô’xí¬ Ø√èπ◊
JçC. O’®Ω’ ™‰®ΩE ؈’ îÁGûË ÇT-§Ú- îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’? ¶«í¬ í∫’®Ω’h.
Ravikanth: ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒhç. ¢√∞¡xèπÿ
®·çC. O’®Ω’ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh†o Ææçí∫A 6. (that) he would talk Father told them
ûª†èπÿ ûÁLߪ’ü¿çC).
to the boy's father Ø√†o- ¢√∞¡xûÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC Åûª†’ E†o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o-úøE.
Supushpa: We were sorry (that) we missed a
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 131
é¬E Åûª†’ ´÷vûªç í∫çô éÀçü¿ô
few days of quiet at our village.
Ŷ«s®· ûªçvúÕûÓ ÅØ√o®Ω’. ÅØ√oúø’ ûªE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√™‰-ü¿E.
(v°æߪ÷ùç ÇT-§Ú-ßË’-Ææ-JéÀ, éÌCl-®Ó-V© ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-†E Sreekanth: O.K. Å®·ûË á´®Ω’ †´·t-û√®Ω’?
°æ™„x-ô÷J v°æ¨»ç-ûªûª éÓ™p-ߪ÷-´’E

He knows (that) she has come

¶«üµ¿-°æú≈fç.)
(quiet = v°æ¨»ç-ûªûª)
Sugandhi: Why didn't you tell your relatives
that you would be away?
(O’®Ω’ç-úø-®ΩE O’ •çüµ¿’-´¤-©ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊
îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’?) I thought (that) he ANSWER
Supushpa: They were coming with an alliance
É°æ¤púø’ î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: °j sentences might not help me. Ravikanth: Do you understand what he has
for my elder sister. The boy is a
™ Main Clause Verb, Subordinate Clause V. a) ¢√úø’ §ƒ-ÂÆj-ûË Øˆ’ said?
Verb í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Main Clause Verb past
bank officer. ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh-†ç-ô’Ø√o Sreekanth: It is clear - he says that he did not
tense Å®·ûË, subordinate Clause Verb èπÿú≈
(¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷ Åéπ\-éÓÆæç Ææç•çüµ¿ç BÆæ’-éÌ- I say (that) I shall be come here yesterday.
past tense éπü∆. îª÷úøçúÕ: happy if he passes
Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç Å¶«s®· ¶«uçé˙ Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝) Ravikanth: (Do) you mean he was here yester-
Main Clause Verb Sub Clause Verb b)
Alliance = Å©-ߪ’Ø˛q = (marriage alliance)
¢√úø’ §ƒÂÆjûË Øˆ’ day.
Sentence 1 Thought were ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√o†’ M. SURESAN
= °Rx Ææç•çüµ¿ç; Sreekanth: I remember well that I saw him
- past tense I said (that) I should be happy if he passed.
political alliance = ®√ï-éÃߪ ’ èπÿôN’/ - Past tense here yesterday.
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Main Clause said, knew,
™
Ææç•çüµ¿ç. Sentence 2 Phoned were going thought ™«çöÀ past tense verbs ´*a†°æ¤púø’ Ravikanth: Let us tell others too. They will
Eg: UPA (v°æÆæ’hûªç Íéçvü¿ç™ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o subordinate clause would, should, could, know that he was here yesterday.
- Past tense - past tense ™
èπÿôN’) = (United People's Alliance.) might ®√´ôç. But he told me an hour ago that he
Sugandhi: Then of course you must welcome Sentence 3 dropped had Å™«Íí Main clause verb past tense Ö†o had not come here yesterday.
them. - Past tense - past tense subordinate clause verb
-îÓ-ô™«x past
èπÿú≈ Sreekanth: OK, but who will believe it?
tense
v°æ¨¡o: 1. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? Ç¢Á’ á´-JéÀ
(Å™« Å®·ûË ¢√∞¡x†’ ≤ƒyí∫-Aç-î√-LqçüË) Sentence 4 told were ™ØË Öçô’çC.
- Past tense - past tense I a) Ç¢Á’ ´*aç-ü¿E Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (í∫ûªç™)
Supushpa: Father told them that he would talk
He knew (that) she had come. -ûÁ-©’Ææ’?, -F-´¤ á´J ´ü¿lèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√´¤?,
to the boy's father and took their Sentence 5 did tell (told) would be -Past
b) Ç¢Á’ ´*aç-ü¿E Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ É°æ¤púø’ Ç¢Á’ F ´ü¿lèπ◊ ´Ææ’hçü∆?, -Ç-¢Á’ á´J
address. - Past tense (future from the past)
He knows (that) she has come. ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ´Ææ’hç-C?, Ç¢Á’ á´J °æéπ\†
Sentence 6 told would talk - Past
(´÷ Ø√†o ¢√∞¡x address BÆæ’-èπ◊E II a) Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh ÅE ņ’-éÌç-öçC E-©’-çC?, Åûªúø’ E†’o áçü¿’èπ◊
Ŷ«s®· Ø√†oûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøû√-´’-Ø√o®Ω’). - Past tense (future from the past) She thinks (that) she is beautiful
¢Á∞¡x-´-ü¿lE ÅØ√oúø’?– OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™
b)
ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?
Sugandhi: That's good news (¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh) In all the sentences above, the
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh ÅE ņ’-éÌ-ØËC (í∫ûªç™) 2. I alone can do it. I can do it alone.

Last lesson *´®Ω É*a† tense table main clause verb is in the past tense, so the She thought (that) she was beautiful.
III a)
Ñ È®çöÀéà ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?
subordinate clause verb too is in the past ¢√úÕéà N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿E ÇPç-î√†’ =
í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. 3. She was tired with riding.
tense. That is the rule we have to follow in I hope (that) he doesn't know about it.
She was tired of riding. ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.
– - >. Ææ÷®Ωu-ûËï, ®√´’-îªç-vü∆-°æ¤®Ωç
conversation. If the main clause verb is in b) ¢√úÕéà N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿E ÇPç-î√†’.
PRESENT TENSE
the past tense, the subordinate clause verb I hoped (that) he did not know about it.
a) am is are b) am is are -ûÓ- c) I RDW 1. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? = Who (whom) does
too must be in the past tense. So, remember: If the main clause verb is in
combinations II RDW she know? (whom É°æ¤púø’ Åçûªí¬ ¢√úøôç
2) Main clause past tense verb
™ ¢√ú≈-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ: past tense, the subordinate clause verb is
d) have, has e) have, has f) can could subordinate clause
Å°æ¤púø’ will, shall, can,
™ also in the past tense. Main clause verb ™‰ü¿’). Ç¢Á’ á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ = Who knows her?
combinations may would, should, could, might
èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ present tense future tense
í¬F í¬F Å®·ûË, F´¤ á´J ´ü¿lèπ◊ ¢Á∞«h´¤? = Who do you go
´®Ω-Ææí¬ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉC conversation ™ §ƒöÀç-î√- subordinate clause tense to?/ Who will you go to? (É™«çöÀîÓôx èπÿú≈
PAST TENSE (Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈) à
Lq† Å稡ç. Å®·Ø√ ÖçúÌa. conversational English ™ whom ¢√úøéπç ûªT_-
a) was were b) was were -ûÓ- c) past doing
I. a) Åûªúø’ ´’®Ω’-Ææ-öÀ-®ÓV ´≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’ a) Åûªúø’ E†o ´î√a-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ = §Ú-ûÓçC). Does/ Will she come to you?
combinations word
He said (that) he would come the next day. I know that he came yesterday (does ´÷´‚-©’í¬/ will future ™). Who
d) had e) had ûÓ f) could would (b)
DEo éÀçü¿ ûÓ §Ú©açúÕ: b) O’®Ω’ E†o éÌûªh 鬮Ω’ éÌØ√o-®ΩE Åûª-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ = does/ will she come to? Who did she stand
combinations b)Åûª†’ Í®§Ò-≤ƒh-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ He says that you bought a new car yesterday. by?/ Stand next to?/ Whose side did she
FUTURE TENSE He says (that) he will come tomorrow. c) E†o †’´¤y absent ÅE O’ Ø√†oûÓ îÁ§ƒh†’ stand by?/ Who did she stand beside?
shall, will forms -Å-Fo II. a)¢√∞Ôx-≤ƒh-®ΩE Åûª-E-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? I will tell your father that you were absent Why did he tell you not to go?
Does he know (that) they will come yesterday. 2. I alone can do it = ؈’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’.
Main clause, subordinate clauses í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o®· (b)
-É°æ¤p-úø’ ûÓ §Ú©açúÕ: îª÷úøçúÕa) b)
™, Main clause - present,
™ I can do it alone =
(ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ îËߪ’-™‰®Ω’) ؈C
éπü∆. (Main clause - meaning complete; sub- b) ¢√∞Ôx-≤ƒh-®ΩE Åûª-E-éÀç-ûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ûÁ©’≤ƒ? subordinate clause - past c) Main clause
™ äçô-Jí¬ (Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) îËߪ’-í∫-©†’.
ordinate clause - meaning incomplete). Did he know (that) they would come. - future, subordinate clause - past. 3. She was tired of riding, correct.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 26 -´÷-Ja 2006
Madhav: Hi Mahesh, come in. Have a seat. I 2. If the main clause verb is in the present or the
called your home twice yesterday, but future tense, the subordinate clause verb can
you were out. be in any tense.
(®√ èπÿ®Óa, E†o È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x O’ ÉçöÀéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ Last lesson rules
™ °j †’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
î˨», †’´¤y ™‰´¤) Éçé¬ ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç.
Mahesh: I was away at college to apply for my Main clause verb past tense ™ -Öçõ‰ subor-
certificates. dinate clause ™ will, shall, can, may ®√´¤.
(Certificates applyèπ◊ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ 鬙‰-ñ ¸èπ◊ ¢√öÀ-•-ü¿’©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ would, should, could,
might ´≤ƒh®·.
¢Á∞«x.) °j points ÅFo conversation ™ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
Madhav: When are you going to get them.
(á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒh®·?) §ƒöÀç-î√L. (É™« í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊E practice îËÆœ-†-éÌDl d) Åûªúø’ v°æA-®ÓV ¢√uߪ÷´’ç îËÊÆ-¢√-úøE ¢√∞¡x-Ø√o®Ω’ a) He tells me that he sees her here everyday.
Å©-¢√-ô-®·-§Ú®· ´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË cor- - Main clause verb tells - present tense;
Mahesh: The clerk told me that they would be They said that he did exercise everyday.
rect í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ÆœnAéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊çö«ç) Sub clause verb sees - present tense.
ready in two days. Look at the following sentence in the con- e) Ç ®ÓV ؈-éπ\-úø’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’
ready He was not happy that I was there yesterday.
Å®Ωnç: Ç¢Á’-E-éπ\úø v°æA-®ÓW îª÷≤ƒh-†E Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.
(È®çúø’®ÓV™x í¬ Öçö«-ߪ’E versation at the beginning of the lesson. b) He tells me that he saw her here yesterday
í∫’´÷≤ƒh îÁ§ƒp®Ω’.) 1) I called your home twice yesterday, but you 鬕öÀd English ´÷ö«x-úË-°æ¤púø’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’h- Main Clause Verb - Tells- Present tense
were out. (Called, were - past tense)
È®çúø÷ °-ô’d-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. Subordinate clause Verb - Saw- past tense
2) a) The clerk told me that they would be ready Main clause verb past tense Å®·ûË, sub ordi-
in 2 days. (Main clause told past tense
™ nate clause ™ ¢√úø-EN. will, shall, may , can,
Å®Ωnç: Ç¢Á’-E-éπ\úø E†o îª÷¨»-†E Åûª-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.
sub-ordinate clause verb-
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo •öÀd
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 132
éπü∆, 鬕öÀd ™ Ist RDW, IInd RDW, have, has, do and does.
MC (Main Clause) ™ Present tense Öçõ‰, SC
would be) - sentence sentence
†’ éÀçC ûÓ OöÀ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úËN: Would, should, might,
(Subordinate Clause) ™ à tense Å®·Ø√ Öçúø-
§Ú©açúÕ. could, past doing word, had and did.
´îª’a. Å™«Íí, future tense èπ◊ èπÿú≈.
I will tell him that you are present

I called ..., but you were out (†’´¤y ´î√a-´E Åûª-EûÓ îÁ§ƒh†’.
MC Verb - will tell - future tense,
SC verb - are - present tense.)
I will tell him that you were here yesterday
(†’´¤y E†o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o-´E Åûª-EûÓ îÁ§ƒh†’.
Clerk - Pron. (bird MC Verb - will tell - future; SC Verb - were -
é¬xé˙ ™ '•—™«) b) The clerk tells me ¶ Main clause present tense, future tense
past tense)
™
Madhav: And when is your interview? that they will be ready sub ordinate clause tense
conversa-
Öçõ‰ à ™ Å®·Ø√ É™« Ñ ¢√úø-é¬Eo í∫’®Ω’h °ô’d-èπ◊E O’
Éçô®Ω÷yu á°æ¤púø’? in 2 days
Mahesh: On the 22nd. I received the call letter
Öçúø-´îª’a– Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈, Å®√n-Eo-•öÀd. tion™ practiceîËߪ’çúÕ.
îª÷¨»®√–b) main
™
yesterday. clause verb, tells- ANSWER:
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
(22 Call letter
†. E†oØË Call let-
´*açC. present tense éπü∆– Subhash: Vinod,
؈’ éπ†’-èπ◊\ç-ö«†’. E†o ¢√úÕ-éπ\- Subhash: Vinod, I will find out whether he
ter - Interview, exam sub clause M. SURESAN came here yesterday or not.
™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ ´îËa Åçü¿’-éπE úÕéÀ ´î√aú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE.
°œ©’°æ¤) ™ verb will be Vinod: Ø√èπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. E†o ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø Vinod: I know surely that he was here yes-
Madhav: I met Madhu yesterday. I told him a) Å®Ωnç– È®çvúÓ-V-©èπ◊ ready Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E clerk terday.
ÖØ√o-úøE.
about your interview. He knows about îÁ§ƒpúø’. ÉC past (í∫ûªç) Subhash: Å®·ûË †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©-´-™‰üÓ Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωnç Subhash: Then I do not understand why he did
the company. He says it is a good b) Å®Ωnç – È®çvúÓ-V-©èπ◊ ready Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E clerk 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’. not meet me.
company and pays its staff well. Åçô’-Ø√oúø’– ÉC É°æ¤púø’ (present) Vinod: E†’o Ñ ®Óñ Í®§Ú éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E Vinod: He said he would meet you today or
(E†o Ø√èπ◊ ´’üµ¿’ éπE°œç-î√úø’. F Éçô®Ω÷yu 2) He says that it is a good company, and pays ÅØ√oúø’. tomorrow.
Subhash: ؈’ ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿õ‰ ÅØ√o†’ ¢√úÕûÓ. Subhash: I told him a week ago that he could
Ææçí∫A îÁ§ƒp†’. Åûª-Eé¬ éπç°F í∫’Jç* its staff well.
ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅC ´’ç* Company ÅE, ´’ç* meet me (on) any day between 5
Ééπ\úø main clause verb, says- present tens- ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5–7 ´’üµ¿u †ØÁo-°æ¤p-úøØ√o éπ©’-
and 7 in the evening.
@û√-L-≤ƒh-®ΩE Åçö«úø’) es, subordinate clause verbs, 1) is 2) pays.
Ææ’-éÓ-´-îªaE.
Mahesh: Happy to hear that. Dad doesn't both- Vinod: E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’-ûªoç-™ØË ÖØ√o-†E, Vinod: He told me too, that he was trying to
(Company ´’ç*-ü¿F, Æœ•sç-CéÀ @û√©’ ¶«í¬ meet you and give you the books he
er what pay I will get. He first wants É≤ƒh-®ΩE Åçô’-Ø√oúø’– É°æ¤púø’– present ™)
FéÀ-¢√y-Lq† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ É¢√y-©E v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’h-
had to give you.
me to join the company, as experi-
†oô’x èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√ûÓ.
3) Dad doesn't bother about what pay I will get Subhash: Phone îËü∆l-´’çõ‰ Ééπ\úø Åûª-EéÀ Phone Subhash: He doesn't have a phone, even if I
ence in the company will be of great Main clause- Dad doesn't bother about. Verb ™‰ü¿’. want to phone him.
value for my career. does bother- present time, so subordinate Vinod: I have already told him twice that you
Vinod: ؈’ É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ§ƒp-†-ûª-úÕûÓ
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. @ûªç áçûªØË N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ Ø√-†o clause - will get. †’´¤y Åûª-úÕE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´E. have been wishing to see him
°ü¿lí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ--´ôç-™‰ü¿’). Ç Company °j sentence™E verb in the Main clause, Subhash: Í®°æ-®·Ø√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-úøE ÇPü∆lç. Subhash: Let's hope we will meet him atleast
™ experience ÅØËC Ø√ ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’hèπ◊ î√™« past tenseèπ◊ (Åçõ‰ didn't bother ÅE ´÷®√a- tomorrow.
N©’-¢ÁjçC 鬕öÀd ü∆çöx ÖüÓuí∫ç ´ÊÆh ´’-†’-éÓçúÕ) Å°æ¤púø’ sentence à´’-´¤-ûª’çC? v°æ¨¡o: 1) Inurn - -á-™« °æ-©é¬-L? 1. ´™„, ™«í¬:
î√©’.) Dad didn't bother about what pay I would get. 2) To be Form à tense ™ a) He works as hard as his father
Madhav: You will certainly be lucky if you get - didn't (main clause), would get - subordinate Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? (father ™« éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE îË≤ƒhúø’.)
the job. People do talk lot about the clause. 3) As = want, As = intentioned b) talks as his father does.
company. Wish you all luck.
¶ Main clause verb past tense Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ sub ÅØË Å®√n©’ ¨¡çéπ-®Ω-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù (¢√∞¡x Ø√†o™«í¬ØË ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’)
(Fé¬ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´ÊÆh Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-úÕ¢Ë. Ç ordinate clause ™ will, shall, can, may ®√´¤– úÕéπ{-†-K™ ÖØ√o®·. I as apple ÅØÌî√a? 2. as Åçõ‰ because/ since (鬕öÀd)
company íÌ°æp-ü¿ØË Åçö«®Ω’.) As E áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a? a) As he is tall he can bowl well =
would, should, could, might
– Èé. ÅE-™¸- π◊-´÷®˝, °æçîª-©-´®Ωç
¢√öÀéÀ ´÷®Ω’í¬ ûÓ
Mahesh: Thank you. Any tips you wish to give bowl
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) ‘Inurn’ ÅØË ´÷ô Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd
sentences practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Åûª†’ §Òúø’í¬_ -Öç-úø-ôç´©x ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’.
me? b) As it is hot, I don’t want to go out = áçúøí¬
¶ Main clause verb past tense Å®·ûË, subordi-
(FNîËa Ææ©-£æ…-©’/- Ææ÷-îª-†©÷ (interview) èπ◊ ü∆E Öî√a-®Ωù N≠æߪ’ç out of the question. Öç-C 鬕öÀd, •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’.
nate clause ™– 2) ‘To be’ form ÅØËC form of the verb. ‘to be’/ 3. As Åçõ‰ 'í¬— –
à¢Á’iØ√ ÖØ√oߪ÷?)
1) am, is ¢√úøç, ¢√öÀ •ü¿’©’ was ¢√úøû√ç ‘be’ forms am, is, are, was, were, shall be a) As a doctor, I advise you to eat less -
Madhav: Let's meet this evening, when I am at
2) are ¢√úøç, ü∆E •ü¿’©’ were ¢√úøû√ç etc., ™«í¬ î√™« ÖØ√o®·. à ‘be’ form, am, is, Doctor í¬ E†’o ؈’ ûªT_ç* A†-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
leisure
3) have, has ¢√úøç, ¢√öÀ •ßª’©’ had ¢√úøû√ç are ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x àD ÅØË-ü∆Eo •öÀd ‘Tense’ b) As a player, Ram has no equal =
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’ü∆lç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ BJéπ) ‘Be forms’ Spoken English Ram
4) do, does ¢√úøç ¢√öÀ-•-ü¿’©’ did ¢√úøû√ç. Öçô’çC. †’ véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’-úÕí¬, èπ◊ Ææ-´÷-†’©’ ™‰®Ω’.
Mahesh: Bye. lessons
¢Á·ü¿öÀ explain
™ î˨»ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. 4. As Åçõ‰ Åçûª:
In the last few lessons we have been dis- a) E†o ¢√úø-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’
‘to be’
Íé-´-©ç infinitive.
Å®·ûË tense
DEéÀ 1) He is not as good as you think =
cussing clauses. We have seen the fol- I knew that he was there yesterday.
Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ present Past
Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ -Å-ûª-†’ †’´y-†’-èπ◊-†oçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’.
lowing. b) †’¢Áy-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o¢Ó Ø√Èé-´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ To be =
èπÿú≈ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Öçúøôç. Ñ Å®√n©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®· ‘As’ èπ◊. DEo•öÀd
1. If the main clause verb is in the past tense, No one told me where you were. 3) As want, intentioned
èπ◊ -Ö†o Å®√n™x ÅØËN N’í∫-û√N follow Å´¤-û√®·. I as pen, I as
the subordinate clause verb should also be in c) She was proud that she had so much of gold Dictionary
™‰´¤. O’®Ω’ ¨¡çéπ-®Ω-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù ™ ÆæJí¬ apple- Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’.
the past. (-ûª-†èπ◊ î√™« •çí¬®Ωç ÖçúË-ü¿E Ç¢Á’ í∫®Ωy-°æ-úËC) As
îª÷Ææ’ç-úø®Ω’. èπ◊ -Ö†o Å®√n©’:

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 28 -´÷-Ja 2006
Jagan: I met our schoolmate Prasad yesterday. Look at sentence 1.
(E†o, ´’† Ææ÷\-™¸-¢Ë’-ö¸ -v°æ-≤ƒ-ü˛ -†’ éπ©’-Ææ’- He said (that) he is doing Engineering.
èπ◊Ø√o.) Ééπ\úø Main Clause, He said; verb - said -
Sekhar: Did you? Long since we saw him. How past tense. yesterday
(ÉC ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æù)
is he? What did he say? (that) he is doing Engineering - ÉC
(Å´¤Ø√? î√©-鬩-¢Á’içC Åûª-úÕE îª÷Æœ. Subordinate Clause - Verb - is doing - pres-
ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? à´’-Ø√oúø’?) ent tense.
Jagan: He said he is doing Engineering in So, in this sentence the Main Clause verb is
Hyderabad. in the past tense and the Subordinate
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™  Éç>-F-Jçí˚ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†E Clause is in the present tense. 3rd year' ÅØËüË correct. tense ™ ÖçúË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’J-éÌEo.
îÁ§ƒpúø’.) Rule v°æ鬮Ωç É™« Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ éπü∆. é¬F Ééπ\úø 鬕öÀd É™«çöÀ îÓôx, Å®Ωnç éπÈ®é˙dí¬ ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ Sentence No. 4 îª÷úøçúÕ.
Sekhar: I think he is in his second year. rule ´Jhç-îªü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ É°æ¤p-úÕçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o MC verb past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC verb He read that boiled water is free from bac-
(present ™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o) N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo E†o -v°æ≤ƒ- present tense ™ Öçô’çC. teria.
(ÂÆéπçú˛ Éߪ’®˝ ņ’-èπ◊çö«.) ü˛ -ïí∫-Ø˛èπ◊ îÁ§ƒpúø’. îÁ°œpçC past. é¬E N≠æߪ’ç MC verb past tense ™ Öçõ‰ SC verb èπÿú≈ past MC- He read - read (È®ú˛) – past tense
Jagan: No. He said he is in his 3rd year. Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC– Åçü¿’-éπE MC verb past tense™ØË Öçú≈-©ØË rule ´Jhç-îªE Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’J- SC - that boiled water is free from bacteria
(é¬ü¿’. ÅûªØË îÁ§ƒpúø’, -ü∑¿®˝f -É-ߪ’®˝ ÅE) Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà SC verb É™«çöÀ îÓôx present éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. Verb is present tense.
Sekhar: Remember? At school the teacher tense ™ØË Öçô’çC.
Sentence No. 3 îª÷úøçúÕ: Éçü¿’™SC verb present tense ™ Öçúøôç,
once said that truth wins, he then
The teacher once said that truth wins. (MC verb past tense ™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’) ûª°æ¤p
picked up an argument with her. He
told her that was correct in the olden (äéπ-≤ƒJ teacher îÁ°œpçC Ææûªuç ï®·-Ææ’hç-ü¿E). é¬ü¿’– ÆæÈ®j-†üË. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ îªC-N-†-°æ¤púË
é¬èπ◊çú≈ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ÆæÍ® ´’J-T† F∞¡x™ véÀ´·-©’ç-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 133
days, and that truth had no place in the Éçü¿’™
úø´¤. ÉC fact of science. Åçõ‰ ¨»ÆæY v°æ´÷-ù-
modern world. MC verb - said - past tense ¢Á’i† Ææûªuç. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ MC verb
(í∫’®Ω’hçü∆? Ææ÷\™¸™ ´’† öÃ˝ Ææûªu¢Ë’
Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈-¢Á’ûÓ ¢√ü∆-EéÀ

can't achieve anything without hardwork

SC verb - wins -
(Rule v°æ鬮Ωç SC Verb past tense ™ Öçî√-´’- past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà SC verb present
present tense
tense
†’-éÓçúÕ; He said he was doing Engineering ™ØË Öçô’çC.
Rule v°æ鬮ΩçSC verb EûªuÆæû√u-© (universal truths) N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈.
ÅE sentence Å´¤-ûª’çC– Å®Ωnç? Åûª†’
èπÿú≈ past tense MC verb, past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC Verb
Engineering îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†E was doing = í∫ûªç™
(won) ®√¢√L. Å™« present tense ™ØË Öçô’çC.
ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC, Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿E éπü∆?
é¬F Åûª-úø’ É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Engineering îËÆæ’h-Ø√o- ´÷®√a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ– The eg: Galileo discovered that the earth goes
teacher once said round the sun.
Å´¤- M. SURESAN
Cí¬úø’. Ææûªuç Èí©-´ôç §ƒûª ®ÓV™x ÅE, úøE éπü∆ ¶µ«´ç! Åçü¿’-éπE verb present tense
that truth won
v°æÆæ’hûª v°æ°æç-îªç™ Ææû√u-EéÀ û√´¤ ™‰ü¿E.) Sentence No. 2 èπÿú≈ ÅçûË: (¶µº÷N’, Ææ÷®Ω’uúÕ îª’ô÷d A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÈíM-LßÁ÷
Jagan: Yes, I do. I remember too his drinking He said (yesterday) that he is in his 3rd
ûª’çC– Å®Ωnç: Eïç í∫ûªç™ ÈíL-îËC (Åçõ‰ éπE-°-ö«dúø’) Subordinate clause- universal
É°æ¤púø’ Èí©-´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E) -Å-ØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC truth ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC 鬕öÀd, MC verb past tense
only boiled cooled water from the day year. é¬ü¿’ éπ-ü∆ ¶µ«´ç? ÅÆæ©’ ¶µ«´ç Ææûªuç á°æ¤púø÷ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ. SC verb present tense.
he read that boiled water is free from MC Verb - said, Past tense; SC verb - is Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E. Å™« Å®Ωnç ®√¢√-©çõ‰ Truth wins MC verb past tense Å®·ûË, SC verb èπÿú≈
bacteria. present tense. ÅE present tense ™ØË ¢√úøû√ç. 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø past tense Öçú≈-©ØË rule ´Jhç-îªE îÓô’x:
(Å´¤†’. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ é¬* «x-Ja† F∞¡x™ Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ MC verb past tense 鬕öÀd, SC SC verb present tense ™ØË ÖçC. MC Verb
If the subordinate cluase states
¶«uéÃd-Jߪ÷ Öçúø-ü¿E îªC-N-†-°æpöÀ †’ç* Å¢Ë verb èπÿú≈ past tense ™ Öçú≈-©ØË rule ´Jhç- past Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ
1) a universal truth (Eûªu Ææûªuç)
û√í∫ôç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ í∫’Í®h.) îªü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ rule v°æ鬮Ωç sentence †’ 'Truth wins', 'Goodness is rewarded'
Sekhar: He is a peculiar type, isn't he? ´÷®√a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ: Å°æ¤púø’ sentence: 2) a fact of science (¨»ÆæY v°æ鬮Ωç ûÁL-Æ œ†
(´’ç*éÀ °∂æLûªç Öçô’çC), Justice prevails N≠æߪ’ç)
(N*-vûª-¢Á’i† ®Ωéπç éπü∆ Åûªúø’?) He said (yesterday) that he was in his 3rd (Ø√uߪ÷-EüË Â°jîË®· – É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u-©†’ gener- 3) a generalisation (Truth wins, etc) and
(Peculiar = °èπÿu-Lߪ’ – 'èπÿu— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’- year 3rd year
Å´¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, Åûª†’ ™ alisations Åçö«ç.
4) a regular/repeated action continuing
èπ◊û√ç = ´÷´‚-©’-éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Ö†o) Öçúøôç, í∫ûªç™ (was), é¬F, É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, MC verb past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC into the future
Jagan: Yes. He doesn't believe others easily.
´Ææ’hçC. é¬F îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púË (E†o) é¬èπ◊çú≈ É°æ¤púø’ Verb prsent tense ™ØË Öçô’çC.
èπÿú≈ III year éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø 'he is in his Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ èπÿú≈ Ñ rule èπ◊ N’†-£æ…-®·ç-°æ¤©’.
(Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ †´’túø’.) MC Verb past Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC verb present

´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC– Main Clause Answer:

(MC), Subordinate Clause (SC)©†’ í∫’Jç*:
1) MC verb, past tense Å®·ûË, SC verb èπÿú≈
Practise the following in English Sasikanth: Do you know, Vinai now is a big officer in a bank?

past tense Yashwant: I knew it long ago. Isn't it I who told you last week
Sasikanth: Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ. N†ß˝’ É°æ¤púÓ Â°ü¿l bank officer ÅE? that he is in a good position in a bank?
2) MC verb, present or future tense Å®·ûË,
SC verb, any tense. Yaswanth: Ø√Èé-°æ¤púÓ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ØËØË éπü∆ Fèπ◊ îÁ°œpçC. §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç,
Sasikanth: Yes, it is you; I remember. I read in the papers too,
¢√úø’ Ç -¶«uçé˙-™ ´’ç* -§Ò->-≠æ-Ø˛-™ Mumbai ™ ÖØ√o- Yesterday, that he is the vice president of the bank.
Å®·ûË Â°j† îÁ°œp† rule no. 1, MC - past tense, úøE?
SC also past tense ÅØË rule éÌEo éÌEo Ææçü¿- Yashwant: You know that he worked very hard to be in that posi-
Sasikanth: Å´¤†’. í∫’®Ìh-*açC. ؈’ E†oÊ°°æ®˝-™  èπÿú≈ îªC¢√. Åûªú≈
tion now. He always used to say that we can't
®√s¥™x ´Jhç-îªü¿’. Å¢Ë-N’ö É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç:
bank èπ◊ ¢ÁjÆˇ v°Ɯ-úÁçö¸ ÅE.
Look at the following sentences from the achieve anything without hardwork. He worked hard
Yaswanth: ¢√úŒ ®ÓV Ç-- §Ò->-≠æ-Ø˛ position ™ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø’ î√™«
dialogue above: and passed exams, and he came up that way.
v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈fúø’. á°æ¤púø÷ Åçô÷ç-úË-¢√úø’. éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-E-üË àD ≤ƒCµç-
1) He said (that) he is doing Engineering.
îª-™‰-´’E. î√™« éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æK-éπ~©’ §ƒÆˇ Åߪ÷uúø’. °jéÌ-î√aúø’. Sasikanth: That's right. Moreover, he always studied things to
2) He said (that) he is in his 3rd year. Sasikanth: Å´¤†’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, àC îªC-NØ√ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ö«EéÀ îªC- understand them. Once, to understand all objects
3) The teacher once said that truth wins. ¢Ë-¢√úø’. äéπ-≤ƒJ ÅEo ´Ææ’h-´¤©÷ ¶µº÷O’t-ü¿éÀ äÍé ¢Ëí∫çûÓ °æúø- fall to the ground at the same speed, he let fall a
4) ..... from the day he read that boiled û√-ߪ’E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ äéπ •’é˙, Â°Ø˛ éÀçü¿ °æúË-¨»úø’. book and a pen on the ground.
water is free from bacteria. Yashwant: Éçé¬ Â°jéÌ-≤ƒhúø’ ¢√úø’. Yashwant: He will come up further.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 30 -´÷-Ja 2006
Akhilesh: (Do) you know when the matches Let us now study the SCs having who,
begin? whom, which, whose and that, and the MCs
(Matches á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) (Main Clauses) they are joined to.
Avinash: Hemanth is the man who can give éÀçC v°æA SC E ü∆Eo join îËÆœ† MC ûÓ éπL°œ
the information. îªü¿-´çúÕ– ÅN Ö†o sentences Å®Ωnç easy í¬
(Fé¬ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´y-í∫-L-TçC Hemanth) Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. (î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x English
Akhilesh: I wish to know the date of the match ™ MC, SC, order, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ reverse
which they play here. (´uA-Í®éπç) Å´¤-ûª’çC– ´·çü¿’C ¢Á†éπ, ¢Á†-éπC
(Ééπ\úø ÇúË match date ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ´·çü¿’í¬..)
ÖçC). I am not interested in the SUBORDINATE CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
NOW SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING:
matches at the other venues. (Éûª-®Ω- (éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ who, whom, which, etc., ûÓ ´îËa
1 ..... the man who can give you Hemanth is 6 ... the only one who is not You seem to
îÓôx matches ™ Ø√èπ◊ interest ™‰ü¿’) clauses †’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ simple í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ.)
the imformation. Ê£«´’çû˝ interested in it = be
Avinash: Hemanth is out of town now. eg: The book which I bought yesterday is
= .... Fé¬ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´y-í∫© ´uéÀh I wish to know Åçü¿’™ ÇÆæ-éÀh-™‰E äÍé ´uéÀh †’¢Ìy-éπ\-úÕ-™«Íí here = I bought this book yesterday.
(Ê£«´’çû˝ É°æ¤púø’ Ü∞x ™‰úø’) 2 ..... the date of the match 7 ... people who show interest in
؈’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√- ÖØ√o´¤ 1) He is the man who tore the book.
Akhilesh: Who is the person that can tell us
which they play here ©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. cricket = I think = 2) They are the people whose houses look
about it?
= ¢√Rx-éπ\úø ÇúË match ûËC Cricket ™ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°œç-îË-¢√-∞¡x†’ Ø√éπ-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC beautiful.
3) We are the students whom they admitted.
(´’†èπ◊ ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* îÁ°æp-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-È®-´®Ω’? 3 ..... the person that can tell us Who is? ... When I see
Avinash: Here is the phone number which you 4) These are the books which are interesting
about it = á´®Ω’? = ؈’ îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’
can call for the information but expensive.
(Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç éÓÆæç §∂ÚØ˛
..... ü∆E í∫’Jç* îÁ°æp-í∫-©-´uéÀh ... (that) they are mad 5) Those who play cricket think they are great.
4 ..the phone number which you Here is. = ¢√∞¡Ÿx °œ*a-¢√-∞¡xE
îÁߪ÷u-Lq† number ÉCíÓ) 6) This is a problem which is easy enough to
can call for the information = (3 SCS Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)
Akhilesh: Why don't you call?
ÉCíÓ solve.
Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ† Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç éÓÆæç 8. a) ... the one whose voice is She is = 7) Can you show me a man who dislikes cricket?
(†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’?) phone îËߪ÷-Lq† †ç•®Ω’ good Ç¢Á’ 8) This is a question to which no one knows the
Avinash: Cricket is a game which does not
5 ... a game which does not Cricket is = íÌçûª’ ¶«í¬ Ö†o äéπ®Ω’ answer.
interest me
interest me Cricket b) ... the hero whom I like He is = 9) A man who is poor should not waste money.
(††’o interest
îËߪ’E (-ÇÆæéÀh éπ-L-Tç-îª-E) 10) These are all sentences which we can
= Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-îªE game ؈’ É≠æd-°æúË hero Åûª†’
game cricket = Ø√èπ◊ cricket ™ inter- simplify.
est ™‰ü¿’)
Akhilesh: You seem to be the only one who is
not interested in it.
(Åçü¿’™ interest ™‰E-¢√-úÕN †’¢Ìy-éπ\-úÕ-
™«Íí ÖØ√o´¤).
Avinash: When I see people who show interest
Cricket...does not interest me
in cricket, I think they are mad.
5) Cricket is a game which does not interest me = ANSWERS:
(cricket ™ interest Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x†’ îª÷Æœ- Cricket/ The game cricket does not interest me.
†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ø√èπ◊ °œîÓa-∞¡x-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC) 1) He took the book.
6) You seem to be the only one who is not inter-
Akhilesh: OK, OK. Tastes differ.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 134 ested = 2) Their houses look beautiful.
3) They admitted us conversation
(ÆæÍ®, ÆæÍ®, äéÌ\-éπ\-JéÀ äéÓ\ ÅGµ-®Ω’*). You seem to be the only one not interested = (ÉC ™
Let's not argue about it. (ü∆Eí∫’Jç* You alone seem to be not interested/ unin- ´÷vûª¢Ë’)
¢√Cç-îÌü¿’l ´’†ç). ÉD Ñ ®Ωéπç terested (alone = only = ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà 4) Those books are interesting but expensive.
Subordinate Clauses you only you alone, better.) 5) Cricket players/ cricketers think they are
´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ î√™« ®Ω鬩 sub ordinate Ééπ\úø éπçõ‰
†÷, ÅN éπLÆœ ÖçúË 7) People who show interest in cricket = People great.
clauses í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Ñ conver-
Main Clauses †÷ interested in cricket. 6) This problem is enough to solve.
sation ™ ¢√úÕ† subordinate clauses
8) She is the one whose voice is good =
îª÷úøçúÕ. Ñ conversation ™ Ö†o sub ordi- Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† 7) Can you show me a hater of cricket? hater (
Her voice is good.
nate clauses ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ we can carry on con-
N-üµ∆-†ç. = 'who'
üËy≠œ– äéπ-°æ¤púø’– î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ É*a†
9) He is the hero whom I like =
versation. O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ sub ordinate
(É™«çöÀ Clauses èπ◊ M. SURESAN I like that hero.
clause sentence ¢√úøôç ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ Ŵa. é¬F
clauses †’ ¢√úø-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C. Å®·ûË ÉC ¶«í¬
Å®Ωnç àN’-ôE î√™«- îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Who, Whom, Whose, Which,
O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´’ç*C.)
´’çC §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ ´÷èπ◊ ®√Æœ† questions ÅEoç-öÀéà that clauses †’ ᙫ Ææ®Ω∞¡ç (simple)
í¬, 8) No one knows the answer to this question.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç, Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡Ÿx OöÀE ¢√úÕ-†-
Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ÉüË). direct
í¬ îËߪ’-´îÓa! ´’† conversation
á°æ¤púø÷ 9) A poor man should not waste money.
°æ¤úø’ ´’†-éπ®Ωn-´’-¢√yL éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE OöÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çü∆ç: O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ É™«çöÀ simple
í¬, direct
í¬ Öçõ‰ natural
(Ææ£æ«ïç) í¬ 10) We can simplify all these sentences.
èπ◊çü∆ç. Åûªuçûª Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púË ¢√úøü∆ç. ¶«í¬
study îËü∆lç: SCs †’ ´’† conversation ™ ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ Öçô’çC.
Look at these following SCs (Subordinate ´’† conversation, simple í¬, direct í¬, -v°æ-¨¡o: ought be, dare be, need be Meaning and use no.2. Used to warn some
clauses) in the conversation: interesting í¬ Öçô’çC. é¬E OöÀE ¶«í¬ one against doing some thing/ tell someone
– Èé.†Jqç£æ…È®úÕf, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü.˛
©†’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-L?
1) ... the man who can give the information ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç – Éûª-®Ω’© conversation strongly not to do something. Eg: a) Don't

2) ... the match which they play here correct í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ. -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Ought be - ought be you dare talk to me like that again! (= I warn
implies an obligation - it more or you not to talk to me like that again.) b) How
3) ... the person that can give the information ÉN ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈, ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´îËa *†o *†o dare you to talk like that to me?
less means, 'must be'. But 'ought'
4) The phone number which you can call sentences ¢√úøôç É™«: Meaning and use no.3: To persuade someone
always expresses a moral obli-
5) ... a game which doesn't interest me. 1) Hemanth is the man who can give you the gation - some thing a person is to do some thing. Eg: They dared him to
6) .... the only one who is not interested in it information = expected to do as a moral obligation. eg: climb up the mountain = They persuaded
a) you ought to be respectful to elders. (Morals him to climb up the mountain.
7) .... people who show interest in cricket. Hemanth can give you the information.
require that you should be respectful) Imp: 'Dare' is used mostly with 'not' if it is used
°j SCs ÅEoç-öÀ™ who, which, that ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· 2) I wish to know the date of the match they
b) Humans ought to be kind to animals with the meaning of 'be brave enough'
éπü∆. OöÀF îª÷úøçúÕ. play here = c) A youngster like you ought not talk like that 3) Need be: 1) 'Need' is used as a 'main' verb,
8) a) She is the one whose voice is good. I wish to know the date of the match here. to elders. as well as a 'model'.
b) He is the hero whom I like. 2) Dare: Meaning and use no.1. Be brave eg: a) I need some money - here 'need' with the
3) Who is the person that can tell us about it? =
enough to do something. He doesn't dare meaning of 'being in need' is a main verb.
a), b) ™ SCs a) the one whose voice is good Who can tell us about it?
(to) talk to another woman in his wife's pres- b) He needs her help - needs is a main verb.
b) ... the hero whom I like 4) Here is the phone number which you can call 2) Followed by not, it is used in the following
ence = He isn't brave enough to do it. In this
whose, whom ûÓ èπÿú≈, who, which, that Ö†o for the information = manner.
sense, 'dare' is usually used with 'not'. He
SCs (Subordinate Clauses) †’ îËߪ’-´îª’a You can call this phone number for the infor- dare not do it = He doesn't dare to do it. 'He a) You need not go now. (It is not necessary)
dare not do it' is more common. b) He need not come here again (It is not nec-
éπü∆? mation.
essary)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 1 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Susanth: Here's good news for you. Vishal has Susanth: Thanks for the encouragement. I am
achieved what he set out to achieve. on my way to college. See you.
He has got the 5th rank in the (F v§Úû√q-£æ…-EéÀ ü∑∆uçé˙q. ؈’
entrance exam 鬙‰ñ ¸Èé∞¡ŸhØ√o, ´’Sx éπ©’ü∆lç)
(FéÓ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh. N¨»™¸ ņ’-èπ◊†oC °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™E Ñ ´÷ô©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
≤ƒCµç-î√úø’. áçvôØ˛q áí¬b-¢˛’™ 5th rank 1) Vishal has achieved
ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) 2) Vishal's is an achievement indeed
Prasanth: That's news to me. I haven't known 3) I am eager to see him
it. Vishal's is an achievement 4) I met him accidentally
indeed. I am eager to see him and 5) He was accompanying his father
Kiran: The great cricketer is coming to b) My target is to be a computer profes-
congratulate him. 6) I admire the way he worked hard. town. I am eager to see him and take sional
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y îÁGûË 7) He was a bit ashamed his autograph. Ø√ ©éπ~uç computer professional
ûÁL-ÆœçC. N¨»™¸C íÌ°æp Nï-ߪ’¢Ë’. ¢√úÕE 8) What's your target. íÌ°æp véÀÈé-ô®˝ Ü∞x-éÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕE
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE congrats îÁ§ƒp-©E Ç--ûª%-ûªí¬ Å´ôç.
9) I can't afford it. îª÷Æœ, Çö-ví¬°∂ˇBÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E Ç-ûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC.
4) accidentally = by accident = ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈
©éπ~uç -EÍ®l-Pç-éÓ-´ôç = Set a target
ÖçC) English conversation ™ high frequency
Susanth: I met him accidentally this morning. a) Newton discovered the law of gravita-
©éπ~uç ≤ƒCµç-îªôç = achieve the target/
words (ÅA ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË ´÷ô™x) ÉN éÌEo.
tion accidentally/ by accident = clear the target/ hit the target.
He told me of it then. He was accom- OöÀ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç.
panying his dad to some place. His 1) achieve - Å'<¢˛—, '<— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. †÷uôØ˛ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¶µº÷´÷u-éπ-®Ω{ù Æœü∆l¥çûªç ´’†ç í∫’J-îª÷ÊÆ ©éπ~uç èπÿú≈ target
(shooting ™)
dad was very happy. Å®Ωnç: ≤ƒCµç-îªôç – DEéÀ past tense, past par- éπE-°-ö«dúø’.
b) As I raised my hand, it hit him acci- 9) Afford = àüÁjØ√ é̆-í∫©/ §Òçü¿-í∫© ≤Ún´’ûª.
(Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ Åûª-úÕE ņ’-éÓ- ticiple - achieved.
dentally = a) I cannot afford a car = 鬮Ω’-éÌØË ≤Ún´’ûª
èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Å°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒp-úø-ûª†’. a) Our freedom fighters achieved
؈’ îÁßÁ’u-ûËh-Ææ-JéÀ, ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÅC Åûª-úÕéÀ Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.
¢√∞¡x Ø√†oûÓ éπLÆœ áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’. Independence for us: ûªT-LçC. b) He can afford a number of such build-
Çߪ’† èπÿú≈ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’) ´’† ≤ƒyûªç-vûªu-ßÁ÷-üµ¿’©’ ´’†èπ◊ ≤ƒyûªç-vû√uEo c) I stepped on his shoes accidentally =
ings =
≤ƒCµç-î√®Ω’. ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÅûªúÕ ≠æ‡Æˇ O’ü¿ ؈-úø’-í∫’-
b) People who work hard achieve success °-ö«d†’. Å™«çöÀ É∞¡Ÿx áØÁj oØ√ é̆í∫© ≤Ún´’ûª Åûª-úÕ-
éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµ-≤ƒh®Ω’. ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, ´’†ç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úø-èπ◊çú≈ èπ◊çC.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 135 ïJÍíN 鬕õ‰d Road v°æ´÷-ü∆©’, °æúøôç c) With the exam tomorrow you can't
c) Tendulkar achieved the highest number of
™«çöÀ v°æ´÷-ü∆-©†’ accident Åçö«ç. afford to go to bed so early =
test centuries
Í®°æ¤ °æK-éπ~-°-ô’d-éÌE Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-§ÚßË’
Å´-鬨¡ç Fèπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.

People who work hard achieve success

ÉO Ñ ´÷ô© N´-®√©’. ´’† daily conversa-
tion ™ OöÀE ¢√úË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ áèπ◊\´. Practice
îËߪ’çúÕ.
EXERCISE
Ram: Hi Shyam, 鬮Ω’ á°æ¤púø’ éÌçô’-Ø√o´¤?
Prasanth: Which father won't be? I admire the Tendulkar Shyam: Bike éÌØË ≤Ún´’ûË ™‰ü¿’. Éçéπ é¬È®-éπ\úø
Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ 5) Accompany = á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ éπL-Æœ-¢Á-∞¡xôç.
way Vishal worked hard to get such áèπ◊\´ test centuries (past tense, past participle - accompanied) é̆†’?
a good rank. ≤ƒCµç-î√úø’. a) The President's wife accompanied him Ram: Å™«í¬?/ Eïç-í¬Ø√? O’ Ø√†o °ü¿l
(à ûªçvúÕ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøúø’? N¨»™¸ 2) Achievement: á´-È®jØ√ on the tour = Shopping Complex owner éπü∆?
Å™«çöÀ rank ûÁa-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ °æúøf v¨¡´’†’ ≤ƒCµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç. Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úÕ °æ®Ωu-ô-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ¶µ«®Ωu Çߪ’†ûÓ Shyam: ÅC Çߪ’† complex. Ø√C é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?
؈’ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) a) Åûªúø’ ≤ƒCµç*çC íÌ°æp ¢ÁRxçC. ؈’ Ææ秃-Cç-îª-í∫-L-TçüË Ø√ úø•’s. ü∆çûÓ
Susanth: Vishal himself wasn't happy. He was b) His dog always accompanies him = car é̆-ô¢Ë’ Ø√ ©éπ~uç.
M. SURESAN
N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’
a bit ashamed of not getting one of His achievement is ÅûªúÕ èπ◊éπ\ á°æ¤púø÷ Åûª-úÕûÓ ¢Á∞¡ŸhçC. Ram: O’ Ø√†o úø•’sûÓ é̆-´-a-éπü∆?
the 1st three ranks. really great. c) The client accompanied the lawyer to Shyam: ÅC ؈’ ≤ƒCµç-*çC é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? ´÷ Ø√†o
the court =
(Vishal ´÷vûªç Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰úø’. b) Anand's achievement makes India proud ≤ƒCµç-*çC.
lawyer client court
ûÓ èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úø’ ®√uçèπ◊™x àD ®√™‰-ü¿E džçü˛ (Chess ™) ≤ƒCµç-*† °∂æ’†ûª ´’†èπ◊ Ram: E†o ؈’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Venu †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-
í∫®Ωyç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC. äéπ ÆæçU-ûª-¢√ü¿uç, ÉçéÓ ÆæçU-ûª-¢√ü¿uç éπL°œ Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ Ø√†o ¢√úÕéÀ bike éÌE-î√a-úøE
Æœí∫’_-°æ-ú≈fúø’) ¢√®·ç-*Ø√, äéπ®Ω’ §ƒúø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ã ¢√ü¿uç
Prasanth: What about you then? You are going ii) Indeed: ÉØ˛-úŒú˛– 'úŒ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. DE Å®Ωnç– Å†’-Ææ-Jç-*Ø√, ÅC accompany Å´¤-ûª’çC. îÁ§ƒpúø’.
to take the exam next year, aren't Eïç-í¬ØË ÅE: Å®·ûË äé𠶵«¢√Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-†o- The fluit accompanied him = Shyam: ´÷ Ø√†o úø•’s-©ûÓ ´îËa car †’ ņ’-¶µº-Nç-
you? What is your target? °æ¤púø’, ü∆Eo Éçé¬ ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æp-ö«-EéÀ indeed ÅûªE §ƒôèπ◊ ¢Ëù’´¤ ûÓúø-®·çC. î√-©ØË Çûª%ûª Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.
(F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ ´’J? ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC conversation ™ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ 6) admire = ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç. (äéπJ íÌ°æpü¿Ø√Eo, Ram: F °æü¿l¥A ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
†’´¤y èπÿú≈ áçvôØ˛q áí¬b¢˛’ ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’- Öçô’çC. achievement †’, ÅGµ-´÷-†çûÓ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç) ANSWER
Ø√o´¤ éπü∆! F ©éπ~uç àçöÀ?) Bhavan: Do you like it? a) I admire MS Subbulakshmi's voice Ram: Hi shyam, when are you buying a car?
Susanth: My target is one of the first ten ranks. (FéπC †*açü∆?) MS Subbulakshmi íÌçûª’-†’ ؈’ Shyam: I can't afford even a bike. How can I
But I am not sure. Our college isn't as Sravan: (I like it) verymuch indeed ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. buy a car?
b) Everyone admires Tendulkar's great
good as Vishal's (î√™« †*açC– ÅE ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. Ram: Indeed? Isn't your father the owner of
I like it ´C-™‰Æ œ îÁ°æ¤ hç-ö«®Ω’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬.) achievement =
a big shopping complex?/ Doesn't he
(¢Á·ü¿öÀ 10 ®√uçèπ◊™x Öçú≈-©ØËC Ø√
Indeed ÉçéÓ ¢√úøéπç, ´’†ç †´’t-™‰EüËüÁjØ√ á´- Tendulkar ≤ƒCµç-*† °∂æ’†-ûª†’ Åçü¿®Ω÷
©éπ~uç. é¬F Åçûª †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. ´÷ own a big shopping complex?
¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
È®jØ√ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, †´’t-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-îÁ-°æpôç Shyam: That is/ belong to dad. What I earn is
鬙‰ñ ¸ N¨»™¸ ¢√∞¡x 鬙‰ñ ¸™« Åçûª ´’ç*C 7) ashamed = Æœí∫’_-°æ-úøôç.
é¬ü¿’) (Eïç-í¬Ø√? Å´¤Ø√? ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ ´’† Å°æ- a) He is ashamed of his low marks my money. My target is to buy a car
Prasanth: Why didn't you join that college,
†-´’téπç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ÊÆ Å®ΩnçûÓ Indeed ¢√úøû√ç) ûª† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ ÅûªØÁçûÓ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úø’- with my money.
Praveen: I met the CM today and talked to him Ram: You can buy it with your father's
then? ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
for an hour. b) The father is ashamed of his son's money, can't you?
(´’J Ç é¬™‰-ñ ¸™ áçü¿’èπ◊ îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?) (؈’ Ñ®ÓV ´·êu-´’çvAE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E behaviour Shyam: That is not what I have achieved. It's
Susanth: The fees there are too high. I can't
afford that.
í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ´÷ö«x-ú≈†’) éÌúø’èπ◊ v°æ´-®Ωh-†èπ◊ ûªçvúÕ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. dad's achievement.
Prakash: Indeed? To be Ashamed of Åçõ‰ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úøôç éπü∆? Ram: I met Venu Yesterday by accident/
(Åéπ\úø fees î√™« áèπ◊\´. ؈’ Åçûª DEéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç– í∫Jyç-îªôç– to be proud of.
(Eïç-í¬Ø√?)– accidentally. He told me his father had
¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’) Å°æ-†-´’téπç (disbelief) ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç. 8) Target = ©éπ~uç. (Pronunciation= ö«Tö¸)
bought him a bike.
Prasanth: I understand. Do try your best. You 3) Eager: Ç-ûª%-ûª (-Çvûªçí¬ Öçúøôç) a) The company has set a target of 20%
Shyam: I am not eager to enjoy a car bought
will get it. Kiran: I am not coming to college today. increase in sales =
with dad's money.
(Å®Ωnç Å®·uçC. F ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl v°æߪ’Aoç. (ØËF-®ÓV 鬙‰-ñ ¸èπ◊ ®√´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.) Ç company ©éπ~uç Å´’t-é¬-©™ 20]
Ram: I admire your policy.
®√uçé˙ ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤) Kishore: Why? °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿©)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 1 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Susanth: Here's good news for you. Vishal has Susanth: Thanks for the encouragement. I am
achieved what he set out to achieve. on my way to college. See you.
He has got the 5th rank in the (F v§Úû√q-£æ…-EéÀ ü∑∆uçé˙q. ؈’
entrance exam 鬙‰ñ ¸Èé∞¡ŸhØ√o, ´’Sx éπ©’ü∆lç)
(FéÓ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh. N¨»™¸ ņ’-èπ◊†oC °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™E Ñ ´÷ô©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
≤ƒCµç-î√úø’. áçvôØ˛q áí¬b-¢˛’™ 5th rank 1) Vishal has achieved
ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) 2) Vishal's is an achievement indeed
Prasanth: That's news to me. I haven't known 3) I am eager to see him
it. Vishal's is an achievement 4) I met him accidentally
indeed. I am eager to see him and 5) He was accompanying his father
Kiran: The great cricketer is coming to b) My target is to be a computer profes-
congratulate him. 6) I admire the way he worked hard. town. I am eager to see him and take sional
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y îÁGûË 7) He was a bit ashamed his autograph. Ø√ ©éπ~uç computer professional
ûÁL-ÆœçC. N¨»™¸C íÌ°æp Nï-ߪ’¢Ë’. ¢√úÕE 8) What's your target. íÌ°æp véÀÈé-ô®˝ Ü∞x-éÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕE
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE congrats îÁ§ƒp-©E Ç--ûª%-ûªí¬ Å´ôç.
9) I can't afford it. îª÷Æœ, Çö-ví¬°∂ˇBÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E Ç-ûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC.
4) accidentally = by accident = ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈
©éπ~uç -EÍ®l-Pç-éÓ-´ôç = Set a target
ÖçC) English conversation ™ high frequency
Susanth: I met him accidentally this morning. a) Newton discovered the law of gravita-
©éπ~uç ≤ƒCµç-îªôç = achieve the target/
words (ÅA ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË ´÷ô™x) ÉN éÌEo.
tion accidentally/ by accident = clear the target/ hit the target.
He told me of it then. He was accom- OöÀ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç.
panying his dad to some place. His 1) achieve - Å'<¢˛—, '<— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. †÷uôØ˛ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¶µº÷´÷u-éπ-®Ω{ù Æœü∆l¥çûªç ´’†ç í∫’J-îª÷ÊÆ ©éπ~uç èπÿú≈ target
(shooting ™)
dad was very happy. Å®Ωnç: ≤ƒCµç-îªôç – DEéÀ past tense, past par- éπE-°-ö«dúø’.
b) As I raised my hand, it hit him acci- 9) Afford = àüÁjØ√ é̆-í∫©/ §Òçü¿-í∫© ≤Ún´’ûª.
(Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ Åûª-úÕE ņ’-éÓ- ticiple - achieved.
dentally = a) I cannot afford a car = 鬮Ω’-éÌØË ≤Ún´’ûª
èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Å°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒp-úø-ûª†’. a) Our freedom fighters achieved
؈’ îÁßÁ’u-ûËh-Ææ-JéÀ, ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÅC Åûª-úÕéÀ Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.
¢√∞¡x Ø√†oûÓ éπLÆœ áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’. Independence for us: ûªT-LçC. b) He can afford a number of such build-
Çߪ’† èπÿú≈ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’) ´’† ≤ƒyûªç-vûªu-ßÁ÷-üµ¿’©’ ´’†èπ◊ ≤ƒyûªç-vû√uEo c) I stepped on his shoes accidentally =
ings =
≤ƒCµç-î√®Ω’. ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÅûªúÕ ≠æ‡Æˇ O’ü¿ ؈-úø’-í∫’-
b) People who work hard achieve success °-ö«d†’. Å™«çöÀ É∞¡Ÿx áØÁj oØ√ é̆í∫© ≤Ún´’ûª Åûª-úÕ-
éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµ-≤ƒh®Ω’. ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, ´’†ç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úø-èπ◊çú≈ èπ◊çC.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 135 ïJÍíN 鬕õ‰d Road v°æ´÷-ü∆©’, °æúøôç c) With the exam tomorrow you can't
c) Tendulkar achieved the highest number of
™«çöÀ v°æ´÷-ü∆-©†’ accident Åçö«ç. afford to go to bed so early =
test centuries
Í®°æ¤ °æK-éπ~-°-ô’d-éÌE Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-§ÚßË’
Å´-鬨¡ç Fèπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.

People who work hard achieve success

ÉO Ñ ´÷ô© N´-®√©’. ´’† daily conversa-
tion ™ OöÀE ¢√úË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ áèπ◊\´. Practice
îËߪ’çúÕ.
EXERCISE
Ram: Hi Shyam, 鬮Ω’ á°æ¤púø’ éÌçô’-Ø√o´¤?
Prasanth: Which father won't be? I admire the Tendulkar Shyam: Bike éÌØË ≤Ún´’ûË ™‰ü¿’. Éçéπ é¬È®-éπ\úø
Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ 5) Accompany = á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ éπL-Æœ-¢Á-∞¡xôç.
way Vishal worked hard to get such áèπ◊\´ test centuries (past tense, past participle - accompanied) é̆†’?
a good rank. ≤ƒCµç-î√úø’. a) The President's wife accompanied him Ram: Å™«í¬?/ Eïç-í¬Ø√? O’ Ø√†o °ü¿l
(à ûªçvúÕ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøúø’? N¨»™¸ 2) Achievement: á´-È®jØ√ on the tour = Shopping Complex owner éπü∆?
Å™«çöÀ rank ûÁa-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ °æúøf v¨¡´’†’ ≤ƒCµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç. Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úÕ °æ®Ωu-ô-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ¶µ«®Ωu Çߪ’†ûÓ Shyam: ÅC Çߪ’† complex. Ø√C é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?
؈’ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) a) Åûªúø’ ≤ƒCµç*çC íÌ°æp ¢ÁRxçC. ؈’ Ææ秃-Cç-îª-í∫-L-TçüË Ø√ úø•’s. ü∆çûÓ
Susanth: Vishal himself wasn't happy. He was b) His dog always accompanies him = car é̆-ô¢Ë’ Ø√ ©éπ~uç.
M. SURESAN
N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’
a bit ashamed of not getting one of His achievement is ÅûªúÕ èπ◊éπ\ á°æ¤púø÷ Åûª-úÕûÓ ¢Á∞¡ŸhçC. Ram: O’ Ø√†o úø•’sûÓ é̆-´-a-éπü∆?
the 1st three ranks. really great. c) The client accompanied the lawyer to Shyam: ÅC ؈’ ≤ƒCµç-*çC é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? ´÷ Ø√†o
the court =
(Vishal ´÷vûªç Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰úø’. b) Anand's achievement makes India proud ≤ƒCµç-*çC.
lawyer client court
ûÓ èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úø’ ®√uçèπ◊™x àD ®√™‰-ü¿E džçü˛ (Chess ™) ≤ƒCµç-*† °∂æ’†ûª ´’†èπ◊ Ram: E†o ؈’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Venu †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-
í∫®Ωyç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC. äéπ ÆæçU-ûª-¢√ü¿uç, ÉçéÓ ÆæçU-ûª-¢√ü¿uç éπL°œ Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ Ø√†o ¢√úÕéÀ bike éÌE-î√a-úøE
Æœí∫’_-°æ-ú≈fúø’) ¢√®·ç-*Ø√, äéπ®Ω’ §ƒúø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ã ¢√ü¿uç
Prasanth: What about you then? You are going ii) Indeed: ÉØ˛-úŒú˛– 'úŒ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. DE Å®Ωnç– Å†’-Ææ-Jç-*Ø√, ÅC accompany Å´¤-ûª’çC. îÁ§ƒpúø’.
to take the exam next year, aren't Eïç-í¬ØË ÅE: Å®·ûË äé𠶵«¢√Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-†o- The fluit accompanied him = Shyam: ´÷ Ø√†o úø•’s-©ûÓ ´îËa car †’ ņ’-¶µº-Nç-
you? What is your target? °æ¤púø’, ü∆Eo Éçé¬ ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æp-ö«-EéÀ indeed ÅûªE §ƒôèπ◊ ¢Ëù’´¤ ûÓúø-®·çC. î√-©ØË Çûª%ûª Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.
(F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ ´’J? ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC conversation ™ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ 6) admire = ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç. (äéπJ íÌ°æpü¿Ø√Eo, Ram: F °æü¿l¥A ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
†’´¤y èπÿú≈ áçvôØ˛q áí¬b¢˛’ ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’- Öçô’çC. achievement †’, ÅGµ-´÷-†çûÓ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç) ANSWER
Ø√o´¤ éπü∆! F ©éπ~uç àçöÀ?) Bhavan: Do you like it? a) I admire MS Subbulakshmi's voice Ram: Hi shyam, when are you buying a car?
Susanth: My target is one of the first ten ranks. (FéπC †*açü∆?) MS Subbulakshmi íÌçûª’-†’ ؈’ Shyam: I can't afford even a bike. How can I
But I am not sure. Our college isn't as Sravan: (I like it) verymuch indeed ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. buy a car?
b) Everyone admires Tendulkar's great
good as Vishal's (î√™« †*açC– ÅE ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. Ram: Indeed? Isn't your father the owner of
I like it ´C-™‰Æ œ îÁ°æ¤ hç-ö«®Ω’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬.) achievement =
a big shopping complex?/ Doesn't he
(¢Á·ü¿öÀ 10 ®√uçèπ◊™x Öçú≈-©ØËC Ø√
Indeed ÉçéÓ ¢√úøéπç, ´’†ç †´’t-™‰EüËüÁjØ√ á´- Tendulkar ≤ƒCµç-*† °∂æ’†-ûª†’ Åçü¿®Ω÷
©éπ~uç. é¬F Åçûª †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. ´÷ own a big shopping complex?
¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
È®jØ√ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, †´’t-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-îÁ-°æpôç Shyam: That is/ belong to dad. What I earn is
鬙‰ñ ¸ N¨»™¸ ¢√∞¡x 鬙‰ñ ¸™« Åçûª ´’ç*C 7) ashamed = Æœí∫’_-°æ-úøôç.
é¬ü¿’) (Eïç-í¬Ø√? Å´¤Ø√? ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ ´’† Å°æ- a) He is ashamed of his low marks my money. My target is to buy a car
Prasanth: Why didn't you join that college,
†-´’téπç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ÊÆ Å®ΩnçûÓ Indeed ¢√úøû√ç) ûª† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ ÅûªØÁçûÓ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úø’- with my money.
Praveen: I met the CM today and talked to him Ram: You can buy it with your father's
then? ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
for an hour. b) The father is ashamed of his son's money, can't you?
(´’J Ç é¬™‰-ñ ¸™ áçü¿’èπ◊ îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?) (؈’ Ñ®ÓV ´·êu-´’çvAE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E behaviour Shyam: That is not what I have achieved. It's
Susanth: The fees there are too high. I can't
afford that.
í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ´÷ö«x-ú≈†’) éÌúø’èπ◊ v°æ´-®Ωh-†èπ◊ ûªçvúÕ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. dad's achievement.
Prakash: Indeed? To be Ashamed of Åçõ‰ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úøôç éπü∆? Ram: I met Venu Yesterday by accident/
(Åéπ\úø fees î√™« áèπ◊\´. ؈’ Åçûª DEéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç– í∫Jyç-îªôç– to be proud of.
(Eïç-í¬Ø√?)– accidentally. He told me his father had
¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’) Å°æ-†-´’téπç (disbelief) ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç. 8) Target = ©éπ~uç. (Pronunciation= ö«Tö¸)
bought him a bike.
Prasanth: I understand. Do try your best. You 3) Eager: Ç-ûª%-ûª (-Çvûªçí¬ Öçúøôç) a) The company has set a target of 20%
Shyam: I am not eager to enjoy a car bought
will get it. Kiran: I am not coming to college today. increase in sales =
with dad's money.
(Å®Ωnç Å®·uçC. F ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl v°æߪ’Aoç. (ØËF-®ÓV 鬙‰-ñ ¸èπ◊ ®√´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.) Ç company ©éπ~uç Å´’t-é¬-©™ 20]
Ram: I admire your policy.
®√uçé˙ ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤) Kishore: Why? °®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿©)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 3 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Ramesh: Hi Naresh, you are late by half an 3. Would have missed
hour. I have been waiting and waiting. 4. Would have been
(†’´¤y Å®Ω-í∫çô Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a´¤. 5. Would have brought
FéÓÆæç é¬îª’-éÌE ÖØ√o†’) 6. Would have won
Naresh: I would have been here on time, but 7. Would have watched
my train was late. Verbs no. 1 and 4 are would have been. ÉC 'be'
(ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ õ„j¢˛’èπ◊ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕØË, é¬E Ø√ form. N’í∫û√ verbs form îª÷úøçúÕ.
train Ç©Ææuç Å®·çC)
2. Would have gone - would have + past par-
Ramesh: I would have gone away, but I
ticiple (of go)
thought I would wait for another half
an hour. That's why I am here.
3. Would have missed - would have + past par-
Next, would have + past participle í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çü∆ç
ticiple (of miss)
I would have gone = I a) Would have been -
Otherwise you would have missed
ÖçúËüË é¬F Öçúø-™‰ü¿’.
5. Would have brought - would have + past par-
¢Á∞¡ŸxçúË¢√-úÕØË (é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’) b) Would not have been - ÖçúË-C-é¬ü¿’ é¬E
me.
ticiple (of bring)
India would have last the match= ÖçC.
(؈’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’-¢√-úÕØË. é¬F ÉçéÓ Å®Ω-í∫çô II) a) would have + pp -
India ãúÕ-§Ú-ßË’üË (é¬F ãúÕ-§Ú-™‰ü¿’, ÈíL-*çC) äéπ °æE ïJT ÖçúËüË é¬E
îª÷ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Åçü¿’-éπØË Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o. 6. Would have won - would have + past partici-

She would not have attended the marriage=
ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’.
™‰èπ◊çõ‰ †’´¤y ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ÖçúË-¢√-úÕN ple (of win)
(He would have gone= ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úË-¢√úË,
é¬ü¿’) 7. Would have watched - would have + past Ç¢Á’ °RxéÀ ´*a ÖçúË-C-é¬ü¿’. (é¬F ´*açC) ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’).
Naresh: That's good of you. Thank you. I participle (of watch)
He wouldn't have seen me= b) wouldn't have + pp= äéπ °æE ïJ-ÍíCé¬ü¿’
wouldn't have been late but for the
verbs 1 and 4 - be forms.Åçõ‰ ÉN Öçúø-ö«Eo Åûªúø’ ††’o îª÷Ææ’ç-úË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. (é¬F îª÷¨»úø’) é¬F ïJ-TçC.
train. He wouldn't have gone=
(state of being)†’ ûÁLÊ°N éπü∆.
They would have won= Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úø’
Verbs 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 ÅFo èπÿú≈ à form ™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÈíL* ÖçúË¢√∞Ïx (é¬E Èí©-´-™‰ü¿’). é¬ü¿’, é¬F ¢Á∞«xúø’.
ÉO imaginary past forms. Eûªu @N-ûªç™ ÉN
ÖØ√o®·? Would have + past participle.
؈-éπ\úø È®çúÕç-öÀÍé ÖçúË-¢√-úÕE=
¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ î√™« áèπ◊\´ éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 136 ÉN action words éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ÉN °æ†’-©†’ ûÁLÊ° I would have been there at 2. (é¬F ™‰†’) ¶«í¬ practice îËü∆lç.
verbs.
But for = Åçü¿’-´©x é¬èπ◊çõ‰
Ñ Vocabulary practice îËߪ’çúÕ
affect: Å°∂é˙d – °∂ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç– v°æ¶µ«´ç

You would have missed me

éπL-Tç-îªôç, v°æ¶µ«´ç éπLT Öçúøôç.
a) Rain or the lack of it affects crops=
´®Ω{ç, ÅC-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç °æçô© O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç
éπLT Öçô’çC.
b) Climate affects our health
ÅC ´’ç* °æØË. Thank you. Train É™«çöÀ verbs î√™«
But for my help, he would not have ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç ´’† Ç®Óí∫uç O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç-
passed= Ø√ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-´©x é¬èπ◊çõ‰, ¢√úø’ pass
´™‰xûª°æp ØËØ√-©Ææuç ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕ-E-鬆’) ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç* Å®Ωnç îª÷°œÆæ’hç-C.
c) Our parent's opinion affects our deci-
Ramesh: Where is Jagadish? îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ÅßË’u¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. (Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÖçúÕçD, ¢√úø’
Ñ verbs 1) would sions=
(ïí∫-D≠ˇ áéπ\úø?) pass Åߪ÷uúø’.)
Naresh: I would have brought him along, but have been, 2) would ´’† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ´’† E®Ωg-ߪ÷-©-

British §ƒ©-†-™‰-èπ◊çõ‰, India áçûÓ °æ¤®Ó-Gµ-´%Cl¥ O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç -îª÷°æ¤-û√®·.
he was busy. have + pp (past par-
îÁçC ÖçúËC= d) ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-B®Ω’ ´’†-O’ü¿ Éûª-®Ω’-©-èπ◊†o
(¢√úÕE BÆæ’-èπ◊-´-îËa-¢√-úÕØË é¬F ¢√úø’ busy ticiple) conversation M. SURESAN
™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. But for the British rule, India would have pro- ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©†’ v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËÆæ’hçC=
í¬ ÖØ√oúø’) gressed a lot. The way we talk affects other's opinion of us.
Ramesh: OK. By the way what happened to
®ÓV î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç. äéπ Affect
É™«çöÀ sentences
™E Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ imagi- Åçõ‰ v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫ôç – Åçõ‰
the cricket match?
N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ÖçúÕ ÖçúËC, é¬F ™‰ü¿’. (í∫ûªç™) simple í¬ ´÷®Ω’p ûË´ôç, ´÷®Ωa-í∫-©-í∫ôç ÅE.
äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’, é¬E ÖçúÕçC, äéπ nary past (Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË – Eïç-é¬E í∫ûªç)
(ÅC ÆæÍ®. Cricket match à¢Á’içC?) Åçö«ç. ÉC Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´-ô¢Ë’ éπü∆ – Å™« ïJT ´’† Ç£æ…-®Ω-°æ¤-ô-©-¢√ô’x ´’† Ç®Ó-í¬uEo
(by the way =Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ N≠æߪ’ç ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊ N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ïJT ÖçúËC, é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’, äéπ ´÷®Ωa-í∫-©´¤.
N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ïJT ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ïJ-TçC Öçúøü¿’, É™« ïJT ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’, Å™« ÖçúÕ Our food habits can affect our health.
¢√úË ´÷ô) ÖçúËC, É™« ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’... É™« ņ’-éÓ-´ôç.
Naresh: Don't you know? India won the match
ÅØË É™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©ûÓ ´’†ç ®ÓW áØÓo-≤ƒ®Ω’x
by four wickets. It would not have won
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Å™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-
EXERCISE ANSWER
the match but for Suresh Raina and
©†’ ûÁL-Ê°¢Ë Ñ would have been, would
have + pp verbs. Damodar: Hi Sudhakar, Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ áéπ\úø’Ø√o´¤? Damodar: Hi Sudhakar, where have you
Dhoni.
Look at sentence No. 1: Sudhakar: College †’ç* ´Ææ’hØ√o. Å®Ω-í∫çô been all along?
(ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆. 4 NÈéôx ûËú≈ûÓ ÉçúÕߪ÷ ÈíL- éÀçü¿ô ´îËa-¢√-úÕØË. é¬F ´’† Maths Sudhakar: I'm returning from college. I would
I would have been on time
*çC. Suresh Raina, Dhoni ™‰éπ-§ÚûË lecturer éπE-°œç-îË-Ææ-JéÀ Çߪ’-†ûÓ ´÷ö«x- have come half an hour ago, but I
India ÈíL-îËC é¬ü¿’)
؈’ time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕØË. (é¬E ™‰†’)
Sentence No. 4: úø ’ûª÷ ÖçúÕ-§Úߪ÷. met our Maths lecturer. I was talk-
Ramesh: Happy to hear that. I would have
I wouldn't (would not) have been late Damodar: Çߪ’† ûª´·túø’, ´’† v°∂çú˛ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o- ing to him.
watched the match yesterday, but I
úÕ-°æ¤púø’? Damodar: Where is his brother, our friend?
had important work.
؈’ Ç©Ææuç ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕ-E-鬆’ (é¬E Åߪ÷u†’)
´’®Ó example: ≤ÚE-ߪ÷-í¬çDµ prime minister Sudhakar: Ééπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’. US èπ◊ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’-¢√úË. Sudhakar: He is here. He would have left for/
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. E†o ؈’ match îª÷ÊÆ¢√úÕØË gone to the US. But he hasn't got
é¬F î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE ÖçúÕçC) í¬ ÖçúËC (é¬E ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆) é¬F Visa ®√™‰ü¿’. Visa áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰-
his visa. I would have asked him
Sonia Gandhi would have been the prime ü¿E ÅúÕ-í∫’ç-úË-¢√-úÕE é¬F Éçûª-™ØË
Now, look at the following sentences from why he hasn't got the visa, but he
minister. Çߪ’† topic ´÷®√aúø’.
the conversation above: changed the topic.
îª÷¨»®√, would have been èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – ÖçúËD/ Damodar: Çߪ’† î√™« ´’ç* lecturer. Çߪ’†
1) I would have been here on time. Damodar: He is a great lecturer. But for him I
2) I would have gone away.
ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬E ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’ (ÉC í∫ûª N≠æߪ’ç) ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Maths paper Åçûª ¶«í¬
wouldn't have answered the Maths
Wouldn't (would not) have been = ÖçúËC answer îËÊÆ-¢√-úÕ-E-é¬ü¿’.
3) You would have missed me paper so well.
é¬ü¿’/ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’ (é¬E ÖØ√oúø’) – í∫ûªç™ Sudhakar: Çߪ’† Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Çߪ’†
4) I wouldn't (would not) have been late Sudhakar: But for his help his brother wouldn't
She wouldn't have been here ûª´·túø’ èπÿú≈ Åçûª-´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\©’
5) I would have brought him along. have got such high marks either.
Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC) ûÁa-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’.
6) It wouldn't have won the match. Damodar: I thought you would come a little
He would have been the CM Damodar: †’´¤y é¬Ææh ´·çüÌ-≤ƒh-´-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. ´’†ç
7) I would have watched the match. earlier. We would have gone to a
Åûªúø’ CM í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úË (é¬F ™‰úø’) ÆœE´÷Èé∞¡Ÿxç-úË-¢√∞¡xç.
The verbs in the sentences above are: movie.
ÉD would have been/ wouldn't have been Sudhakar: É°æ¤púø’ time Å®·-§Ú-®·çC éπü∆.
1. Would have been Sudhakar: It is too late now, isn't it? Let's go
Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. II show èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. the 2nd show.
2. Would have gone

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 5 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Karuna: Sumana, where were you yesterday? 4) If I had thought of it earlier, I would have
I couldn't see you anywhere. called you.
(Ææ’´’Ø√, E†o áéπ\úø ÖØ√o´¤? áéπ\ú≈ 5) If I had got you over the phone, we would
éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’) have seen the movie.
Sumana: I was at Valli's. You would have met sentences
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j ÅEoç-öÀ™,
me if you had come there. 1) Would have + PP Verb main clause,
ÖçúË
(؈’ ´Lx ¢√Rxçöx ÖØ√o. †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ 2) if clause
ÖØ√o®·. would have + PP Ææçí∫A
´îª’açõ‰ ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-ü∆-EN) ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. In all the sentences above,
Karuna: I would have taken you to a movie if observe the form of the verb in the 'if' clause:
we had met. Sentence 1: ... if you had come.
(If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb -
(´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ E†’o ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ verb - had come (had + PP) Important: If clause verb- had been/ had +
™
would have + pp)
BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ï}-ü∆Eo) pp, Main clause verb- would have been/
™
Sumana: So I have missed a movie. If you had would have + pp combination
Ñ ´÷®Ω- 3) ¢√úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰, ¢√∞¡x friend †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-
told me earlier I would have waited sentence right
èπÿ-úøü¿’ – Å°æ¤púË Å´¤-ûª’çC. èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úø’-é¬ü¿’.
for you at home.
movie chance
(Åçõ‰ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o-†-†o-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 137 Some more examples:
1)؈-éπ\úø Öçúø’çõ‰, ÅC ï®Ω-í∫-E-îËa-¢√úÕEé¬ü¿’.
If he had not gone there, he would not have
met his friend
´÷ô. †’´¤y ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ F éÓÆæç

If you had told me earlier..

Éçöx áü¿’®Ω’îª÷ÊÆ-ü∆Eo.)
Karuna: If I had thought of it earlier, I would
have called you. I got the idea about
5 in the evening. I had nothing else to
do. So I felt like seeing a movie. If I
had got you over the phone, we
would have seen the movie. 2. ... if we had met. verb If I had been there, I would not allowed it. (Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’, friend †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.)
Phone
(´·çüË Å†’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰ Fèπ◊ îËÊÆ- - had met (had + PP) (؈-éπ\-úø-™‰†’, ÅC ïJ-TçC) (If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb -
ü∆ØËo. Ø√èπ◊ ÆœE´÷ idea âCç-öÀéÀ 3. If you had told me. (If clause verb - had been; main clause verb - would have + pp).
´*açC. °æØËç-™‰ü¿’. ÆœE´÷ îª÷ú≈-©-E-°œç- verb - had told (had + would have + pp). É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©-Eoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈, If clause verb:
*çC. †’´¤y Phone ™ üÌJ-èπ◊çõ‰ ÆœE-´÷- PP) 2) If he had participated, he would have got the had been/ had + pp, main clause verb:
Èé-∞Ïx-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’. 4. If I had thought of it. prize would have been/ would have + pp. ÉC î√™«
Sumana: Which movie did you think of? verb - had thought combination of
M. SURESAN ¢√úø’ §ƒ™Ô_E Öçõ‰, ¢√úÕéÀ prize ´îËaüË. ´·êuç. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ñ
movie
(à éÀ ¢Á∞«x©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-Nç-ûªèπÿ?) (had + PP) verbs ´÷®Ωü¿’.
Karuna: Neetone Unta
(Åçõ‰ §ƒ™Ô_-†-™‰ü¿’, prize ®√™‰ü¿’).
5. If I had got you over phone.
(FûÓØË Öçö«) verb - had got (had + PP)
Sumana: Don't worry. We didn't miss much. PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ANSWER
°j 'If clauses' ÅEoç-öÀ™, verb form îª÷¨»®Ω’ Yamuna: Ñ chain á°æ¤púø’ éÌØ√o´¤? Yamuna: When did you buy this chain?
miss
(°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´’†ç °ü¿l Å®·ç-üËç- éπü∆: Kanchana: éÌE î√™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC. Kanchana: Long since I bought it.
Suguna has seen it and says it
™‰ü¿’) had + PP 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø would have been/ Yamuna: I haven't seen it before.
is awful. Yamuna: Å®·ûË Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’
would have + PP main clause í¬ Öçõ‰, if Kanchana: If I had worn it earlier, you would
have seen it. I am wearing it for the
(Ææ’í∫’ù îª÷ÆœçC. ÅC ü∆®Ω’-ùçí¬ Öçü¿E ؈’.
clause ™ had + PP verb ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. ÉC Kanchana: Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤p-úø-®·Ø√ ؈’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÌ-
îÁ°œpçC.) first time now.
awful = ü∆®Ω’ùç/ ¶µºßª’ç-éπ®Ωç
á°æ¤púø÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: Å°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç †’çõ‰ †’´¤y îª÷ÊÆ-ü∆-EN. ÉüË ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ- Yamuna: I saw a chain like this a month ago
Karuna: That's OK, Then.
É™« Öçô’çC. ≤ƒJ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. in a jewellry show room. If I had
If clause ™ îÁ°œpçC ïJT Ö†o-ôx-®·ûË, Main Yamuna: ØÁ© éÀçü¿ †í∫© show room ™ had / If I had got the money, I
lesson
éÀçü¿öÀ Would have been,
™ ´’†ç 1)
clause ™ N≠æߪ’ç ïJT ÖçúËC ÅE. (Main would have bought it. I would have
2) Would have + Past Participle (Would have É™«çöÀ chain ØË îª÷¨». úø•’sçõ‰ worn it immediately.
gone, Would have seen, etc) verbs clause, if clause à order ™ Å®·Ø√ ®√´îª’a. éÌØË-ÊÆ-ü∆ØËo. ¢ÁçôØË ¢ËÆæ’-éÌ-ØË-ü∆Eo. Kanchana: If I had not waited till my birthday, I
ÅØË
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? äéπöÀ ´·çü¿÷, äéπöÀ ûª®√yûª) Kanchana: ؈’ é̆o°æ¤púË ¢ËÆæ’-éÌ-ØË-ü∆Eo, Ø√ birth- would have worn it too when I
1) a) Would have been = ÉC 'be' form ÖçúËüË/ day éÓÆæç Çí∫-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰. bought it/ soon after I bought it.
If clause If clause
ÖçúË-¢√úË (é¬E ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’) Yamuna: Å®·ûË É¢√∞¡ F birthday ņo-´÷ô. Yamuna: Oh, today is your birthday. Many
(had been/ had + pp) (had been/ had + pp)
i) He would have been here = ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø Many happy returns of the day. Ñ happy returns of the day. If I had
ÖçúË-¢√úË (é¬F Öçúø-™‰ü¿’) 1. If you had come you would have met known it, I would have brought you
Ææçí∫A ´·çüË ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰ àüÓ é¬†’éπ
there [ me. [
†’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË a present.
(í∫ûªç™ ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬E Å°æ¤púø’ ™‰úø’) ûÁîËa-ü∆-Eo-í∫üË. Kanchana: That's why I didn't tell you. I don't
].
(†’´¤y ü∆EN (éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)
ii) She would have been here yesterday ´îª’açõ‰ Kanchana: Åçü¿’-éπØË îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ 鬆’-éπ©’ BÆæ’-
®√™‰ü¿’)] like gifts.
= Ç¢Á’ E†o Ééπ\úø ÖçúËüË (é¬F ™‰ü¿’) éÓ-´ôç É≠ædç-™‰üË. Yamuna: Would you give/ throw at least a
iii) He would not have been the Prime 2. If we had met = I would have taken Yamuna: Å®·ûË party Å®·Ø√ É≤ƒh¢√? party?
Minister PM
(Åûª†’ í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’ [ you to a movie. [
´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E E†’o Kanchana: éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Åçü¿’Íé °œ©-´-ö«-E-éÌî√a. Kanchana: Sure. I came to invite you.
moive
-v°æ-¨¡o: äéπ sentence ™ ´îËa °æü∆©’ (words) à -ï-¢√-•’: î√-™«
– é¬F ÖØ√oúø’) Öçõ‰ (é¬F éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- éÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-ü∆Eo
b) Would have + Past Participle (PP) – DE ]
™‰ü¿’) ]
(é¬F BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’) °æü∆© parts of speech Å®√nEo
Å®Ωnç – í∫ûªç™ ã °æE ïJ-ÍíüË é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰-ü¿E; 3. If you had told me I would have waited parts of speech èπ◊ îÁçü∆ßÁ÷ í∫’Jhç-îª-úø- •öÀd ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Å™« ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC
DçûÓ not ´ÊÆh – äéπ °æE ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’, é¬F earlier [ [
†’´¤y ´·çüË Øˆ’ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-ÊÆ-ü∆Eo ¢Á’™«? (sentence meaning ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË O’®Ω-†oô’x word endings
ïJ-TçC ÅE. ]
îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ (é¬F îÁ°æp- (é¬F Å™« îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) ™‰èπ◊çú≈) †’ •öÀd, suffices †’ •öÀdèπÿú≈ parts of
i) I would have met him = Beauty (root word)
™‰ü¿’)] Öü∆: speech ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.
؈-ûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕØË; é¬F éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Parts of Speech O’J-*a† Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-™xØË, ful ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô-
4. If I had thought of it I would have called
ii) He wouldn't (would not) have passed beautiful (adj), beau-
earlier [
´·çüË Å†’- you. [phone ©Fo èπÿú≈ adjectives; - ious, eous, *´®Ω
Pass ÅßË’u-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’, é¬F Åߪ÷uúø’. îËÊÆü∆Eo teous (adj), beautifully
]
èπ◊E Öçõ‰ (é¬F ņ’-éÓ- (é¬E îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) ´îËaN èπÿú≈ adjectives; ‘-ly’ *´®Ω ´îËa °æü∆©’
°j Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’– would have been, would (adv), beautify (vt),
have + PP, verbs last lessons ™‰ü¿’) ]. 90 ¨»ûªç adverbs, costly ™«çöÀ N’†-£æ…-®·ç-°æ¤-
èπ◊ ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- beautification (abs.n)
5. If I had got you over We would have seen
©ûÓ. ‘-fy’, ‘-ise’ ™«çöÀ suffices (*´®Ω ´îËa
èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. beautician (n).
Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™E conversation ™ Ñ phone [phone ly
¨¡¶«l©’) ÅFo verbs. ‘-sion’, ‘-ssion’, ‘-tion’, ‘-
™the movie. [ ´’†ç à °æü∆-E-ÈéjØ√ *´®Ω ´ÊÆh ation’, ‘-ment’, ‘-ness’, ‘-ty’, ‘-th’ *´®Ω ´îËa-
sentences í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: †’´¤y üÌJ-èπ◊çõ‰ (é¬F ÆœE´÷ îª÷ÊÆ-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’ (é¬E ÅC adverb Å´¤-ûª’çü∆?
1) You would have met me, if you had come üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’)]. îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’)]. part of speech -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ ´Fo nouns. à ´’ç* grammar °æ¤Ææh-éπ-ç-™-ØÁj-Ø√
there. é¬èπ◊çú≈ N’í∫û√¢√öÀE í∫’®Ω’h- Ñ N´-®√©’ç-ö«®·. English fluent í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-
2) I would have taken you to a movie, if we had
OöÀE îª÷úøçúÕ: If clause ™ N≠æߪ’ç ïJT Öçõ‰ °æ-ö«d-©çõ‰ à¢ÁjØ√ í∫-©-í∫-ö«-EéÀ parts of speech Åçûª thorough í¬
met Main clause ™ N≠æߪ’ç ïJT ÖçúËC. Åçõ‰ If °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’Ø√oߪ÷? -ûÁ-L-ߪ’†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤úø’ Ñ
clause N≠æߪ’ç ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE main clause lessons ™ parts of speech í∫’®Ω’h-°æõ‰d °æü¿l¥A
3) If you had told me earlier, I would have wait-
ed for you. N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. – °œ.éπ%≥ƒgÈ®úÕf, -îÁ-ØËo éÌûªh-°æLx (-Å-†ç-ûª°æ¤®Ωç ->-™«x) N´-J≤ƒhç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 7 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Gagan: Why was your little daughter crying so c) If he had not been careful, he would have
long this morning? lost the money
(O’ Å´÷t®· §Òü¿’l† Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ àúø’-≤Úhç- ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, úø•’s §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úË.
üËçöÀ?) (ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, úø•’s §Ú™‰ü¿’)
Jagan: Her mother did not give her the sweet it d) If he had not met her at the party, he would
not have fallen in love with her.
wanted.
(ÅC ÅúÕ-T† sweet ¢√∞¡x´’t É´y™‰ü¿’) (Ç party ™ Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, Ç¢Á’†’
Gagan: She should have given it. Then you
vÊ°N’ç-îË-¢√-úø’-é¬úø’– éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’– vÊ°N’ç-î√úø’)
Very important:
should not have let the child cry so
If clause: had been / had + pp
long. 1) should have been = Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F ™‰ü¿’) She should have bought the sari =
Main Clause: would have been /
2) would have been = ÖçúËüË (é¬F-™‰ü¿’) <®Ω-éÌ-†’ç-ú≈-LqçC, é̆-™‰ü¿’. (´’ç* Å´-鬨¡ç
(Å®·ûË Éaç-ú≈-LqçC. Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ç -§ƒ°æ-†’ would have + pp
àúÕ-°œç-î√-LqçC é¬ü¿’.) Ñ combination î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. 3) should not have been = Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’ (é¬E §Ú®·çC.)
Jagan: If the doctor had not advised us against Now, look at these sentences in the conver- ÖçC). ÉO should have been, should have + pp
it, we would have given it. sation at the beginning of the lesson: 4) would not have been = ÖçúË-C-é¬ü¿’ (é¬E ÖçC) N´-®√©’.
(Doctor É¢Ìy-ü¿lE Ææ©£æ… É´y-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰, 1) Then she should have given it. Ñ conversation ™ N’í∫û√ verbs should have + PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
ÉîËa-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’) 2) You should have seen the doctor much ear- pp, should not have + pp form ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆.
Hiranya: Hi Rajitha,
†’´¤y E†o ´÷ûÓ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊
Gagan: Why, has she been ill? lier. 1) She should have given it
´îª’açú≈-LqçC. Eïçí¬ ´’ç* ÆœE´÷
(àçöÀ, §ƒ°æèπ◊ ï•’sí¬ Öçü∆?) Ç¢Á’ É*a Öçú≈-LqçC/ É¢√y-LqçC (í∫ûªç™) (é¬F miss Åߪ÷u´¤.
Jagan: Yea, she has been ill for a few days É´y-™‰ü¿’) Rajitha: ´îËa-ü∆ØËo, ´÷ cousin ®√éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰.
now. Only yesterday I took her to doc- 2) You should have seen the doctor much ear-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 138
Ç¢Á’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ èπÿ®Ω’aØ√o.
tor. lier
Hiranya: Ç¢Á’†’ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-¢√-LqçC.
(éÌCl-®Ó-V-©’í¬ äçöx ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. E†oØË Doctor †’ ´·çüË îª÷ú≈-LqçC. (îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’)
doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé∞«x.)
Gagan: You should have been more careful.
You should have taken her to the doc-
tor as soon as she fell ill. You should
not have neglected it.
He would have done it
(ï•’s-°æúøf ¢ÁçôØË O’®Ω’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-
Èé-∞«}-LqçC.ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î√-LqçC é¬ü¿’) 3) You should have taken her to the doctor as 3) You should have taken Rajitha: ÅC ¢Á∞«xL, ¢Á∞«xL ÅE ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú--
Jagan: True, but she has improved. Today she soon as she fell ill. her to doctor ߪ·çõ‰, Éü¿l®Ωç éπLÆœ ´îËa-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’.
is much better than she was yesterday. 4) You should not have neglected it. doctorü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«}- Hiranya: †’´¤yçõ‰ Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ enjoy îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’.
(Eï¢Ë’ ņ’éÓ. é¬E §ƒ°æ °æJ-ÆœnA ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫- 5) You should have been more careful. LqçC (BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’).- Å®·ûË E†o holiday é¬èπ◊çõ‰ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√∞¡xç
®·çC. E†oöÀéπØ√o Ñ®ÓV ¶«í∫’çC) Ñ sentences ™ verbs îª÷ü∆lç. 4) You should not have é¬ü¿’. O’ cousin ¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·çü∆?
Gagan: If the doctor had seen her earlier, she 1) should have given [should have + past par- neglected it Rajitha: E†oØË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC. ûªEçéÓ È®çúø’
would have recovered earlier. ticiple (of give)] ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î √-LqçC é¬ü¿’ M. SURESAN ®ÓV©’ç-ú≈-LqçC. N’´’tLo Åçû√ °æJ-
(´·çüË doctor îª÷Ææ’çõ‰, ´·çüË éÓ©’- 2) should have seen [should have + past par- (ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î√´¤). îªßª’ç îËÊÆ-ü∆Eo. ÆæÍ®. ؈’ ´≤ƒh. Time
éÌ-ØËC éπü∆) ticiple (of see)] ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: Å®·çC.
Jagan: That's true. (Eï¢Ë’) 3) should have taken [should have + past par- 1) Karuna: †’Oy E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË´·çü¿’, O’ Hiranya: Bye.
Gagan: Wish her a speedy recovery. ticiple (of take)] Ø√†oûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-LqçC. ANSWERS
(ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) 4) have neglected [should have + past partici- (Before taking the decision, you
Hiranya: Hi Rajitha, you should have come
ple (of neglect)] should have consulted your father)
Spoken English 137 ™, Åçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿÷, Ñ with us to the movie. Really you
5) should have been. Kavya: ´÷ Ø√†o Ü∞x Öçõ‰ ´÷ö«x-úË-ü∆ØËo.
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç: missed a good movie.
Ñ≤ƒJ, verb forms °j† îª÷°œ-†ô’x, (I would have consulted him, if he had
Rajitha: If my cousin had not visited me
a) Would have been Åçõ‰ äéπ ´uéÀh, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç
a) should have been b) should have + pp. been in town). (come), I would have definitely (éπ*a-
í∫ûªç™ ÖçúË-¢√úø’/ ÖçúËüË é¬F ™‰úø’/ ™‰ü¿’ ÅE. a) should have been ÅØËC 'be' form éπü∆. Karuna: Çߪ’† AJ-íÌ-*aç-ü∆é¬ Çí∫’çú≈-LqçC. ûªçí¬) come. I spent time talking to
Wouldn't (would not) have been Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ DE Å®Ωnç: (You should have waited until he her.
äéπ ´uéÀh/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬úø’/ ÖçúËC i) Öçúø-´-©-Æœ† ´uéÀh/ N≠æߪ’ç ™‰úø’/ ™‰ü¿’ ÅE. returned.) Hiranya: You should have brought her along.
é¬ü¿’ é¬E ÖØ√oúø’/ ÖçC ÅE. ii) not (should not have been) Å®·ûË, Öçúø-èπÿ-úøE Kavya: ؈’ wait îËÊÆ-ü∆ØËo, é¬E Å°æp-öÀÍé ´’K late Rajitha: If she had not been in a hurry, I would
b) Would have + past participle (PP) Åçõ‰ ´uéÀh/ N≠æߪ’ç Öçü¿E. Å®·-§Ú-ßË’C. have brought her along.
í∫ûªç™ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ïJ-ÍíüË é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’ ÅE. i) Å®Ω-í∫çô éÀçü¿õ‰ †’Ny-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F ™‰´¤) (I would have waited, but it would have Hiranya: If you had come we would have
wouldn't (would not) have + past participle you should have been here half an hour ago. been too late by then.) enjoyed still more. But if yesterday
(PP) Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’, é¬E ii) ¢√∞¡Ÿx E†o Åéπ\úø Öçú≈Lq† ¢√∞¡Ÿx鬮Ω’ (é¬F 2) Åûªúø’ Ç car é̆’ç-ú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’ had not been a holiday we would not
ïJ-TçC ÅE. ÖØ√o®Ω’) He should not have bought the car. have gone to the movie. Has your
2) Ñ would have been/ would have + PP ÅØË They should not have been there yesterday. a) îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ† ã °æE îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË= cousin gone/ left ?
main clause èπ◊ combination, If clause ™ iii) I should have been there at that time, I You should have done it. Rajitha: She left yesterday itself. She should
had been/ had + Past Participle verbs ®√´ôç. would have taught him a lesson b) îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøE °æE-îËÊÆh= have been here/ should have stayed
a) If she had been here, I would have consulted Ç time èπ◊ ؈-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC; ¢√úÕéÀ •’Cl¥ îÁÊ°p- you should not have done it. here for another two days. I would

her ¢√-úÕE. Would have been, would have + pp éÃ, should have introduced her to you all. OK.
É°æ ¤ p úø’ sentence (a), sentence (b) §Ú©açúÕ: have been, should have + pp éà ûËú≈ îª÷ü∆lç. Time is up. I must be going, bye.
Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, ØËØ√-¢Á’†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îË-¢√-úÕØË.
a) She should have been more careful 1) He would have done it = Hiranya: Bye.
(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ™‰ü¿’– ØËØ√-¢Á’†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-™‰ü¿’)
b) If he had answered one more question, he
Ç¢Á’ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F-™‰ü¿’). Åûªúø’ îËÊÆ-¢√úË (îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) Spoken English 137 Column
™ È®ç-úÓ ™E
b) She would have been more careful He should have done it = Åûªúø’ îËߪ÷-LqçC Table column col-
would have got 100% ™ – ¢Á·ü¿öÀ (Åçõ‰ áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤
Ç¢Á’ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÖçúËüË (é¬F-™‰ü¿’). (NCµí¬/ Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Á’i, Éûª-®Ω’© Çïc §ƒöÀçîË Ææçü¿- umn) heading If clause (had been/ had
´÷vûª¢Ë’
ÉçéÌéπ\ question answer
ûËú≈
îËÆœ Öçõ‰, ¢√úÕéÀ + PP). column column) heading–
Should have been, would have been ®√s¥™x) (îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’). È®ç-úÓ- (èπ◊úÕ
question ´C-™‰-¨»úø’, ¢√úÕéÀ
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 2) She would have bought the sari =
100] ´îËaüË. (Ç Main clause (would have been/ would have +
100] ®√™‰ü¿’) <®Ω-éÌ-ØËüË, é̆-™‰ü¿’. PP) ÅE Öçú≈L.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 9 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Surendra: We missed you at the picnic last Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o Imaginary
weekend. past forms:
(§Ú®·† ¢√®√çûªç picnic ™ †’´¤y I a) Would have been
™‰E ™ô’ éπE-°œç-*çC ´÷èπ◊)
Mahendra: So did I miss the fun too. I now feel
(ÖçúË-¢√úË/ ÖçúËüË é¬E ™‰úø’/ ™‰ü¿’)
I should have joined you. I should- b) Would have + Past participle (PP)
n't (should not) have stayed back eg: Would have gone, Would have seen,
for the meeting. What a bore it was! etc)
But for the dinner at the end of the (ã °æE ïJ-ÍíüË é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’ ÅE.
meeting, it would have been
Not ûÓ Å®·ûË ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’, é¬E ïJ-TçC ÅE)
unbearable. All clauses beginning with EXERCISE
II a) Should have been= Öçú≈-LqçC/ Öçú≈-Lq†
(؈’ èπÿú≈ Ç Ææ®Ωü∆ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. a) who, whom, whose, where, when, which, Govind: Sir, Ø√èπ◊ ´’®Ó È®çvúÓ-V©’ time É´yçúÕ,
O’ûÓ ´îª’aç-ú≈-Lqç-ü¿E É°æ¤púø†’-èπ◊ç- ¢√úø’– é¬F ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’) why and how.
assignment submit
ô’Ø√o. Meeting éÓÆæç Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ b) Should have + Past Participle (PP) b) 'that' clauses.
îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊.
§Ú¢√-Lqç-C-é¬ü¿’. Ŷs áçûª bore Lecturer: È®çvúÓ-V™«? †’´¤y ¢Á·†oØË submit îËߪ÷-
(eg: should have gone, should have seen, c) before.., after.., soon after, as soon as, since,
éÌöÀdçüÓ! Meeting ûª®√yûª dinner ™‰éπ- etc.)
LqçC. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç™í¬ submit îË®·.
because, though, although, even though Govind: ¢Á·†o Ø√èπ◊ ïy®Ωç ®√éπ-§ÚûË E†oØË îËÊÆ-
§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, ü∆Eo ¶µºJç-îª-ûª-®Ω-´’-ßË’u-C- (ã °æE) îËÆæ’ç-ú≈-LqçC é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. begin
é¬ü¿’.) ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ ¢√-úÕE, Sir,
Not ûÓ– (ã °æE) îË-ߪ’éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ú≈-Lqç-C, é¬F ÅßË’u clauses.
fun (Ééπ\úø) = Ææ®Ωü∆; But for Åçõ‰– ÅüË ™‰éπ- Lecturer: †’´¤y E†o submit îËÆæ’çõ‰, marks list
§ÚûË. unbearable = ¶µºJç-°æ-¨¡éπuç é¬E. î˨»-´¤/ -îË-¨»-†’/ -îË-¨»®Ω’) d) If clauses. ѧƒ-öÀéÀ ؈’ office ™ ÉîËa-ÊÆ-¢√-úÕE.
Surendra: I thought of pressing you. But I Rules: ÅÆæ©’ marks lists ÅFo ¢Á·†oØË sub-
thought that it was an important 1) Main clause verb - mit îËߪ÷-LqçC ؈’. F äéπ\úÕ ´©x Åçû√
meeting. So I didn't force you. past tense, subordi- Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC.
(E†’o •©-´ç-ûª-°-úø-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬F
ÅüËüÓ ´·êu-¢Á’i† meeting ņ’-èπ◊- -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 139 nate clause verb - also
past tense.
Govind: Ø√èπ◊ äéπ\-®ÓV time É´yçúÕ sir.
M. SURESAN Lecturer: Í®°‘ time èπ◊ submit îË®·.
Ø√o†’. Åçü¿’-éπE •©-´çûªç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.)
press = äAhúÕ ûË´ôç, •©-´ç-ûª-°-ôdúøç = force
Mahendra: But you should have told me earli-
er. The time you gave me was
short. If you told me earlier of it, I
would have thought of an excuse to
skip the meeting. I would have
I would have been happy
been happy. ANSWER
Let's look at the verbs of imaginary past
(†’´¤y (picnic í∫’Jç*) é¬Ææh ´·çü¿’ Exceptions: (N’†-£æ…-®·ç-°æ¤©’ – °j rule èπ◊)
situations above. Govind: Sir, please give me two days time to
subordinate clause ™ universal truths, facts submit the assignment.
1. should have joined -
îÁ§ƒp-LqçC. †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´’K ûªèπ◊\´
time Éî√a´¤. é¬Ææh ´·çü¿’í¬ îÁ°œp of science, generalisations, repeated Lecturer: Two more days? You should have
Öçõ‰, meeting áíÌ_-ôd-ú≈-EéÀ àüÓ ≤ƒèπ◊ éπ©¢√LqçC (†’´¤y). é¬E éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. submitted it the day before (yester-
actions of the present continuing into future-
2. I shouldn't have stayed back - day). Submit it by the evening.
Ç™-*ç-îË-¢√-úÕE. ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçúË-
Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ-§Ú-¢√-Lqç-C-é¬ü¿’ – é¬F ÖØ√o†’ OöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ main clause verb past tense Govind: If I had not had a fever/ had not been
¢√-úÕE) Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ sub clause verb, present tense down with a fever, I would have sub-
Excuse = ≤ƒèπ◊. Lame excuse = èπ◊çöÀ-≤ƒèπ◊. 3. Would have been unbearable -
™ Öçú≈L. mitted it yesterday itself.
Lame = èπ◊çöÀ ¶µºJç-°æ-¨¡éπuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËC – é¬E ¨¡éπu-´’-®·çC Lecturer: If you had submitted it yesterday, I
Surendra: You were out of town for me to tell (Dinner ´©x) 2) Main clause verb, present/ future tense, sub
would have given the marks lists to the
you earlier. So I couldn't. 4. You should have told me - clause verb - any tense. office yesterday. I should have submit-
Mahendra: OK. That's past. How about a îÁ§ƒp-LqçC – îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ °j points ÅFo á°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ O’ con- ted them the day before (yesterday).
movie this evening? 5. would have thought - The whole delay is because of you.
versation and communication, perfect í¬ Govind: Give me just a day's time, sir.
(OK, Ç™-*ç-îË-¢√-úÕØË é¬F Ç™-*ç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Practise, practise and practise. Lecturer: Submit tomorrow by this time.
ÅC Å®·-§Ú-®·çC í∫ü∆. É¢√y∞¡ Öçô’çC.
≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?) 6. would have been happy -
Surendra: I am game for it. ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçúË ¢√úÕØË é¬F ™‰†’.
v°æ¨¡o: Past tense ™ sentence ‘The teacher liked all over the college’
(O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’hØ√oç):
(؈’ ready ØË.) ®√ÊÆh, ÅD-èπÿú≈ Åçõ‰
Reminding you - regular verbs 2nd
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÊÆh ´’†èπ◊ àC Å®Ωnç, college ¢Á·ûªhçîË ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’†o
game for = Æœü¿l¥ç
Main clause verbs- would have been, would form Å®·†simple past Å´¤-ûª’çC, Å™«Íí teacher...ÅE Å®Ωnç. é¬F °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’
˜ ˜ ˜ have + pp subordi-
Å®·ûË 3rd form Å®·† past participle ÅE 鬕öÀd ÉC sentence é¬-ü¿’.
nate clause verbs- had regular verbs
example: a) He repaired the car.
Look at the following clauses in the con-
ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC? Å™«Íí Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç- ÉçéÓ
been, had + pp. îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬simple past tense ™
versation above: b) The car repaired yesterday..
Å®·ûË, ´’†-èπ◊†o3 forms of verb past
©™
1. ... I should have joined you If you had told me earlier of it, I would have a) repaired- repair Car
form, P.P. form confusion í¬ ™ üËEo î˨»úø’? †’.
2. I shouldn't have stayed back thought of some excuse to skip the meeting. b) The car repaired... - car repair
P.P form
ÖØ√o®·. î√™« °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™x üËEo
3. ... it would have been unbearable Main clause: I would have thought of some answer
-Å®·-ûËPast modification, pre- îËÆœçC? Åçõ‰ ®√ü¿’ éπü∆.
4. But you should have told me earlier. excuse to skip the meeting ‘The car repaired yester-
modification ™passive voice 鬕öÀd
5. I would have thought of an excuse (meeting áíÌ_-ôd-ú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒèπ◊ Ç™-*ç-îË- í¬ à®Ωp-úø-û√®· ÅE ®√-¨»®Ω’. ÉN day...’ Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, E†o repair îËߪ’-•-
verb: would have thought
¢√-úÕE.
6. I would have been happy. éÌçîÁç N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. úÕ† car, ...ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÅÆæç-°æ‹-Jhí¬
Look at the verbs in the clauses above:
- would have + pp)
– >.N.Ææûªuç, N¨»-ê-°æôoç sentence
-ï-¢√--•’: Regular verbs past tense,
Sub. clause: If you had told me of it earlier.
Öçúøôç ´©x Å´ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hç-
1. Should have joined -éÓçúÕ.Past participleèπ◊ -á°æ¤p-úø÷
(†’´¤y ü∆E í∫’Jç* ´·çüË îÁ°æ¤pçõ‰ past participle,
2. Shouldn't have stayed back äÍ陫 Öçö«®·. Å®·ûË '•úË— ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
– verb- had told - had + pp) past tense, á°æ¤úø’ past partici- The paper bought by millions =
3. Would have been (unbearable) á°æ¤-úøC
This lesson is a revision of the points of the ple ÅE ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, Ç verb form èπ◊,
4. Should have told earlier lessons: practice
©éπ~-™«C v°æï-©îË é̆-•úË °ævAéπ –
5. Would have thought
¶«í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊E á´-JE, üËEE ÅE question ¢Ë≤Ú\çúÕ. Answer
5, 6 lessons
îËߪ’çúÕ. í∫ûª ™ É*a† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ´ÊÆh ÅC past simple. Answer ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÅC past
(ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ©éπ~-™ v°æï©’ éÌØË °ævAéπ Åçö«ç.)
6. Would have been. The book read by millions = ©éπ~-™«C v°æï-©îË îªü¿-
é¬Ææh éπ≠dçæ 鬕öÀd éÀçC N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ O’èπ◊ ´’S} participle. eg: ‘like’ BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç. DEéÀ past
Ñ Verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ Imaginary past situa- í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’hØ√oç. tense, past participle - liked. She liked the ´-•úË °æ¤Ææhéπç (©éπ~-™ -´’ç-C îªC¢Ë °æ¤Ææhéπç)
tions ™ ¢√úË-´E ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. í∫ûª 4, 5 les- IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER sari. liked what?
Ééπ\úø (üËEElike îËÆœçC?) àüÁjØ√ ‘be’ form °æéπ\† past participle ´ÊÆh Å°æ¤úø’
sons OöÀ í∫’JçîË éπü∆. ÉN conversation ™ Åçõ‰ answer sari ÅE ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø verb, passive.
Ææ®Ωy ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÀ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ correct µ Clause - A group of words with a verb
liked, past simple. The book is liked by all- verb, is (be form) +
µ Main clause has complete meaning. The teacher liked all over the college,
í¬ ¢√úø-í∫-©-í∫ôç éÌçîÁç éπ≠d¢æ Ë’. áçûª áèπ◊\´ Ééπ\úø liked (pp) - °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅGµ-´÷Eç-úø’-ûª’çC.
Practice îËÊÆh Åçûª ¶«í¬ Å©-¢√õ„j, correct í¬ µ Subordinate clause has no complete mean- liked what like / liked whom?
(üËEE îËÆœçC?) (•úø’-ûª÷çC). á°æ¤p-úø÷ ‘be’ form °æéπ\† past sim-
¢√úø-í∫©ç. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ lesson èπÿú≈ Imaginary ing.
like
(á´-JE îËÆœçC?) Åçõ‰ answer ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’ ple ®√ü¿’.
past forms †’ í∫’JçîË.. Examples of subordinate clauses. éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø liked past participle.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 11 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Rama Rao : Why do you keep so much money Rama Rao : Let's put a part of the money in
at home, son? It isn't safe. term deposit. That gets us a high-
(Åçûª úø•’s áçü¿’-éÀçöx Öçîªôç? er interest.
Åü¿çûª Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) term deposit
(éÌçûª úø•’s ™ ¢Ëü∆lç.
Kumar : I know it isn't safe, dad, but I áèπ◊\´ ´úŒf ´Ææ’hçC.)
haven't found the time to put it in Kumar : How about investing in shares?
the bank. Moreover such a lot of (Shares ™ °úø-ü∆´÷?
money in my account in the invest = °ô’d-•úÕ Â°ôdôç)
bank... That's worrying me. Rama Rao : I am not for it. It is risky.
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ Ø√†o ÅC Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿E. Risk
(Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ÖçC ü∆ØÓx.)
é¬E úø•’s bank ™ ¢Ëߪ’ö«-EéÀ õ„j¢˛’ Kumar : O.K. Dad, as you say.
¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç BÆæ’-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úËC. Now practise the following:
üÌ®Ω-éπôç ™‰ü¿’. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ Ø√ äéπ\úÕ
ë«û√™... ÅD Ø√ worry).
(ÆæÍ®.. F É≠ædç )
You see the whole conversation above is
2) Credit Card: ´’† balance ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Siva: £æ…ß˝’ ¢√Ææ’ àçöÀ Ææçí∫A?
Rama Rao : I have the time, so let me deposit about money and banks. Most words used
™‰èπ◊çú≈, éÌçûª °æJ-N’A ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ úø•’s §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ Vasu: E†o ´÷ °æéÀ\çöx üÌçí∫-ûª†ç ïJ-TçC.
Advance í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úËC. DEéÀ éÌçûª ¨»ûªç ¢√R}çöx ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ üÌçí∫©’ ñÔ®Ω-•úÕ- úø-•’s -
it then. I'll (I will) open an account, are banking words.
and let's have an account opened bank
ØÁ©-ØÁ™« ´úŒf, service charges °æúø-´îª’a. á-ûª’hÈé-∞«x®Ω’.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E ´÷ô©’ î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ èπ◊ DD= Demand Draft= ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’-©-éÀ-¢√y-Lq† Siva: áçûË-N’öÀ?
in mother's name too. Then you Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N éπü∆. ¢√öÀE í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ Â°jéπç, bank ™ éπöÀd Ç ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ DD BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ç, Vasu: ©éπ~
can put the money in three differ-
ent accounts. That'll solve your
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
1) Bank ™ ë«û√ ûÁ®Ω-´-ôç/-v§ƒ-®Ωç-Gµç-îªôç = Ç DD E ´’†ç á´-JéÀ úø•’s éπö«d™ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æç°œûË, Siva: ü∆Eo Çߪ’† ¶«uçé˙ ™ -¢ËÆœ -Öçú≈-LqçC.
problem. Open an account. Account†’ A/c ÅE
¢√∞¡x-éπ\úø Ç bank ¨»ê™ úø•’sí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. DD Vasu: §ƒ°æç -¢ËÊÆ¢√úË. E†o sudden í¬ áéπ\-úÕéÓ
(Ø√èπ◊time ÖçC éπü∆, ؈’ ï´’ ®√Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’ èπÿú≈. E ¢√∞¡x A/c ™ credit îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. ¢Á∞«xLq ´*a -¶«uçé˙ èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’.
(Cheques, DDs, crossed, uncrossed ÅE È®çúø’ Siva: ¶«í¬ Ö†o-¢√-úËØ√?
2) Bank ™ úø•’s ¢Ëߪ’-ôç/-ï-´’-îË-ߪ’-ôç/-E-©y-îË- Nüµ∆©’– Cheque/DD éÀ áúø-´’-¢Áj-°æ¤† °j† È®çúø’ Vasu: Ç ¢Á·†oØË á´-JéÓ îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*a ã ©éπ~
ߪ’ôç = put money in/credit money Uûª©’ UÆœØ√ Account Payee ÅE ®√ÆœØ√ ÅC ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© DD B¨»úø’. -™‰éπ-§Ú-ûË ÅC èπÿú≈
into/deposit money in, the bank.
3) Bank deposit
crossed cheque / crossed DD - Crossed §ÚßË’üË. á°æ¤púø÷ bank ™ úø•’s ¢Ëߪ’-ô¢Ë’
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 140
™ ´’† E©y = Å®·ûË †í∫ü¿’ îÁLxç-Ω’– Cheque / DD §ÒçC-†-¢√∞¡x é¬F Bߪ’ôç Öçúøü¿’.
He is quite rich. He has a lot of bank
A/c ™ ï´’ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. uncrossed Å®·ûË †í∫ü¿’ Siva: Å®·ûË É°æ¤púËç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’?
deposits.
Vasu: ¢Á·†oØË á´-JéÓ cheque Éî√aúø’. ÅC Åûªúø’
bank ™ ¢ËÊÆ ™°æ© Ñ úø•’s éπõ‰dÊÆh,
cheque èπ◊ ûªT† ≤Ò´·tç-ô’ç-ü¿F, AJT °æç°æ-

He
He would
would have deposited...
deposited... ®ΩE Ñ ®ÓV ï´’ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. É°æ¤púø’
balance ™‰ü¿’-éπü∆, ÅC AJT °æç°æ¤-û√®Ω’.
Siva: †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-™‰¢√? F bank E©y-™ xç*
BÆœ Çߪ’-†-éÀ´¤y.
Vasu: ØËØ√! ØËØËç èπ◊¶‰-®Ω’-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√? Ø√èπ◊†o éÌCl
îË≤ƒh†’bank ™– Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ûÓ äéπ Åûªúø’ üµ¿E-èπ◊úø’. ¶«í¬ îÁLxç°æ¤ Öçô’çC.) úø•’s ÅFo term deposits ™ ÖØ√o®·.
On line transfer = DD/Cheque ´©x éπLÍí Ç©Ææuç,
account open îË≤ƒh†’, Å´’t Ê°®Ω Bank E©y-©’-Ø√o®·. †’´¤y É´¤y. ؈’í¬u®Ωç-öà Öçö«.
èπÿú≈ äéπ account v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç. 4) ¢Ëߪ’ôç, Bߪ’ôç Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, computer, electronics ߪ·í∫ç™ Siva: ØËØËüÓ Ææ®Ω-ü∆éÀ ÅØ√o†’™‰.
Å°æ¤pú≈ úø•’s ´‚úø’ accounts ™ ûª®√yûª, Account ™ ´’†-èπ◊†o °ü¿l ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç™ áéπ\úÕÈ- éØj √ Answer
éÌçûª éÌçûª-¢Ë-ßÁ·îª’a. F Ææ´’Ææu BJ-§Ú- Ö†o E©y = balance. á´-JÈ- éØj √, áçûª¢- ·Á û- hª¢- Á’Øi √ (éÌEo Ççéπ~©- ûÓ) éπ~ù«™x Siva: Hi Vasu, What's new?
ûª’çC.) 5) Bank ™ úø•’s BÆæ’-éÓ-
ÅçüËô’x °æç°æí- ©∫ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. úø•’s §ÒçüË¢- √∞¡x A/c Vasu: There was a theft/burglary in my neigh-
number ™ ´’†ç áéπ\úø ï´’-îÆ -Ë Øœ √, éπ~ù«™x ÅC bour's. When they were out, thieves
Kumar : That's an idea. You apply for the ´ôç = withdraw
ATM cards too. You need not go to He withdrew Rs.
M. SURESAN ¢√∞¡x A/c ™ ¢√∞¡Ÿçx úËîÓô Ç bank branch ™ ï´’ entered the house and took away cash
the bank every time you want to 10,000/- yesterday=
Å´¤û- ª’çC. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ÁçôØË withdraw îËÆæ’é- Ó-´îª’a. (theft = ´÷´‚©’ üÌçí∫ª-ûª†ç. burglary =
withdraw money. E†o ®Ω÷. 10,000 B¨»úø’. Å®·ûË Ñ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç ÅEo bank ™,x ÅEo ¨»ê™x ™‰ü¿’. û√∞«©’ ™«çöÀN °æí∫’-©-íÌöÀd, éπØ√o©’ ¢ËÆœ Éçöx
Term deposit/Fixed deposit: á°æ¤púø’ 鬢√- ñÔ®Ω-•úÕ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËߪ’ôç. Burglar -
(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC Ñ idea. ATM
O’®Ω’ ☛ You credit money into the bank and withdraw
Cards apply
©çõ‰Å°æ¤púø’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, äéπ EKgûª 鬩ç (fixed term)
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’çúÕ. money from the bank. Å™«çöÀ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’)
(´‚úø’ ØÁ©© †’ç* áEo Ææç´-ûªq®√™„jØ√) bank ™ Siva: How much?
Å°æ¤púø’ úø•’s BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x ☛ äéÓ\-≤ƒJwithdraw draw
•ü¿’©’ ÅE-èπ◊ú≈
bank èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
úø•’s ÖçîË-ߪ’ôç – withdraw îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈– DEéÀ Vasu: One lakh
Åçö«ç. bank ÉîËa ´úŒf, SB A/c O’ü¿ ´úŒf éπØ√o áèπ◊\´.
Rama Rao : But we have to use cheques till we I don't draw money on Fridays and Siva: Why didn't he put/deposit it in the bank.
get the cards.
鬩ç °J-T† éÌDl -´-úŒf áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. Vasu: He would have deposited but they had
Tuesdays.
Current Account: ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn-©èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç
(Cards cheques
´îËaç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ (¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç, ´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç úø•’s©’ Bߪ’†’.) to go suddenly somewhere, and could
®ÓVèπ◊ áEo≤ƒ®Ωx-®·† BÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ -Öç-ô’ç-C. not go to bank.
¢√úøü∆ç.) ☛ SB Account = Savings bank A/c = ¢√u§ƒ®Ω
Kumar : Credit some of the money into my
– ´úŒf Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Siva: Is he rich/well to do?
Interest = ´úŒf
ÆæçÆæn©, v°æ¶µº’ûªyç EN’ûªhç -™‰èπ◊ç--ú≈ ´uéÀh-í∫-ûªçí¬
account. Open SB accounts in (well to do = ¶«í¬ úø•’s-†o-¢√úø’)
Payee = úø•’s §ÒçüË-¢√úø’
úø•’s ü∆-èπ◊ØË ë«û√.
your name and mother's name. I'll Bank transactions = Bank ™«¢√-üË-O©’. (úø•’s Vasu: Yea. He bought a DD the other day, for
Debit = ´’†ç withdraw îËÊÆ úø•’s, ´’†ç
sign as the introducer. Let's go. BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ôç/-¢Ë-ߪ’ôç ™«çöÀN) a lakh rupees to make some payment/to
Cheque/DD ü∆y®√ ÉîËa úø• ’s†’, ´’†
(éÌçûª úø•’s Ø√ ë«û√™ ï´’-îÁ®·u. F ☛ úø•’s withdraw/draw îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ EçÊ°-°ævûªç = pay someone. Otherwise he would have
Account ™ ê®Ω’a ®√ߪ’ôç (BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç)
Ê°®Ω, Å´’t Ê°®Ω SB Accounts v§ƒ®Ωç- withdrawal form lost it/that amount too. He always
The Cheque amount has been debited =
Gµü∆lç. ؈’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ☛ úø•’s ï´’-îË-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË °ævûªç = credit chal- deposits money into the banks and
cheque balance
never withdraws.
Ææçûªéπç °úøû√. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.) lan.
O’J-*a† ¢Á·ûªhç O’ ™ BÊÆ-
Rama Rao : What about the Rs. 45000/- broth- ☛ úø•’s withdraw îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ cheque èπÿú≈ ߪ’ôç ïJ-TçC. Siva: What's he going to do?
er Ramu wants for the bike? We'll ¢√úøû√ç. ´’† A/c O’ü¿ ´’†èπ◊ cheque book ´’†-Èé-´-È®jØ√ É*a† cheque †’ ´’†ç credit Vasu: He gave/issued a cheque to some one.
take a D.D. and send it to him. Öçõ‰, pay self ÅE ®√Æœ ´’†ç úø•’s withdraw îËÊÆh í¬F, ÅC uncrossed cheque Å®·, He wanted to credit this amount into
(Bike é̆’-éÓ\-´-ö«-EéÀ ûª´·túø’ ®√´·- îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. ≤Ò´·t BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ Ç bank ™ É´yôç pre- bank, so that even if he presented the
45000/-
Å-úø’í∫’-ûª’-†o ®Ω÷. ´÷õ‰-N’öÀ. ☛ äéπ®Ω’ ÉçéÓ-éπ-JéÀ É¢√y-Lq† úø•’s†’ cheque ®√Æœ senting the cehque. cheque there would be enough balance,
D.D.
Ç ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ BÆœ °æç°œü∆lç.) ¢√∞¡x-éÀÊÆh, ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç cheque †’ ¢√∞¡x A/c èπ◊ cred- äéπJ Account ™ Ö†o Balance éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ and the cheque would not be
Kumar : D.D. means delay. We have to it -îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. cheque Ç bank O’ü¿ é¬éπ-§ÚûË ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ cheque ®√ÆœÊÆh, Ç cheque returned/dishonoured/bounce. Now
send it by post and even then he cheque úø•’s credit Å´-ö«-EéÀ Ç©Ææuç Å´¤- †’ bank ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûªT-†çûª balance ™‰ü¿E, return there isn't enough balance. So he is
can't have it immediately. Our ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢ËÍ® bank O’C cheques †’ -îËÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ Cheque bounce Å-´¤-ûª’ç-C. worried that the bank might
bank has online transfer facility. Cheque bounce Å®·ûË ÅC cheque ®√Æœ-*a† dishonour/return the cheque.
´uéÀh-í∫ûª ™«¢√-üË-O-©èπ◊ í¬F, °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰E ¢√∞¡x
Let us send it that way. ¢√∞¡x-ØË®Ωç. Å™« ®√Æœ*a† ¢√∞¡x O’ü¿ case Siva: Can't you help him? you draw from your
ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* BÆæ’-éÓ®Ω’. ®Ìéπ\ç É´y-´’ç-ö«®Ω’.
(DD post deposits and give him the money.
☛ ATM= Automatic Teller Machine = Bankèπ◊
Åçõ‰ Ç©-Ææu¢Ë’. ´’†ç ™ °öÔda. Péπ~ áèπ◊\¢Ë.
°æ秃L. Å°æp-öÀéà ¢ÁçôØË ¢√úø’ BÆæ’-éÓ- ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, Bank business Bounce Å®·† cheque †’, dishonour Vasu: Me? (Do) you think I am Kubera. The lit-
™‰úø’. ´’† bank ™ online transfer hours ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, Bank Card ü∆y®√, Å®·çC Åçö«®Ω’. tle money I have is in term deposits you
≤˘éπ®Ωuç ÖçC. ´’†ç online -™ úø•’s §ÒçüË Ææü¿’-§ƒßª’ç. Ñ Cards È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’. ÉO ´’†ç ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ bank transactions -™ give him; I'll stand guarantee.
°æç°œü∆lç. facility = ≤˘éπ®Ωuç) 1) Debit Card: ´’† Account ™ Ö†o balance ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. Siva: I just joked. Don't worry.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 13 - -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Praveen: Congrats on your high score. Keep Now look at the following sentences from the
it up. conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ≤ƒCµç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ 1) I could have scored still higher marks.
éπçví¬ö¸q. 2) I couldn't (could not) have scored so high
Naveen: Thank you. But I left out two ques- 3) Many couldn't have passed
tions. If had answered them, I could 4) The college wouldn't have become so
have scored still higher. famous
È®çúø’ questions ´C-™‰-¨»†’. ¢√öÀE 5) He would have put you in some other college
answer îËÆæ’çõ‰, ØËEçé¬ áèπ◊\´ 6) You would have faced problems
´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-LÍí¢√úÕE. 7) I should have been at college by 10
Praveen: Don't worry. Your marks are high Look at the underline verbs in the sen-
2) I couldn't have scored so high If he had been there, he could have got a
enough. Better luck next time. tences above:
Åçûª áèπ◊\´ marks ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√-úÕE (é¬F share. (If clause verb - had been; Main
Worry 1) Could have scored 2) couldn't have
Å´èπ◊. F ´÷®Ω’\©’ É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\- clause verb could have got)=
´-í¬ØË ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. ´îËa-≤ƒJ F Åü¿%≠ædç scored, 3) couldn't have passed 4) wouldn't ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-í¬-†’/ -ûÁ-a-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.)
have become 5) would have put 6) would 3) Many couldn't have passed ¢√úø-éπ\úø Ö†o-ôx-®·ûË, ¢√úÓ ¶µ«í∫ç §Òçü¿-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË.
¶«í∫’ç-ú≈L ÅE Ø√éÓ-Jéπ. (™‰úø’, §Òçü¿-™‰-ü¿’)
Naveen: Thank you. But for your help I could- have faced 7) should have been. î√-™«-´’çC pass 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√Í® (é¬E Å-ߪ÷u®Ω’) a) †’¢Ìyéπ\ EN’≠æç ´·çü¿’ ´îª’açõ‰, Fèπ◊ ®Ω÷.
n't (could not) have scored so high. We know the uses of verbs No. 4, 5, 6 and 7. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Now let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, and 3. But for my help, he couldn't have got the
1000 é¬ü¿’, ®Ω÷. 10000 É´y-í∫-LÍí¢√úÕØË =
Thank you for all your help. If you had come a minute earlier, I could
We see that the verb form is could have + job.
ü∑∆uçé˙q.. F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ؈çûª have given you not just Rs 1000, but even
past participle. Ø√ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’¢Ë’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Åûªú≈ ÖüÓuí∫ç §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-
áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁaéÓí∫LÍí¢√úÕE Rs 10000.
Could have been / could have + PP are two §Ú-ßË’-¢√úË. (Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ´©x §Òçü¿-í∫-L-í¬úø’). (†’¢Ìyéπ\ EN’≠æç Ç©Ææuç Åߪ÷u´¤,
鬆’.
Score = marks. Score high = áèπ◊\´ marks more imaginary past forms. But for the timely rains, we couldn't have
ØËØËO’ É´y-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.)
b) British §ƒ©† ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ î√™« ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ -
ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç. High score = áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ had such a harvest=
îÁçü¿-í∫-L-ÍíüË–
Praveen: You are welcome. It is your hard Ææ鬩ç-™ ´®√{©’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†-N’çûª ´’ç* India could have progressed a lot if the
work more than my help that got you °æçô©’ §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞¡xç British had not ruled it.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 141
these marks. (Ææ鬩 ´®√{© -´-©x – °æçô ¶«í¬ §Òçü¿-í∫-Lí¬ç) c) ††oߪ’ îªE-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û√Eo °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-
Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’çéπØ√o F éπ%Ê≠ FéπEo (Harvest = £æ…¢ÁÆˇd = °æçô éÓûª/- °æçô)
í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË=
´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁ*a-°-öÀdçC.
Naveen: The college is a good college too.
The teaching is good. Had it not
been for the teachers, many could
not have passed.
College èπÿú≈ ´’ç*üË.
Teachers
¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
Teaching
Ééπ\úø íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡Ÿx
She could have been the PM
pass
é¬éπ-§ÚûË î√™«-´’çC -Å-ßË’u¢√∞¡Ÿx If Nannaya had not died he could have com-
If I had answered two
é¬ü¿’. could have been = Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-C/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí¢√úË pleted the Mahabharatam.
more questions, I could
Praveen: True. The college can be proud of (é¬E ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’) have got 100%= d) ¢√∞¡Ÿx car ™ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çõ‰ ü¿®Ωz†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√∞¡Ÿx
its Lecturers. The college wouldn't a) She could have been the Prime Minister=
ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ ï¢√- 鬮Ω’=
have become so famous without ÇNúø v°æüµ∆-†-´’çvAí¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíüË (é¬E ™‰ü¿’) •’©’ ®√Ææ’çõ‰ †÷öÀéÀ If they had not taken the car, they could not
them. [could Åçõ‰ past ability E ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆–
†÷®Ω’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË. have had the darsanam. (Could not have +
college Lecturers Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ Öçúø-í∫-©í∫ôç/ îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫-ö«Eo (Two questions ´C-™‰-
Eï¢Ë’. Ñ éÀ í∫®Ωy- pp of have - had)
College
é¬-®Ωùç. ¢√∞¡x-´©x é¬éπ-§ÚûË, èπ◊- ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC– í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆] ¨»†’– 100 èπ◊ 100 ûÁa-éÓ- M. SURESAN
b) Mrs Sonia Gandhi could have been the PM e) ´çô éπ~ùç™ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíü∆ØËo gas î√L-†çûª
Åçûªfame ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC)
if she had wanted =
™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.) Öçõ‰=
Naveen: If I had not advised your father, he
PM
Ç¢Á’ ņ’-èπ◊-†o-ôd-®·ûË, í¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíüË. °j sentence ™ If clause verb had answered I could have completed cooking in a jiffy, if
would have put you in some other
PM
(ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’, í¬ ™‰ü¿’) -had + PP there had been enough gas
college and you would have faced
c) I could have been there even at 10- Would have been/ would have + PP, main in a jiffy = éπ~ùç™
problems.
if the
Åéπ\úø ؈’ °æCç-öÀÍé Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË, clause verb Å®·ûË if clause verb, had been/ ÉD could have been/ could have + pp, mean-
؈’ O’ Ø√†o-èπ◊ Ææ©£æ… Éaç-úø-éπ-§ÚûË O’ train hadn't been late.
Ø√†o- EEoçéÓ College ™ îËÍ®a-¢√®Ω’. had + PP Öçú≈-©E Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç, ing and use
train Train
Ç©Ææuç Å´-èπ◊çú≈Öçõ‰. ( ´©x – ™‰†’) í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. Could have been/ could have a) would have been, would have + pp
Å°æ¤púø’ -†’-´¤-y éπ≥ƒd-™„-ü¿’-®Ó\-¢√-™Ôq-îËaC. d) How could she have been here?=
Praveen: O.K. I must be leaving. I should + PP, main clause very Å®·ûË èπÿú≈ ü∆EéÀ b) should have been, should have + pp
Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ᙫ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC? (Åçõ‰ ™‰ü¿E éπü∆)
have been at college by 10 for the Krishna: She should have been here at 10. combination, If clause verb - had been/ had c) could have been, could have + pp
certificates. I am late. Bye. (Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈-LqçC) (é¬F ™‰ü¿’) + PP ØË. °j verbs ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ¢√úøôç î√™« ´·êuç.
College
ØË-†’ ¢Á-∞«xL. ™ certificates Vishnu: How could she have been here when
10
BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ í∫çô-©èπ◊ Öçú≈-LqçC. she had a class. IMAGINARY PAST FORMS
Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. ´≤ƒh. class
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Öçõ‰, ᙫ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC?) IF CLAUSE
Naveen: Bye. VERB FORMS MAIN CLAUSE
(Åçü¿’-éπE ™‰ü¿’) (verb-forms)
µ In the last few lessons we studied the uses e) If I had not given her a lift, she couldn't have
been here on time =
of Would have been, Would have + Past
ÖçúË-üË/ -Öç-úË-¢√∞Ïx é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰®Ω’.
lift time been not ûÓ ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’/ -Öç-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’
Participle, should have been, should have ؈’ É´y-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø èπ◊ Öçúø-
Had been
+ pp. lift
í∫-L-ÍíC é¬ü¿’– Éî√a†’, Ç¢Á’ Öçúø-í∫-L-TçC, ÖçC) é¬F ÖçC/ -Ö-Ø√o®Ω’
Would have Had + pp
a) would have been = ÖçúË ¢√úË/ ÖçúËüË (™‰ü¿’) f)≤ÚEߪ÷ PM í¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ -Åç-Uéπ-Jç-ç-õ‰, äéπ °æE ïJ-Íí-C/- ä-éπ®Ω’ -äéπ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√®Ω’
Manmohan Singh, PM í¬ Öçúø-í∫-LÍí¢√úø’é¬ü¿’. Past
would have + pp = ïJ-ÍíüË é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰-ü¿’/- îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
If Sonia Gandhi had agreed to be the PM, participle
wouldn't (would not) have been = ÖçúËC Not ûÓ äéπ °æE ïJ-ÍíCé¬ü¿’/ -ä-éπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE
Manmohan Singh couldn't have been the PM.
é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC)/ ÖçúË¢√úø’é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖØ√oúø’) °j´Fo could have been/ couldn't have been
îËÊÆ¢√®Ω’é¬ü¿’ é¬E ïJ-Tç-C/- îË-¨»®Ω’.
Wouldn't have + pp = (ã °æE) ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’ been
sentences.
¢√úÕ† Öçú≈-LqçC é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰úø’
(é¬F ïJ-TçC) conversation could have Not ûÓ Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ÖçúÕçC/ Ö-Ø√o®Ω’
Should have
b) should have been = Öçú≈-LqçC (NCµí¬)/
É°æ¤púø’ ™E ûÓ Ö†o
Éûª®Ω verbs îª÷ü∆lç. Past äéπ °æE ï®Ω-í¬-Lqç-C/ äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE îËߪ÷-LqçC -
Öçú≈-Lq† ¢√úø’ (NCµí¬) é¬E ™‰ü¿’/-™‰úø’ (NCµí¬) participle é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰-ü¿’/ -îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’
1) I could have scored still higher marks=
shouldn't (should not) have been = Not ûÓ ï®Ω-í∫-èπÿ-úø-E-C/ -îË-ߪ’-èπÿ-úø-EC
Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC) / Öçú≈-Lq-†-¢√úø’ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË (ûÁa-
éÓ-™‰éπ§Úߪ÷) ïJ-Tç-C/- îË-¨»®Ω’.
é¬ü¿’- (é¬E ÖØ√oúø’) been
should have done = Åçõ‰ could have + past participle Å®Ωnç, äéπ Öçúø-í∫-LÍíüË/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úË é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰úø’
not ûÓ Öçúø-í∫-LÍíC é¬ü¿’/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí¢√úø’é¬ü¿’,
îËߪ÷-LqçC (NCµí¬) é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. °æE á´-È®jØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√∞Ïx, Å®·ûË îËߪ’-™‰-éπ- Had been
Could have é¬E Öçúø-í∫-L-Tç-C/ -Öç-úø-í∫-Lí¬®Ω’
should n't (should not have done) §Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ ÅE. Had + pp
(Ability) Past
îË-ߪ÷-Lqç-C é¬-ü¿’ -é¬-F îË-¨»®Ω’. Å™«Íí couldn't (could not) have + past Å´-í∫-LÍíüË/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√∞Ïx, é¬EÅ´-™‰-ü¿’/-îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’
participle Not ûÓ Å´-í∫-LÍíCé¬ü¿’/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√∞¡Ÿxé¬ü¿’/
ÉD Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ ´’†ç imaginary past forms †’ participle Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç– (á´-È®jØ√) äéπ °æE-îËߪ’™‰éπ-
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. §Ú-ßË’-¢√Í® é¬E îËߪ’-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’ ÅE. -é¬F Å®·ç-C/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-Lí¬®Ω’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 15 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Pramod: Prakash didn't attend our party yes- Prabhat: Wait for an hour. The bank might not
terday. What might have been the have been open by now. It is only 9.
reason? (í∫çö«í∫’. Bank É°æ¤púË ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.
(v°æ鬨¸ E†o ´’† §ƒKdéÀ ®√™‰ü¿’. 鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’¢Á’i Time É°æ¤púø’ ûÌN’tüË.)
ÖçúÌa?) Pramod: O.K.
Prabhat: He might have been out of town or We have seen so far the three imaginary
he might have forgotten. When did past forms:
you last tell him of the party? 1) would have been/ would have + past par-
(Åûªúø’ Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§Ú®· ÖçúÌa. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ticiple (PP),
§ƒKd N≠æߪ’ç ´’J-*-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. Åûª-úÕéÀ 2) should have been/ should have + pp, and
d) If it had not been money, what might have
†’´¤y §ƒKd N≠æߪ’ç *´-Jí¬ á°æ¤púø’ 3) could have been / could have + pp. Might have been = Öçúø’ç-úÌ-a/- Öç-úË-üË¢Á÷–
stopped him from coming
îÁ§ƒp´¤?) Would have been = ÖçúËüË / ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬F ÆæçüË£æ«ç. Öçúø†÷´îª’a/ -™‰-éπ-§Ú†÷´îª’a – ÆæçüË£æ«ç.
Pramod: I think last saturday ™‰ü¿’/ -™‰úø’. Might have + pp = (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç) ï-JT ÖçúÌ-a/-
úø•’s-´©x é¬éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, üË-E-´©x ®√éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ö«-
úø-ûª†’?
(§Ú®·† ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊çö«) Would have + pp = ïJ-ÍíüË / îËÊÆ-¢√úË é¬F ï-®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa– ÆæçüË£æ«ç. ÉD, might have been, might have + PP
Prabhat: That's it. He is very busy. You should ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’/ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Ñ ûËú≈©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.
have reminded him of it after that.
N´-®√©’.
Should have been = Öçú≈-LqçC é¬F ™‰ü¿’ 1) He would have gone
So, he might have forgotten. Now Practise the following, using all
Should have + pp = îËߪ÷-LqçC (îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úË (é¬F ¢Á∞¡x™‰ü¿’)
(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Ç ûª®√yûª †’´y-ûª-úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h the four imaginary past forms you
Could have been = Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC/ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ 2) He should have gone
îËߪ÷-LqçC. Åçü¿’-éπE Åûªúø’ ´’Ja-§Ú®· have learnt so far.
Öçö«úø’.) (™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC/ ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-LqçD (é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’)
Could have + pp = îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË/ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ- Rahul: †’´¤y E†o £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxçõ‰, ¨Ïê-®˝†’
3) He could have gone =
§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË (é¬E ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕN.
°j -¢√-öÀéÀ not îËJÊÆh, ü∆EéÀ opposite Å®Ωnç Kousik: Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. E†o Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRxØ√
4) He might have gone = ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa – Åçõ‰
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 142 ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-E í∫ûª ´‚úø’, Ø√©’í∫’ lessons ™
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
Åçûª éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ô癉ü¿’ – ¢Á∞«xú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE. Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa.
Rahul: áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´™«?
Kousik: Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ ØË Öçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛

He might have gone

îËÊÆ¢√úË. Ø√Íéç §∂ÚØ˛®√™‰-ü¿-ûª-úÕ†’ç*.
Rahul: †’´¤y §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’ç-ú≈-Lqç-ü¿ûªúÕéÀ.
Kousik: Åûª-†-éπ\úø éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÖØ√o-úøE ûÁLÊÆh îËÊÆ-
¢√úÕo. Åûª†’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ ¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l-§Ú-
ߪ÷éπ îË®Ω’ç-úÌ-îªaE Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç.
Pramod: I myself have been very busy this Rahul: äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’çõ‰ àç §ÚßË’C Fèπ◊?
In this lesson we îª÷úøçúÕ, °j sentences from No 1 to No 11
week. Otherwise I might have ¢√úø’-Ø√oú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓí∫L-Íí-¢√-úÕN.
are going to study ÅFo èπÿú≈ ÆæçüË-£æ…ØËo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆, 1)
reminded him. Kousik: ††o-ûªúø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË Æ洒ߪ’ç èπÿú≈
the fourth imaginary Öçúø’ç-úÌa, 2) ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa, 3) ´’Ja-§Ú-
(؈’ èπÿú≈ Ñ ¢√®Ω-´’çû√ busy í¬ ÖØ√o. Öçúø’ç-úø-üË-¢Á÷?
past form: ߪ·ç-úÌa, 4) í∫’®Ω’hîËÆæ’ç-úÌa, 5) ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa, 6)
™‰èπ◊çõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hîËÊÆ-¢√-úÕE.) Miss Å´-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa, 7) Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª¢Á’i Rahul: ´’Sx á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-îªaØË N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√
Prabhat: He was talking to me of going to Might have been; ûÁL-Ææ’çúËC éπü∆?
ÖçúÌa, 8) Åߪ·uç-úÌa, 9) áèπ◊\´ ê®Ωa®·
Mumbai. So my other doubt is he Might have + past Kousik: ÅC Eï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ´÷ cousin
might have left for Mumbai. participle (PP)
M. SURESAN ÖçúÌa, 10) Åçîª-Ø√-©†’ N’çç-úÌa,
11) ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa. §∂ÚØ˛îËÆœ éπ†’-èπ◊\çö«.
(Ø√ûÓ àüÓ ´·ç-¶«®· ¢Á∞¡xôç í∫’Jç* Would have been, have + pp - Rahul: Åü¿çû√ áçü¿’èπ◊? †’¢Ëy sekhar èπ◊

}
Oô-Eoç-öÀéÀ 鬕öÀd í∫ûªç™ Ö†o/ ïJ-T† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ (ÖçúÕ
´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’. 鬕öÀd Ø√éÓ ÆæçüË£æ«ç Should ÅN Ææ ÷ *çîË states of being èπÿ, ÖçúÌ-îËa¢Á÷/ ïJ-Tç-üË¢Á÷ ™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ) ÆæçüË-£æ…- phone îÁ®·u.
´·ç-¶«®· ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌ-îªaE.) Could actions
èπ ÿ ´uA- Í ® - é ¬®Ω n ç ´Ææ ’ h ç C. Ææp-ü¿¢Á’i í∫ûªç™ ÖçüÓ, ™‰üÓ, ïJ-TçüÓ, ï®Ωí∫-™‰üÓ Kousik: Ok.
Pramod: I now feel that we might not have é¬F might have been, might have + pp èπ◊ Ææp-≠d-çæ í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË verb forms - might ANSWER
missed him if we had reminded him Å™« ®√ü¿’. ÉC ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. °j Ææ綵«- have been, might have + past participle.
of it. ≠æ-ù™ might have been, might have + pp 1) E†o £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ î√™« áçúøí¬ ÖçC, Nï-ߪ’- Rahul: If you had gone to Hyderabad yester-
(´’†ç äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢√úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’çõ‰ ´’†ç verbs Ö†o sentences äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç. ¢√-úø™  èπÿú≈ î√™« áçúøí¬ Öç-úø’ç-úÌa day, you could have met Sekhar.
¢√úÕE miss ÅßË’u-¢√∞¡xç 鬢˒¢Á÷ ÅE É°æ¤púø’ 1) What might have been the reason? (ÖçüË¢Á÷) Kousik: I doubt. Even if I had gone there I
Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.) (鬮Ωùç à¢Á’i Öç-úø’çúÌa?) It was very hot in Hyderabad; so might it might not have met him.
Prabhat: Any way, past is past. What do peo- have been in Vijayawada (Vijayawada too
2) He might have been out of town (Even = Å®·Ø√)
ple say about the party? might have been hot)
(Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa). Rahul: Why do you think so?
(Å®·-§Ú-®·ç-üËüÓ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’† party 2) Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÆæ’ç-úÌa (Åûª-úÕE †’´y-úÕT
í∫’Jç* Åçü¿®Ω÷ à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?) 3) So he might have forgotten Öçõ‰)=He might have helped you (if you had Kousik: If he had been in Hyderabad, he

Pramod: They are all happy. A good number Åûªúø’ ´’Ja-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. asked him) (îËÊÆ¢√úË¢Á÷). would have called me. I didn't have
still feel that the party might have 4) I might have reminded him = 3) She might have become the PM any call from him.
been a greater success if Prasad ؈’ Åûª-úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’ç-úÌa. Ç¢Á’ PM Åߪ·uç-úÌ-îËa¢Á÷. Rahul: You should have phoned.
had been there to entertain us with 5) He might have left for Mumbai = 4) They might not have seen him Kousik: If I had known definitely that he was
his jokes. ¢√∞¡xûª-úÕE îª÷Ææ’ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. there, I would have phoned him. But
Åûªúø’ ´·ç-¶«®· ¢ÁRx ÖçúÌa.
(Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. Å®·ûË ûª† jokes Imp: Might have been, Might have + pp, main my opinion is that he might have
6) We might not have missed him =
ûÓ ´’†èπ◊ NØÓü¿ç éπL-Tç-îª-ö«-EéÀ Prasad clause verbs 'if clause' combi-
Å®·ûË, DE reached Hyderabad late in the night.
èπÿú≈ Öçúø’çõ‰ party Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª¢Á’i Åûª-úÕE ´’†ç miss Åߪ·uçúË ¢√∞¡xç 鬢˒¢Á÷. nation verbs - had been, had + pp.
Rahul: What might you have lost, If you had
ÖçúË-üË¢Á÷ -Å-E -î√-™«-´’ç-C -¶µ«-NÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.) 7) ... the party might have been a greater suc- a) If you had taken his book, he might have
phoned? You could have known if he
Prabhat: What about the expenses? cess = been very angry
was there or not.
(ê®Ω’a© Ææçí∫-ûË-N’öÀ?) Party -Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç Å®· ÖçúË-üË-¢Á÷/- †’¢Ëy ÅûªúÕ °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ Åûªúø’ î√™«
Kousik: He might not have had the time to
Pramod: We have yet to get the bill. It might Å-ߪ·uç-úÌa. éÓ°æp-úø’ç-úÌa.
b) He might have made her very happy if she meet me.
have come to around Rs. 10,000/-. 8) It might have come to around Rs 10000/-
We have paid an advance of Rs. had married him Rahul: At least you would have known/ found
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ®Ω÷. 10000 Åߪ·uçúÌa.
5000/-. It might have cost us more if Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕE °∞«x-úø’çõ‰, Åûªúø’ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ- out when you might meet him again.
9) It might have cost us more =
it had been any other hotel. °-ô’dç-úÌa. (°õ‰d-¢√-úË-ØË¢Á÷). Kousik: That's true. But my cousin might have
Prabhat: True. It might have gone beyond our
´’†-éÀçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a Åߪ·uç-úÌa. c) If the mob had not become violent the police gone. I'll ring up and find out.
estimation. 10) It might have gone beyond our estimation might not have opened fire = Rahul: Why all that? you call sekhar
(Eï¢Ë’ ´’† Åçîª-Ø√-©èπ◊ N’ç*-§Ú-ߪ·ç- ´’† Åçîª-Ø√-©†’ N’ç*-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. ï†ç üˆ®Ω†b uç îËߪ’éπ§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, police 鬩’p©’ Kousik: Ok.
úÌa.) 11) The Bank might not have opened by now = ïJ°œ Öçúøéπ-§Ú-´îª’a. (ÆæçüË£æ«ç – üˆ®Ωb†uç é¬éπ-
Pramod: Let's settle the bill at once. Bank ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. §Ú-®·Ø√ 鬩’p©’ ïJT ÖçúÌa.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 17 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Mrinal: Hi Kripal, how did you do in the exam 2) Would have got (would have + PP)
yesterday? 3) Could have done (could have + PP)
(E†o exam ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?) 4) Should have thought (should have + PP)
Kripal: Well, Of course, but I could have 5) Could have prepared (could have + pp)
done better. 1) I could have done better.
(¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’. é¬F Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-L- ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË, é¬E ®√ߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
Íí-¢√-úÕØË.) could ÅØËC áèπ◊\-´í¬ past ability (í∫ûªç™
Mrinal: Why? What was wrong? ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç)†’ -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’ç-C. Å™«Íí,
-(à¢Á’içC?) 2) Could have prepared better.
Kripal: The noise from a workshop nearby the Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ prepare ÅßË’u-¢√úÕØË, pp ¢√úÕûË Å®Ωnç Öçúøü¿’. Kavya: á´-®Ω-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-®ΩC ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E?
exam centre disturbed me a lot. I 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷.Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ prepare Å´-í∫LT b) without my recommendation, he couldn't Lasya: Å´¤ØËx. ÅC áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøç-C -éπü∆.
couldn't concentrate. (≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ÖçúÕ) èπÿú≈ prepare 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. have got the job. Kavya: Éçé¬ éÌç-îÁç áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈ûÓ Èí©’açõ‰ ´÷
(exam centre ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o workshop íÌúø´ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Could have been/could (Ø√ recommendation ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Åûª-úø’ Job §Òçü¿-í∫-L- coach ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îËüË.
††’o ¶«í¬ disturb îËÆœçC. concentrate have + PP ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, Öçúø-í∫LÍí ™‰ü∆ îËߪ’- Íí-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. (§Òçü¿-í∫-L-T† ability Ø√ ´©x). Lasya: Åçü¿-®Ω÷†÷. †’¢Áy-°æ¤púÓ Car †’ prize í¬
îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.) í∫LÍí ≤ƒ´’®√n uEéÀ (ability) v§ƒüµ∆†uç Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø wouldn't have got èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. §Òçü¿-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆-EN.
Mrinal: Sorry to hear that. Sorry that you ÅüË I would have got a better centre Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç éÌClí¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. §ÒçüË-¢√úø’ Kavya: ÆæÍ®. better luck next time
couldn't get a better centre. ņo-°æ¤púø’... Åçõ‰ would have + pp ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿’, §Òçü∆úø’ ÅE. Ééπ\úø ïJ-T† Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊
(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* centre- †’ †’´¤y §Òçü¿- Answer:
v§ƒüµ∆†uç.
Lasya: Hi kavya, you are again in the news,
™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Nî√-J-Ææ’hØ√o) O’®Ω’ regular í¬ English ´÷ö«x-úøôç, ®√ߪ’ôç
Kripal: If I had chosen some other town, I congrats.
îËÆæ÷h Öçõ‰ O’Íé Å®Ωn¢Á’i§Ú-ûª’çC. à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 143
would have got a better centre. I could could have been / could have + PP, should Kavya: I don't think much of it/I don't think it's
have done certainly much better. have been/should have+PP ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©’- a great achievement. If I had
(ÉçÍé ÜÈ®jØ√ ؈’ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’èπ◊E Öçõ‰ won/defeated my rival with a greater
Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* centre ´îËaüË. Å°æ¤púø’
؈’ Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’í∫LÍí ¢√úÕE)
Mrinal: You should have thought of it before
indicating the centre.
(°æKé~¬ Íéçvü∆Eo áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’, Ñ
He would have escaped...
N≠æߪ’ç Ç™-*ç-î√-LqçC)
margin (If I had had greater lead over
(indicate= ÉçúÕ-Èé-ß˝’ö¸ – 'É— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’- Ææ’hçC. §Ú†’-§Ú†÷,
èπ◊û√ç = Ææ÷*ç-îªôç) ≤ƒ´’-®√n u-E (ability)éÀ v§ƒ´·êuç Öçúøü¿’. äéπ correct í¬ ¢√úøôç, my rival) I would have been happier.
N≠æߪ’ç ïJ-Tçü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅØË-ü∆EÍé Ééπ\úø v§ƒüµ∆†uç. (Rival = v°æûªuJn)
Kripal: That's true. I chose the place Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË
1 a) He would have become the PM. Lasya: If You had played more carefully you
because my uncle advised it. Å©¢√õ„j §Úûª’çC.
(ÅC Eï¢Ë’. ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u Ææ©£æ… ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úø verb, would have + pp 鬕öÀd O™„j†Eo sen- could have won by a greater
Å®Ωnç - PM ÅßË’u-¢√úË é¬E é¬-™‰ü¿’. tences practice margin/lead.
Ñ Íéçvü∆Eo áç°œéπ -îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o.)
Mrinal: What about your cousin? She took the (ability v°æÆæéÀh ™‰C-éπ\úø) îËߪ’çúÕ. Ææ´’Ææu M. SURESAN Kavya: If I hadn't had a pulled muscle in my

exam too, didn't she? b) The train would have run over the boy. Öçúøü¿’. leg, I could have played well. Oh my! It
(Ç èπ◊v®√úÕ O’ü¿’í¬ train ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’üË, é¬F ¢Á∞¡x- practise the following pained me a lot. That affected my
(O’ cousin
´÷õ‰-N’öÀ? ûª†’ èπÿú≈ Ñ
™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø Could have+ pp †’ -¢√-úÕ-ûË, ÆæÈ®j† Lasya: Hi Kavya, ´’Sx ¢√®Ωh™ xéÀ ´î√a´¤. game.
exam ®√ÆœçC éπü∆?)
meaning ®√ü¿’. áçü¿’éπçõ‰ ability v°æÆæéÀh Ééπ\úø Congrats. (affect = v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æúøç pulled muscle
Kripal: She is very good at the subject. She
Kavya: ÅüË-´’çûª íÌ°æpE ؈-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ =
did very well and is sure of selection. If ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. éπçúø-®√©’ °æô’d-éÓ-´-ôç/-G-í∫’-Ææ’-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç)
I had taken help, I could have pre- 2 a) He would have escaped. v°æûªu-Jn-°j† ÉçéÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈ûÓ ÈíL- Lasya: If you had told the coach of it earlier,
pared much better. ûª°œpç--èπ◊ØË ¢√úË (Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç– ûª°œpç- çõ‰ Éçé¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-ü∆Eo. she would have helped you.
Lasya: †’´¤y Éçé¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÇúÕ Öçõ‰, áèπ◊\´ Kavya: Who expected it?
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ subject ¶«í¬ ´îª’a. î√™« ¶«í¬ -éÓ-™‰ü¿’– °æô’d-•-ú≈fúø’)
®√ÆœçC, éπ*a-ûªçí¬ select Å´¤ûª’çC. ؈’ b) He could have escaped - ûËú≈ûÓ Èí©-´-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆-E¢Ë. *´-J EN’-≥ƒ™x Lasya: True, It is unexpected.
Ç¢Á’ ≤ƒßª’ç BÆæ’èπ◊E Öçõ‰ Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ ûª°œpç-éÓí∫-L-Íí-¢√úË, ûª°œpç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’, °æô’d- Éçé¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÇúÕ Öçú≈-LqçC. Kavya: If I had won by a wider margin, my
prepare ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕØË.) •-ú≈fúø’– ability ÖçúÕ èπÿú≈ *éÀ\-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Kavya: Ø√ é¬L-éπç-úø®Ωç °æô’dèπ◊E Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË, ÆæJí¬_ coach would have been happy.
✓ would have been/would have + PPèπ◊,
Mrinal: OK. All the best then. Don't worry.
Çúø-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆ØËo. é¬F äéπõ‰ ØÌ°œp. Åçü¿’-´©x Lasya: Every one, of course you could have
You'll get the Job could have been/could have + PP èπ◊
Çô üÁ•s-AçC. then won a car too as a prize.
Lasya: †’´¤y ´·çüË îÁ°œp-Öçõ‰ Coach Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç
(Fèπ◊ Job ´Ææ’hçC. Worry Å´èπ◊). °∂æLûªç äéπ\õ‰. ÅC ņ’-èπ◊-†oC -ï®Ωí∫éπ-§Ú-´- Kavya: O.K.Hope for better luck next time
Kripal: OK. Hope so. Thank you. ôç. notûÓ Å®·ûË Å†’-éÓ-EC ï®Ω-í∫ôç. îËÊÆ-üË-éπü∆.
(Å™«Íí ÇPü∆lç. Thanks) ✓ would have been/would have + pp ¢√úÕ-†-
Would have been/would have + past partici- °æ¤púø’ ability v°æÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’. Could have v°æ¨¡o: Åûªúø’ E†o ®√™‰ü¿’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ He did not
ii) was (‘be’ form)+ ‘come’ (Past Participle of
ple (PP) èπ◊, could have been / could have + been/could have + PP ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ abili- ‘come’)
Åçõ‰ Ñ verb, beform + Past participle
come here yesterday
PP èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈†’ N´-Jç-îª-´’E î√™« ´’çC tyèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. í¬ - B Ææ ’ èπ ◊ ç-õ‰, verb form correct. DE ¢√úøéπç î√©
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ!
Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí Åûªúø’ E†o
Å®Ω ’ ü¿ ’ . Åçü¿ ’ ™was/were past forms
™«çöÀ ™
§ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ éÓ®Ω-úøçûÓ ´’Sx ÉÆæ’hØ√oç. ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’- ´*a Öçúø-™‰ü¿’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ He
Eç-îªçúÕ. ✓ He couldn't have done it without my help. was not come here yester-
î√™« Å®Ω ’ ü¿ ’ . áçü¿ ’ - é π ç õ‰ Ææ ç ü¿ - ® √s¥ E o •öÀ d í¬E ü∆EéÀ
Look the following sentences from the (Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË -Å-ûª-úø’ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ day ÅØÌî√a?
ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. Ééπ OöÀéÀ not îËJa was not
conversation above. é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ´©x) – áÆˇ.ü∆†-éÀ-¨®˝,©éÀ~t-°æ¤®Ωç come/were not come ÅØËC ´’K Å®Ω’ü¿’. Å®Ωnç
1) I could have done better He was not come yester-
ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿’. É™«çöÀ îÓôx, had come ¢√úøôç bet-
✓ He was able to do it. ter, clarity èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Öçô’çC. Had come
2) I would have got a better centre day - Ñ sentence ™ verb:
Ééπ\úø wouldn't have done it Åçõ‰...Ø√ ¢√úøôç correct èπÿú≈†’.
3) I could have done certainly much better Was come - ÉC Ñ éÀçC
È®çúø’ ®Ω鬙x àüÓ äéπ-öÀí¬ I went there at 3 yesterday. He had not come
Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’ Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç
4) You should have thought of it ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. by then. ؈éπ\-úÕéÀ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀ-éÀ-ûª-†’-®√-
5) I could have prepared much better. a) Without the boss's orders he wouldn't have
Öçú≈L.
i) was (‘be’ form) + ‘come’ (1st Regular Doing
™‰ ü¿’ (´*a Öçúø-™‰ü¿’) was come/were come;
Look at the verbs in the sentences above: done it . am/is/are come ™«çöÀ verbs -¢√-úøèπ◊ç-ú≈ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’
word). - ÉC ûª°æ¤p – É™«çöÀ verb form English ™
1) Could have done .. Could have + past par- (Boss orders ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√úøC îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. ™‰ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ‘be’ form °æéπ\†, 1st Regular ´’ç*C. Å®Ωnç clear í¬ Öçúøü¿’ 鬕öÀd.
ticiple ( PP) Ééπ\úø ability v°æÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’.) 鬕öÀd could have+ Doing word á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 19 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Vipula: Hi Charitha, have you seen Archana 4) She must have been very angry with me
anywhere? (Ø√O’ü¿ î√™« éÓ°æç ÖçúË Öçô’çC)
(îªJû√, †’´¤y Å®Ωa-†-ØË-´’Ø√o îª÷¨»¢√?) 5) She must have told you of it
Charitha: Yes, she was here till 20 minutes (FûÓ îÁÊ°p Öçô’çC)
ago. She was getting ready to go You must have seen that the verbs in the
home. She must have gone. sentences above are:
(Ç. É®Ω¢Áj EN’-≥ƒ-©-éÀç-ü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úË 1) Must have gone (Must have + past participle
ÖçC. ÉçöÀÈé∞Ï}ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-¢Á’içC. É°æp-öÀéÀ (pp) of go.)
¢ÁR}-§ÚßË’ Öçô’çC) 2) Must have reached (must have + pp of
Vipula: (Are) you sure? reach)
3) Must have waited (must have + pp of wait) Pavan: He must have got the news from
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆! Imaginary past forms, 1, 2
Charitha: Yes. I saw her about to leave 20 min- 4) Must have been (be form) Madhav. Madhav called him this morn-
and 3 éÀ opposite meanings ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.
utes ago. It hardly takes her 10 min- 5) Must have told (must have + pp of tell) ing. He must have been happy about it.
Imaginary past form 4 èπ◊ doubtful ņo Å®Ωnç.
utes to walk home. So she must So the verb forms in the conversation are: Imaginary past form 5 (Must have been/ (¢√úÕéÀ ´÷üµ¿¢˛ ´©x ûÁL-Ææ’ç-ô’çü∆ N≠æߪ’ç.
have reached home by now. Must have been/ must have + past participle Madhav ¢√úÕéÀ phone î˨»úŒ Öü¿ßª’ç.
must have + PP) í∫ûªç™ éπ*aûªçí¬ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç
(Å´¤†’. 20 EN’-≥ƒ© éÀçü¿ô •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-¶- (pp) - ¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æúÕ Öçö«úø’).
ÖçúË Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ØËü∆Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC.
ûª’ç-úøí¬ Øˆ’ îª÷¨»†’. ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ †úø-´-ö«-EéÀ Must have been/ must have + PP is also an
a) Mohan: Did Madan pass? Kumar: Yes. He was
10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ èπÿú≈ °æôdü¿’. 鬕öÀd ѧƒ-öÀéÀ imaginary past form like the other four imag-
îËÍ® Öçô’çC) inary past forms we have seen in the les- (´’ü¿Ø˛ pass Åߪ÷uú≈?) (Å´¤†’)
sons past: Manoj: He must have passed. Otherwise he
ÉD must have been, must have + PP
[1. Would have been/ Would have + PP would not have applied for the job
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.
2. Should have been/ Should have + PP (¢√úø’pass ÅßË’u Öçö«úø’. ™‰èπ-§Ú-ûË (oth-
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 144 3. Could have been/ Could have + PP
4. Might have been/ Might have + PP]
erwise) job
pass
èπ◊ apply îËÆæ’ç-úË-¢√-úø’-é¬ü¿’.
Åߪ÷uúø’ 鬕öÀd apply î˨»úø’). Manasa: Congrats™«©≤ƒ, Fèπ◊ prize ´*aç-ü¿-
ôí¬?
Lalasa: á´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ Fèπ◊?

She must have told you of it Manasa: Ü£œ«ç-éÓ îª÷ü∆lç.

Lalasa: ™«Ææu îÁ°æ¤pç-ô’çC.
Manasa: ؈’ ™«Ææu†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰, F Ü£æ« cor-
rect ÅßË’uüË. ÉçéÌçîÁç ¶«í¬ Ç™-*ç-ç-
Vipula: I told her I would meet her here at 4.00. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, would Mohan: Did he tell you so? ú≈-LqçC †’´¤y.
There was a traffic jam because of a have, should have, (FûÓ Å™« îÁ § ƒpú≈?) Lalasa: Å®·ûË, Ç... ûÁ©’Ææ’. †’´yC College
procession. So I couldn't be here on could have ûÓ ´îËa notice board ™ îª÷Ææ’ç-ö«´¤.
Manoj: He would have told me if we had met.
time. She must have waited long for
imaginary past forms Manasa: ؈-Ææ©’ È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ College éÀ
me. She must have been very angry (¢Ë’ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ îÁÊ°p-¢√úø’).
with me at the delay. She must have
ÅEoç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç, ´uA-Í®- Mohan: Who told you then?
®√™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.
told you of it.
éπçí¬ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E. Lalasa: †’´¤y ´÷ îÁ™„x-LéÀ phone î˨»-´-ôí¬
(؈’ ûª†-E-éπ\úø Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E Might have been/ M. SURESAN
(Å®·ûË FÈé´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’?)
Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’. ûª†’ îÁ°æ¤pç-ô’çC
îÁ§ƒp†’. àüÓ ÜÍ®Tç°æ¤ ´©x traffic ÇT- might have + PP Manoj: My brother told me. Madan must have
Fèπ◊.
§Ú®· Ø√èπ◊ Ç©Ææu-¢Á’içC. Åçü¿’-´©x time èπ◊ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´ÊÆh, ÅC ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC– told my brother.
ÅC ïJ-Tç-üË¢Á÷, äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE-îË-Ææ’ç-úÌa. Manasa: Correct. ´·çüË E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ Féπç-
Ééπ\úø Öçúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ûª†èπ◊ (´÷ brother îÁ§ƒpúø’. Madan ´÷ broth- ûª-èπ◊-´·çüË Congrats ûÁLÊ°ü∆Eo.
Now, the imaginary past form we are
î√™« éÓ°æç ´îª’aç-ú≈L. FûÓ èπÿú≈ îÁÊ°p er èπ◊ îÁ°æ¤pç-ö«úø’).
Öçô’çC.) going to study in this lesson is: Lalasa: Thanks again. §Òü¿’l† ®√¢√-LqçC †’´¤y.
b) ®√vA ´®Ω{ç èπ◊JÊÆ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ roads §ÒúÕí¬
Charitha: She did tell me that she was waiting a) Must have been (be form) ´’ç* breakfast miss Åߪ·uç-úË-ü∆-E-N-
for you, but she didn't appear angry. b) Must have + past participle (action)
ÖçúË ¢ Ë . é¬-ü¿’.
She said she would call you after a) Must have been= It must have rained last night. Otherwise the Manasa: Don't worry. Fèπ◊ Prize ®√´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√èπ◊
reaching home. roads would have been dry.
(í∫ûªç™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬) ÖçúË Öçô’çC/ ÖçúË treat (Nçü¿’).
(FéÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E îÁ°œpçC. é¬F Åçûª Öçö«úø’/ ÖçúË Öçö«®Ω’ c) Something must have gone wrong, other-
éÓ°æçí¬ àç éπ†-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. É©’x îËJç-ûª-®√yûª ANSWER
b) Must have + past participle= wise he could have been here an hour ago=
Fèπ◊ Phone îË≤ƒh-†çC). Manasa: Congrats Lalasa. It seems you have
Vipula: Yes, my cell is ringing. It must be her.
(í∫ûªç™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬) äéπ °æE ïJÍí Öçô’çC/ àüÓ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ïJÍí Öçô’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ í∫çô got a prize.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√ cell ¢Á÷í∫’-ûÓçC. ûªØË Å®·-´¤ç-ú≈L) äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE-îËÊÆ Öçö«®Ω’. éÀçü¿õ‰ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’.
Must ûÓ ´îËa Imaginary past forms èπÿ, Lalasa: Who told you?





d) Kumar: Kesav was talking about your for-
N’í∫û√ Imaginary past forms èπÿ ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- Manasa: Just guess
eign trip.
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† Imaginary past forms: éÓ-´ôç î√™« ´·êuç. Ç ûËú≈ àN’ö îª÷ü∆lç: Lalasa: Lasya must have told you.
Verb 'go' èπ◊ different Imaginary past forms (Í騡¢˛ Éçü∆éπ F foreign trip í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-
1) Would have been, would have + pp Manasa: Your guess would have been correct
™ ´îËa different meanings °æöÀd-éπ™ îª÷úøçúÕ: ûª’-Ø√oúø’)
2) Should have been, should have + pp if I had met Lasya. You should have
3) Could have been, could have + pp Verb: Go thought better/ guessed better.
4) Might have been, might have + pp. No. Sentence Verb form Meaning Nature Lalasa: Then... ah... I know. You must have
¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ Opposite meanings ´≤ƒh- 1 a) He would have been there would have been Åûª-úø-éπ\úË ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬E ™‰úø’ (Opposite) seen it on our college notice board.
ߪ’E èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. verb No. 4, might b) He would have gone would have + PP Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úË ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opposite) Manasa: I haven't attended college for the past
have been, might have + pp, ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁL-ߪ’- 2 a) He should have been there should have been ™‰úø’ (opposite)
Åûª†’ Åéπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC two days.
°æ-®Ω’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Éü¿çû√ ´’†ç last lessons ™ b) He should have gone should have + PP ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opposite)
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-LqçC Lalasa: You phoned my sister this morning
3 a) He could have been the CM could have been Åûª-úø’ CM í¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË é¬F ™‰úø’ (opp.) when I was away, didn't you? She
Let's now look at the following sentences
b) He could have gone could have + PP Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opp.) must have told you.
from the conversation at the beginning of
4 a) He might have been there might have been Åûªúø’ Åéπ\úø Öçúø’ç-úÌa Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa Manasa: Correct. If I had met you I would have
the lesson:
(doubt) congratulated you earlier.
1) She must have gone.
b) He might have gone might have + PP Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞ÔxçúÌa ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa
(¢ÁR}-§ÚßË’ Öçô’çC) Lalasa: Thanks again. You should have come
(doubt) to my place this morning, you would
2) She must have reached home by now.
5 a) He must have been there must have been Åûª-úøéπ\úø éπ*aûªçí¬ ÖçúË ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’ not have missed a good breakfast.
(ѧƒöÀéÀ É©’x îËÍ® Öçô’çC)
3) She must have waited long for me Öçö«úø’ (í∫ûªç™) Manasa: Don't worry. Your getting the prize is
(Ø√éÓÆæç î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ áü¿’®Ω’îª÷ÊÆ Öçô’çC) b) He must have gone must have + PP Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞Ïx Öçö«úø’ (í∫ûªç™) ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. itself a treat.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 21 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Udai: These books are really wonderful. Where No. verb verb form
are they sold? 5. have been supplied have been (be form) +
(Ñ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Eïçí¬ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. áéπ\úø PP of supply
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√-ߪ’N?) 6. is going to be held is going to be
Vijai: Where else? At Books, Books 'n Books. (be form) + PP of hold
Name the book you need, and it is found 7. is closed is (be form) +
there.
PP of close
(ÉçÈé-éπ\úø?Books, Books 'n Books ™. 8. has been declared has been (be form) +
Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† °æ¤Ææhéπç îÁ°æ¤p, ÅC Féπ-éπ\úø PP of declare
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC)
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆, °j verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'be' form
Udai: Yes. Now I remember. Certain varieties of
+ past participle (PP) í¬ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. (be
1) Where are the books sold? í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: Verb, 'be' form + pp
books were offered by them last month at Å®·ûË ÅC Passive voice. ´’†ç, Ñ Spoken
forms Åçõ‰ í∫ ’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆. ´’®Ó≤ƒ-J í∫ ’®Ω’h
áéπ\úø Å´’t-•-úø-û√®·?
discount of 15% to 50%. 2) ... It is found there English course ™ -¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC –
-îË-Ææ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç. am, is, are, was, were; *´®Ω 'be'
(Å´¤†’. í∫’®Ìh-*açC. §Ú®·†ØÁ© ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´îËa shall be, should be, will be, would be, Åéπ\úø îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûª’çC. English ™ Verb èπ◊ 6 Forms Öçö«-ߪ’E, ¢√öÀ™ x
éÌEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩 O’ü¿ 15% †’ç* can be, could be, may be, might be, must 'be' from + pp, passive voice ÅE, N’í∫û√ 5
3) Certain varieties of books were offered at
50% ´®Ωèπ◊ discount Éî√a®Ω’) forms active voice ÅE.
be, *´®Ω been ´îËahave been, has been, discounts
Vijai: Such discounts will be given next month had been, will have been, would have been,
Discount offer English ™ Passive voice ¢√úøéπç áèπ◊\¢Ë
too. They have all varieties of books. shall have been, should have been, can
éÌEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ O’ü¿
Infact all books in our college library have îËߪ’-•-ú≈f®·. 鬕öÀd ü∆E í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç
have been, could have been, may have áçûª-®·Ø√ ÖçC.
been supplied by them. been, might have been, must have been 4) Such discounts will be given next month too
(Å™«çöÀ discounts ´îËa ØÁ© èπÿú≈ É´y- English ™ passive voice ´·êuçí¬ newspa-
™«çöÀN– É´Fo 'be' forms. ) ´îËa ØÁ© èπÿú≈ Å™«çöÀ Discounts É´y-•-úø-û√®·.
pers reports ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™
¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh- 5) ...all books in our college have been supplied
鬩÷ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. ÅÆæ©’ ´’† college passive voice ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC 鬕õ‰d, Ñ
by them
library ™ Ö†o books ÅFo ¢√∞¡Ÿx sup- lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™ E conversation ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-
ply îËÆ œ-†¢Ë)
ÅEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢√∞¡x-îËûª Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f®·. ¢√ü¿ç active voice ™ îª÷°œçî√ç.)
Udai: A book exhibition is going to be held in -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 145 6) A book exhibition is going to be held
(Future)
English ™ passive voice, äéπ °æE á´®Ω’ îËÆœçD
town next month. A wide variety of books °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’çC. ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø÷, îÁ°æpôç É≠æd癉†-°æ¤púø÷ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
will be on display and sold at discount.
(´îËa ØÁ© °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† Öçô’çC ´’†
Ü∞x. î√™« ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-ô¢Ë’
é¬èπ◊çú≈, discount èπÿú≈ É≤ƒh®Ω’)
Vijai: OK, let's start for college now.
(college éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’ü∆ç °æü∆.)
When was this road laid?
Udai: Vijai, what are you talking? Don't you
know that college is closed today? All the verbs above are 'be' form + past par- 7) The College is closed = 1) The college has been closed
(àç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? É¢√∞¡ college ticiple. ´‚ߪ’-•-úÕçC college ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’ (English - college ´‚ߪ’-
™‰ü¿E ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆ Fèπ◊?) Important: Verb, 'be' form + past participle 8) Vinai has been •-úÕçC. á´®Ω’ ´‚¨»®Ó îÁ°æp™‰ç é¬-•-öÀd)
Vijai: Really I don't know. But what for? Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’ ÅC PASSIVE VOICE ™ declared the man of
2) The man was killed yesterday (Passive)
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. áçü¿’èπ◊?) Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ °j† list ™E 8 verbs èπÿú≈ the match
Åûªúø’ E†o îªç°æ-•-ú≈fúø’. (á´®Ω’ îªç°œçC
Udai: The college cricket team has won the passive voice ™ Ö†o-õ‰x-éπü∆? (English ™ Man of the match í¬
finals of the cricket tournament, and our
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, So passive)
î√™« verbs èπ◊ past tense, past participle v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-ú≈fúø’.
M. SURESAN 3) He was elected MP
classmate Vinai has been declared Man English Passive
of the Match.
äéπõ‰ éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x be form °æéπ\† Ö†oC past ™
tense ™ Öçü∆, past participle Å´¤-ûª’çü∆ ÅØË voice Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. Å®·ûË ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´·êuçí¬ á†’o-éÓ-•-ú≈fúø’ (á´-È®-†’o-èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ω-ØËC ´·êuç é¬ü¿’)
(´’† college team cricket tourna- Conversations Passive voice
ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a. äéπõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. English ûÁ©’í∫’ ™ ¢√úøç. 4) Students will be given bus passes
ment finals friend
™ ÈíL-*çC. ´’†
Vinai Man of the Match
†’ í¬ v°æéπ-öÀç- ™ be form °æéπ\† -á°æ¤p-úø÷ èπÿú≈ past tense ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ñ Road á°æ¤p-úË-¨»®Ω’? Åçö«ç é¬F Students èπ◊ bus passes É´y-•-úø-û√®·.
î√®Ω’.) form ®√ü¿’. 鬕öÀd be form °æéπ\† ´îËa-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Ñ Road á°æ¤púø’ ¢Ëߪ’-•-úÕçC ņç éπü∆? Å™«Íí (á´-J-≤ƒh®Ω’ ÅØËC ´·êuç é¬ü¿’)
Vijai: So no classes today. How happy I am! past participle ´÷vûª¢Ë’.) ´’† Éçöx, ņoç ´çúø-•-úÕçü∆? ÅE Åúøí∫ç éπü∆? Active voice ™ verb ûÁLÊ° °æE á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC
May our college win many more matches. Å®·ûË English ™ ÅC î√™« Common. ÅØË-ü∆Eo •öÀd tense (verb form) ´÷J-†ô’x, pas-
Verb passive voice ™ Öçõ‰, Åçõ‰ verb be
(Å®·ûË É¢√∞¡ classes ™‰´-†o-´÷ô. áçûª form + pp Å®·ûË ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç '•úø’— ÅE i) When was this road laid? sive voice ™ èπÿú≈ verb form ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ô’çC.
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçüÓ! É™«Íí ´’† college
î√™« matches Èí©¢√L.) ´Ææ÷hç-ô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ: ii) Has the food been cooked.

t t t t t
EXERCISE Varun: Only the Inter Board and the University ANSWER
Ñ lesson †’ç* ´’†ç English conversation
™ éÌûªh N≠æߪ’ç îª÷úø-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úÕ †’ç* Ñ éÀçC sentences ™ passive voice verbs, can say that. They are usually declared
Active passive Telugu Translation
active voice verbs, identify îËߪ’çúÕ /
in the 1st week of May. This time too,
é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. was closed?
they can be expected about the same
í∫’®Ω’h-°-ôdçúÕ; passive voice verbs èπ◊
´‚ߪ’-•-úÕçC?
°j conversation ™ Ñ sentences îª÷úøçúÕ:
time.
1) Where are they sold? ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ. will be reopened? ûÁ®Ω’-´-•-úø’ûª’çC?
2) ... and it is found there. (Inter board, University ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁ°æp-í∫- will be held E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø-û√®·?
Tarun: When was your college closed? ©´¤. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË May ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-¢√-
3) Certain varieties of books were offered by will start Ç®Ω綵º-´’´¤-û√®·
(O’ college á°æ¤púø’ ´‚¨»®Ω’)
them... ®Ωç™ ÅN ¢Á©’-´-úø-û√®·. Ñ≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ÅüË college reopens AJT v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’´¤-ûª’çC
4) Such discounts will be given next month too. Varun: On 15th March Time ™ ¢Á©’-´-úø-û√-ߪ’E ÇPç-îª-´îª’a) will be declared v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-úø-û√®·
5) ... all books in our college have been sup- Tarun: And when will it be reopened? Tarun: Seats in your college are said to be in can say îÁ°æp-í∫-©´¤
plied by them. demand
(á°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’?) are declared v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-úø-û√®·
6) A book exhibition is going to be held in town. Varun: In the 3rd week of June (O’ college ™ seats èπ◊ T®√éà áèπ◊\-´ç-ö«®Ω’) can be expected ÇPç-îª-•-úø-´îª’a
7) ... the college is closed today? Tarun: So no classes will be held till then. Varun: That's why they are offered on merit, (possibility)
8) ... our classmate Vinai has been declared the When will the admissions start? so only merited students are admitted are said to be îÁ°æp-•-úø-û√®·
Man of the Match. into the college.
(Åçõ‰ Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ classes Öçúø-´-†o- are offered
Look at the verbs in the sentences above.
É´y-•-úø-û√®·
´÷ô. Admissions á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç?) (Åçü¿’-éπØË v°æA¶µº Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬ seats É≤ƒh®Ω’, are admitted
No. verb verb form îË®Ω’a-éÓ-•-úøû√®Ω’
Varun: As soon as the college reopens. 鬕öÀd v°æA-¶µº-í∫© Nü∆u-®Ω’n™‰o îË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’) wants
1. are sold are (be form) + éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’
(college ûÁJ-*† ¢ÁçôØË.) Tarun: My cousin wants to join let him apply apply îËߪ’F
past participle (PP) of sell
Tarun: Any idea when the results will be cousin
2. is found is (be form) + PP of find
(´÷ îË®√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’) Passive voice ûÁ©’-í∫’™ (ņ’-¢√-ü¿ç™) áçûª
3. were offered were (be form) + PP of offer declared? Varun: Well, let him apply ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, äéÓ\-≤ƒJ Å®Ωnç鬴ôç -áç-ûª éπ≠dçæ í¬
4. will be given will be (be form) + PP of give (°∂æL-û√©’ v°æéπöÀçîËüÁ-°æ¤úÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) (apply îËߪ’-´’†’) Öçô’çüÓ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Laxman: Now that the building has been paint- Now let's study the verbs in the conver-
ed it looks beautiful. sation above.
(Paint ¢Ëߪ’ôç ´©x building î√™« 1) has been painted (has been - be form + past
Åçü¿çí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC.) participle (PP) of paint)
Bharat: It is painted regularly.
2) is painted (is - be from + PP of paint)
(véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ë≤ƒh®Ω’)
Laxman: When was it last painted? 3) was painted (was - be form + PP of paint)
(*´-Jí¬ á°æ¤púø’ paint î˨»®Ω’?) (This is in a question)
Bharat: I think two years ago. The painting is 4) is done (is - be form + PP of do)
done once every two years.
5) will be painted (will be - be form + PP of 2) They play the game twice a week (I RDW -
(È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô ņ’-èπ◊çö«. È®çúË-∞¡x-éÓ-≤ƒJ 2) Nü∆u-®Ω’n©èπ◊ Hall tickets É´y-•-ú≈f®· =
paint) active) = The game is played twice every
®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC) Hall tickets have been issued to students
6) owns - II RDW (Active Voice) week (is + pp - passive - regular)
Laxman: So it will be painted again two years (passive) = The college has issued hall tick-
from now. 7) takes - II RDW (Active Voice) 3) The school holds weekly tests (II RDW -
ets to students.
(Åçõ‰ ´’Sx È®çúË-∞¡xèπ◊ ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ë≤ƒh-®Ω-†o-´÷ô) 8) was discharged - (was - be form + PP of dis- active - Regular action) = Weekly tests are
3) ÅûªúÕ îË®· é¬LçC =
Bharat: Certainly. The house was built charge) held (are held - passive voice - Regular
decades ago. Still it looks new His hand has been burnt
9) had been treated - (had been - be form + PP action)
because it has been maintained well.
of treat) Passive voice ™ regular actionsîÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Å™«Íí future actions èπ◊ passive ™ will be +
Every care has been taken to keep it pp
am + pp / is + pp / are + pp ¢√ú≈L ´’†ç.
¢√úøû√ç.
in good condition. 10) think - I RDW (Active Voice)
i) Hall tickets Í®°æöÀ †’ç* É≤ƒh®Ω’ (É´y-•-úø-û√®·)
Active ™ time ûÁ©-°æE past actions èπÿ,
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Ñ É©’x ü¿¨»-¶«l© éÀçü¿ éπöÀdçC. 11) will take - will + I RDW (Active Voice)
éÌçûªé¬©çí¬ ïJ-T† action èπ◊, É°æ¤púË complete Hall tickets will be issued from tomorrow.
Å®·Ø√ éÌûªh-Cí¬ éπEp-Ææ’hçC áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Verbs No. 6, 7, 10 and 11 are in active voice.
ü∆Eo ¶«í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ 鬕öÀd. Ç Å®·† action èπ◊ have + pp / has + pp ¢√úøû√ç. ii) °æK-éπ~©’ May ™ E®Ωy-£œ«-≤ƒh®Ω’ (•úø-û√®·)
The rest of the verbs are all be form + PP
¶µº´-Ø√Eo ´’ç* ÆœnA™ Öçîª-ö«-EéÀ ÅEo OöÀE passive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ have been + pp / The exams will be held in May.
Åçõ‰ passive voice ™ ÖØ√o-ߪ’-†o-´÷ô. Åçõ‰ has been + pp ´≤ƒh®·.
ñ«ví∫-ûªh©÷ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’) Time past actions Passive
éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™ éÀ translate îËÊÆh '•úø’— ûÁL-Æœ† èπ◊ ¢√úË
1) The building has been painted (has been + verb = was + pp / were + pp
ÅØË ´÷ô combination ûÓ Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·
pp) - Passive (îËߪ’-•-úÕçC) 1) YSR §Ú®·† Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç áEo-éπ™x CM í¬ áEo-
¢√ô-Eo-öÀéÀ.
= They have painted the building. (Active)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 146
Important: Active voice ™ Ö†o v°æA verb èπÿ
éπ-ߪ÷u®Ω’
passive form Öçô’çC.
(î˨»®Ω’) YSR was elected CM in the elections last
year.
(ᆒo-éÓ-•-ú≈f®Ω’) (was + pp)
2) í∫ûª ØÁ© ÅTov°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ ¢Ë-© É∞¡Ÿx üµ¿yçÆæç

I am seen here every evening.. Åߪ÷u®· .

Thousands of houses were destroyed in the
fire last month (were + pp).

(Decade = úÕÈé-ß˝’ú˛ I RDW (see, take, etc) and II

Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ EXERCISE ANSWER
= ü¿¨»•lç) RDW (sees, takes, etc) - regular
-É-N ´’†ç
Practise the following in English, using Arjun: Where is this paper published from?
Laxman: Who owns the actions active voice verbs
èπ◊ ¢√úË éπü∆. Å™«Íí
passive forms where necessary. Pavan: Hyderabad
building? regular actions passive voice verbs
†’ ûÁLÊ°
Åçõ‰ I RDW / II RDW am +
èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-†N, Arjun: Ñ news paper áéπ\úÕ †’ç* ¢Á©’-´-úø’- Arjun: Where else is it printed?
(á´-JC build-
ing?)
past participle, is + past participle, are + past ûª’çC? (Publish ¢√úøçúÕ) Pavan: Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam.
participle. Pavan: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ †’ç*.
Bharat: My cousin's. Arjun: How many copies are sold every
He is an engi-
M. SURESAN Ñ éÀçü¿ îª÷úøçúÕ. Arjun: ÉçÈééπ\úø print Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿C? day?
neer in the states. Verb No 2: The building is painted regularly Pavan: Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø, N¨»-ê-°æôoç. Pavan: Some lakhs.
(Ø√ cousin C. Çߪ’† US ™ Engineer) (Regular í¬ ïJÍí action, passive form ™ Arjun: ®ÓW áEo copies Å´·t-úø-´¤-û√®· ? Arjun: When was it started?
Laxman: But who takes care of it here? ᙫ îÁ°æ¤hØ√o¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ – is + PP ûÓ. Pavan: éÌEo ©éπ~©’?
(Building paint îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC– véπ´’ç Pavan: In 1980
(Ééπ\úø ü∆Eo á´®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?) Arjun: á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î √®Ω’ ü∆Eo? Arjun: It has been delivered a little late for
Bharat: His father. He was also an engineer - ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈)
Verb No 4: The painting is done once every Pavan: 1980 ™ the past four days, hasn't it?
very famous. Unfortunately he is not
in good health now. Only a few days two years. Arjun: Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ éÌClí¬ late deliver Pavan: Yes. Some problem with their machin-
ago he was discharged from hospital. (®Ωçí∫’-™‰-ߪ’ôç v°æA È®çúË-∞¡xèπÿ îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC– Å´¤-ûÓçC éπü∆? ery.
He had been treated for knee trouble. ÉC èπÿú≈ is + PPûÓ regular action éπü∆?) Pavan: Å´¤†’. ¢√∞¡x ߪ’çvûªç™ àüÓ Ææ´’Ææu. Arjun: Politics get a lot of importance in
(¢√∞¡x Ø√†o. Çߪ’Ø√ engineer í¬ ÖçúË- Regular actions Passive ™ Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ– Arjun: Newspapers ™ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™‰ áèπ◊\´ papers/ politics are given a lot of
¢√úø’. î√™« Ê°®Ω’çC. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h ÅN am + PP / is + PP / are + PP ™ ´Ææ’hçC. v§ƒüµ∆†uç §Òçü¿’-û√®·. importance.
Çߪ’† Ç®Óí∫uç É°æ¤púø’ ÆæJ-í¬-™‰ü¿’. éÌCl 1) I am seen here every evening - Pavan: Eï¢Ë’! ´’†ç éÌØËC Åçü¿’-Íéí¬! Pavan: Correct. We read them only for that.
®ÓV© éÀçü¿-õ‰ ¢Á÷é¬LéÀ *éÀûªq îË®·ç--èπ◊E ØËE-éπ\úø v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç îª÷úø-•-úø-û√†’.
v°æ¨¡o: ÖüÓuT •CM Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ ÉîËa
ÇÆæpvA †’ç* ´î√a®Ω’.)
2) Pooja is done every day Relieving Certificate ™ éÌçü¿®Ω’ is/ was/
Laxman: A nice piece of work, this building. I
think I'll take it for my office. v°æA®ÓW °æ‹ï îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC (°æ‹ï îË≤ƒh®Ω’). has/ has been relieved ÅE ®Ωéπ-®Ω-é¬-©’í¬ ®√Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. ¢√öÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d?
(GLfç-í˚†’ î√™« ¶«í¬-éπ-ö«d®Ω’. Ø√ office 3) Lakhs of copies of the Eenadu are sold ᙫ? N´JçîªçúÕ.
everyday – °æ¤†-®ΩyÆæ’, ØÁ©÷x®Ω’
-ï-¢√-•’: a) ÖüÓuT °∂晫Ø√ ûËC †’ç* (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ DEE
éÓÆæç DEo ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.)
§ § § §
(v°æA®ÓW ©éπ~-™ copies Å´’t-•-úø-û√®· = official language ™
Å´·t-úø-´¤-û√®·) with effect from such and such a date relieve
ÅE Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’)
í∫’®Ω’hûÁa-éÓçúÕ: Verb, 'be' form + participle 鬕öÀd Regular actions passive ™ Å®·ûË, am Å®·-†ô’x ®√ߪ÷-Lq-´ÊÆh – Mr X has been relieved of his duties in
Å®·ûË, PASSIVE VOICE Å´¤-ûª’çC. O’®Ω’ í∫´’- + pp / is + pp / are + pp ¢√úøû√ç– ÅüË active this office with effect from 4th April 2006.
EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. °j conversation ™ î√™« voice ™ Å®·ûË I RDW / II RDW ¢√úøû√ç. b) ÖüÓuT °∂晫Ø√ ûËD† relieve Åߪ÷uúø’ ÅE Å®·ûË –
verbs, passive voice ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. (é¬F
1) The doctor checks me once in two months Mr X was relieved of his duties here on 4th April 2006.
ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç passive ™ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç èπÿú≈
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ passive voice î√™« (II RDW - Active) = I am checked once in c) ûËD©’, ®ÓV©’, Å™«çöÀN àç îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å®·ûË is relieved, has been relieved ņ-´îª’a.
ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, ņ-´-Ææ®Ω §ƒçúÕ-ûªuç-™« Öçô’çC two months by the doctor. He is relieved of/ He has been relieved of his duties here. DE Å®Ωnç Çߪ’† relieve Å´ôç
鬕öÀd ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ûÁ©’Íí ¢√-ú≈ç.) (Doctor îËûª ؈’ °æK-éÀ~ç-°æ-•-úø-û√†’ – Regular). has been relieved, better.
ïJ-Tç-ü¿E. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 25 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Damodar: Hi Divakar, you know my favourite
Çߪ’-†èπ◊ v°æA¶µº ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd.)
hero was awarded Padmabhushan.
Prabhakar: Will you stop it. You and your
(Ø√ ÅGµ´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ °æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ heroes. You are both silly
G®Ω’ü¿’ ´*açC.)
was awarded (passive) = É´y-•-ú≈fúø’.
(Éçéπ Ç°æ¤-û√®√? O’®Ω’, O’ heroes.
Award= Å¢√-ú˛–'¢√— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç = (G®Ω’-
O’®Ω’ î√™« °œ©x-ûª-®Ω-£æ…í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.)
ü¿’©’, •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√-©’ -™«ç-öÀN) [ [ [
v°æü∆†ç îËߪ’-ôç/-É-´yôç. You must have observed that most of the

Award = •£æ›-´’A, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç, G®Ω’ü¿’ ÅØË verbs in the conversation above are in the
Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®·. passive voice because every one of them is Exercise: Practise the following aloud in
Divakar: The title was conferred on many oth- a 'be' form + past participle (PP) Åûªúø’ °æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ É´y•-ú≈fúø’. (á´-J-îËûª – ÉC
îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ – Åçü¿’-éπE passive. Government English.
ers too. The verbs are:
Spandana : Hi Chandana, Ç fan É°æ¤púø’ ready
(Éçé¬ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Ç G®Ω’ü¿’ Éî√a®Ω’.) 1. was awarded (was + pp of award) îËûª ÅE îÁ§Òpa. é¬E Åü¿çûª v§ƒ´·êuç é¬ü¿’
Title = õ„jöÀ™ ¸ = G®Ω’ü¿’. 2. was conferred (was + pp of confer) éπü∆. ßË’Ø√?
3. were awarded (were + pp of award) English ™ èπÿú≈ O™„j-†çûª ´®Ωèπÿ passive ¢√úø- Chandana : Ç... E†oØË ÅC repair Å®·uçC.
Confer = äéπ-JE G®Ω’-ü¿’ûÓ, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®ΩçûÓ
Ææûª\-Jç-îªôç. 4. was (not even) èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç î√™« ´’ç*C. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Spandana : ®Ωçí∫’ èπÿú≈ ¢Ë¨»®√?
They conferred on him the title = Åûª- considered (was + pp of consider) Öçö«®Ω’ – Spoken English 144 lessons
Chandana : Ç... ¢Á·ûªhç E†o ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh-
5. were given (were + pp of give) ´®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç áéπ\ú≈ passive voice ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’.
Åçõ‰ passive ¢√úË Å´-Ææ®Ωç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿-†o- ®·çC.
6. will be honoured (will be + pp of honour)
´÷ô. passive voice (English ™ èπÿú≈) Spandana : E†oØË Lights ÅFo Å´’-®√a®√?
7. are given (are + pp of give)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 147 In the last lesson we have seen that we use the
ûª°æpEÆæJ Å®·ûË ûª°æp ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öç-úøôç
´’ç*C. Å°æ¤púø’ ´’† English conversation
Chandana : ÅC èπÿú≈ °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC E†oØË.
workers Åçü¿Ko °æç°œçîËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈
passive verbs am + pp/is+pp /are+pp for regu-
lar actions í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆! simple í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC.
úÕE ¢√∞«x G®Ω’-ü¿’ûÓ Ææûª\-Jç-î√®Ω’.
Was conferred (passive) = É´y-•-ú≈fúø’.
Damodar: I am happy that only deserving peo-
ple were awarded the title.
(Å®Ω|ûª éπL-T-†-¢√∞Ïx Ç Ææû√\-®√Eo
§Òçü¿úøç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.
The title was conferred
Deserving = úÕï-Nçí˚ = Å®Ω|ûª éπL-T†. REGULAR ACTION
Deserve =úÕï¢˛ = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç. ACTIVE PASSIVE í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ: Å®·çC. Payment èπÿú≈ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.
He deserves the award = Ç award 1st Regular Doing am+pp/is+pp/ are+pp He was awarded Spandana : Very good.
BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Åûª-úÕéÀ Å®Ω|ûª ÖçC.) Word (give, take, like, am given/taken/liked Padmabhushan- -D-Eo Answer:
Divakar: You say all this because your etc) etc., Active Voice ™ É™«
favourite hero got it. Spandana : Hi Chandana, is the fan ready?
2nd Regular Doing is given/taken/liked simple í¬ îÁ§Òpa. He
(F ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ ´*açC 鬕öÀd É™« Word (gives, takes, etc., Chandana : It was repaired yesterday.
got Padmabhushan. M. SURESAN
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤.) likes. etc) are given/taken/liked Spandana : Was it painted too?
ÉC èπÿú≈ Simple í¬ -™‰-
Damodar: Your favourite hero was not even etc. Chandana : Yes. Everything was completed
ü¿÷, He was awarded Padmabhushan
considered for the award. That's Yesterday.
The verbs (in the conversation above) éπçõ‰? Å™«Íí was + PP/ were + PP ¢√úÕ†
why you talk like that.
from verbs No. 1 to 5 are: was+past participle N’í∫û√ Sentences †’ èπÿú≈ îª÷ü∆lç. Spandana : Were the lights also fixed
(F ÅGµ-´÷†- †-ô’-úÕ-E Ç °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√-EéÀ (was+pp) / were+pp.
2) The title was conferred on many others too = Yesterday?
éπ-FÆæç °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd †’´y™« í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† (time ûÁL-Æœ†) actions †’ Chandana : That was completed too.
Many others got the title too / Many others
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. passive ™ was + pp / were + pp ™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç. The Workers were sent away too.
received the title too/ Many others had the Even the payments were made.
Consider = 'éπEqúø— = °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªôç
1) ... hero was awarded Padmabhushan honour/ Distinction.
was not considered (passive) =
É™« îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆. Spandana : Good
3) Were awarded (Passive) = got the award
°æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ É´y-•-ú≈fúø’.
°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îª-•-úø-™‰ü¿’.) 2) ... the title was conferred (active)
Divakar: You feel as if you were given the 1. Sachin is to play the cricket.
G®Ω’ü¿’ v°æü∆†ç îËߪ’-•-úÕç-C/-É-´y-•-úÕçC. 4) ... Hero was not even considered = They did
award. 2. Sachin has to play cricket.
3) ... people were awarded
not even consider him for an award. 3. Sachin was to play cricket.
(Ç •£æ›-´’-ûËüÓ F éÌ*a-†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’- î√™«-´’çC É´y-•-ú≈f®Ω’.
Ø√o´¤. were given (passive)= É´y-•- (Ééπ\úø They Åçõ‰ á´®Ó ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’ 鬕öÀd 4. Sachin had to play cricket.
4) ... hero was (not even) considered.
ú≈f´¤.) passive ¢√úÌa) °j ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 1,2 – 3,4 ¢√é¬u©’
°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îª-•-úø-™‰ü¿’. 5) ... you were given an award = Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπL-T ÖØ√oߪ÷ ûÁL-
Damodar: Yes, I do feel so. 5) ... you were given
you got an award, simple éπü∆? passive
ߪ’-îË-ߪ’çúÕ.
(Å´¤†’ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) (†’´¤y) É´y•-ú≈f´¤. avoid îÁ-ߪ’-´-a.
– N†-ß˝’- π◊-´÷®˝, E®Ωt™¸
Divakar: Just wait and see. My favourite hero Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. Active ™
past doing 1) Sachin is to play cricket
will be honoured with 6) Will be honoured = will receive the honour =
word (gave, took, liked, talked, etc) †’ Ææ*Ø˛ Çú≈Lq ÖçC, NCµ-
Padmavibhushan next year. ÅØÌa. passive avoid îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊– í¬/-ûª-°æp-éπ/-Å-†’-èπ◊†o v°æé¬-®Ωç/-
í∫ûªç™ Å®·-§Ú-®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç – ´·êuçí¬
(îª÷Ææ÷h Öçúø’. ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´÷ ÅGµ- time ûÁLÊÆh. 7) ... honours are given to the talented (PV) = îË-Ææ’èπ◊-†o ä°æpç-ü¿ç/-à-®√pôx
´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ °æü¿t-N-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ ´Ææ’hçC.) 1) She took the book yesterday Only the talented get such honours (Active v°æ鬮Ωç– Ç-úø-û√úø’ èπÿú≈.
2) Sachin has to play cricket = Çú≈L. äéπJ
will be honoured (passive) = Ææûª\-Jç-îª-•- Expression)
E†o Ç¢Á’ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-èπ◊çC. Çïc ´©x/duty/ÅûªE Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´©x-é¬E– Çúø-
úø-û√úø’. 2) He liked the movie (last night) 鬕öÀd past doing word active Å®·ûË ü∆EéÀ û√úÓ ™‰üÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.
Damodar: Such honours are given only to the Ç *vûªç Åûª-úÕéÀ †*açC. passive equivalent was + past participle/ 3) Sachin was to play cricket - í∫ûªç™
talented. 3) They gave us the information (last week) were past participle. Çú≈Lq ÖçúÕçC. Çú≈úø’. Dhoni was to
(v°æA¶µº Ö†o-¢√-JÍé Ç Ææû√\®Ωç ©Gµ- ´÷é¬ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ¢√Rx-î√a®Ω’. Past actions at a time Known. score 66 not out. (üµÓE 66 éÌúø-û√úø’ Ç
Ææ’hçC. are given (passive) = É´y-•-úø’- É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË passive ™ ûÁ©-§ƒ-©çõ‰ was ACTIVE PASSIVE
ûª®√yûª – Åçõ‰ éÌö«dúø’ ÅE).
Rama was to go to forest - Åúø-NéÀ
ûª’çC.) + PP or were + PP ¢√úøû√ç. ´·êuçí¬ Ç °æEE Past Doing Was+PP/ Were+PP ¢Á∞«húø’– í∫ûªç™ äéπ ü¿¨¡™, Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* ïJ-
Divakar: True. Your hero will not get it, îËÆœçüÁ´®Ó -ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§Ú®·-Ø√, îÁ°æpôç éπ≠d-¢æ Á’iØ√, Åçûª word (took, Was taken/ Were taken T† °æE.
because he lacks talent. ´·êuç é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Å°æ¤púø’ passive ¢√úøû√ç. gave, liked Was given/ Were given 4) Sachin had to play - Çú≈Lq Öç--úÕçC–
(Eï¢Ë’. ÅC O’ £‘«®Óèπ◊ ®√ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ 1) He was awarded Padmabhushan etc.,) Was liked/ Were liked etc. Çú≈úÓ ™‰üÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 27 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Ram: You are late again. You are expected to 1. You are expected to be here by 10.
be here by 10, and it is now 10.20. (O’J-éπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-ö«. Ééπ\úø are
(O’®Ω’ ´’Sx Ç©Ææuçí¬ -´-î√a®Ω’. O’J-éπ\úø 10éÀ expected (ņ’-éÓ-•-úø-û√®Ω’) ÅØËC must èπ◊
Öçú≈L. É°æ¤púø’ 10.20 Å®·çC.) •ü¿’©’ éÌçîÁç ûªèπ◊\´ B-v´ûªûÓ, é¬Ææh
Sita: Sorry sir. The bus was late. The bus is -Ææ’-Eoûªçí¬ üµ¿yEç-îËô’d ¢√úË expression.
supposed to pick us up at 9.45. It was 10
English language ™ manners èπ◊
minutes late. Some trouble on the way.
v§ƒüµ∆†uç áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE Çñ«c-°œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊
(Bus late Å®·çC. 9.45 èπ◊ ´’´’Lo áéÀ\ç-- must î√-™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’, Å™« ¢√úÕûË
éÓ-¢√-Lq† bus 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. ´’-K E®Ωç-èπ◊-¨¡çí¬, bossy í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E.
ü∆J™ ü∆E-ÍéüÓ trouble ´*açC.) I.
(iii) Trespassers will be prosecuted = £æ«ü¿’l-O’-J†
Must ¢√ú≈-Lq† ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å-Eo-îÓ-ö«x É™« expect, Verb: Give
Ram: OK, OK. Let's get down to work. Only a ¢√®Ω’ Pé~¬-®Ω’|©’ (PéÀ~ç-°æ-•-úø-û√®Ω’)
few files were cleared yesterday. Many suppose, require ™«çöÀ verbs passive forms ACTIONS ACTIVE PASSIVE
É™«çöÀ E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, E≠œ-ü∆l¥©’ ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Regular 1st RDW (give) am+PP=am given
more have to be cleared today. We are ¢√úøû√®Ω’.
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ passive voice ¢√úøû√®Ω’.
required to clear at least 15 files a day. Actions 2nd RDW (gives) is+PP=is given
(ÆæÍ®, ÆæÍ®, °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç. E†o- éÌEo files N’í∫û√ sentences (conversation ™) îª÷ü∆lç. are+PP=are given
´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æ‹Jh î˨»ç. -É¢√∞¡ î√-™« files clear 3) Only a few files were cleared (by us) = éÌEo Past actions Past doing was+pp=was given
îËߪ÷L. ®ÓVèπ◊ éπFÆæç 15 files Å®·Ø√ °æ‹Jh
îËߪ÷L.) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 148 files ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æ‹Jhî˨»ç = We cleared only a
few files.
time known word-gave were+pp=were given

II. Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may,

might, must 1st RDW
– OöÀûÓ form
©’ éπ-L°œûË
verb - (shall give, should give, will give,

You are expected to be here..

ÅßË’u
would give, can give, could give, may give,
might give, must give, etc) passive form
èπ◊
shall, should, etc,
鬢√-©çõ‰, ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ °æéπ\†
be past participle
îËJa passive
îËJÊÆh ÅC
Sita: When are we 1) You are expected to be here by 10. (passive) 4) Many more have to be cleared today (by us) Å´¤-ûª’çC.
expected to com- = We have to clear many more files today = eg: They will give the book [verb- will give-
The superiors ( expect you to be
ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’)
plete them, sir? files clear will + 1st RDW- active]=
here by 10 (Active) = you must be here by Éçé¬ î√™« îËߪ÷L.
10. (Must †’ É™«çöÀîÓôxavoid îË≤ƒh®Ω’.) The book will be given (by them) [verb- will
(¢√-ô-Eoç-öÀF ´’†ç 7) They should have been sent (by us) = we
be- be form+given (Past participle)- Passive]
°æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-Lqç-üÁ- 2) The bus is supposed to pick us up by 9.45 should have sent them = ´’†ç °æ秃-LqçC He can give it - verb, can do- can + 1st
(passive) = We (office staff = sup-
°æ¤púø’, sir.) Æœ•sçC) Ééπ\úø
(á°æ¤púÓ) RDW passive can + be
pose the bus to pick us up by 9.45 (active) =
Ram: They should have
éπü∆– 鬕öÀd à´’-¢√yL–
M. SURESAN The bus must pick us up by 9.45 =
8) We have been given (by the superiors) = + pp of give = can be given. should
Å™«Íí
been sent last ´’´’tLo
They have given us = time give - active - passive- should + be +
must
week itself. But we have been given 9.45 éπ-™«x áéÀ\ç--éÓ-¢√L. Ééπ\-úø èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ Éî√a®Ω’. DEéÀ
given (PP of give)
some more time because we did not avoid
îË≤ƒhç. 9) It will be done (by you) = You will do it =
have the necessary information. 5) We are required to clear files (passive) = The †’´¤y îË≤ƒh´¤. 鬕öÀd °j† îÁ°œp† verbs ÅEo-öÀéà passive form,
superiors require us
Ç shall, should, etc... ¢√ô-Eo-öÀ °æéπ\Ø√ be °öÀd
(í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç °æç°œ-ç-î√-LqçC. é¬E ´’† ü¿í∫_®Ω (ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’) (Åúø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’) Éçé¬ passive voice Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ î√™« ü∆E-°æ-éπ\† past participle îËJÊÆh ÅC passive
information ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´©x, ´’†-èπ◊ -é¬Ææh time to clear files (active) = we must clear files. ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ Ñ éÀçC active
(Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ must avoid îË≤ƒh®Ω’). Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆.
Éî√a®Ω’.) verbs èπ◊ - passive equivalents îª÷úøçúÕ. They may give it - (active)
Sita: That's ok, sir. I won't take much time. The 6) When are we expected to complete them Active †’ç* passive èπ◊, passive †’ç* active It may be given (by them) - (passive)
files will all be on your table a little after (passive) = When do our superiors expect us
èπ◊ ´÷®Ωaôç äéπ exercise (Ŷµ«u-Ææç) í¬ prac- III. have + pp end active verbs
to complete them? (active) = When must we ûÓ ÅßË’u ÅEo-öÀéÃ,
lunch break. tice îËߪ’-éπçúÕ. Å™« îËÊÆh O’®Ω’ English (spoken
complete them? (Ñ sentence must
™ èπÿú≈ have past participle
èπÿ been
èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u °úÕûË
(ÆæÍ® sir, -ØË-ØÁèπ◊\´ time -BÆæ’éÓ†’. Lunch time form) free í¬, fluent í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰®Ω’. Å™« passive Å´¤-ûª’çC.
¢√úø®Ω’) ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Úí¬ O’èπ◊ ™‰E§ÚE doubts èπÿú≈ ´*a
Å®·† é¬ÊÆq°æ-öÀéÀ Ç files ÅFo O’ table O’ü¿ They have given the books - verb have
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’JéÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú--û√®Ω’.
Öçö«®·.) given (active)- passive have given
(i) Smoking °æ‹Jhí¬ E≠œü¿l¥ç. Smoking is strictly
DEéÀ èπÿ,
Ram: Go ahead. When you say something, I ûª°æpE °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x impersonal (´uèπ◊h-©ûÓ been have been given.
prohibited (passive)
èπÿ ´’üµ¿u™ °ôd-ô¢Ë’–
know it will be done. Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E) occasions (Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x) ´÷vûªç
(ii) Strict silence should be maintained in the They have given the books (Active)
(O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ à´’-Ø√o -Å-Ø√o-®Ωçõ‰, ÅC ï®Ω’-í∫’- library (passive). (You should maintain strict
¢√úøçúÕ. Å®·ûË passive forms ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç The books have been given (by them) -
ûª’ç-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.) silence in the library) = Library ™ E¨¡z•lç ´÷vûªç Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡Ÿx (Passive).
Let's continue our study of the passive §ƒöÀç-î√L. Passive ¢√úÕûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-©-í¬-L-éπü∆?
forms. The sentences with verbs in pas-
sive voice in the dialogue are:
Now practise the following in English ANSWER
1) You are expected to be here by 10.
use passive forms where necessary Venkat: Hi Prabhas, you are not supposed to
2) The bus is supposed to pick us up.
(conversation O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ passive ™‰èπ◊çú≈ keep your things there.
3) Only a few files were cleared yesterday.
practise îËߪ’çúÕ.)
v°æ¨¡o: 1. ؈’ ®ÓW ôé˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’
Prabhas: Where else should I keep then?
4) Many more have to be cleared today.
Venkat: Hi Prabhas, †’´y-ô’--¢Áj°æ¤ F ≤ƒ´÷†’x Venkat: Anywhere else except there. The
5) We are required to clear.
boss keeps his things there.
°ôd-èπÿ-úøü¿’. (™‰ü∆) ؈’ ®ÓW ÉØ˛-≠æ®˝d îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
6) When are we expected to complete them?
Prabhas: ´’È®éπ\úø °ö«dL? Prabhas: How long are you expected to be
2. Féπçõ‰ ؈’ Å®·ü¿’ Íé@© •®Ω’-¢Á-èπ◊\´.
7) They should have been sent. Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™
Venkat: Åéπ\úøûª°æp ÉçÈé-éπ\-úøØ√o. Åéπ\úø boss ûª† here?
8) We have been given. ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.
Venkat: Till 5 in the evening. Again at 10
– Æœ.¨Ïyûª, È®j™‰y-éÓ-úø÷®˝
≤ƒ´÷†’x °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
9) ... it will be done.
Prabhas: †’¢Áyçûª´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈-L-éπ\úø? tomorrow morning.
Let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, 5 and 6:
are expected, is supposed, are required,
Venkat: ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5 ´®Ωèπÿ. ´’Sx Í®°æ¤ 10éÀ Ééπ\úø Prabhas: Can the work be completed tomor- -ï-¢√-•’:
are expected. Öçú≈L. row? 1. I tuck my shirt in. In shirt ÅØË ´÷ô
Ñ verbs ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ passive ™ official and Prabhas: Í®°æ¤ °æE °æ‹®Ωh-´-í∫-©ü∆? Venkat: How can the whole work be complet- English ™ ¢√úø®Ω’.
formal Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Official lan- Venkat: Åçûª °æE ͮ°™« Å´¤-ûª’çC? á©’xçúÕ ed tomorrow? It might be completed 2. I am heavier than you by 5 Kgs/
guage ™ passive voice ¢√úøéπç ᙫ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷? by the evening of the day after. I weigh 5 Kgs more than you/
Öçô’çüÓ -Ééπ-´·ç-ü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«ç. Prabhas: ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË, ؈’ ready. Prabhas: If help is needed, I am ready. I weigh more than you by 5 Kgs.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 29 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -I
Ravikanth: Hi Prakash, who is this book meant Now let's take a look at the verbs in the
for? I found it here. passive form, used in the conversation
(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç á´J éÓÆæç? Ø√éÀ-éπ\úø at the beginning of the lesson.
éπ-E°œç-*ç-C.) 1) who is this meant for?

Prakash: It was left here by someone. I don't (verb- is meant- passive)

remember. 2) It was left here..

(-ü∆-Eo á´®Ó Ééπ\úø ´CL ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. Ø√èπ◊ (verb- was left- was + pp -passive)
í∫’®Ω’h-®√-´ô癉ü¿’ ´’J) 3) No name is written..

Ravikanth: Who does it belong to? (verb- is written- is + pp -passive)

Last lesson ™ îÁ°œp-†ô’x ã °æE á´-J-´©x
4) I was asked..
(ÅC á´-JC?) ïJ-TçüÓ îÁ°æpôç É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·Ø√, Let's remember once again:
(verb- was asked- was + pp -passive) ü∆E-éπçûª v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Passive Voice
Prakash: No name is written on the book. Only
Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ active always 1) Passive voice to be used only
the bill of the book is found in the 5) Was invited...
preferable. when absolutely necessary.
book. No name in the bill either. (verb- was invited- was + pp -passive)
Passive voice questions practice îËü∆lç: 2) Question structure to be followed
(°æ¤Ææhéπç O’ü¿ à Ê°®Ω÷ ®√Æœ™‰ü¿’. °æ¤Ææhéπç 1) Who is it meant for? in passive voice too.
é̆o-ô’dí¬ Bill ÖçC. ü∆E™ èπÿú≈ Ê°®Ω’- (ÉC á´JéÓÆæç ÖüËl-Pç-îª-•-úÕçC? – Old usage - 3) In most cases where whom was
™‰ü¿’.) for whom is it meant?) used in the past, we now use
Ravikanth: Ok. Let's no more worry about the -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 149 2) Where are these shirts sold? 'Who'.
book. Were you, by any chance, in (ÉN áéπ\úø Å´’t-•-úø-û√®·?)
college last evening?

When was the letter posted?

(ÆæÍ®, Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç í∫’Jç* ´C-™‰ü∆lç. E†o
≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’-¢Ëy-´’Ø√o college ™
ÖØ√o¢√?)
Prakash: I was asked to be there for the selec-
tions for the debate team. Someone
was invited to select the college 6) I have been picked up 3) How was he killed? EXERCISE
team. I have been picked up as a (verb- have been picked - have been + pp -
(ᙫ îªç°æ-•-ú≈fúø’?= éÀçC¢√öÀéÀ passive forms ®√ߪ’çúÕ:
reserve member. ᙫ îªç§ƒ-®Ω-ûªEo?) 1) Åûª-úø’ †÷ûª† Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ áEo-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’.
passive) 4) Who were you seen
(college debate team selections 2) E†oöÀ accident ™ -†-©’í∫’®Ω’ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.
èπ◊ 7) When will the contest be held? by?
††o-éπ\-úøèπ◊ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’. College team †’ (verb- will be held- will be + pp -passive) (By Whom were you
°æ-C ´’çC í¬ßª’-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’.
select îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ á´-JØÓ °œL-î √®Ω’. ††’o 3) ´®Ω-éπôoç EÊ≠-Cµç-î √®Ω’.
seen - old use
8) you should be included 4) í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç -Ø√-©’í∫’ éÌûªh È®j™‰y -™„j†’x ¢Ë¨»®Ω’.
reserve member í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.) =á´-JîË îª÷úø-•-ú≈f´¤? M. SURESAN
(verb- should be included- should be + pp - 5) Date of Interview ûªy®Ω-™ ØË Å¶µºu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-
Debate = ´éπh %ûªyç. á´®Ω’ îª÷¨»®Ω’ -E†’o?)
passive) 5) What were you told? ñ‰-ߪ’ôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.
Pick up = choose. áç°œ-éπ-îË-ߪ’ôç. = ANSWERS
°j °æöÀd-éπ™ É*a† transformation principles èπ◊ †’¢Ëyç îÁ°æp-•-ú≈f´¤? (FÍéç -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’?)
Ravikanth: Where will the contest be held? 6) When was the letter posted? = 1) He has been elected the new president.
Ñ 8 verbs in passive ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o®· Öûªh®Ωç á°æ¤púø’
(§ÚöÃ áéπ\úø?) post Post
îËߪ’-•-úÕçC? (á°æ¤púø’ î˨»®Ω’?) 2) Four were killed and ten injured in the acci-
éπü∆?Åçõ‰ dent yesterday.
Active voice passive
™ ™«ØË, ™ èπÿú≈ ques-
(Contest = éπçõ„Æˇd = §ÚöÃ) a) Active ™ RDWs Öçõ‰, passive, am/ is/ tion ™verb subject
´·çü¿÷, ûª®√yûª ´≤ƒh®·. 3) Dowry has been abolished.
Prakash: It is going to be held this month end are + past participle. Helping verb
™‰èπ◊çõ‰ main verb
èπ◊, èπÿ ´’üµ¿u™ 4) Four new rail lines were laid last year.
at Rajamundry. b) Active ™ PDW Öçõ‰, passive, was/ were subject ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC î√-™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç- 5) Candidates will soon be informed of the
(®√ï-´’ç-vúÕ™ Ñ ØÁ™«-ê®Óx Öçô’çC) + past participle. î√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. date of interview.

-ØË-öÀ
-áçÂÆ-ö¸
Ravikanth: Wish you should be include in the c) shall/ should/ will/ would, etc + 1st RDW
final team. active Å®·ûË, OöÀ™ shall/ should, etc èπ◊
(final team be îËJa, past participle îËJaûË passive.

-ví¬ç-ú˛-õ„Æˇd
™ †’´¤yçú≈-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ)
-™
d) shall be/ should be/ will be/ would be,
Prakash: Thank you.
etc + 1st RDW active Å®·ûË, shall be/
lllll
should be/ can be, etc + past participle -
Last lesson ™ principles of changing verbs passive.
from active to passive îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Ææ÷n©çí¬ -Ñ -Ø√-©’í∫’ patterns í∫’®Ω’hç-èπ◊ç-õ‰ passive
´’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. -î√-™« easy. Now practise the following in English use Bhramara: Not yet. some more work is left.
-Ñ °æ-öÀdéπ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ. passive forms only where necessary: Lavanya: When will it be completed too?
Lavanya: °æ†çû√ °æ‹®Ωh-®·çü∆? Bhramara: It may be completed by tomorrow
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Bhramara: Éçé¬ ™‰ü¿’. Éçé¬ éÌçûª N’TL ÖçC. afternoon.
1. 1st RDW/ 2nd RDW (give, take, etc/ 1. am + pp / is + pp / are + pp. Lavanya: ÅC èπÿú≈ á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’çC? Lavanya: Have all the invitations been post-
gives, takes, etc) (am given, is given, are given etc) Bhramara: Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ °æ‹-Jh鬴a. ed?
2. Past Doing Word 2. Was+pp/ Were+pp Lavanya: Invitations ÅFo post Å-ߪ÷uߪ÷? Bhramara: Yes, most of them. But then there
(gave, took etc) (was given / were given) are invitations for which the
Bhramara: Yes î√-™« ´’ô’èπ◊. Å®·ûË O’®Ω’
3. shall/ should/ will/ would/ can/ addresses have to be written by
3. É™«çöÀ verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ shall/ should/ will/ would... addresses ®√ߪ÷-Lq-†N éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.
you/ you have to write the address-
could/ may/ might/ must etc + 1st °æéπ\† be °öÀd, ü∆EéÀ Past Participle îË®Ωaôç. ¢√öÀE O’È®-°æ¤púø’ °æ‹JhîËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’? es. When can you complete it?
RDW shall be taken (shall + be + past participle) / will Lavanya: éÌEo addresses Éçé¬ ®√¢√L. ÅN
Lavanya: Some addresses are yet to be
(shall take, will take, would take etc) be taken, etc. ®√í¬ØË ®√ÊÆ-≤ƒh†’. received, once they are received, I
Shall have/ should have/ will have/ verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ shall have/ should have/ Bhramara: ÅN O’®Ω’ °æ‹JhîËÊÆh ÅFo éπL°œ post
É™«çöÀ will write the addresses.
would have/ can have, etc + past will have, etc °æéπ\† been °öÀd, ü∆EéÀ past partici- îËߪ’-´îª’a. Bhramara: If you complete them, all of them
participle (would have taken, could ple (would have been taken, could have ANSWER
îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. may be posted together/ we may
have taken etc) been taken, etc) Lavanya: Has the work been completed? post all of them together.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-I-I Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 1 -¢Ë’ 2006
Pranav: Hi Prabhat, you look quite smart in
your clothes today. Are they new?
äé𠶵«≠æ™ ÖçúË ´÷ô-©-Eo-öÀF Ç ¶µ«≠æ vocabu-
lary Åçö«ç. É°æ¤púø’ °j sentences ™E
(v°æ¶µ«û˝, -Ñ •ôd™x -F-´¤ î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Underline îËÆœ† ´÷ô-©Fo ´’† appearance
ÖØ√o´¤. ÅN éÌûªh¢√?) (éπE-°œçîË B®Ω’) èπÿ, ´’† •ôd-©èπÿ (´·êuçí¬ ´’í∫-
Prabhat: They are, of course. But I'm afraid I ¢√∞¡x •ôd-©èπ◊) Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†´E ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC
don't look smarter than you, in spite of éπü∆? Ñ ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ ´’† daily life situa-
my new clothes. Any way, I thank you tion ™ spoken english ™ ¢√úË ´÷ô™‰ 鬕öÀd
for the compliment. practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
(ÅN éÌûªh¢Ë. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Féπçõ‰ ØËØËç 1) You look quite smart in your clothes. Look
smarter Åçü¿çí¬/ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ éπE-°œç- Åçõ‰ ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ – éπE-°œç-îªôç/ Åí∫’-°œç-
îªúøç ™‰ü¿’™‰. àüÁj-ûËØËç, F´¤ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’- îªôç. smart = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬, Åçü¿çí¬ Öçúøôç/ b) Sulochana: Are you coming for the picnic?
†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ thanks.) 7) Offend= (´’†Ææ’q, ¶µ«¢√©’) ØÌ°œpç-îªôç.
éπE-°œç-îªôç. ´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Picnic
(†’¢Ìy-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√ èπ◊?)
Pranav: Mine are sincere compliments, prab- a) I don't want to offend him=
suit Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart. tip top í¬ Sunayana: I'am afraid I can't because dad
hat. They aren't mere flattery. Öçúøôç ÅØ√o smart. Çߪ’†’o ØÌ°œpç-îªôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’.
isn't well
b) The book has been banned because it
(؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË ´’†-Ææ÷p¥-Jh-í¬ØË E†’o ¢Á’a- a) The army officer is really smart in his uni- (Ø√†oèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í∫’-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ؈’ offends the sentiments of the minority com-
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Å-¢Ëç ¢Á’®Ω-¢Á’a ´÷ô©’/ form. Army officer,
Ç Uniform
Ç ™ î√™« ®√™‰-†E, ¶«üµ¿í¬ îÁ°æpôç)
§Òí∫úøh é¬ü¿’) munity =
¢Á’iØ√-JöÀ ´®√_© ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ØÌ°œpç-îËCí¬
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. I'm afraid/ we're afraid ™«çöÀ expressions
Prabhat: I have no doubt about that. But really b) The students were all smartly dressed for the
ÖçC 鬕öÀd Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo EÊ≠-Cµç-î√®Ω’.
I don't like these clothes very much.
O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω ¢√úøçúÕ. c) You offend me if you talk badly about my
college anniversary = College ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç 3) In spite of: Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ. (though/ although/
Dad bought me them from favourite hero= Ø√ ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’úÕo í∫’Jç*
Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ü¿’Ææ’h™x even though/ but/ yet ûÓ Ææ´÷†ç. Å®·ûË ¢√úø’-
Hyderabad. I wear them because I ÖØ√o®Ω’. îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË ††’o ØÌ°œp-ç-*-†-õ‰x.
don't want to offend him.
éπ™ OöÀ-éÌ-éπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπ-öÀéÀ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE 8) tire= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, Å©-Ææô éπL-Tç-îªôç/ Å©-Æ œ-
Dress and clothes: Dress ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËC Çúø-¢√∞Ïx. ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ÷L.
(-Ç N≠æߪ’ç-™ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. ´’í∫-¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËN clothes. Åçõ‰ ´’í∫-¢√∞¡x •ôd- a) In spite of her greatness, she is not conceit- §Ú-´ôç. Å®·ûË, bore éÌôdôç/ NÆœ-Tç-îªôç ÅØË
Eïçí¬ Ñ •ôd©’ Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ´÷ ©†’ dress/ dresses ņç. Å®·ûË He is ed (Ç¢Á’èπ◊ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÀ, Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç
Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÉC É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™
Ø√†o OöÀE £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü¿’ †’ç* ûÁî√a®Ω’ always dressed in good clothes ™«çöÀ sen- ™‰ü¿’. Conceit= í∫®Ωyç) ÖçC.
a) The movie is tiring= Ç ÆœE´÷ NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-*çC.
Ø√èπ◊. -Çߪ’† ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√-Í®-¢Á÷-†E ¢ËÆæ’- tences ™ dress Åçõ‰ •ôd©’ ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ = Though/ Although/ Even though she is
éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’) b) I don't want to go to him. He tires me by talk-
•ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. -Å-C great, she is not conceited (Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp-ü¿-®·Ø√,
ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. ing of his greatness = ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}ôç
í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’)
´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ î√™« Neat í¬ Å´’-J-éπí¬ = She is great, but/ yet she is not conceited
Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúÕ
Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart. NÆœ-T-≤ƒhúø’.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 150
= Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æpC, é¬E Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’/ í∫Jy-é¬ü¿’)
c) She smarted up for the interview b) Inspite of his fever, he is able to walk= ïy®Ωç Ö†o-
Interview èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ îªéπ\í¬ ´·≤ƒh-•®·çC. °æp-öÀéà (ïy®ΩçûÓ èπÿú≈) Å-ûª-úø’ †úø-´-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Now practise the following in English
Nimisha: Hi Lipta, àçöÀ éÌûªh-•-ôd™«? áçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-
ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√o¢Ó! áéπ\-úø-éÌ-Ø√o´¤?

I don't want to offend him

áçûª?
Lipta: F¢Á’-°æ¤pèπ◊ thanks. Eïçí¬ ¶«´¤çü∆ -Ñ
combination?
Nimisha: ´’†-Ææ÷p¥Jhí¬ îÁ°æ¤p-Ø√oØË. †´’t¢√?
Lipta: àüÓ §Òí∫-úøh-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†’™‰.
Pranav: I don't see why you think they aren't Smart èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† = Though/ Although/ Even though he has a Nimisha: Å®·ûË áéπ\úø, áçûª-éÌ\-Ø√o¢Ó îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
good. They really suit you well. Éûª®Ω °æü∆©’; Stylish, fever, he is able to walk. Lipta: é̆-™‰üË. ÅüÁ-™«íÓ ´*açC Ø√èπ◊. Åü¿çû√
(ÅN ¶«í¬™‰-´E †’´¤y áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- trendy. Å®·ûË Ñ = He has a fever, but/ yet he is able to walk. îÁ°œp E†’o NÆœ-Tç-îªôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’.
Ø√o¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç鬴ô癉ü¿’. ÅN Fèπ◊ î√™« È®çúø’ ´÷ô™x éÌClí¬ 4) Compliment = ¢Á’°æ¤p-´÷ô, ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿†/ ¢Á’a- Nimisha: Åçõ‰ ؈ ’ èπÿú≈ é̆’-èπ◊\ç-ö«-†E
¶«í¬ †§ƒp®·.) fashion v°æ¶µ«´ç éÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç. ÅÆæ÷ߪ÷?
Prabhat: Do they, really? Then I am happy. áèπ◊\´. •ôd©’ neat í¬, Lipta:
á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ´’†ç ¢Á’aéÌØË ´÷ô-©’-í¬F, á´-J-ÈéjØ√ áçü¿’Íé Ç ´÷ô©’? †ØÁoç-ûª- ØÌ-°œp-Ææ’h-
(Eïç-í¬Ø√. Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’) Å´’-J-éπí¬ Öçúø-ôç-ûÓ- ´’†ç ûÁLÊ° ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’-í¬F compliments. Ø√o¢Ó Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Ø√éπ-üËüÓ gift í¬
Pranav: You are always well dressed. I don't §ƒô’, é¬Ææh fashion- á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç, to com-
M. SURESAN
have the patience to choose what able í¬ Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úøN, pliment.
´*açC ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈.
clothes I wear. stylish, trendy. a) My compliments to you on your high marks in Nimisha: ÅüË îÁ§Òp--aí¬. Åçü¿’™ NÆœ-Tç-îË-
(F¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ •ôd©’ ¶«í¬ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. Smart Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç ûÁL-¢Áj†, ®Ω’-Èéj†. the exam= üË-´·çC?
•ôd© áç°œ-éπ-éπçûª ã°œéπ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊) a) The boy is smart. You can't cheat him= marks
°æK-éπ~™ F´¤ ûÁa-èπ◊†o íÌ°æp èπ◊ Ø√ Lipta: O.K.
Prabhat: Still you look stylish. There is some
(Clever).
Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√úø’ †’´¤y ¢√úÕo ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. ANSWER
charm about you that makes your
compliment ûª®√yûª on ´Ææ’hçC. Nimisha: Hi Lipta, new dress? How smart you
appearance attractive.
¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰´¤.
b) It was smart of her to give such an answer b) He sent his compliments to the actor on his look in the dress! Where did you
(Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y é¬Ææh stylish í¬ØË éπE-°œ-
Ç Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç Ç¢Á’ ûÁL-N-í¬ØË É*açC. action in the movie= Ç †ô’úÕ íÌ°æp †ô-†èπ◊ buy it and how much is it?
≤ƒh´¤. F™ àüÓ Çéπ-®Ω{ù ÖçC. ÅC E†’o
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ îËÆæ’hçC) É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x smart Åçõ‰ î√™« ûÁL-Ní¬ Çߪ’† ûª† ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’ °æ秃úø’. Lipta: Thank you for your compliment. Is
Pranav: Enough. You are tiring. Let's talk of ûªy®Ωí¬ Ç™-*ç-îª-í∫© ¨¡éÀh Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. c) Everyone complimented Dhoni on his won-
the combination really good?
something else. c) Don't try to be smart with me= derful play = üµÓE Çô†’ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.
d) He complimented her on her taste in the Nimisha: I am sincere in my compliments.
(Ééπ î√©’. NÆœ-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ÉçÍé N≠æ-ߪ’- Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω F ûÁLN îª÷°æèπ◊.
choice of her dress = Dress Don't you believe me?
¢Á’iØ√ ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç) A smart restaurant = a fashionable áç°œ-éπ™ Ç¢Á’
v v v v v restaurant= ÅGµ-®Ω’-*E Åûª-úø’ éÌE-ߪ÷-ú≈úø’. Lipta: I thought you were flattering me/ I
Look at the following sentences from the Food prices are high at this smart restaurant. 5) Compliment èπ◊ é¬Ææh Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o ´’®Ó-´÷ô thought it was flattery/ I took it for
dialogue above. (Ñ fashionable £æ«Ùô™x A†’-•ç-ú≈-®√© üµ¿®Ω áèπ◊\´). flattery. Flattery ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ¢Á’Ê°p, é¬E flattery flattery.
1) you look quite smart in your clothes 2) I'm afraid= I am afraid. Afraid èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Åçõ‰ Éûª-®Ω’-©îË °æE-îË-®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÓ, ¢√∞¡x-´©x Nimisha: But you haven't told me where and
2) .... I'm afraid I don't look smarter than you, in Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ¶µºßª’-°æ-úøôç/ ¶µºßª’çûÓ àüÁjØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÓ îËÊÆ §Òí∫úøh. how much you bought it for.
spite of my new clothes Öçúøôç. é¬F Ñ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ I'm afraid Åçõ‰ §Òí∫-úøh©’ flattery. Lipta: I didn't buy it. I got it some how. I
3) Anyway I thank you for the compliment. a) He flatters the minister to get his help.
؈’ *çA-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. don't want to tire you by telling you
4) Mine are sincere compliments. They aren't I'm afraid I am not smarter than you= ´’çvA Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç, Çߪ’Eo §Òí∫-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. of it.
mere flattery FéπØ√o ؈’ smart í¬ ™‰ØË-¢Á÷-†E *çA-Ææ’hØ√o. b) Everyone in the world falls for flattery =
Nimisha: (Are) you jealous that I too will buy
5) ... because I don't want to offend him. Åçõ‰ ´’†-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç é¬Ææh ¶«üµ¿ûÓ îÁ°æp- v°æ°æç-îªç™ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x §Òí∫-úøhèπ◊ ™ÔçÍí-¢√∞Ïx. it?
6) I don't see why you think... ö«-EéÀ I'm afraid ÅE ¢√úøû√ç/ I'm afraid ûÓ 6) sincere= ´’†-Ææ÷p¥JhßÁi’†, *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫©.
Lipta: Why such words? You don't know
7) ... you are always well dressed v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. a) I am sincere in my wish to help you =
a) Nishant: Has Prashanth passed? how much you offend me. I got it as
8) still you look stylish Fèπ◊ ؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË (´’†-Ææ÷p¥-JhûÓ) Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç
pass a gift unexpectedly.
9) Enough. You are tiring. (v°æ¨»çû˝ Åߪ÷uú≈?) îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç--ô’-Ø√o.
In the lesson, lets learn a few items of Susanth: I'm afraid, no. b) No politician is sincere about servicing Nimisha: You could have told me so. What is
vocabulary. Vocabulary
Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. Pass
(v°æ¨»çû˝ Å´-™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿í¬/ people. = politicians èπ◊ -v°ææñ«-ÊÆ-´™ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-™‰ü¿’. there in to tire me?
simpleí¬ ü∆†®Ωnç ´÷ô©’ °æü∆©’ ÅE éπü∆? Å®·-≠dçæ í¬ îÁ°æpôç) c) She is sincere student= -Ç-¢Á’ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫© Nü∆uJn-E Lipta: That's OK.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 3 -¢Ë’ 2006
Devanath: I bought this shirt for Rs 350/-. A
Ñ Sentences ™E passive verb forms É°æp-öÀ-
good bargain, isn't it?
´®Ωèπ◊ îª÷Æœ† verb forms (passive) èπ◊ Åü¿†ç.
(Ñ shirt ؈’ 350 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o. 1) ... I have been cheated =
´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?) ¢Á÷ÆæTç-°æ-•-ú≈f†’ = ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
Raghunath: I'm afraid that it is too much for it.
2) Were charged = ´Ææ÷©’ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f´¤ =
I have a similar shirt. It cost me
just around Rs 250/-
F ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ´Ææ÷©’ î˨»®Ω’.
3) is called =
(†’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ °ö«d-´-†’-èπ◊çö«.
Ø√éÀ-™«çöÀ shirt ÖçC. ü∆Eo ؈’ 250 °œ©-´-•-úø’-ûª’çC/ °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’.
4) Wouldn't have been cheated = ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úË-
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o.) 4) I wouldn't have been cheated =
by whom (á´J îËûª) ÅØËC Ééπ\úø ûÁL-ߪ’-ôç-
Devanath: You mean I have been cheated? ¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’ = ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’ ؈’ ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úË-¢√-úÕo-é¬ü¿’. Ñ verb, ÉüË list
5) ... had been asked = ™‰ü¿’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†Íéç ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC– FîËûª =
(Åçõ‰ ؈’ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷-†Ø√?) ™ °j† verb No 1 äÍé class éπü∆-– have/ has/ by you ÅE. 鬕öÀd Active- You ûÓ begin
Cheat = ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’ôç/ ¢Á÷Ææ-í¬úø’ Åúø-í∫-•úÕ Öçõ‰/ ††o-úÕT Öçõ‰. had/ would have, etc + PP - Passive, DEéÀ
6) a) can be returned/ exchanged =
Å®·u, If you had asked me Å´¤-ûª’çC.
Cheater ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’ active ᙫ Öçô’çC? ´’üµ¿u™ been BÊÆ-ߪ’çúÕ.
É™«Íí passive ™ by whom/ by what (á´J
Raghunath: If its price is Rs 350/-, you were AJT É´y-•-úø-í∫©/ ´÷®Ωa-•-úø-í∫© = AJT ÉîËaߪ’/ I wouldn't have been cheated = He/ they (the
îËûª/ üËE îËûª) ÅØËC ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√L.
charged Rs 100 more. Where did ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫© shop fellow/ the shop fellows) would not
Passive ÆæJí¬ ¢√úÕ-†-îÓôx, by so and so, °∂晫-Ø√-
you buy it? b) has been used = have cheated me.
¢√∞¡x îËûª ÅØËC omit îËÆæ’hçö«ç. ÉC í∫´’-Eç*
(†’´y-†oô’x ÅC 350 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„jûË, 100 ¢√úø-•-úÕçC/ ¢√ú≈ç. Ñ form of the verb Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† practice îËÊÆh, passive ™ èπÿú≈ ´’† conver-
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ áèπ◊\´ °ö«d´¤. áéπ\úø 7) should be taught a lesson = Imaginary past form éπü∆. sation effective í¬ Öçô’çC.
éÌØ√o´¤?) §ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®Ωp-•-ú≈L = §ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®√pL. 5) If I had been asked -
Practise the following in English.
Devanath: At the Fitwell readymade shop. 8) don't be cheated = ÉC èπÿú≈ verb No 4, verb No 1 ™«Íí ÖçC,
Express the passive equivalents of the
Raghunath: It is often called the cheatwell ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úøèπ◊/ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Úèπ◊ passive ™. DEéÀ active- had been asked ™,
following:
shop. Didn't you know that? 9) will be taken care of = ´’üµ¿u been BÊÆ-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’. If I had been asked
(ü∆Eo cheatwell shop Åçö«®Ωçü¿®Ω÷. (by you) = (Passive) = If you had asked me a) Xé¬∞¡-£æ«-ÆœhE ü¿éÀ~ù é¬Qí¬ °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’.
ñ«--ví∫-ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-•-úø’-ûª’çC/ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«.
Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆?) (Active) b) D§ƒ-´R ®ÓV† buildings †’ D§ƒ-©ûÓ Å©ç-éπ-
Devanath: You should have told me of it earli- 6) Verb b) has been used.
îª÷úøçúÕ: ÉC èπÿú≈ J-≤ƒh®Ω’.
er. Then I wouldn't have been verb No. 1, verb No. 4 Passive
™«í¬ØË, ™ c) ´’†ç *†o °œ©x-©†’ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-ôd-
cheated. ÖçC. ÉC active has been used
鬢√-©çõ‰ ™ í∫©ç. (passive ™ îÁ§ƒpL).
(†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË îÁ°æ¤pç-ú≈-LqçC. ¢Á÷Ææ- -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 151 been BÊÆ-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’.It has been used (by me)=
I have used it (active) d) Ñ road Ææí∫¢Ë’ repair î˨»-Jç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊.
§Ú-ßË’-¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’.)
Raghunath: I would have, if I had been asked,
and if I had known that you were
going to that shop. Can't it be
returned or exchanged now?
(††o-úÕ-í∫’çõ‰, †’¢√y shop èπ◊ ¢Á∞«h´E
ûÁLÊÆh ؈’ îÁÊ°p-¢√-úÕØË. ü∆Eo°æ¤púø’ AJ-T
... I have been cheated?
-É´y-ö«-E-éÀ-í¬F ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬F ™‰ü∆?)
7) Verbs no 6 (a) can be e) ؈’ select Å®· ÖçúË-¢√úÕo 鬆’, time èπ◊
Devanath: How can it be, after it has been (°j ņ’-¢√-ü¿ç™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀC passive translation
returned, No. 7 should ÆæJí¬ Ø√ application ¢√∞¡}èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰.
used? ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ü∆E °æéπ\† Ö†oC normal
be taught, No. 9 will
(ᙫ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç, ¢√úË-¨»†’ éπü∆?) (´÷´‚©’) ûÁ©’-í∫’™) f) Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç X Class èπ◊ text book í¬ pre-
be taken. ÉN ´‚úø’
Raghunath: Then stop worrying about it. Be All the verbs above, you notice, are in the be scribe 鬴a.
èπÿú≈ shall/ should/
careful in future. form + past participle (pp), so they are all in g) ÉC ¢ÁçôØË îËߪ÷L.
can/ could/ may/
the passive voice.
(Å®·ûË Éçéπ-ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. might/ must etc + 1st h) Åûªúø’ select 鬢√LqçC
Future ™ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúø’) passive voice M. SURESAN
í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ RDW passive form
èπ◊ i) Ñ road á°æ¤púÓ ¢Ëߪ÷-LqçC.
Devanath: The shop fellow should be taught a lessons ™ îÁ°œp† Ñ points: éπü∆. j) ÉC î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ îËߪ’-´îª’a.
lesson. have/ has/ had/ shall have/ etc + past par- Verb No. 6 (a) can be returned/ exchanged
(Ç shop ¢√úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ •’Cl¥ îÁ§ƒpL.) ticiple, form ™ Ö†o active voice verbs èπ◊ (by me)/ Passive - I can return/ exchange it ANSWERS
Raghunath: In that attempt, don't be cheated Passive form: have/ has/ had/ shall have, (Active) a) Srikalahasti is called Dakshina Kasi/ The
once more. etc èπ◊, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´îËa past participle èπ◊ Verb No. 7: Should be taught (by us) - ÉC Kasi of the south.
(Ç v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ ´’Sx ¢Á÷Ææ-§Úèπ◊) ´’üµ¿u™ been °ôd-úø¢Ë’. passive - We should teach him (the shop fel-
b) Buildings are decorated with lamps on
Devanath: No; I will take you this time. You act 1) (Do) you mean I have been cheated. ÉC low)- Active.
the day of Deepavali/ on the Deepavali
smart in these matters. passive. DEéÀ active- have/ has cheated Verb No.9: Will be taken care of (by me) - day/ on the occasion of Deepavali.
(Ñ≤ƒJ E†’o BÆæ’-Èé∞«h. †’Oy N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? = Passive - I will take care of it (Active)
c) Children can be made happy easily
ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úÕN) (Do) you mean that the shop fellow has
Raghunath: It will be taken care of, don't worry. ˜ ˜ ˜ d) Only half of the road has been repaired.
cheated me?
(؈’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊) In the case of the verbs above, we have e) I would not have been selected, if my
ÅüË shop people (≥ƒ°æ¤-¢√∞¡Ÿx) ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’
Observe the use of passive forms in the seen the active equivalents of passive application had not reached in time. (This
(Do) you mean the shop fellows have cheat-
conversation above: forms. is imaginary past, isn't it?)
ed me? Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) You mean I have been cheated? Passive sentences ™, °j† ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† f) The book may be prescribed as a text
2) you were charged Rs 100/- more: Ééπ\úø pas-
2) You were charged Rs 100/- more sentences ™ 'äéπ °æE á´-J-îËûª îËߪ’-•-úÕçC?— book for X class.
sive, were + pp. DEéÀ active- past doing word
3) It is often called the cheatwell shop. éπü∆? -Å°æ¤p-úø’ sentence, active ™ à´’-´¤-ûª’çC? ÅØËC ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? eg: I have been g) This should be/ must be/ has to be done
4) I wouldn't have been cheated. The shop fellow charged you Rs 100/- more. cheated (¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’) á´-J-îËûª ÅØËC clear at once.
5) ... if I had been asked. í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’. Å™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ´’†ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo
3) It is often called the cheatwell shop = h) He should have been selected (Imaginary
6) How can it be (returned/ exchanged) after it
ü∆Eo cheatwell shop Åçö«®Ω’ (v°æï©’). Ééπ\úø •öÀd Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√L. Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, Shop fellow past)
has been used.
Passive- is called, 鬕öÀd DEéÀ Active,
ÅE Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´îª’a. Å°æ¤púø’, Passive †’ç* i) This road should have been laid long ago
7) The shop fellow should be taught a lesson active èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ shop fellow ûÓ sen-
I RDW/ II RDW éπü∆? (Past lessons ™E (Imaginary past)
8) ... don't be cheated once more tence begin îË≤ƒhç. Å™« î˨»ç éπü∆ Ééπ\úø?
tables îª÷úøçúÕ) É°æ¤púø’ DEéÀ active - people j) This can be done easily.
9) It will be taken care of call it the cheatwell shop. Å™«Íí If I had been asked - passive ™ ÖçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 6 -¢Ë’ 2006
Spandana: Oh, Chandana, what a relief? I'm Look at the following words and expres-
off. I'll be seeing you only after 10 sions from the dialogue between
days. Spandana and Chandana.
(Chandana, áçûª relief í¬ ÖçüÓ! ؈’ 1) What a relief! I'm off; 2) excited; 3) on a
¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. ´’Sx 10 ®ÓV© ûª®√yûª E†’o holiday; 4) I've been dying to be back home;
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«.) 5) I've packed up; 6) I am eager; 7) envy;
relief= N´·éÀh / ØÁAh-O’-ü¿-†’ç* °ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ 8) anxious; 9) can't wait; 10) how impatient
Cç*-†-ô’xç-úøôç you are!; 11) laze about; 12) the nine month
Chandana: What are you so excited about? grind; 13) get even with you.
(Are you) on a holiday or what? Learn and practise these expressions
when you speak. Your English will be He is dying to become a minister=
(üËE í∫’Jç* Åçûª Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ÖØ√o´¤? 5) I've packed up= ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç– v°æߪ÷-ù«-
ÂÆ©´¤-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢√ à´’Ø√o?) very effective. ´’çvA 鬢√©E ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ EéÀ, É©’x ´÷®Ω-ö«-EéÀ, etc.
On a holiday= ÂÆ©´¤-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç 1) relief: He is very eager to become a minister= He
DE Å®Ωnç ´’†™ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’– a) Pack up and get out= ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-éÌE ¢ÁRx§Ú.
Spandana: Happy that I am (on a holiday). I (¶«üµ¿ †’ç* Å®·ûË) Ö°æ-¨¡-´’†ç. (¶«üµ¿u-ûª©’, •®Ω’- is anxious to become a minister= He can't
wait to become a minister= He is impatient b) He was packed up and is about to leave=
am going home, sweet home. All ´¤© †’ç* Å®·ûË) Núø’-ü¿©, Åçü¿’-´©x ´îËa
these days I have been dying to be £æ…®·. What a relief!. Å•s, áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ! to become a minister. É´Fo äÍé Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒh®·. ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊E ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
back home, and I've the chance Çߪ’† ´’çvûª-´-ö«-EéÀ áçûÓ Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖØ√oúøE/ c) Time for us to pack up=
äéπ éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·ûË, äé𠶫üµ¿uûª †’ç*
now. I've packed up and am leav- N´·éÀh §ÒçCûË, ´’†-éπ-E-°œçîË £æ…®·, relief. (Also, ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøE. ´‚ö«--´·™„x Ææ®Ω’l-éÌØË time ´*açC.
ing. relief from headache, fever, etc.) Ñ ´÷ô-© π◊ Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®√n©’ îª÷ü∆lç. 7) envy= áEy– 'á— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ñ®Ω{u, äéπ-J-èπ◊†o
i) Dying - Éü¿ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ – î√´-¶-ûª’†o ü¿¨¡™ 
I'm off= I am off= I am going= ؈’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-
(ÂÆ©-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-†E ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ´Ææ’h´¤ ´’†èπ◊ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ´îËa ¶«üµ¿– °æéπ\-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊
ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡ŸhØ√o. ÉçöÀ-Èé-°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«h´÷ Ø√o†’– ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†o-°æ¤púø÷, ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË-´÷ô– Öçúøôç. 鬮Ω’çC, ´’†èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’– Å°æ¤púø’ We envy them.
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰, É°æ¤p-úÌ-*açü∆ Å´-鬨¡ç. èπ◊x°æhçí¬ áèπ◊\´ Å®√nEo îÁ°æ¤hçC. Dying to do something= ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø-ôç. (¢√∞¡xçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ Ñ®Ω{u).
≤ƒ´÷-†xEo Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’.) The child is dying to see its mother= a) She envies her sister because she has more
He's off. If you want to tell him anything,
hurry up= ¢√úø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. àü¿Ø√o îÁ§ƒp-©-†’- ûªLxE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Gúøf ûª£æ«-ûª£æ«™«úø’-ûÓçC. jewellery= sister
Ç¢Á’ èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ †í∫©’çúøôç
èπ◊çõ‰ ¢ÁçôØË îÁ°æ¤p. ii) eager= Çûª%-ûªí¬ Öçúøôç= anxious. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçC.
2) excited= you are excited when some thing a) The hero is eager to see/ anxious to see his b) I envy your health=
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 152 good happens to you/ when you are very son also as an actor= hero
actor
Ç èπ◊ ûª† éÌúø’-èπ◊†’ Fèπ◊ Ç®Óí∫uç ÖçC, Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’– Åçü¿’-´©x Ñ®Ω{u.
happy about something. èπÿú≈ í¬ îª÷ú≈-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC. 11) Laze (about)=
à °æF îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ lazy (≤Ú´’-J)í¬ Öçúøôç.
a) I like to laze about on the weekend=

What a relief! I'm off ¢√®√çûªç °æE-îË-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ í∫úø-°æôç

Ø√éÀ≠dçæ .
b) He wastes money and time. He Lazes about:
Time, úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’. ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ Öçö«úø’.
Chandana: I am eager to go home too, but I b) The patient is eager/ anxious to see the doc-
´’ç* ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, c) Don't laze about. Do some work =
can't get leave until next month. tor=
ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊
How I envy you! éπLÍí ÆæçûÓ≠æç, Öû√q£æ«ç. ®ÓT doctor †’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Çûª%ûª °æúø’-ûÓçC. ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ Öçúøèπ◊, àüÓ °æE-îÁß˝’.
Å®·ûË eager èπ◊ ™‰E Å®Ωnç, anxious èπ◊ Ö†o 12) The nine month grind:
(Ø√èπÿ ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«x-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçüË, é¬E a) They were excited
´îËa ØÁ©-ü∆é¬ ÂÆ©´¤ üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’. E†’o-îª÷ÊÆh when their favourite ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç– ´÷†-Æœ-éπçí¬ ÇçüÓ-∞¡†-îÁç-ü¿-ôç. grind Åçõ‰– °œçúÕ-îË-ߪ’ôç ÅØËC ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç.
áçûª Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçüÓ!) hero talked to them= c) The mother is anxious about the child's con- a) We grind wheat into fine powder (flour) for
Spandana: I called mom and told her. She is ¢√∞¡x ÅGµ-´÷† hero dition making chapathis =
anxious to see me back. So is dad. ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ M. SURESAN Ç ûªLx ûª† Gúøf °æJ-ÆœnA (Ç®Óí∫uç) í∫’Jç* íÓüµ¿’-´’†’ ´’†ç ƒ-B© éÓÆæç °œçúÕ îË≤ƒhç.
Still two hours for the train and I ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. ÇçüÓ-∞¡†-îÁç-ü¿’-ûÓçC. grind èπ◊ past tense, past participle- ground.
feel it's too long. I can't wait any b) He felt excited when he got the prize= Ééπ\úø anxious èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ eager ¢√úøç. Å®Ωnç b) He ground the wheat into flour =
longer. ¢√úÕéÀ prize ´*a-†°æ¤p-úø’ î√™« Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ äéπõ‰ Å´ü¿’. anxious èπ◊, worried ¢√úÌa. íÓüµ¿’-´’-©†’ °œçúÕ î˨»úø’ (´’®Ω™)
(Å´’tèπ◊ phone îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. d) The MD (Managing Director) is anxious flour = flower pronounce
™« îËߪ÷L– °∂æx-Å=
††’o îª÷ú≈-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC. Ø√†oèπ◊ c) The movie is exciting/ It's an exciting movie= about the loss in the profits of the company. °œçúÕ. wheat flour = íÓüµ¿’´’ °œçúÕ.
èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Train ®√´-ö«-EéÀ Éçé¬ È®çúø’ movie. Company ™«¶µ«© ûªí∫’_-ü¿© í∫’Jç* MD ÇçüÓ-∞¡†
í∫çô-©’çC. áçûª-ÊƧÚ!)
î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀhE ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπL-TçîË é¬E Ééπ\úø grind èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – v¨¡´’, éπ%≠œ.
d) Nothing exciting about the movie. It's dull= îÁçü¿’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’= Çü¿’®√l °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Nine month grind - ûÌN’tC ØÁ©© v¨¡´’
Chandana: I see how impatient you are! So Anxiety= ÇçüÓ-∞¡† (´÷†-Æ œéπç)
would anyone be when they have a
Ç movie ™ Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’iç-üË-D-™‰ü¿’. î√™« ÅØ√- c) I need at least a week's break after this grind
chance. How are you going to
Ææ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. (Dull= unexciting) e) She wants to see a psychiatrist about her
Éçûª v¨¡´’°æúÕçûª®√yûª -Ø√èπ◊ éπFÆæç ¢√®Ωç Nv¨»çA
e) Exciting news= ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω N≠æߪ’ç. anxiety= ûª† ´÷†-Æœéπ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç*
spend the days? Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
3) On a holiday= You are on a holiday, if you Ç¢Á’ ´÷†-Æœéπ ¢Ájü¿’uúÕo Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC.
(áçûª ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Å®Ωnç d) Put him through the grind =
have break from your work for a few days. iii) Can't wait= ¢Ë* îª÷ÊÆ ã®Ω’p ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç.
îËÆæ’éÓí∫©†’. á´-È®jØ√ ÅçûË™‰ Å´-鬨¡ç ¢√úÕo éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’F.
îË Ê Æ °æ E †’ç* éÌEo ®ÓV- © - § ƒô’ Nv¨»ç- A í¬, (wait ´÷´‚-©®Ωnç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç)
´ÊÆh. àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ Ñ 10 e) Every trainee has to go through daily grind of
NØÓ- ü ¿ ç í¬ í∫ ú Õ - ° œ û Ë , You are on a holiday. a) He can't wait to go to the US=
®ÓV©÷?/ ᙫ í∫úø-°æ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) six hour =
Spandana: Just laze about. I don't want to do Holiday= ÂÆ©´¤, Holidays= ÂÆ©´¤©’– ´·êuçí¬ Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊ á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«l´÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. v°æA trainee (Péπ~ù §ÒçüË-¢√úø’) ®ÓVèπ◊ Ç®Ω’-
anything. This nine month grind Nü∆u-®Ω’n© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ b) He can't wait to meet his lover= ûª† v°œßª·-®√Lo í∫ç-ô© v¨¡´’ îËߪ÷Lq Öçô’çC.
has taken the life out of me. No a) They are on a holiday/ they have gone on a á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ÅE ÖØ√oúø’.
holiday= (éÌEo®ÓV©§ƒô’) °æE †’ç* N®√´’ç/ 13) get even = °æí∫ B®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç/ ÆæJ-Ææ-´÷†´’´ôç.
leisure. I am fed up with work. Just
eat, sleep, watch the TV and go to Nv¨»çA §Òçü¿ôç. Ü∞¡Ÿx A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ NØÓ-ü¿çí¬ iv) ÅÆæ impatient= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ã®Ω’p ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç,
-£æ«-†çí¬ Öçúøôç (opposite of patient)
a) In most Indian movies the hero gets even
movies. That's what I am going to í∫úø-°æôç. with the villain =
a) He doesn't want to wait. He is impatient to
do. b) I haven't been on a holiday for the past one î√™« Indian movies ™ *´-®Ωèπ◊ hero, villain
go=
(àO’ îËߪ’†’. îËߪ÷-©E ņ’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. year= O’ü¿ °æí∫ B®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.
Ñ ûÌN’tC ØÁ©© °æE Ø√ v§ƒù«Lo ûÓúË- àú≈-Cí¬ Nv¨»çA/ N®√´’ç á®Ω-í∫†’. Åûª-úø’ Çí∫ô癉ü¿’/ Çí¬-©E ™‰ü¿-ûª-úÕéÀ – ¢ÁRx-§Ú-¢√-©E b) In the 1st match India defeated Pak; but in
ÆœçC, Nv¨»çA ÅØËC ™‰èπ◊çú≈. NÆœ-T-§Ú- Expression No 4: I've been dying, No. 6: I
ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. the next match, Pak got even with India.
ߪ÷†’. A†ôç, Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, TV îª÷úøôç, am eager, No.8: Anxious, No. 9: Can't wait, b) He was impatient at my replies=
¢Á·ü¿öÀ match ™ ãúÕ† Pak, È®çúÓ match ™
ÆœE-´÷-©-Èé-∞¡xôç– ÉD ؈’ îËߪ’-¶-ßË’C.) and No. 10: How impatient you are. Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ Ø√ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©-éπ-ûª-úø’ ã®Ω’p éÓ™p-ߪ÷úø’/ ÅÆæ-£æ«†ç India ûÓ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’içC.
Chandana: Next month I am likely to get my Å®√n©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰ – Çûª%ûª °æúøôç, Çûª%-ûªûÓ v°æü¿-Jzç-î√úø’. c) Next month when I go on a holiday, I get
break. I'll get even with you then. áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷úøôç, ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úøôç, ûªy®Ω-°æ-úøôç. ÉO Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ expressions NNüµ¿ Å®√n©’, even with you =
Bye then. See you. Dying= Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs ¥ç™ Dying èπÿ, ü∆E ¢√úø’éπ. OöÀE O’ conversation ™ practice
(´îËa ØÁ© Ø√èπÿ ´Ææ’hçC break. Å°æ¤púø’ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ´’®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. îËߪ’çúÕ. Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬ Öçô’çC. Ééπ N’í∫û√ ´îËa ØÁ© Ø√èπ◊ holiday ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ FûÓ ÆæJ-
FûÓ Ææ´÷-†-´’-´¤û√. ¢ÁRx®√ Å®·ûË) Ééπ\úø dying Åçõ‰ ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úøôç. ´÷ô© Ææçí∫A îª÷ü∆lç. Ææ-´÷-†-´’-´¤-û√†’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 8 -¢Ë’ 2006
Vikranth: Any idea when Vijai is coming?
éπE î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ.
(Nïß˝’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Now look at the following sentences
Prasanth: Not in the least. I don't know where from the conversation above.
he is now.
1) Any idea when Vijai is coming?
(ÅÆæ©’ ûÁMü¿’. ÅûªúÁéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ èπÿú≈ 2) Not in the least. I don't know where he is
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) now.
Vikranth: I do not know what he wants from 3) I do not know what he wants from me.
me. He suddenly rang up yester-
4) He didn't make clear why he would see me.
day to tell me he was coming. He
5) I don't see why you didn't ask him when
didn't make clear why he would d)
exactly he wanted to come. ¢Á∞«x™ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. Åûª-ØÁ°æ¤púÌÆæ’h-Ø√oúÓ FÈé-´-®ΩØ√o îÁ§ƒp®√? =
see me.
6) We do not know whether to wait for him (Whether N’í∫û√ 'wh' words ™«çöÀC é¬ü¿’ Has any one told you when he will be com-
¢√úÕéÀ Ø√†’ç* àç 鬢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL- here or go about our work. choice express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô) ing?
ߪ’-úø癉ü¿’. Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ E†o Phone 7) I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his 8) I don't know why = Å™«Íí Ñ éÀçC 2 sentence èπÿ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ:
îËÆœ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ meeting. áçü¿’éÓ ûÁMü¿’ 1 a) why did he go there? I want to know
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Ææp≠ædçí¬ 8) I don't know why 9) Did you atleast ask him how he would be Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †÷ éπL°œ ņçúÕ:
îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ 9) Did you at least ask him how he would be coming = b) I want to know why he went there.
Prasanth: I don't see why you didn't ask him
coming. ᙫ ´≤ƒhúÓ ÅØÁjØ√ ÅúÕ-í¬¢√? a) sentence question 鬕öÀd why
™E ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
when exactly he wanted to come.
10) I don't see how you could be so indifferent = did he go?
Åçö«ç.
We have work now. We don't know
Åçûª E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴- b) È®çúø’ sentences éπL°œ Åçô’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd
whether to wait for him here or to go
úøç-™‰ü¿’ I want to know why he went there Åçö«ç.
about our work.
(ûª†’ correct í¬ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 153 11) I didn't know which phone he was calling
from =
2 a) where did he buy it?
I wish to know
†’¢Áyçü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫-™‰üÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç
™‰ü¿’. ´’†-Íé¢Á÷ °æ†’ç--C. ¢√úÕ éÓÆæç

Who knows what he has in his mind?

´’†N’éπ\úø wait îËߪ÷™ ´’† °æE O’ü¿
¢Á∞«x™ ûÁMúøç ™‰ü¿’)
Vikranth: I insisted that he tell me the pur-
pose of his meeting, but he would-
n't. I don't know why.
Prasanth: Did you atleast ask him how he 10) I don't see how you could be so indifferent à phone †’ç* îËÆæ’h-
would becoming? 11) I didn't know which phone he was calling Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁM-™‰ü¿’. Ñ È®çúø’ sentence†÷ éπL°œ äéπ sen-
(éπFÆæç ᙫ ´≤ƒhúÓ ÅúÕ-í¬¢√?) from. 12) I am not able to say tencesí¬ Åçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úË-´’-´¤-ûª’çC? I wish to
Vikranth: No. 12) I am not able to say whose fault it is. whose fault it is = know where he brought it Åçö«ç.

Prasanth: I don't see how you could be so ´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ clauses †’ í∫’Jç* ÅC á´J ûª§Úp ؈’ É™«ç-öÀC ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ÷L ´’† con-
versation ¶«í¬ freeí¬, fluentí¬ Öçú≈©çõ‰
indifferent. you could have fixed a ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’.
time for his meeting us. A clause is a group of words with a verb. °j† underline îËÆœ† M. SURESAN ´·êuçí¬ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-
(verbÖçúË group of words clause†’ clause ©Fo èπÿú≈ LqçC 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒç¶µº-´’-ßË’uN á°æ¤púø÷
(Åçûª E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬¢Ó Å®Ωnç questions Å´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿F, wh word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-
鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ ´’†Lo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌØË Åçö«ç éπü∆.) 'wh' word clauses. Å®·ûË äéπ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç
In most sentences above, they are clauses ÉN 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤-ûª’Ø√o, ques- ¶µº-´’ßË’u clauses statement structure™
time Å®·Ø√ E®Ωg-®·ç* ÖçúÌa éπü∆?) èπÿú≈ Öçö«-ߪ’E.
beginning with 'wh' words (why, what, tions 鬴¤ ÅE í∫´’-Eç-î √L. Åçü¿’-éπØË ÅN
Vikranth: Look here, Prasanth. Not that I exercise: practise the following in English
when, where, which, who, whom, whose, question structure (wh+verb+subject/wh
could not ask him all that. I was Vilas: †’¢Áy-°æ¤úø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ correctí¬ îÁ°æp-
and how) word + Helping verb + Sub +Main verb)
about to. But then he disconnected.
™
Ñ 'wh' clauses ´’† daily conversation ™ ™‰´¤, Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ÉN'wh' word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i- ™‰ü¿’.
(Åü¿çû√ Åúø-í∫-™‰Íéç é¬ü¿’. Åúøí∫¶ßË’-
very common. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ †-°æpöÀéÃ, statement ™ ¶µ«í¬™‰ éπü∆ Åçü¿’-éπE Kailas: á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé correct idea ™‰ü¿’
™í¬ Phone °õ‰d-¨»úø’.) áçü¿’èπ◊, á´-JûÓ, áçûÓ, á´-JüÓ, ᙫíÓ, ÅØË -¢√- statement structure. statement ™ á°æ¤púø÷ Vilas: kumar FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü∆ Ç°æ-EéÀ áçûª time °æúø’-
Prasanth: Why didn't you call him again?
öÀ-E sentences ™ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆. ÅC ´·çü¿’í¬ subject verb
ûª®Ω¢√ûª ´≤ƒh®·. ûª’çüÓ †E?
(´’Sx †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Phone îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?) English ™ ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø÷ Öçô’çC. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω- Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ wh word claus-
ûÓ ´îËa Kailas: ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
Vikranth: I didn't know which Phone he was ùèπ◊ °j ¢√öÀ™x I don't know where he is now esÅEoç-öÀ™ wh word sub+verb
ûª®Ω¢√ûª ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. ¢√úË Ø√èπ◊
calling from. I saw the number on ÅØËC BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç = ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ structure ™ Öçú≈L. phone îË≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊
my cell and called. He called from a ûÁMü¿’. Where he is Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúÓ. eg: Åûªúø’ É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. phone îËߪ’-™‰üÓ Å®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
public Phone. let us take the clauses which begin O’éÃ-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ûÁLÊÆ Öçô’çC. english™ word Vilas: ÆæÍ®. ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËÆ œ ´’Sx †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ ®√í∫-
(à Phone ™ç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ with 'wh' words in the other sentences: order °æü∆© Å´’-Jéπ sentence™ ûÁ©’í∫’ word ©¢Ó Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p. ´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™
Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Cell ™ Ç number 1) Any idea when vijai is coming = order èπ◊ î√™«-´-®Ωèπ◊ oppositeí¬ Öçô’çC.
E®Ωg-®·ç-î√¢√?
îª÷Æœ phone î˨»†’. ÅC Public èπ◊úÕ áúø´’ Å´¤ûª’çC. 鬕-öÀd °j sentence ᙫ Kailas: ØËØÁ™« E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-í∫-©†’ ØËØÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé
Nïß˝’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ FÍé-´’Ø√o idea Öçü∆?
Phone) begin îË≤ƒhç? I dont know ûÓ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË?
3) I do not know what he wants from me =
Prasanth: I am not able to say whose fault it I dont know when he will be here. (when will Vilas: Å®·ûË kumar èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË phone îËÆ œ
is.
¢√úÕéÀ Ø√†’ç* àç 鬢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. decide îÁ®·u.
he be here é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
4) He didn't make clear why he would see me Answer:
(ÅC á´J §Ò®Ω-§ƒö ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ a) á´-J-E °œ©’-≤ƒh-úø-ØËC ¢√úÕéÀ Ææç•çCµç*† N≠æߪ’ç
¢√úø’- †-ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Ææp≠ædç Vilas: you haven't (have not) told me correct-
ÖØ√o†’) = who he is going to invite (whom - old fash- ly when you will return.
îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ioned) is his business. Kailas: I dont my self/ I myself have a
We are unable to decide what we (Ø√Íé)
5) a) I don't see why you didn't ask him = correct idea when I will return
have to do now. b) ¢√úÕ ´’†-Ææ’™ à´·çüÓ á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’?
Vilas: Hasn't kumar told you how much time
†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫-™‰üÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. who knows what he has in his mind?
it will take?
(É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç àç îËߪ÷™ ûË©’a-éÓ-™‰-
(see = îª÷úøôç, éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ- who knows question.
èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oç) (Ééπ\úø ¶µ«í∫ç Åçü¿’-éπE Kailas: I want to call him. I don't know where
Vikranth: Ah here he is! He has come.
´ôç) question mark.) he is. He said he would call me. I don't
b).... when exactly he wanted to come = c) Ç °æ¤-Ææhéπç áéπ\-úø’çüÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? = see why he hasn't phoned me.
(Ç.. ´î√aúËx)
á°æ¤púø’ correct í¬ ®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúÓ Vilas: OK. Phone him and tell me when you
Prasanth: What a relief! Do you know where the book is?
can come back again. Have you decid-
6) We do not know whether to wait him for or (´’Sx í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ where the book is = °æ¤Ææhéπç ed when we should return.
(Å•s ´î√aúø’ éπü∆!)
to go about our work = Kailas: when I don't know myself when I will
Ñ≤ƒJ †’ç* é¬Ææh advanced level of áéπ\úø ÖçC? ÅE é¬ü¿’ Å®Ωnç. '°æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø
ÖçüÓ— ÅE return
conversational skills îª÷ü∆lç. Åçü¿’- ´’†ç ÅûªúÕ éÓÆæç îª÷ú≈™ ™‰ü∆ ´’† °æE-O’ü¿
Vilas: Then phone kumar and decide.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 1 -¢Ë’ 2006
Saran: Congrats Varun. I really felt very happy
Clause Åçõ‰– Verb Ö†o group of words.
when I heard that our team had won the
match yesterday. I shall be delighted if I
´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’† sentences ™
hear more such news.
O™„j-†çûª´®Ωèπÿ clauses ûªT_ç--èπ◊çõ‰ sentences
(´’† team E†o ÈíL-*ç-ü¿E N†-í¬ØË, Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ Åçü¿-Jéà ŮΩnç ÅßË’u-ô’xç-ö«®·. Å®·ûË
î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æú≈f†’. É™«çöÀ ¢√®Ωh©’ é¬xV©’ ᙫ ´C-Lç--éÓ-´ôç? Infinitives ¢√úÕ.
Infinitive Åçõ‰? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’
Éçé¬ Nçõ‰ ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’.)
Varun: Thank you, sir. We are glad that we
≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jç-î√ç -éπü∆? ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’hØ√oç.
always have your encouragement. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Infinitive Åçõ‰, to + Ist RDW
(O’ v§Úû√q£æ«ç ´÷èπ◊ç-úøôç ´÷Èé-°æ¤púø÷ (Regular Doing Word)- to go, to come, to
walk, to learn, etc. infinitives.
É´Fo 2) I shall be delighted if I hear more such news
ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’) 4) É™«çöÀ P©pç îª÷Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ °æ¤©-éÀçûªí¬ ÖçC.
Infinitive = (delighted = ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøôç)
Saran: Boys, I was telling you all along that you èπ◊ Å®Ωnç-– I am thrilled that I have seen such a beauti-
should not lose confidence. 1) °∂晫† °æE-îÁ-ߪ÷u-©E (to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E) 3) We are glad that we always have your
ful statue =
(O’èπ◊ ؈’ îÁ•’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’ éπü∆, Çûªt- 2) °∂晫† °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç (to go = ¢Á∞¡xôç) encouragement =
I am really thrilled to have seen...
N-¨»yÆæç éÓ™p-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E.) 3) °∂晫† °æE-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ (to go = ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ) We are glad to have your encouragement
É™«çöÀ examples †’ O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Varun: Thank you again sir. In fact we didn't a) I want to go = 4) I was telling you all along that you should not
Infinitive ´©xØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ÉçÍé
expect that we would win. But we lose confidence =
Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©E ÖçC. Nüµ¿çí¬ØÁjØ√ sentences †’ Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’-ö«Eo
played to our capacity. The other team's I was telling you not to lose confidence
b) To go now is not safe = practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
mistakes helped us. 5) We didn't expect that we would win the
(´’Sx thanks. ÅÆæ©’ ¢Ë’ç Èí©’-≤ƒh-´’-†’-éÓ- É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’.
match =
™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË ´÷ ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl Çú≈ç, Å´-ûªL c) He stood up to go -
... expect to win
team §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x ´÷èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»®·.) ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ™‰* E©’--Ø√oúø’.
6) I warned you that you shouldn't take things
î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x °ü¿l-°ü¿l clause ©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’,
lightly and that you should be aggressive = EXERCISE
Infinitive ¢√úÕ Ææç-¶µ«-≠æù Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’-´îª’a.
I warned not to take things lightly and to be Practise the following aloud in
How we can do it is the matter of this lesson.
aggressive. English. Use only infinitives.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 154 Let's now look at the following sentences
from the conversation above.
7) We.. that we have such encouragement and
Komal: †’´¤y foreign ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-´E NE
advice from you =
Ø√èπ◊ î√™« džçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.
Syamal: †’´¤y èπÿú≈ ûªy®Ω™ØË Åéπ\-úÕ-éÌ-Ææ’h-

We are glad to have your.. Komal:

Ø√o-´E ûÁLÆœ ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’h-
Ø√o†’.
ØËØ√ v°æߪ’ûªoç O’ü¿ ÖØ√o-†E
ûÁLÊÆh ´÷ Å´÷t, Ø√Ø√o Eïçí¬
¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ؈’
Saran: I warned you too that you should not We are delighted to have such encourage-
1) I really felt happy ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç éπ≠ædçí¬
take things lightly, and you should be ment and advice from you =
when I heard that our Öçô’çC.
aggressive. ...to have your encouragement and advice.
team had won the Syamal: ††’o ¢Á∞¡x-E-´yôç ´÷ Å´’tèπÿ
(-N’-´’t-Lo £«îªa-Jç-î√†’ èπÿú≈, üËFo ûËL- match. 8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult
É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F ØËØË †îªa-ñ„§ƒp†’.
match =
éπí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úø-ü¿F, ü¿÷èπ◊-úø’í¬ Öçú≈-©F.) 2) I shall be delighted if I Komal: ´÷ Å´’t ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬
aggressive= ü¿÷èπ◊-úø’í¬, îÌ®Ω-´í¬ Öçúøôç hear more such news. We are thrilled to have won this difficult
AJT ´îËa-≤ƒh-†E ´÷ô É≤ƒh.
M. SURESAN match
Varun: True sir. We are delighted that we have 3) We are glad that we ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûªy®Ω™ ÅC Å©-¢√-õ„j-
such encouragement and advice from always have your encouragement. 9) My only desire is that I should not hear about §Ú-ûª’çC.
you. We are thrilled that we have won the defeat of our college team =
4) I was telling you all along that you should not Syamal: Å®·ûË ´÷ Ø√†o ´÷vûªç î√™«
this difficult match. lose confidence. My only desire is not to hear the ... of our Ö§Òpç-T-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ Ø√éà Ŵ-鬨¡ç
college teams
(Eï-´’çúÕ. Å™«çöÀ v§Úû√q£æ«ç, Ææ©£æ… 5) ...We didn't expect that we would win the ´*aç-ü¿E N†-ö«-EéÀ.
match. 10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of our Komal: ؈÷ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh.
O’®Ω’ ´÷éÀ-Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√-™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
lecturers talking low ... to hear some of our
ÖçC. Éçûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† match ÈíL-î√-´’E 6) I warned you that you should not take things
lecturers ... ANSWER
°æ¤©-éÀç-ûªí¬ ÖçC.) lightly and that you should be aggressive
11) They will be surprised when they hear our Komal: I am very happy to hear that
Saran: My only desire is that I should not hear 7) ... We are delighted that we have such
team... = They will be surprised to hear... you are going abroad/ about
about the defeat of our college team in encouragement and advice from you
So, you have seen how an infinitive can your travel abroad.
any match. 8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult
make your speech shorter, simpler and
Varun: You can be sure that we will always do match Syamal: I am happy too that to know
direct.
our best sir. 9) My only desire is that I should not hear about that you too are coming.
the defeat of our college team
°j† ´’†ç infinitive ûÓ replace îËÆœ† ¢√öÀ™x Komal: Mom and dad will be sorry to
(¨»ßª’-¨¡-èπ◊h™« ¢Ë’ç v°æߪ’ûªoç îË≤ƒh´’E áèπ◊\´ that clauses. (that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u know about my trials. It will
10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of the
O’®Ω’ †¢Á·ta) clauses éπü∆) OöÀE ´·êuçí¬ infinitive ûÓ
lecturers talking low... be difficult for them to be
Saran: I was a bit hurt when I heard some of replace îËÆ œ, short îËߪ’-´îª’a.
11) They will be surprised when they hear our without me.
the lecturers talking low of our team. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
team too can win matches. Syamal: Mom didn't like to hear it first,
(´’† lecturers ™ éÌçü¿®Ω’ ´’† team 1) †’´¤y exam ™ fail Åߪ÷u-´E Nçõ‰ ؈’ ¶«üµ¿-
All the parts of sentences underlined but I convinced her.
í∫’Jç* ûªèπ◊\-´ -îËÆœ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-®ΩE ¶«üµ¿- °æ-úø-û√†’ =
above are clauses, aren't they? We are Komal: I will promise to mom and
°æ-ú≈f†’). I shall be sorry if I hear that you have failed
now going to simplify them by using dad to return early. Soon they
Varun: Let them sir. They will be surprised the exam =
infinitives in their places. will get used to it.
when they hear our team too can win I shall be sorry to hear that you have...
clauses ≤ƒn†ç™ infinitives ¢√úÕ sentences 2) ( get used = be used =
matches.
†’ É™« Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’çúÕ.
Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xLq ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ î√™« ¶«üµ¿-
(
´÷ö«x-úø-E-´yçúÕ, sir, ´’† team èπÿú≈ °æ-ú≈f†’ = Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç)
1) I really felt happy when I heard our team had I was sorry that I had to leave so early =
matches Èí©-´-í∫-©-ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Syamal: Dad was happy to hear that I
won the match.
I was sorry to leave so early
Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-û√®Ω’). I really felt happy to hear that our team had got this opportunity.
Saran: OK boy, keep it up. ( Å™«-Íí-é¬F). 3) É™«çöÀ v°æ¨»çûª v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Ø√éÓ É©’xçõ‰ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-
won the match... to hear about our team's °æ-úø-û√†’ = Komal: I'll try too.
English conversation, simple í¬, direct í¬ Öçõ‰ success.
I'd (I would) love it if I had a house in such
î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-†’ç* îÁ°æ‹hØË îª÷úøçúÕ áçûª simple Å®·-§Ú-®·çüÓ to hear a peaceful place = I'd (I would) love to have
ÖØ√oç. Ñ lesson ™ ÉC ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç. ûÓ infinitive ´©x. a house in...

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 13 -¢Ë’ 2006
Sampurna: Here is the book you asked for yes-
terday
É°æpöÀ (present day) ¢√úøéπç (usage) ™ whom
(E†o †’´y-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉCíÓ) ¢√ú≈-Lq†îÓô who ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Who? = á´®Ω’?; whom? = á´-JE?
Prapurna: Happy it's here. Where did you find
a) Who did this? = ÉC á´®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’?
it?
b) Who sees such movies? =
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. Fèπ◊ áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-*çC?) Å™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷©’ á´®Ω’ îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’?
Sampurna: It was among the books you kept in
c) Whom do you know? = O’Èé-´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’?
the shelf.
d) With whom did you come?=
(shelf – Å™«t-®√™ †’´¤y °öÀd†
°æ¤Ææh鬙x ÖçC.) †’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´î√a´¤?
So we know the difference between who and
Prapurna: Oh I forgot to look for it there. b) He is a doctor. He charges high fees. (The books which you kept - old usage) =
whom, don't we?
Nirmala wanted it. fees shelf
Modern English ™ á´®Ω’? á´-JE? ÅØË È®çúø’ Çߪ’ØÓ ¢Ájü¿’uúø’. Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\´ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. †’´¤y ™ °öÀd† °æ¤Ææh-鬙x Öçü¿C.
(Åéπ\úø ¢Áü¿-éπôç ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. E®Ωt-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©-ûÓ†÷ who correct
¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ÅüË éπ©-°æçúÕ: 3) The girl I introduced to you
ÅC 鬢√Lq ´*açC.) èπÿú≈. He is a doctor who charges high fees. ؈’ Fèπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ† Å´÷t®·
Sampurna: Which Nirmala? c) She is a great doctor. Everyone likes her. (The girl whom (wrong)/ Who (right) I intro-
Study (°æJ-Q-Lç-îªçúÕ) the following:
Prapurna: The girl I introduced to you, the doctor. duced to you)
1. O’J-éπ\úø á´-JE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x Ç¢Á’E É≠æd°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.
other day, on our way to the shop. 4) ... the girl you call college beauty? =
a) Whom do you want to meet here? éπ©-°æçúÕ:
(´’†ç ¢Á·ØÓo®ÓV† shop Èé∞¡Ÿh-†o-°æ¤púø’ She is a great doctor whom everyone likes. college beauty
(Old fashioned and incorrect. §ƒûª ¢√úø’éπ – ûª°æ¤p) †’´¤y ÅØË Å´÷t®·
Fèπ◊ ؈’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ† Å´÷t®·.) b) Who do you want to meet here? 'whom'
Ééπ\úø correct,
äéπ-°æ¤púø’ whom É°æ¤púø’ ( the girl whom (wrong) / who (right) you call
The other day = ¢Á·ØÓo-®Ó-V† who college beauty?)
(Modern usage and correct. right).
É°æp-öÀ-¢√-úø’éπ – •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøû√ç.
Sampurna: Isn't that the girl you call the col- She is a great doctor who everyone likes. 5) ... but that (she) is also one you find to be
2. O’éÀ-éπ\úø á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? =
lege beauty? d) He is the person who I consult before taking very simple and humble =
a) Whom do you know here. (old fashioned
(†’´¤y college beauty ÅØËC Ç a decision. simple
and wrong) -E®Ωg-ߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ ؈’ í¬ Eí∫-Jyí¬ éπE-°œçîË Å´÷t®· èπÿú≈ ûªØË
Å´÷tßË’ éπü∆?) consult whom
îËÊÆC Çߪ’ØËo. (Ééπ\úø §ƒûª-•-úÕ- (she is also the girl whom (wrong)/ who
Prapurna: That she is. But that's also one you §Ú-®·çC.who correct.) (right) you find simple and humble)
find to be very simple and humble whom
Å®·ûË ã ´·êu¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx 6) She is the one who all like =
too. ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ who ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æúË Å´÷t®· =
(Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË ÅüË Å´÷t®· î√™«
simple, Eí∫Jy èπÿú≈.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 155 É°æ¤púø’ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àD ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úøôç
Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷í∫uç.
She is the one all like (who
ûª°æ¤p)
Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’, whom

humble= í∫®Ωyç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç

Sampurna: She is the one who all like, you
said.
(Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-éÌ-ØËC Ç Å´÷t-®·ØË
ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆ †’´¤y?)
Prapurna: She is getting married. Who do
Who do you know here?
you think she is going to marry?
(ûªy®Ω-™ØË Â°Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûÓçC. á´-JE b) Who do you know here? (Modern and correct) a) v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x É≠æd-°æúË doctor 7) Who, do you think, she is going to marry? =
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) 3. Ç¢Á’ á´JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-*çC? Ç¢Á’. Ç¢Á’ á´-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûÓç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?
Sampurna: Who do you take me for? Am I an (á´-JE ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ whom ®√ü¿’)
a) Whom did she consult? (Old fashioned She is a doctor every-
astrologer? How do I know unless 8) Who do you take me for? =
and wrong) one likes.
you tell me?
b) Who did she consult? (Modern and correct) îª÷¨»®√? Ééπ\úø every-
ØËØÁ-´-®ΩoE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?
(ØËØÁ-´-®Ωo-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ñÆæ’u-úÕØ√ Now observe the following: (whom ®√ü¿’ – 'á´Jo— ņo-°æp-öÀéÃ)
one ´·çü¿’ who/
àN’öÀ? †’´¤y îÁ°æp-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√È陫 ûÁ©’- 1. 9) He is the one we sent pickles to =
O’®Ω’ ÆœE´÷èπ◊ á´-JûÓ ¢Á∞«}®Ω’? whom M. SURESAN (to whom
Ææ’hçC?) ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. ÉD
Who did you go to the movie with? present usage.
´’†ç Ü®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ °æç°œ-†-ûª†’. ®√ü¿’)
Prapurna: My cousin Sravan.
(Old form and incorrect with whom did you b) EXERCISE
Sampurna: Do I know him? E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ ؈’ Ææçv°æ-CçîË ´uéÀh
go to the movie?)
(Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) 2.
Çߪ’†. Practise the following aloud in English
Prapurna: Yea. You met him last summer.
O’èπ◊ Ç Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç á´J †’ç* ´*açC? He is the person I consult before taking a
Who did you get the information from? Vasanth:E†o †’´¤y ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-üÁ-´-JûÓ?
Software engineer in the US. He is decision. (the person who/ whom I consult
(From whom did you get the information? Hemanth: †’´¤y ¢Á·†o chess ÇúÕ† ¨¡P-®˝ûÓ
the guy we sent pickles to, last who
ņ-ôç-™‰-C-°æ¤púø’. ¢√úÕûË ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’)
wrong -old usage) Vasanth:´’ç* game Çúø-û√úø’. ؈’ ¢Á’a-éÌØË
month. Don't you remember? c) Secretary student
í¬ ¢√∞Îx-†’o-èπ◊-†oC Ç ØË.
3. †’´¤y á´-JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛? He is the student they have elected secretary
¢√∞¡x™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.
summer
(ûÁ©’Ææ’. §Ú®·† †’´y-ûª-úÕE Who are you talking about? Hemanth: î√™« ®Ω’èπ◊. Åûª†’ ÇúË game Å®Ωnç
îª÷¨»´¤. í∫’®Ω’hçü∆, éÀçü¿-öÀ-ØÁ© ÅûªúÕéÀ (student who/ whom who é¬ü¿’) ¢√úÌa.
(Old form and incorrect: About whom are d) teacher
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« éπ≠dçæ . Å™«çöÀ game
´’†ç pickles = Ü®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ °æ秃ç) you talking?/ Whom are you talking about?)
؈’ ÅGµ´÷EçîË Çߪ’†
Çúø-û√-úø-ûª†’.
Sampurna: I remember him. He is the teacher I admire.
English con- Vasanth: †’´¤y î√™« ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫© ¢√∞¡x™  Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.
´ ´ ´
ÉC î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L (who/ whom who
é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø-´îª’a.)
versation ™. á´-JE ÅEquestions ÅúÕ-Íí-ô-III. Which Which
؈’ î√™« É≠æd-°æ-úË-¢√-∞¡x™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.
English conversation ™ whom, which Ö°æ- whom who
N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ÉçûË. èπÿú≈
Hemanth: ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ͮ°-∞«l´÷?
ßÁ÷-í¬©’ î√™« interesting í¬ Öçö«®·.
°æ¤púø’ ™‰†õ‰x. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøôç È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ sentences äéπ-öÀí¬ éπ©-°æú≈EéÀ
correct. Vasanth: ÅûªE ´÷´’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË íÌ°æp
´·êuçí¬ questions. OöÀûÓ questions ÅúÕÍí a)
¢√úøû√ç.
lawyer. Çߪ’† Í®§Ò-Ææ’hØ√oúø’. ´’†ç
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™« ´÷®Ìp-*açC. ´’† conversa-
E†o †’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? eg: He bought a car. It is blue.
Who were you talking to yesterday? Çߪ’† car éÌØ√oúø’. ÅC blue á©’xçúÕ ¢Á∞«lç.
tion, modern í¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ OöÀE áéπ\úø ¢√úø- (with/ to whom were you talking The car which he bought is blue. ANSWER
é¬ü¿’)
èπÿ-úøüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« ´·êuç. b) Åûªúø’ á´-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? b) I gave you a book. It is my sister's.
I. Whom = á´-JE, á´-JéÀ (to ûÓ) – ÉC ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà Who is he marrying? (FéÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√a†’. ÅC ´÷ sister C) Vasanth: Who were you talking to, yesterday?
ûÁ©’Ææ’. (Whom is he marrying? é¬ü¿’) The book which I gave you is my sister's. Hemanth: Sasir, you played chess with the day
1. Whom do you want to meet here? =
c) †’¢Áy-´-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? Modern conversation ™ °j sentences ™«çöÀ before.
O’J-éπ\úø á´-JE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Who are you helping?
2. Whom do you know here? = ¢√öÀ™x whom ™«í¬, which èπÿú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´C-™‰- Vasanth: He plays a good game. He is among
(Whom are you helping é¬ü¿’) Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. those I admire.
O’éÀ-éπ\úø á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? II. Who, whose, whom and which- ques-
3. Whom did she consult? =
OöÀE a) The car which he bought is blue = Hemanth: Quite smart/ sharp. Difficult to
tions sen-
understand the game he plays. He
Åúø-í∫-ö«-EÍé é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
Ç¢Á’ á´-JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-*çC?
°j questions ™ ´’†Íéç N*vûªç ÅE-°œç-îªúøç tences sentence
†’ äéπ í¬ éπ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ b) The car he bought is blue.
The book I gave you is my sister's plays such a game.
™‰ü¿’-éπü∆? Å´Fo questions. á´-JE ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
sentences ØË Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ Vasanth: He is one you can learn a lot from,
a) I saw a man. He was taller than six feet.
É™«çöÀ
English ™ whom ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË Â°j Nüµ¿çí¬ and I like a lot.
Ææç°æ‹-®Ωgèπ◊, v°æ°æ‹-®Ωgèπ◊ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ îª÷úøçúÕ.
whom ûÓ questions Åúø-í∫ôç/ begin îËߪ’ôç ØËØÌéπ ´’E-≠œE îª÷¨»†’. Åûªúø’ Ç®Ωúø’-í∫’-©-éπçõ‰
Hemanth: Shall we go to him tomorrow?
áûª’h (í¬ ÖØ√oúø’). Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ äéπ- 1) Here is the book you asked for yesterday
°æ‹Jhí¬ old fashioned. English ÆæJí¬_ ´÷ö«x-úø’- Vasanth: His uncle is a lawyer everyone prais-
(The book which you asked for - old usage)
ûª’-†o-¢√-È®-´®Ω÷ Å™«çöÀ questions Åúø-í∫®Ω’. öÀí¬ îËü∆lç.
es. He is coming tomorrow. We will
á´-È®jØ√ Å™«çöÀ questions ÅúÕ-TûË Nçûªí¬ I saw a man who was taller than six feet = †’´¤y E†o-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉCíÓ.
(Ç®Ω-úø-í∫’-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ áûªh-®·† ´’E-≠œE ؈’ îª÷¨»†’) 2) It was among the books you kept in the shelf. go the day after.
NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC speakers of modern English èπ◊.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 15 -¢Ë’ 2006
Tarun: No bus is coming. No auto (is) in sight.
eg. a) To walk (†úø-´ôç) is good for health
So what are we going to do?
(Ç®Ó-í∫u-éπ®Ωç) = walking (†úø-´ôç) is good
(Bus àD ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’. Auto Å®·Ø√ éπE-°œç- for health
îªôç ™‰ü¿’. àç îËü∆l-´’ç-ö«´¤?) b) To get up so early is not easy = getting
Kiran: Let's start walking. If we chance upon an up so early is not easy =
auto on the way we'll take it, or else I
don't mind walking the whole distance.
Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’.
c) I hate to get up late =
(Å®·ûË †úø’ü∆lç. ´’üµ¿u™ Auto üÌJ-éÀûË Ç©-Ææuçí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç ØËE-≠d-°æ æ-úø†’ =
ü∆E™ ¢Á∞«lç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢Á·ûªhç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-ö«-
Eéà Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.) I hate getting up late.
On the way = ü∆J™ d) He likes to swim in cold water = 6) I shall appreciate your walking =
2) I don't mind walking - verb mind ü∆E ûª®√yûª
Chance upon = ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπE-°œç-îªúøç îªFo-∞¡x™ Ñü¿ôç Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ =
walking, '-ing' form. Mind Åçõ‰ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç †’´¤y †úø-´ôç ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’/ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
Tarun:You talking of walking! That's surprising He likes swimming in cold water. appreciate + your walking ('-ing' form)
îÁ°æpôç.
since when did you start liking walking, í∫´’-Eçî√ç éπü∆ – Infinitive ¢√úË îÓôx '-ing'. I don't mind walking = She will appreciate your help =
buddy? °j sentences ™ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ´·êuçí¬ †úø-´ôç Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. F Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷Eo Ç¢Á’ £æ«J{-Ææ’hçC.
í∫´’-E≤ƒhç. sentences a), b) ™x Infinitive †÷, appreciate + help (noun)
(†’´¤y †úø’-ü∆l-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√! Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’! á°æp-öÀ- Mind ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' form ´Ææ’hçC.
'-ing' form †÷ independent í¬ Åçõ‰ sen-
†’ç* †úøéπ O’ü¿ É≠ædç éπL-TçC Fèπ◊?) ™‰éπ-§ÚûË noun ´Ææ’hçC. Appreciate ûª®√yûª 'If' clause èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.
buddy = v°œßª’ N’vûª’-úÕE Ææç¶-CµçîË Nüµ∆†ç tence èπ◊ subject í¬ ¢√ú≈ç.
eg: I don't mind the expenditure = a) I shall appreciate if you walk
(American) ÅüË, c), d) ™x Infinitive †÷, '-ing' form †÷ b) I shall appreciate if you help me.
Kiran: Stop it. I've always liked walking. I avoid hate, like ™«çöÀ verbs ûª®√yûª ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆. Ç ê®Ω’a Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ / ê®Ω’a N≠æߪ’ç
؈’ °æöÀdç--éÓ†’. Expenditure, noun éπü∆. a), b) ™x appreciate + 'if' clause.
walking only in hot sun or when I don't a), b) ™x ™«í¬ independent í¬ ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’
infinitive †’ '-ing' form †÷ äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ '-ing' form ûÓ: I don't mind spending the 7) I hate backing out -
have the time.
ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa. money = ¢Á†-éπ-úø’í∫’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’ =
a) To waste time/ wasting time is never Ç úø•’s ê®Ω’a-°-ôdôç Ø√Íéç ¶«üµ¿-é¬ü¿’. I hate to back out (hate + infinitive). hate
good Mind °æéπ\† 'if' clause ´Ææ’hçC. ûª®√yûª È®çúø÷, Åçõ‰ Infinitive, '-ing' form

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 156 b) To walk alone/ walking alone at midnight He doesn't mind if I use his bike = ¢√úø-´îª’a—
is not always safe = ÅûªúÕ bike ؈’ ¢√úø’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅûªØËç ņ’-éÓúø’. 8) You waste time talking - Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ waste
ûª®√yûª àC waste îË≤ƒh¢Á÷ ü∆Eo îÁ°œp, Ç ûª®√yûª
'ing' form´Ææ’hçC.
a) He wastes time talking about others =

She likes dancing Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷

îË≤ƒhúø’.
b) He wastes money indulging in luxuries =
time waste

N™«-≤ƒ™x §ƒ™Ô_çô÷ üµ¿†ç ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’.

Ééπ\úø infinitive ®√ü¿’.
(Ééπ Ç°æ¤. Ø√èπ◊ †úø-éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd¢Ë’. Å®Ωl¥-®√-vA-°æ‹ô äçô-Jí¬ é¬•öÀd 'mind'
°æéπ\† '-ing' form / noun/ 'if'
clause ´≤ƒh®·. infinitive ´÷vûªç ®√ü¿’. Practise the following aloud in English
¶«í¬ áçúøí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, Ø√èπ◊ time ™‰†-°æ¤úø’ †úø-´ôç Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’.
´÷vûª¢Ë’ †úøéπ ´÷†-û√†’.) Å®·ûË (c), (d) © Sentence No 3 ™ 'avoid' ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ 'ing' form Laxman: Hi Arjun,
àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©÷?
Avoid = ´÷†ôç!/ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ™«çöÀ sentences ™ é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. infinitive ®√ü¿’. [avoid Arjun:
àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. F îËA™ Ç
Tarun:Ok. Let's stop arguing. Come, let's enjoy éÌEo verbs °æéπ\ØË = (àüÁjØ√ °æE) îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç] °æ¤Ææhéπç àçöÀ?
walking. As you said I shall appreciate infinitive, '-ing' form a) I avoid walking ('-'ing' form) = Laxman: àüÓ detective novel. Åô’-´ç-öÀN îªü¿-
your walking the whole distance. ´÷Ja ¢√úø-í∫©ç. éÌEo ؈’ †úø-´ôç ´÷†’-èπ◊çö«. ´ôç FéÀ-≠dçæ -™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆?
(ÆæÍ®x. ´’†ç ¢√Cç-îªúøç Ç°œ †úøéπ†’ enjoy Éûª®Ω verbs, expres- M. SURESAN b) He avoids Govind because he owes him Arjun: Correct. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å™«ç-öÀN îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷
îËü∆lç. †’´y-†oô’d Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω´‚ †úÕÊÆh sions °æéπ\† Infinitive money. time waste îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤? ¢√öÀ-éπçõ‰
Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’/ E†’o ¢Á’a-èπ◊çö«.) †’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬F, '-ing' form †’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬E (Åûªúø’ Govind èπ◊ Å°æ¤p-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ´’ç* novels î√™« ÖØ√o®· éπü∆?
Appreciate = ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îªôç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç ¢√úø-í∫©ç. éÀçC verbs °æéπ\† È®çúø÷ ¢√úø-í∫©ç. ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) Laxman: Eï¢Ë’. é¬F OöÀE îªü¿-´-ö«-EÍé ؈’ áèπ◊\´
Kiran: Come on. Let's start. I hate backing out. 1) Start 2) begin 3) like 4) dislike 5) love Ééπ\úø avoid = äéπ-JE îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ / éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’. Serious novels îªü¿-´ôç
6) hate 7) remember 8) forget 9) propose, etc. èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. ؈’ avoid îË≤ƒh†’. Åçûª concentrate
(°æü¿, •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωü∆ç. ¢Á†éÀ\ ûªí∫_ôç Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊
É≠ædç Öçúøü¿’.) 1) He started to sing/ started singing Why are you avoiding me? = îËߪ’-™‰†’ ؈’.
Tarun:You waste time talking. Show it in action. §ƒúøôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ††’o îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o´¤? Arjun: Åçû√ Å©-¢√-ô’†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. îªü¿-
Start walking 2) She began to run = she began running = Ééπ\úø avoid ûª®√yûª Govind ÅØËC noun éπü∆. ´ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç. ¢√öÀE É≠æd-°æ-úøôç ¢Á·ü¿-
(´÷ô-©ûÓ time ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. Ωu™ °æ®Ω’í∫’ ¢Á·ü¿™„-öÀdçC Avoid ûª®√yûª '-ing form'/ noun ´≤ƒh®·. infini-
©-´¤-ûª’çC.
3) She likes to dance = She likes dancing = Laxman:
tive ¢√úøç.
îª÷°œç. †úøéπ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç) ÅD v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’. é¬E É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-
Kiran: Ok. I am off. Whoever first stops walking Ø√ôuç îËߪ’ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dçæ c) she always avoids classes (noun) in the
ߪ ÷ †’.
shall stand the other a drink, ok? 4) She loves to cook = She loves cooking = Arjun:
after noon =
´’S} v°æߪ’-Aoç.
(ÉCíÓ •ßª’-™‰l-®√†’. †úøéπ á´®Ω’ Ç°æ¤-û√®Ó ´çô îËߪ’ôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç Ç¢Á’ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’-©èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’. ANSWER
¢√∞¡Ÿx Å´-ûª-L-¢√-JéÀ drink É°œpç-î√L, ÆæÍ®Ø√?) Å™«Íí N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀûÓ èπÿú≈ Åçõ‰ 4) dislike Sentence 4) Stop arguing - stop ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ Laxman: Hi Arjun, what news? / what's new?
stand a drink/ a dinner/ party, etc. = drink, 6) hate 7) remember 8) forget and 9) pro- noun/ ing form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. infinitive ®√ü¿’.
Arjun: Just getting on. What's that book in
dinner, party, etc É°œpç-îªúøç) pose (v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-îªôç). Ç verbs °æéπ\† infini- a) He stopped singing - §ƒúøôç ÇÊ°-¨»úø’ your hand?
Tarun:I am game for it. tive, '-ing' form È®çúø÷ ´≤ƒhßË’¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ. stopped + singing ('-ing' form) Laxman: Some detective novel. (Some= àüÓ).
(؈ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’.) Now look at the following sentences from b) He stopped the song in the middle = You don't like reading such books, do
J J J the conversation between Tarun and Kiran §ƒô ´’üµ¿u™ ÇÊ°-¨»úø’ you? / You don't like to read such
English verbs
™ ÅEo ¢√úøéπç äÍ陫 Öçúøü¿’. at the beginning of the lesson. stopped + the song (noun) books, do you?
éÀçü¿öÀlesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– Infinitive ¢√úÕ 1) Let's start walking. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ 'stop' ûª®√yûª infinitive ®√ü¿’. Arjun: Correct. Why do you waste time
clauses †’ ´C-Lç--èπ◊çõ‰ ´’† conversation 2) I don't mind walking... Sentence No. 5 reading them? Aren't there better
î√™« simple natural
í¬, í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E. Å™«Íí 3) I avoid walking 'Enjoy' too is followed either by the '-ing' form books than they?
éÌEo éÌEo verbs ûª®√yûª '-ing' form ¢√úÕûË 4) Let's stop arguing or a noun, but not by the infinitive. Laxman: True. But I love reading / I love to
conversation, bookish (ví¬çC∑-éπç)í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈ 5) Let's enjoy walking Let's enjoy walking - enjoy + walking ('-ing' read these. I avoid reading serious
¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ N†-≤Òç-°æ¤í¬ Öçô’çC. form) novels. I cannot concentrate so
6) ... I shall appreciate your walking
éÌEo éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x infinitive •ü¿’©’ '-ing 7) I hate backing out a) I enjoy music = ؈’ ÆæçU-û√Eo enjoy îË≤ƒh†’ much.
form (going, coming, walking ™«çöÀN) Arjun: It's all a matter of habit. Begin reading
enjoy + music (noun)
¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ÉN èπÿú≈ sentence §ÒöÀd îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ 8) You waste time talking b) She enjoys reading books =
them/ Begin to read them. You begin
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·. Infinitive (to + 1st RDW) èπ◊ Look at sentence No 1. The verb 'start' has 'ing' liking them./ You begin to like them.
Ö†o Å®√n™x äéπöÀ ®√ߪ’ôç, A†ôç, ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç after it. °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îªü¿-´ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dçæ Laxman: I tried but I could not like them.
(to write, to eat, to learn) éπü∆. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'start' ûª®√yûª infinitive Å®·Ø√, '-ing' form Å®·Ø√ enjoy + reading ('-ing' form). enjoy ûª®√yûª Arjun: Try once again.
'-ing' form ¢√úÌa. ¢√úÌa ÅE îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. infinitive ®√ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 17 -¢Ë’ 2006
Raghav: Hi Madhav, how are you? You appear 2) ... and I gave up smoking.
much better than last week. There is 3) So (do) you deny smoking any more?
surely some improvement in your 4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing some
health. thing...
(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ 5) ... I couldn't help feeling...
éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. éπ*aûªçí¬ F Ç®Óí∫uç °æ¤çV- 6) I now practise swimming too.
èπ◊-†o-ô’dçC) O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. °j sentences ™E
Madhav: You can say that. I feel much better verbs ÅEoçöÀ °æéπ\Ø√ '-ing' form ®√´ôç. ÉC
now. conversation ™ ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 ¶µ«¢√-©†’ simple í¬
(Eï¢Ë’. É°æ¤púø’ î√™« ¶«í∫’-Ø√o†’, Éçûª-èπ◊- express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. O’ con-
´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰) versation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. b) Dushyanta denied seeing Sakuntala or lov- b) She cannot help spending this money, if she
You can say that = Å™« †’´¤y îÁ§Òpa = 1) I don't recollect seeing you = E†o™« îª÷úøôç ing her = ü¿’≠æuç-ûª’úø’ ¨¡èπ◊ç-ûª-©†’ îª÷úøôç é¬F, wants to learn music = Ç¢Á’ ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-
†’´¤y éπ®ΩÍéd Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’.(Remember = ´’†èπ◊ vÊ°N’ç-îªôç é¬F îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-Ø√oúø’. ©çõ‰ ê®Ω’a-°-ôdúøç ûª°æpü¿’. (Spending
ê®Ω’a-
Raghav: What's that due to? I don't recollect í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√´ôç. Recollect/ recall = ´’†ç v°æߪ’- denied + seeing or loving - '-ing' forms. °-ôdúøç – '-ing' form).
seeing you earlier as fit as you are Aoç* í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç.) c) She denied the truth in his statement = Ç¢Á’ c) They cannot help the trip if they want to have
today. a) I remember seeing him somewhere = Åûª-úÕ-E ÅûªE ´÷ô™x Eïç ™‰ü¿çC. a darsanam = ü¿®Ωz†ç 鬢√-©çõ‰ ¢√∞¡xéà v°æߪ÷ùç
(àçöÀ 鬮Ωùç? É¢√∞¡ éπ†p-úø’-ûª’†oçûª ØËØÁ-éπ\úÓ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC. (´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç denied + truth - noun. ûª°æpü¿’. (cannot help + the trip (noun))
Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x ™‰ü¿’) d) The minister denies his statement = ´’çvA d) They cannot help going on the trip if they
í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’.) b) Let me recollect where I saw him = áéπ\úø ûª† ´÷ô©†’ é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ (ņ-™‰-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’). want a darsanam = ü¿®Ωz†ç 鬢√-©çõ‰ v°æߪ÷ùç
recollect = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç.fit = Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ îª÷¨»ØÓ í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓF (´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç). e) The minister denies the media reports = îËߪ’ôç ûª°æpü¿’. (cannot help + going on the
trip (-ing form))
Öçúøôç c) He recalled later that she owed him money = O’úÕߪ÷ ¢√®Ωh©†’ ´’çvA é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.
Madhav: Thanks to my doctor. He insisted on ûª†-鬢Á’ ¶«éà ֆoô’x Çߪ’† í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ denied + the reports (noun) 6) Practise
èπÿú≈ ÅçûË: Practise Åçõ‰ Ŷµºu-Æœç-îªôç.
my giving up smoking, and I gave up DE ûª®√yûªèπÿú≈ noun/ '... ing' form ´Ææ’hçC.
(Çߪ’† v°æߪ’ûªoç) 4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing some-
smoking, though I found it difficult in thing... = ÅC îËÆæ÷h Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ؈’ ´‚®Ω’^-úøo-†’- I practise swimming = Ñûª practise îË≤ƒh†’.
the beginning. èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? (practise + swimming - '-ing' form)
(Åçû√ ´÷ ú≈éπd®˝ ´©x. ؈’ smoking to go on = (ã °æE) îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç. go on a) She practises running everyday = Ç¢Á’ ®ÓW
practise
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 157
´÷ØË-ߪ÷-©E °æô’d-•-ö«dúø’. ¢Á·ü¿öx éÌçîÁç ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈, îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ '–ing °æ®Ω’í∫’ îËÆæ’hçC.
éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéà ´÷Ø˨».) form' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. (practises + running - '-ing' form)
Thanks to my doctor = ´÷ doctor ´©x.
'´©x— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Thanks to ¢√úÌa, ´’ç*
ïJ-TØ√, îÁúø’ ïJ-TØ√. He died, thanks to
the doctor's negligence - ¢√úø’ îªE-§Ú-
ߪ÷úø’, doctor -E®Ωxéπ~uç ´©x
Raghav: So (do) you deny smoking anymore?
(Å®·ûË, †’´¤y smoking îËߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿ç-ô’-
Let me recollect where I..
Ø√o¢√?)
deny - é¬ü¿-†ôç/ ™‰ü¿-†ôç a) Though defeated, he b) She practises music = ÆæçUûªç Ŷµºu-Æœ-Ææ’hçC.
Å®·ûË 'Try to remember' ņôç ¢√úø’éπ, í∫’®Ω’h (practises + music - noun)
Madhav: Do you think I'm a fool to go on doing ûÁa-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç, ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ Å°æ¤p-úø- goes on arguing ãúÕ-
something that costs my life? So, É™«çöÀ verbs ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç èπÿú≈ ÉC ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆? Try §Ú-®·Ø√, ¢√C-Ææ÷hØË
EXERCISE
(Ø√ v§ƒù«-EÍé £æ…E éπL-TçîË °æE îËÆæ÷hç-úø- as I might, I am unable to remember if he
Öçö«-ú≈-ߪ’†.
ö«-EéÀ ØËØË-´’Ø√o ´‚®Ω’^-úÕØ√?) I don't came here that day = b) In spite of the doc-
áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√
tor's advice, he goes Practise the following aloud in English:
fear death but I don't like dying of ñ«c°æéπç ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o, Åûª-Ø√-®ÓV Ééπ\-úÕ-éÌ-
cancer. ( ؈’ î√´¤èπ◊ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø†’, é¬E on smoking = Doctor Mithun:
Åûª-EûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√´¤? Åûª†’
î√aú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE. smoke
cancer ûÓ î√´ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’) Recollect ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. '-ing'
´ü¿lØ√o, Åûª†’ M. SURESAN á´®Ω’ îÁ°œpØ√ N†úø’.
Raghav: Happy to hear that. Whenever I saw form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈.
îËÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’. Sachin: Ø√èπ◊ ûª°æpü¿’. ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ø√ books
lighting a cigarette I couldn't help feel- c) He goes on talking, whether others listen to ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√úÕûÓ friendly
I recollected the events of the day =Ç ®ÓV him or not = Åûª†’ îÁÊ°pC Éûª-®Ω’©’ Nçô’Ø√o
ing you were burning out your life í¬ØË Öçú≈L.
Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’ ؈’ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√o. events =
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ cigarette Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’ - Noun.
N†-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«úø’. Mithun: Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√-úøE ûÁLÆœ èπÿú≈ †’´¤y ¢√úÕéÀ
´·öÀdç-îªúøç îª÷ÆœØ√, †’´¤y F v§ƒù«Lo a) goes on + arguing ('-ing' form)
2) ... and I gave up smoking = ؈’ smoking
°æ¤Ææh-é¬-™„ç-ü¿’-éÀÆæ÷h Öçö«´¤?
b) goes on + smoking ('-ing' form)
ûªí∫-©-¶„-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´ØË ¶µ«´ç Ø√™ Sachin: °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ AJ-T-´y-úøØË ´÷ô é¬ü¿-
´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o. c) goes on + talking ('-ing' form)
ûªÊ°p-C-é¬ü¿’)
give up = ´÷ØË-ߪ’ôç/ ´ü¿-©’-éÓ-´ôç (°æü¿-´¤©’, d) They went on shouting and throwing stones
†ôç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F ¢√∞¡x†o Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* friend.
Madhav: I now practise swimming too. Every Mithun: †’´¤y ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´÷†’-èπ◊çõ‰ °æ¤Ææh-
morning I go swimming. Å©-¢√-ôx-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE) at the police = ¢√∞¡Ÿx Å®Ω’-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o®Ω’, Police
give up ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F © O’ü¿ ®√∞¡Ÿx ®Ω’´¤y-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. (Past) é¬-L-´y-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’í¬. (give up ¢√úøçúÕ)
(É°æ¤púø’ Ñûª èπÿú≈ practise îËÆæ’hØ√o.
¢√úøû√ç. (noun Åçõ‰ ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç.. Went on (past of go on) + shouting and Sachin: ¢√∞¡x†o BÆæ’-èπ◊†o °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-´y-ôç™ Éçûª
®ÓW ÑûªÈé∞¡ŸhØ√o)
à Ê°È®jØ√ noun.) throwing ('-ing' forms) Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’ôç Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’.
Raghav: Good. Though late you've given up
a) I gave up smoking = smoking ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Å®·ûË go on ûª®√yûª 'with' ¢√úÕûË noun ´Ææ’hçC. Mithun: Éü¿l-Jéà §ÚL-Íé-™‰ü¿’.
smoking. Better late than never.
smoking '-ing' form a) She went on with her studies in spite of dis- ANSWER
(¶«í∫’çC. Ç©Ææuçí¬ØÁjØ√ smoking ´÷†’-
turbances = Disturbances
b) I gave up cigarettes = cigarettes ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o.- Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà ûª†
èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. ÅÆæ©’ ´÷†-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç éπØ√o
îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-*çC. Mithun: Why do you talk to him? He never lis-
Ç©Ææuçí¬ ´÷†ôç †ßª’ç éπü∆.) cigarettes - noun. ten to anyone.
b) They go on with their work whatever the trou-
Better late than never = ÉC English™ ≤ƒüµ∆- c) Harischandra gave up his throne for the sake
ble = àtrouble ÖØ√o ¢√∞¡x °æE ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËÆæ’-èπ◊- Sachin: I can't help talking to him. He has my
®Ωùçí¬ Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Å®Ωnç: äéπ °æE ÅÆæ©’ of truth : £æ«J-¨¡aç-vü¿’úø’ Ææûªuç éÓÆæç Æœç£æ…-Ææ-Ø√Eo books. Until I get them back, I have to
îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË-éπØ√o Ç©Ææuçí¬ îËߪ’ôç §Ú-û√®Ω’.
´C-™‰-¨»úø’. a) Went on with + studies (noun) be friendly with him.
´’ç*C éπü∆ ÅE. Throne = Æœç£æ…-Ææ†ç - Noun. Mithun: Why do you go on giving him books,
b) go on with their work [with + work (n)]
[[[ d) He was a fool to give up the job = job Ç 5) I could not help feeling... = ņ’-éÓ-´ôç ûª°æp- when you know that he is that type?
í∫ûª È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ lessons ™ ´’†ç infinitives, Job - noun.
´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’ – ´‚®Ω’^úø’. ™‰ü¿’. Ñ expression é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Sachin: I don't deny his not returning the books
'-ing' forms í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. We have 3) (Do) you deny smoking anymore? I cannot help going now = É°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xéπ he takes, but his brother is a good
seen how certain verbs are always followed
= †’´¤y Ééπ smoke îËߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿ç-ö«¢√? ûª°æpü¿’. (Ééπ\úø ¢√úÕ† help èπÿ, Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅØË friend of mine. (I don't deny that he
by an Infinitive/ -ing form /noun/ an if clause,
deny + smoking. '-ing' form. cannot help
Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’– Ééπ\úø éπL°œ does not return the books he takes...)
or just by an '-ing' form.
Now let's see some more verbs followed by deny = é¬ü¿-†ôç/ ™‰ü¿-†ôç. DE ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '- ¢√úøû√ç– Å®Ωnç – 'ûª°æpü¿’— ÅE). Mithun: If you give up talking to him you need
ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. That clause I could not help feeling = ņ’-éÓ-´ôç ûª°æp-™‰ü¿’. not lend him books.
the '-ing' form/ noun.
Ñ cannot help °æéπ\† èπÿú≈ '-ing' form é¬F, Sachin: I don't remember his brother delaying
Look at these following sentences from the èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.
noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.
conversation between Raghav and Madhav. a) He denied stealing the pen = ûª†’ Ç pen the return of books.
a) She cannot help the expenditure if she wants
1) I don't recollect seeing you earlier as fit as üÌçT-Lç-îª-™‰-ü¿-Ø√oúø’. Mithun: They are very unlike each other.
to learn music = ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ Ç¢Á’éÃ
you are now. denied + stealing - stealing '-ing' form.
(expenditure =
ê®Ω’a ûª°æpü¿’. noun).
ê®Ω’a –
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 19 -¢Ë’ 2006
Pranuthi: Hi Sumathi, (it's a) pleasure seeing We have been discussing the use of the
you, though after a long time. How's '-ing' form for some time now, haven't we?
everybody? We have seen so far the verbs which are
(î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª®·Ø√ E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’- followed by the '-ing' forms.
èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. Åçû√ èπ◊¨¡-©-¢Ë’Ø√?) äéπ verbs ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, éÌEo Éûª®Ω expres-
Sumathi: Everybody is OK. (It's) nice seeing sions ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' forms ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.
you too. ÉC ´’† conversations ÆæçéÀ~-°æhçí¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ
(Åçû√ Íé~´’ç. E†’o îª÷úøôç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.
džçü¿çí¬ ÖçC) Ç expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
Pranuthi: What's (What has) kept you away so Now, Look at the following sentences from the
long? dialogue between Pranuthi and Sumathi above. b) She had a lot of difficulty understanding what
a) He delayed taking a decision = E®Ωgߪ’ç
1. (It's a) pleasure seeing you, though after a he had said =Åûª†’ îÁ°œpçC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç
(†’Ny-Eo-®Ó-V©’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ††’o éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’/ taking - '-ing' form
BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç™ ñ«°æuç î˨»úø’.
long time. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC.
îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’/ à¢Á’içCEo ®ÓV©’?) b) They delayed coming to an agreement =
Sumathi: You know I'd been very busy prepar- 2. (It's) nice seeing you too
ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ôç™ ñ«°æuç î˨»®Ω’. É™« difficulty ûª®√yûª '-ing' form ´Ææ’hçC.
ing for the civils. I sat the last exam 3. I've been very busy preparing for the civils
í∫ûªç™ îª÷¨»ç, delay ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌ-îªaE. (äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ difficulty + in + ing form èπÿú≈
the day before (yesterday). It's off my 4. I think you delayed taking the exams
c) The government delayed the project =
´Ææ’hçC. é¬F É°æ¤p-úÕC Å®Ω’ü¿’, 'in' ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’)
mind now. Oh, what a relief! 5. It's not easy preparing for the exam 9) ... the results are long coming =
(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬ Øˆ’ civils (= IAS, IPS, v°æ¶µº’ûªyç project †’ Ç©Ææuç îËÆœçC. long + coming ('-ing' form) = Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-û√®·.
6. ... there is no knowing what happens.. d) They delayed the completion of the bridge =
etc., exams) ûÓ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’. 7. Civils are always worth trying a) He was long/ He took long buying a house =
Bridge °æ‹-Jh-îË-ߪ’-ö«-Eo ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç©Ææuç î˨»®Ω’.
¢Á·†o *´J exam ®√¨»†’. Å®·- 8. ... candidates have difficulty making it to the top. É©’x é̆ôç ñ«°æuç î˨»úø’.
(c), (d) ©™ delayed ûª®√yûª, project, com-
§Ú-®·çC. áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ!) 9. Sometimes the results are long coming. b) I won't be long coming = ؈’ ®√´ôç Ç©Ææuç
Pranuthi: I think you delayed taking the exams. pletion, È®çúø÷ nouns éπü∆.
1. It's a pleasure seeing you, though after a
îËߪ’†’. (long + coming -ing form)
You should have attempted them last 5. It's not easy preparing for the civils =
long time. c) He took long deciding what to do àç îËߪ÷™
year itself. civils èπ◊ prepare Å´ôç Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’.
2. It's nice seeing you
E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ î√™« time BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.
Preparing- 'ing' form)
(†’´¤y Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤. †’´¤y §Ú®·† too. pleasure/ ÉC modern English conversation ™ î√™«
a) It is easy convincing mother = Å´’tèπ◊ †îªa-
Ééπ\úø
Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω¢Ë’ ®√Ææ’ç-ú≈-LqçC.) nice °æéπ\†'-ing' form common.
(last year itself = í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω¢Ë’)
¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. îÁ-°æpôç Ææ’©¶µºç= It is easy to convince moth- d) She wasn't long/ didn't take long marrying
er Åçõ‰ easy ûª®√yûª '-ing' form Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa, the young man she loved. ûª†’ vÊ°N’ç-*-†-ûª-úÕ-E
O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆, infinitive Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa.
pleasure meeting °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ôç™ Ç¢Á’ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
you, nice meeting b) It wasn't easy operating the machine = Ñ expressions ÅEoçöÀ °æéπ\† '-ing' form
Ç machine †’ †úø-°æôç Ææ’©¶µºç ÅE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’ =
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 158 you °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ¢√úøôç É°æpöÀ ¢√úø’éπ. ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
It wasn't easy to operate the machine.
´÷ô-©E. M. SURESAN EXERCISE
Pranav: Hi Ramana, á°æ¤púø÷ àüÓ îËÆæ÷h BJéπ

It's a pleasure seeing you

™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçö«´¤
Ramana: àç îËߪ’†’? ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®ÓW á´®Ó
äéπ®Ω’ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©’í¬ ´≤ƒh®Ω’. ¢√∞¡}-é¬\-¢√-Lq†
à®√p-ôxûÓ Ø√ time Åçû√ Å®·-§Ú-ûÓçC.
Pranav: Å®·ûË îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ time á°æ¤púø’
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çüÓ?
Sumathi: True. But I felt I needed time. It's not c) It's always easy cheating an innocent man =
É™« °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x pleasure, nice ™«çöÀ Ramana: ÅüË Ø√ Ææ´’Ææu. îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ äéπ\
easy preparing for that kind of
´÷ô© ûª®√yûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ glad ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úÕo ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’ôç á°æ¤púø÷ Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’. EN’≠æç time üÌ®Ω-éπôç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçöçC.
exams, is it? Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ cheating •ü¿’©’, to cheat ¢√úÌa.
form ¢√úøôç í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Pranav: É¢√Ld guests á°æ¤-úÁ-∞«h®Ω’?.
(Eï¢Ë’. é¬F Éçé¬Ææh time 鬢√-©-E-°œç- Glad meeting/ seeing you. (°æJ-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’, 6. There's no knowing what happens. Ramana: ÅC á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’– ¢√∞Îx-°æ¤p-úÁ-∞«h®Ó?
*çC Ø√èπ◊. / é¬-F time î√©-ü¿-E-°œç-*çC. Åçõ‰ introduction Å°æ¤púø’) àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çüÓ á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ ûÁLÊÆ O©’-™‰ü¿’. Pranav: Exams ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ¢√öÀéÀ prepare
Å™«çöÀ exams èπ◊ prepare 鬴ôç Glad knowing you - (ÉC-èπÿú≈ introduction There is no knowing-
Å´ôç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’éπü∆?
Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’-éπü∆.) Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË expression. ÉC English conversation frequent
™ î√™« Ramana: é¬Ææh ÉçöÀéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ room BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«.
Pranuthi: So how did you in the exams? There is no knowing = No
í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.
Sumathi: To my satisfaction of course. But then
(Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô-©-EoöÀ ûª®√yûª, °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤, one knows/ No one can know.
Å°æ¤púŒ íÌúø´ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿-¢Ìa.
there is no knowing what happens
°æJ-îªßª’ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ '-ing' form •ü¿’©’, infini- a) That will happen, no doubt, but there is no
Pranav: ´’ç* idea. ÅC îËߪ’-ü¿-í∫_üË.
tive èπÿú≈ ¢√úø´îª’a. Ramana: ´÷ Ø√†o ÜJ-†’ç* AJT ®√í¬ØË Ç °æE
until the results are out. knowing when = ÅC ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC, ÆæçüË£æ«ç
Pleasure/ nice/ glad seeing you/ knowing îË≤ƒh. ´÷ Ø√†o Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈
(Ø√ ûª%°œh ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ®√¨»†’. Å®·Ø√ °∂æL-û√©’ ™‰ü¿’. é¬E á°æ¤púø-ØËC á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰®Ω’.
you/ meeting you = pleasure/ nice/ glad to AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh-úøØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o.
¢Á©’-´-úË-´-®Ωèπ◊ àO’ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ îÁ°æp™‰ç) b) There was no knowing why he did it at all =
see/ to know/ to meet you.
Pranuthi: Happy that you leave fared well. ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úøC áçü¿’èπ◊ î˨»-úø-ØËC á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ANSWER
Civils are always worth trying. 3) I'd been busy preparing for the civils = c) Ram: When is Laxman coming?
Pranav: Hi Ramana, you appear busy doing
(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ ®√Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. civils ؈’ civils èπ◊ prepare Å´¤ûª÷ busy í¬ ÖØ√o/ Syam: There's no knowing when he will
something or the other.
BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. come. (ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) Ramana: What can I do? We have some
á°æ¤púø÷ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-í∫_¢Ë.)
(worth trying = v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-T†) Ééπ\úø busy °æéπ\†, à 鬮Ωùç ´©x busy 7. Civils are worth trying= civils v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-í∫_¢Ë. guests or the other everyday. I spend
Sumathi: They are, undoubtedly. But they are ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅC '-ing' form ™ ¢√úøû√ç. worth = îËߪ’-ü¿-T†/ N©’´í∫©/ N©’´ îËߪ’ôç. the whole time attending on them. I
quite tough. Even brilliant candidates a) She is busy making arrangements for the worth ûª®√yûª '-ing' form noun
é¬F, é¬F am busy arranging for their stay.
have difficulty making it to the top dinner = ´Ææ’hçC. Pranav: When do you find the time for study?
ranks. dinner a) The movie is worth watching =
Ç¢Á’ à®√p-ôxûÓ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC. Ramana: That's my problem. I have difficulty
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Å®·ûË Ñ exams î√™« b) They are busy inviting people to their daugh-
ÆœE´÷ îª÷úø-ü¿-í∫_üË (watching - ing form) finding a minute's time for study.
b) It is not worth spending so much time =
éπ≠dçæ . î√™« ûÁL-N-í∫© Ŷµºu-®Ω’n©’ èπÿú≈ °j ter's marriage = Pranav: When do today's guests go away?
ranks ûÁa-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠d-° Åçûª time ¢Á*aç-îËçûª N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿C.
æ æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.) busy
¢√∞¡x-´÷t®· °Rx-°œ-©’-°æ¤-©ûÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Ramana: There's no knowing when they go
tough = éπ≠dç æ (exams N≠æߪ’ç.) c) This second hand car is not worth Rs. 1 lakh
c) I was busy the whole of last week moving to away.
second hand car
quite = °æ‹Jhí¬/ ¶«í¬. our new home.
Ñ ©éπ~ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© N©’´
í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç Åçû√ É©’x ´÷®Ω-ôçûÓ îËߪ’ü¿’. (Rs 1 lakh = Noun) Pranav: Exams are fast approaching. It's not
brilliant = î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj†. (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç = î√™« BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o/ É©’x ´÷®Ω-ôçûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-®·çC. easy preparing for them.
d) The book is worth its weight in gold =
v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†) Å®·ûË busy with ûª®√yûª noun ´Ææ’hçC. Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆E •®Ω’-´çûª •çí¬®Ωç N©’-´-í∫-©C. Ramana: I want to take room some distance
Pranuthi: Still there is nothing wrong in hoping a) I was busy with the arrangements for the from home. I'll then be free from the
(worth its weight - noun)
for the best, you see. Sometimes the meeting. (meeting busy disturbance.
à®√p-ôxûÓ í¬ ÖØ√o– 8. Candidates have difficulty making it to the top
results are long coming. arrangements - noun.) rank
ûÁL-¢Áj† Ŷµºu-®Ω’n©’ èπÿú≈ Ö†oûª ©’ §Òçü¿- Pranav: A good idea. worth trying.
(Å®·Ø√ ´’ç*E ÇPç-îª-ôç™ ûªÊ°pç-™‰ü¿’. b) She is busy with the exams = °æK-éπ~-©ûÓ BJ-éπ- ö«-EéÀ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-û√®Ω’. Ramana: I'll do that after my father comes
äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ results ®√´-ö«-EéÀ time [busy with + the exams (noun)]
™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC. difficulty + making ('-ing' form) back. Hope he won't be/ take long
coming.
°æúø’-ûª’çC) 4. delayed taking the exams. Exams èπ◊ a) I had difficulty finding the address =
J J J J èπÿ®Óa-´ôç Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤. Ç address ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 21 -¢Ë’ 2006
Chandan: Have you seen Pradhan, by any 1) I saw him driving an hour ago =
chance? í∫çô éÀçü¿ô Åûªúø’ car ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç ؈’ îª÷¨»†’.
(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o Pradhan
†’ îª÷¨»¢√? 2) In fact I see him drive down the road at this
By any chance = à¢Á’i-Ø√/- à-´’Ø√o îª÷úøôç time every day=
ûªô-Æœnç-*çü∆ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ÅÆæ©’ v°æA ®ÓW ÉüË time èπ◊ Ñ ®ÓúÓx car ™
Nandan: I think yes. I saw him driving some ¢Á∞¡xôç ؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’.
where an hour ago. I could have 3) I heard Pradhan say that he would go at that
stopped him, but I didn't like to. time every day... =
(Å´¤-†-†’-èπ◊çö«. í∫çô éÀçü¿ô car ™ ûª†’ ÅüË time èπ◊ Å™« ¢Á∞«h-†E Pradhan îÁ°æpí¬
áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡xôç îª÷¨»†’. ÅûªúÕE Ç°œ NØ√o†’.
4) ... that's why. I find Pradhan becoming more 4) find:
ÖçúÌ-a -é¬F É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC.) É™« Ñ see, hear, find, observe, notice,
(driving = car ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç) and more active nowadays= a) The teacher found him working hard =
watch ™«çöÀ verbs °æéπ\-†-™«x '-ing' form/ 1st
Chandan: Is that so? He said he would see me active Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç (îªü¿-´ôç) teacher
ÅD. É°æ¤púø’ v°æüµ∆Ø˛ í¬ Öçúøôç í∫´’- RDW/ that clauses (éÌEoîÓôx) ´≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË
today. îª÷¨»úø’.
E-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.
b) We always find him sleeping =
OöÀ ûª®√yûª ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'that' clause ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈
(Å™«í¬? †Fo-®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†-Ø√oúø’.) 5) He observed his nephew losing weight... Öçúøôç better. '-ing form'/ I RDW effective í¬
Nandan: Not just today. In fact I see him drive (ÅûªúÕ nephew •®Ω’´¤ ûªí∫_ôç Åûªúø’ í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’) ¢Ë’ç á°æ¤púø÷ Åûªúø’ Evü¿-§Ú-ûª’ç-úøí¬ îª÷≤ƒhç. Öçô’çC.
down our road everyday at that time. 6) I have noticed you having a dig at him= c) The engineer has found the machine going
(Ñ ®Óñ‰ é¬ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ v°æA-®ÓW ÅüË time †’´y-ûª-úÕE Çô °æöÀdç-îªúøç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. out of order often= NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
èπ◊ car ™ ÅüË ¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞¡⁄h éπE-°œ-≤ƒhúø’ Look at the verbs in the sentences ûª®Ωîª÷ Ç machine îÁúÕ§Ú-´ôç Ç engineer ALOUD IN ENGLISH:
Ø√èπ◊/ car ™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç îª÷≤ƒh†’ ؈’.) above: 1 & 2. saw 3. heard 4. find îª÷¨»úø’. Namratha: Ææ’F-ûÁ-°æ¤púø÷ äÍé-®Ωéπç •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç
Chandan: You are right. I heard Pradhan say 5. observed 6. have noticed. Ñ find °æéπ\† 1st RDW ®√ü¿’. That clause ؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’. ûª† •ôd© fashion ™
that he would go at that time every- í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j† verbs ÅFo πÿú≈ îª÷úøôç/ ®√´îª’a.
éπE°œç-îªôç, N†ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªôç, °æJ-Q-Lç-
day to attend yoga classes. 5) observe:
´÷Í®pç Öçúøü¿’.
îªôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆.
Charitha: ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. ûª†’ ûËú≈í¬ ÖçúË •ôd©’
(†’´¤y îÁ°œpçC Eï¢Ë’. v°æA-®ÓW Ç a) The invigilator has
time èπ◊ ßÁ÷í¬ ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√-†E observed the student
¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ؈’ äéπöÀ È®çúø’≤ƒ®Ω’x
Åûªúø’ îÁ°æpí¬ NØ√o†’.) taking/ take a slip out í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.
Nandan: O... perhaps that's why I find him of his pocket= Namratha: OK, ûª† N≠æߪ’ç áçü¿’-èπ◊™‰.
becoming more and more active Åûªúø’ ñ‰•’-™ç* slip †’¢Áy-°æ¤-úøØ√o Ææ’v°œßª’ §ƒúøí¬ NØ√o¢√?
nowadays.
(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Åçü¿’-éπØË Åûªúø’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 159 •ßª’-ôèπ◊ Bߪ’úøç invig-
ilator í∫´’-Eç-î √úø’. M. SURESAN
Charitha: áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

active 鬴ôç í∫´’-E-Ææ’hØ√o.)

Chandan: He observed his nephew losing
weight after attending the yoga
classes. So he thought, 'why should-
n't I as well?' and joined the classes.
But I notice him gaining weight. He
is more active as you have said, but
I noticed her humming
has he lost any weight?
(ÅûªúÕ nephew (= son of a brother or Åçõ‰ É´Fo éπ∞¡Ÿx, îÁ´¤©’ ™«çöÀ ñ«cØËçvCߪ÷-©èπ◊ (Invigilator= °æKéπ~ rooms ™ 鬰‘-™«ç-öÀN Namratha:
î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC. í∫ûª ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç
a sister) yoga classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç ûª®√yûª Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N. ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ÊÆ teachers) cinema music director Ç¢Á’ §ƒúøôç
•®Ω’´¤ ûªí∫_ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. Åûª-†-†’- OöÀ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' form é¬F, 1st Observe ûª®√yûª 'that' clause ´Ææ’hçC= í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÆœE-´÷™x §ƒúË
èπ◊-Ø√oúø’, '؈÷ áçü¿’èπ◊ ûªí∫_-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?— Regular doing word (go, come, etc) é¬F, The invigilator observed that the student Å´-鬨¡ç ®√´îª’a.
ÅE. Yoga classes ™ îË®√úø’. é¬F that clause é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. àüÓ °æE-îË-Ææ’hç-úøôç/ was taking out a slip from his pocket. Charitha: ûª †’ èπÿE-®√-í¬©’ §ƒúøôç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-
؈’ í∫´’-Eç-*ç-ü¿-ûª†’ •®Ω’´¤ °®Ω-í∫ôç. îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬ îª÷úøúøç, í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç, °æJ-Q-Lç-îªúøç b) I have observed him bunk/ bunking classes î√†’. é¬F Åçûª íÌ°æp í¬ßª’-èπ◊-®√-©-†’-éÓ-
†’´y-†oô’d ®Ω’í¬_ Å®·ûË Åߪ÷uúø’ é¬F, ïJ-Tç-ü¿ØÓ, àüÓ Åçô’ç-úøí¬/ Åçô’-çúøôç N†ôç quite often: ™‰ ü ¿ ’ .
•®Ω’-¢Ë-´’Ø√o ûªí¬_-úøç-ö«¢√?) ïJ-Tç-ü¿-ØÓ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
Nandan: Come now Chandan; Yoga might (Ñ see, hear, find, observe, notice- Oö-Eoç- ûª®Ωîª÷ Åûªúø’ classes áíÌ_-ôdúøç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Namratha: Ç¢Á’ ÆœE-´÷-©èπ◊ §ƒúøôç ûªy®Ω-™ ØË
not have slimmed down, but he has- öÀE verbs of sense perception Åçö«ç.) c) She observed him looking/look at her = Nçö«ç.
n't certainly put on weight. Be fair to (´’† ñ«cØËçvCߪ÷©’– sense organs- eyes, Åûªúø’ ûª†-¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷úøôç Ç¢Á’ í∫´’-Eç-*çC. Charitha: ûª †’ ¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ ÆæçUûªç CD ©’ N†ôç
him. nose, ear, tongue, skin – OöÀéÀ Ææç•ç- 6) notice: í∫´’-Eç-îª-úøç/- ü¿%-≠œd™  °æúøôç ØË † ’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. (watch ¢√úøçúÕ)
(Chandan, Ééπ Ç°æ¤. ßÁ÷í¬ ÅûªúÕE ûªT_ç- Cµç-*-†N.) a) Suddenly I noticed them going/ go out Namratha: ûª † èπ◊ Åü¿%≠ædç éπ-LÆœ ®√¢√-©-E ÇPü∆lç.
îª-™‰-üË¢Á÷ é¬F, ™«´¤ ´÷vûªç °®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. 1&2) saw: a) I see him always watching / together= ANSWER
ÅûªúÕ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Öçúø’.) watch the TV / I see that he
¢√∞¡Ÿx éπLÆœ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç -Ø√ -éπçô °æúÕçC. Namratha: I see Sunitha wear/ wearing the
come now = Informal conversation ™ always watch the TV =
b) I often notice her talking / talk to him= same style of dress/ dress of the
come now= Ééπ Ç°æ¤. Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ TV îª÷úøôç/ îª÷Ææ’hç-úøí¬ îª÷≤ƒh-ØËo†’/
fair= äéπ-J-°æôx Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ TV îª÷Ææ÷h éπE-°œç-îË-¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊. Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ؈’ ûª®Ωîª÷ same cut always. No change in the
Chandan: Do you mean he hasn't put on b) Åûªúø’ 11 í∫çô© Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´ôç/
í∫´’-E-≤ƒh†’./ Ç¢Á’ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åûª-EûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ fashion of her clothes.
weight? police ©’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»®Ω’/ Åûªúø’ 11 í∫çô© Ø√ éπçô °æúÕçC. Charitha: No. I have observed her wear dress-
(Å®·ûË ¢√úø’ ™«´´™‰ü¿ç-ö«¢√?) Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ •ßª’-ôéÀ ´Ææ÷h éπE-°œç-î√úø’ police ©èπ◊= c) The police have noticed him visiting/ visit one es of different style once or twice.
put on weight= ™«´¤/ -•-®Ω’-¢Á-éπ\ôç The police saw him coming out/ come out at house in the old town at midnight= Namratha: OK. Why talk of her now?/ Let's not
Nandan: No, certainly not. I have noticed you 11 a number of times. A number of times the Ç ´uéÀh Å®Ωl¥-®√vA¢Ë∞¡ old town ™ äéπ ÉçöÀéÀ talk of her now. Have you ever
having a dig at him whenever you police saw that he was coming out at 11. ¢Á∞¡xôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡x éπçô-°æ-úÕçC. heard Sunitha sing/ singing?
find a chance. c) Ç restaurant Åçõ‰ Åûª-E-éÀ-≠dçæ í¬ Ö†o-ô’xçC. É™«çöÀ verb ÉçéÓöÀ 'watch' (í∫´’-Eç-îªôç) Charitha: Why do you ask?
(-à-´÷-vûªç -™‰-ü¿’. Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x Åéπ\úø A†ôç î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»†’= a) She watched him water / watering the garden Namratha: She sings very well. A film music
ÅûªúÕE Çô-°æ-öÀd-≤ƒh-´E ØËØÁ-°æ¤púÓ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.) He seems to like the restaurant a lot. I saw patiently = director observed her sing/ singing.
have a dig at= Çô °æöÀdç-îª-úøç/- ÍíL îËߪ’ôç him eat/ eating there quite often. Very soon she may get an opportu-
Åûªúø’ ã°œí¬_ ûÓôèπ◊ F®Ω’-°-ôdúøç Ç¢Á’ í∫´’-Eç-*çC. nity to sing for movies.
Chandan: Nothing of the sort. I like him a lot. Å™«Íí hear ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form / I RDW b) They have watched her dancing/ dance for
´≤ƒh®·. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ that clause ®√´îª’a. Charitha: I noticed her hum/ humming (èπÿE-
(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úøçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç.) an hour=
3) heard: a) I heard her sing / singing = but I
Nothing of the sort = ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’
®√-í¬©’/ ûª†-™-ûªØË §ƒúø’-éÓôç)
Ç¢Á’ í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ø√ôuç îËߪ’ôç ¢√∞¡Ÿx A©-éÀç-î√®Ω’. didn't think that she was a good
'-ing' forms ¢√ú≈-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x, Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-úøôç ؈’ NØ√o†’.
b) We heard them quarrelling / quarrel about c) The thief watched the inmates of the house singer.
´’J-éÌEo verbs ÖØ√o®·. Ñ verbs °æéπ\† going out/ go out, waited for some time,
á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' forms é¬F, 1st RDW (go, something- Namratha: We can soon hear her sing/ singing
broke the lock and entered the house = for movies.
come, walk, etc) é¬F ´≤ƒh®·. ¢√∞¡Ÿx üËE N≠æ-ߪ’¢Á÷ §Úö«x-úø’-éÓ-´ôç ¢Ë’ç NØ√oç.
Now look at the following sentences from c) She heard him say / saying that he was Ç üÌçí∫ Éçöx-¢√∞¡Ÿx (inmates) •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç Charitha: I've watched her listening/ listen to
the conversation between Chandan and going to buy a house = É©’x é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-†E í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. é¬ÊÆ-§ƒT û√∞¡ç •ü¿l-©’-éÌöÀd ™EéÀ classical music CD's.
Nandan: îÁ°æ¤hç-úøôç / îÁ°æ¤hç-úøí¬ Ç¢Á’ N†oC. v°æ¢Ë-Pç-î√úø’. Namratha: Let's wish her best of luck.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 24 -¢Ë’ 2006
Anand: Hi Milind, congrats on your new bike. Anand: I feel happy with the one I have. My
How much is it? impression is that the new ones are a
bike
(éÌûªh congrats.
é̆oç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûª-®·çC?) bit difficult to handle, because of their
Milind: The on road cost is Rs. 47250/-. How pickup.
do you find it? bike
(Ø√èπ◊†o Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. É°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’h†o
(Road O’C-éÌ-îËa-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ 47,250 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„jçC. bikes
éÌûªh ¢Ëí∫ç ûªy®Ωí¬ °æ¤çVéÓ-´úøç ´©x
ᙫ ÖçC?) ¢√öÀE Eߪ’ç-vAç-îªúøç éπ≠d-´æ ’E Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç)
Anand: I find it quite sleek. Congrats on your Milind: Nothing of the sort. Ride one and feel
choice of colour. She is gleaming and for yourself. You'll get rid of your bike,
is a real beauty. What do you feel about I'm sure.
its performance? bike
(ÅüËç-™‰ü¿’. äéπ drive
†’ îËÆœ îª÷úø’, ii) I am unable to find out where he has gone
colour
(î√™« †’†oí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-≤ÚhçC. F áç°œ-éπèπ◊ ņ’-¶µº-´çûÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ. F §ƒûª bike †’ (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬F †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ trouble
Åûªúø’ áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«xúÓ Øˆ’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-´-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ Ø√Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç
iii) Find out where she was hidden the money
ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. ÅC î√™« v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûªçí¬, ´C-Lç--èπ◊ç-ö«´¤)
Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. °æ-E-B®Ω’ -á-™« -Å-E°œ-≤Úh-ç-C?) Nothing of the sort = ÅüËç-/ Å™«ç-öÀüËç ™‰ü¿’.
†’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ trouble BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E.
(Ç¢Á’ úø•’s áéπ\úø ü∆*çüÓ éπ†’éÓ\) c) His impression is that he was not treated
Sleek = †’†’-°æ¤í¬, polish îËÆ œ-†ô’x Öçúøôç = get rid of = ´ü¿-Lç--éÓ-´ôç – Å©-¢√-ôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒhç
Be careful, you find her difficult to deal with properly.
sleek. ´·êuçí¬ vehicles èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. A sleek English ™ äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁLÊ° °æü¿l¥-A™
bike/ a sleek car, etc. Vô’d Åçü¿çí¬ Eí∫-E-í∫-™«- Ææ’Eoûªç áèπ◊\´. ؈-†’-éÌçö«, à¢Á÷ îÁ°æp-™‰†’, ñ«ví∫ûªh. ÇNúøûÓ deal îËߪ’ôç Fèπ◊ éπ≠dçæ í¬ ûª††’ ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø-™‰-ü¿ØË ¶µ«´ç Åûª-E™ ÖçC.
úø’ûª÷ †’†’-°æ¤í¬ ü¿’Ny Öçõ‰ ÅC èπÿú≈ sleek †’¢Ëy-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? É™«çöÀ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ÅE-°œç-îª-´îª’a). ÉD find èπÿ, find out èπÿ ûËú≈. °j´Fo ´’†-éπ-E-°œç-*-†N, ´’†-Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©
hair. English ™ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©†’ 'she' Åçö«®Ω’. 'I ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ´÷ô©’ î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ᙫ Let's come back to 'find'. í∫’Jç* Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ, îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’.
bought the car last week. Isn't she a real ¢√ú≈™ É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. 2) I find it quite sleek = (´’†ç éπ*aûªçí¬ É™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´’E îÁÊ°pç-
beauty? =ØËØ√ 鬮Ω’†’ §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç éÌØ√o†’. Look at the following sentences from the î√™« polished í¬ Åçü¿çí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ ü¿’èπ◊, I am/ he is/ they are sure/ certain
dialogue between Anand and Milind
Eïçí¬ ÅC Åçü¿çí¬ ™‰ü¿÷? ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. Åçö«ç ÅE ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’)
Milind: I feel it is a good buy. It gives 75 kmph, 1) How do you find it? a) -Ç movie Ø√Íé-´’çûª ûª%°œhí¬ -™‰-ü¿’ = I don't find äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-
and carries a two year warranty. What 2) I find it quite sleek it satisfactory (ûª%°œhí¬ ÅE-°œçîªúø癉ü¿’.)
‰ç; ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç ´©x 鬴a, ã N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo
do you think? 3) What do you feel b) That's OK for me, but my friend doesn't find
í∫’Jç* ´’†èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ Å´-í¬-£æ«† ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ôç-´™«x
Litre it acceptable=
鬴a. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, I can't say Åçö«ç.
(´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. èπ◊ about its perform-
75 km. war- 5) I can't say.
´Ææ’hçC. ü∆E-ûÓ-¶«ô’ È®çúË∞¡x ance? Ø√éπC ûª%°œh-í¬ØË ÖçC/ †*açC. ´÷ friend èπ◊
ranty Kumar: What do you feel about Mallik? (Do
èπÿú≈ ÖçC. à´’ç-ö«´¤?) 4) What do you say?
you) think he is good?
´÷vûªç Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷-í∫uçí¬ ÅE-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’.
5) Can't say ÉD find ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©÷, B®Ω÷. (´’Lx-é˙†’ í∫’Jç* à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ¢√úø’
6) ... I have a feeling ... 3) What do you feel about its performance? = ´’ç*-¢√-úËØ√?)
7) I think you are right Kesav: Can't say. I've known him for just two
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 160
ü∆E °æE-B®Ω’ ᙫ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC?
8) My impression is that... find = feel about = ÅE-°œç-îªôç/ éπE-°œç-îªôç. days
9) I'm sure. M. SURESAN
(îÁ°æp-™‰†’/ ᙫ îÁ°æp†’? Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’
®ÓV-©’-í¬ØË ûÁ©’Ææ’).
b) Murali: Do you think he can do the job?

How do you find it? (¢√ú≈ °æE îËߪ’-í∫-©-úøç-ö«¢√?)

Pramod: Difficult to say. He hasn't done this
type of job before.
(îÁ°æpúøç éπ≠dçæ / îÁ°æp™‰ç. É™«çöÀ °æE Éçûª-èπ◊-
´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’.)
Anand: Can't say. Long since I bought a bike. I ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îª-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’, Kundan: What do you feel about the food in the So, can't say, difficult to say- Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊
don't know much about the recent èπ◊çúø-•-ü¿l©’ éÌöÀd-†ô’x Eïç îÁ°æpôç ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç ´©x hostel? Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿-†o-´÷ô.
brands. But, if you don't mind, I have a É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Å´-ûª-L-¢√-∞¡x†’ ØÌ°œpç-îªôç É≠ædç-™‰-éπ- (Hostel food ᙫ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC?/ ᙫ ÖçC?) Now practise the following aloud in English
feeling that nearly Rs. 50,000/- is rather §Ú-®·Ø√ °j expressions ¢√úøû√ç. Madan: I feel/ find it OK. Can get on. Mahesh: Hi Ganesh,
´·ç¶„j †’ç* á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤?
on the high side for a two wheeler. 1) How do you find it? ÉC üËE í∫’Jç-îÁjØ√ äéπJ ÅGµ- (°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´îª’a = ¶«üµËç-™‰ü¿’) Ganesh:
E†oØË.
bike
(îÁ°æp-™‰†’. ؈’ éÌE î√™« 鬩-´’- v§ƒßª’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅúÕÍí ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o. I feel it/ find it OK= I feel (that) it is OK/ I find Mahesh:
Åéπ\úø áçúø-™„™« ÖØ√oß˝’? (feel/ find
®·çC. Ñ´’üµ¿u ´*a† ®Ω鬩 í∫’Jç* Ø√éπç- What do you think of/ about it? / what's your (that) it is OK.
opinion? éπçõ‰ How do you find it? ÅØËüË
¢√úøçúÕ.)
ûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. é¬F †’¢Ëy´’†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, ü¿í∫_®Ω 4) What do you say? = †’¢Ëy-´’ç-ö«´¤?/ O’Í®-´’ç- Ganesh: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™  éπçõ‰ Åüµ∆y-†oçí¬ ÅE-°œç-
ü¿í∫_®Ω ®Ω÷.50,000 é¬Ææháèπ◊\¢Ë ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ö«®Ω’? ÉC äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ *çC. Ø√ ¶µ«´†, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ áçúø-™„-èπ◊\-
Can't say - ´’†ç àD îÁ°æp-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’/ à Yamuna: You went to the movie yesterday. ¢√úË Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o. ´-®·Ø√ îÁ´’ô °æôdü¿’. ®√vûª’∞¡Ÿ} xí¬ ÅE-
ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô. How did you find it? = What do you say / does your father say? °œ-Ææ’hçC.
I have a feeling = I feel = Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC, E†o †’´¤y îª÷Æœ† movie ᙫ ÅE-°œç-*çC Fèπ◊? – ÉC î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Nçô’çö«ç éπü∆? Mahesh: Åéπ\úø Nü∆u-´-Ææ-ûª’©’ Ééπ\-úÕ-éπçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ö«ßª÷?
rather on the high side = é¬Ææh áèπ◊\¢Ë. On the (Éçûª-éπçõ‰ simple, how was the movie yes- What do the students say / feel about/ How Ganesh: îÁ°æp-™‰†’, ØËF N≠æߪ’ç Åçûª °æJ-Q-Lç-îª-
high side = áèπ◊\¢Ë. rather = ´’†-éÀ≠dç æ ™‰EN terday? ÅØÌa, é¬F How did you find? ÅØËüË do the students find the new teacher? ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ¶µ«´† Ééπ\úË ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E.
é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´, ņ-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. The movie is ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.) = éÌûªh teacher í∫’Jç* students ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Mahesh: áçü¿’-éÌ-*açC Fé¬ ÅGµv§ƒßª’ç?
rather dull = Ç ÆœE´÷ é¬Ææh NÆæ’Íí. She is Ganga: I found it very good/ very exciting. àN’öÀ? à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Ganesh: ؈’†o ®ÓV™x Åéπ\úø Ø√èπ◊ ûªT-L† ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷
rather short = Ç¢Á’ é¬Ææh §Òõ‰d. rather costly (6) & (8): I have a feeling/ My impression that:
(î√™« ¶«í∫’-†oô’d, Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ωç-í¬†÷ ÅE-°œç-*çC. business ûª°æp ÉçéÓöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰ü¿’. Education
= é¬Ææh êKüË. (Ø√ ņ’-¶µº´ç) 6) I have a feeling = Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. èπ◊ Åçûª v§ƒüµ∆†uç É´y-†-ôd-E-°œç-*çC.
´’ç*-¢√-öÀF ´’†-éÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’i† ¢√öÀF, °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’, ¶«í¬ØË Mom to saw it. She finds it good too. I have a feeling that Rs. 50,000 is too high Answer
ÖçC ņ-ö«-EéÀ, fairly ¢√úøû√ç. (´÷ Å´’t èπÿú≈ îª÷ÆœçC. Ç¢Á’ èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ØË for a two wheeler = Mahesh: Hi Ganesh, When did you return from
The movie is fairly good. Ç ÆœE´÷ °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’. Cyîªvéπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ 50000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„-èπ◊\-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E Mumbai?
¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. The movie is rather dull. She is Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC) Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ganesh: The day before (yesterday).
fairly tall. (°∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. §Òúø’Íí). She is rather Ééπ\úÕ 'find' èπ◊ éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç ÅØË Å®√n-Eéà a) She had a feeling that the doctor wasn't Mahesh: How did you find/ feel the summer/
short (é¬Ææh §Òõ‰d). Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Find out= éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- treating her properly = heat there?
Milind: You can't get any other brand at that éÓ- ´ôç.'Find' èπ◊ ÅE-°œç-îª-ôç-ûÓ-¶«ô’ éπE-°œç-îª-ôç/- ú≈éπd®Ω’ ûª††’ ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø-ôç-™‰-ü¿E Ç¢Á’-éÓ-¶µ«´ç Ganesh: I found it worse than in Hyderabad.
price for that mileage. üÌ- ®Ω-éπôç ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. ÖçúËC/ ÅE-°œç-*çC. My feeling is that though Hyderabad
(Åçûª ¢Á’i™‰@ ÉîËa à Éûª®Ω v¶«çú˛ èπÿú≈ Ç a) Where did you find the book? = b) Why do you have the feeling we don't like you? is hot, we don't sweat here. We feel
†’´yçõ‰ ´÷èπ◊ É≠ædç-™‰-ü¿E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? the nights are cool.
üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ ®√ü¿’) Fé¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-*çC? Mahesh: Did you find educational facilities bet-
Anand: I Think you're right. My opinion is out- I had been searching for it. I couldn't find it= ÉN What's you feeling? ÅØË question èπ◊
answers Å´¤-û√®·. ter there than here?
dated. You change bikes often. You ü∆E-éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπE-°œç-îª- Ganesh: (I) can't say/ difficult to say. I didn't
must know. 8) My impression is that... Ø√èπ◊†o/ Ø√Íé-®Ωp-úÕ†
™‰ü¿’/ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. pay attention to it I have a feel that
(†’´¤y correct ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ- b) Find out= éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç... ÅE Å®Ωnç. they are better here.
bikes
ߪ÷©’ é¬-©ç -îÁ-Lx-†N. †’´¤y ûª®Ω i) The police have find out important information a) Dhiraj: Well, you have seen the arrange- Mahesh: Why did you/ do you feel so?
´÷®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ö«´¤ FÍé ûÁL-ߪ÷L.) ments. What do you feel? Ganesh: All those I met there during my stay
about the thief=
Milind: Why don't you go for a new bike? For (à®√p-ôxFo îª÷¨»-´¤í¬) à´’-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC? talked only of business. My impres-
one like mine? üÌçí∫†’ í∫’Jç* police î√™« ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Niraj: OK. But my impression is that you have sion was that they didn't give impor-
(éÌûªh bike äéπöÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿÷ Ø√™«ç-öÀüË?) éπ †’-íÌ-Ø√o®Ω’/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. taken too much trouble. tance to studies.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 26 -¢Ë’ 2006
Prasanth: Meena, You remember Sekhar. don't
Clause Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? A group of words
you?
with a verb. È®çúø’ sentences *†o *†oN
Fèπ◊ Sekhar í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆? NúÕ NúÕí¬ ¢√úË •ü¿’©’ äÍé sentence é¬Ææh
(sentence *´®Óx don't you? ÅØËC °ü¿lC ¢√úÕ conversation effective í¬ îËÆæ’-éÓ-
question tag. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? î√™«-é¬©ç ´ôç ´’ç*C.
éÀçü¿õ‰ ´’†ç Ñ columns ™ OöÀE îª÷úøçúÕ: He is the same teacher. He taught
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. éπü∆? é¬ü∆? us this lesson. He taught us it interestingly.
åØ√? ™‰ü∆? ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC.) Ñ sentences îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ *†o-Ní¬, Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬
Meena: Of course. Isn't he that police offi- ÖØ√o®·. é¬F ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéà He, repeat Å´ôç
cer? He helped us a lot when we ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ™‰ü¿÷. ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x éÀçC sen- His brother who came here yesterday has
had an accident last year? Conversation ™ç* BÆœ† sentence groups ™
tence îª÷úøçúÕ. just left.
1st group
í∫’®Ω’h ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ô-¢Ë’çöÀ? (= ofcourse). Ç He is the same teacher who taught us this les- E†o ´*a† ÅûªúÕ brother É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’.
îª÷ü∆lç.
police officer éπü∆? ´’†èπ◊ í∫ûª Ææç´- 1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot
son interestingly. c) This is the book. I gave it to him yesterday.
ûªq®Ωç accident Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ î√™« when we had an accident last year.
(Ñ §ƒ®∏Ωç interesting í¬ îÁ°œpçC ÅüË teacher). ÉC °æ¤Ææhéπç. ÅC ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ E†o Éî√a†’ – ÉC
Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»úø’. éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç: Isn't he the police officer who
°j sentence ™ àç î˨»ç? Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o áçûª ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ÖçC? Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©†’
Prasanth: That's he. My cousin Govind is a helped us a lot when ...
´‚úø’ sentences †÷, 'who' ûÓ éπL-Ê°≤ƒç. äéπ-öÀí¬ 'which' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. (a) , (b) ™x
good friend of his. He has phoned
É°æ¤púø’ äÍé sentence Å®·uçC. so, éÌçîÁç ´’†’-≠æfl©’ 鬕öÀd who ¢√ú≈ç. °æ¤Ææhéπç ´Ææ’h´¤ 2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
me Mr. Sekhar has come here. So I
advanced level conversation ™, who, éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE which ¢√ú≈L. has phoned me Sekhar is here =
went and invited him.
which, that, whose ©ûÓ, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ 'whom' My cousin Govind who is a good friend of his
´÷ cousin Govind Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’ç* This is the book which I gave him yester-
has phoned me ...
ûÓ éπ©-°æ-´îª’a. day=
friend. Sekhar Ééπ\úÕéÀ ´î√a-®ΩE ᙫíÓ îª÷ü∆l´÷? 3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospi-
Phone î˨»úø’. ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx dinner èπ◊ E†o ؈-ûª-úÕ-éÀ-*a† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC.
°œL-î√†’. d) Here is the dog. It tried to bite me. tal. That doctor friend attended on us imme-
Meena: You've done a good thing. Ç èπ◊éπ\ Ééπ\-úø’çC. ÅC ††’o éπ®Ω´ú≈EéÀ diately.
Mr.Sekhar had a doctor friend in the Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend who
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 161
v°æߪ’-Aoç-*çC. éπL-°œûË,
hospital. That doctor friend attended Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ 'which' join îËߪ’çúÕ. attended on us immediately at the hospital.
on us immediately, because of
Mr.Sekhar. Mr.Sekhar had been a
stranger to us till then. Surprising he
took such an interest in us.
î√™« ´’ç* °æE î˨»®Ω’. ¨Ïê®˝èπ◊ hospi-
tal ™ ã doctor friend ÖØ√oúø’. ¨Ïê®˝
´©x Çߪ’† ´’†èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Ájü¿uç î˨»úø’.
This is
. the book which I Here is the dog 4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He
Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, ¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´’†-¢Á’´®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Now look at the following sentences from
´’† -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ Çߪ’† Åçûª interest which tried to bite saved our lives that day.
the dialogue above.
BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’. 1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot me. Mr. Sekhar who was really God sent helped
Prasanth: Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that when we had an accident last year. e) This is Hari. His par- us that day.
day. He saved our lives. But for him 5) My brother has just sent us a basket of man-
2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He ents are here.
there is no knowing what would goes. We will serve them to Mr. Sekhar.
has phoned me Sekhar is here. Éûªúø’ £æ«J. ÅûªE ûªLx-
have happened to us.
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospi- ü¿ç-vúø’-L-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o®Ω’. M. SURESAN Join the sentences: My brother has just sent
Ç®ÓV ´’†èπ◊ ¨Ïê®˝ üË´¤úË °æç°œ-†ô’x tal. That doctor friend attended on us imme- us a basket of mangoes which we will
´î√a®Ω’. ´’† v§ƒù«Lo 鬧ƒ-ú≈®Ω’. Çߪ’ØË éπ©-°æçúÕ. This is Hari whose parents are
diately because of Mr. Sekhar. here. Ééπ\úø ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©’-†o-ûª†’ £æ«J. served to Mr. Sekhar.
™‰éπ-§Ú®· Öçõ‰ ´’†-Íé-´’-ߪ·uç-úËüÓ 4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ who/ which •ü¿’©’ that èπÿú≈ É™« who, whom, whose, which and that ûÓ
saved our lives that day. éπLÊ° sentences N´-®√©’ î√™« ÖØ√o®·.
Meena: My brother has just sent us a basket ¢√úøû√ç.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of man-
of mangoes from his garden. We
goes from his garden. We will serve them to Now practise the following aloud in English ANSWER
will serve Mr.Sekhar those man-
Mr. Sekhar. (OôEoöÀ™ who, whose, which and that ûÓ Pramila: Where is the book which/ that
goes. We will serve him to Jangri.
Let's try to reduce the length of the each éπL-°œ† sentences ¢√úøçúÕ.) you brought yesterday?
I made it yesterday. Pramila: Pratyusha: Are you talking of the book
group of sentences above. We can do so by †’´¤y EØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁî√a´¤. ÅC àC?
´÷ ņoߪ’u/ ûª´·túø’ É°æ¤púË ûÓô™ Pratyusha: Åçõ‰ ØËEoØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æ´-Réπ ü¿í∫_®Ω which/ that I brought from
joining them with who, whose, which and
†’ç* ´÷N’-úÕ-°æç-úø’x °æç°œç-î√úø’. ¢√öÀE †’ç* ûÁî√a†’, ü∆Eo í∫’JçîËØ√ Pravalika.
that.
¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´úÕfü∆lç. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ñ«çvT èπÿú≈ †’´y-úÕ-ÍíC? Pramila: Pravalika gave you the book which
But before that OöÀ Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç: she borrowed
´úÕfü∆lç. E†oØË î˨». Pramila: v°æ´-Réπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æÆæ÷† ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* (Å®Ω’´¤ ûÁ*açC)
a) The man who wrote the book is my friend. that book) from Prasuna.
Prasanth: He deserves all hospitality. He ûÁ*açC. ÅC FéÀ-*açC. (
saved our lives. Let's do our best to á´®√ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√¨»®Ó Åûªúø’ Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – Ñ Pratyusha: v°æÆæ÷† Åçõ‰ Ç English novels Pratyusha: Is Pravalika the girl who always
reads English novels?
satisfy him. Å®Ωnç ÆæÈ®j-†üË. é¬F ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™« ņç- ûÁí∫ îªC¢Ë Å´÷t-ßË’Ø√?
éπü∆. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’: Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√Æœ-†-ûªúø’ Ø√ Pramila: Å´¤†’. Ç Å´÷t-®·Íé Ñ ´’üµ¿u Pramila: Yea. That's the girl who got the
Çߪ’† áçûª-öÀ ÇA--ü∑∆u-E-ÈéjØ√ Å®Ω’|úË. ´’† English essay writing ™ Ist prize Ist prize in English essay writing
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – -Å-E -Åç-ö«ç.
v§ƒù«©’ 鬧ƒ-ú≈úø’. Çߪ’Eo ûª%°œh-°æ-®Ω-îª-ö«- competition.
DEo È®çúø’ sentences éπ©-®·-éπí¬ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç ´*açC.
-v°æ-¨¡o: i) Future perfect tense †’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-
EéÀ ÅEo v°æߪ’-û√o©’ îËü∆lç.
Meena: OK then. I will be on the job.
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a: The man wrote the book. He is ¢√úø’ É©’x îËJ Öçö«úø’ – Åçõ‰ í∫çô-™-°æ™‰ ¢√úÕ©’x
my friend - ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆? ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ The
ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË– ØËØ√ °æE O’üË Öçö«. Tç-î√L?ii) Vocabulary & word power †’ îË®Ωôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC.
man who wrote the book is my friend, ÅØËC ᙫ °ç-éÓ-¢√L?iii) Helping verb
J J J b) They will have come back by this time
O™„j-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ conversation simple í¬ easy í¬ Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆? ûª®√yûª to infinitive Öçú≈™«? ™‰ü∆ tomorrow = Í®°‘-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx AJ-íÌ-aç-
The man wrote the book. He is my friend plain (bare) infinitive Öçú≈™« ? time
– ñ„.®√V, ñ„j†÷®˝, -Ç-C™«-¶«ü˛
Öçúøôç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅGµ-©-≠æ-ùÃ-ߪ’¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ÅC ö«®Ω’. (Åçõ‰ Ñ èπ◊ – Í®°æ¤ – ´·çüË
-ï-¢√-•’: i) Future ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ
ÅEo≤ƒ®Ω÷x ≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a éπü∆. ÅDé¬èπ◊çú≈ ÉC éÌçîÁç Nçûª-í¬ØË ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. AJ-T-®√-´ôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC)
Åçü¿’-éπE The man who wrote the book is my ii) You can improve your vocabulary by
Å´-ûªL¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬Ææh éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† sentences ´÷ö«x-úÕûË °æ‹®Ωh®· Öçô’ç-ü¿ØË °æEéÀ future regular reading - of English newspa-
´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í¬L éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ≤ƒJ friend - ÉC £æ›çü∆í¬ NE°œ-Ææ’hçC.
perfect ¢√úøû√ç. shall have + pers, books, etc. That's the only way.
†’ç* conversation ™ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh extended b) His brother came here yesterday. He has just
past participle/ will have + past iii) Help ûª®√yûª to infinitive/Plain infinitive
sentences ¢√úøôç practice îËü∆lç. Åçõ‰ É°æp- left.
participle - àüÁjØ√ correct.
öÀ-†’ç* ´’†ç advanced level conversation/ ÅûªúÕ brother E†o ´î√aúø’. Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’ a) In an hour from now, he will/ have reached a) He helped me to get the tickets = He helped
Spoken English practice îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´’-†o-´÷ô. Ñ 2 sentences •ü¿’©’, É™« ņçúÕ. home = äéπ í∫çô Ææ´’-ߪ÷-E-éÀ/- í∫çô í∫úÕ-îË-™°æ¤ me get the tickets - both right.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 28 -¢Ë’ 2006
Kedar: Isn't it Nikhil who called? Kailas: He is certainly a good one. His boys too
Phone îËÆœçC Nikhil éπü∆? are well trained.
Kailas: Yes. Our mechanic repaired my bike Åûªúø’ Eïçí¬ ´’ç* mechanic. ÅûªúÕ
last week, you know. Nikhil wants him. èπ◊v®√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Péπ~ù Ö†o¢√∞Ïx.
Å´¤†’. §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç bike †’ ´’† Kedar: I have a number of friends. He has
mechanic repairî˨»úø’ í∫ü∆. Nikhil
èπ◊ repaired their bikes. They are all happy.
ûª†’ 鬢√-©ô. He repaired my cousin's bike six
Kedar: Why? (Is) something wrong with his months ago. It has not given him any
bike? trouble since then.
áçü¿’èπ◊? ÅûªúÕbike èπ◊ à´’Ø√o JÊ°®√? friends
Ø√ bikes
î√™«-´’çC repair
Éûª-úø’
Kailas: Obviously. But my surprise is he got it cousin bike
îËÊÆh Ææç-ûª%°œh -îÁç-ü∆®Ω’. ´÷ Ç®Ω’ 3) He got repaired the day before. It has trouble 6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike.
repaired it only the day before. It has repair now.
ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ î˨»úø’. Å°æpöÀ†’ç* ÅüËç ûª† èπ◊v®√-úÕE °æç°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ bike †’
trouble now again. Few mechanics are trouble É´y-™‰ü¿’.
sentences effective
¢√úø’ ü∆Eo ¢Á·†o repair îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. BÆæ’éÌ-≤ƒhúø’.
honest. Few know their job well. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ †’ éπL°œ
sentence practice
í¬ ´÷®Ωaúøç îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆ É°æ¤p-úøC trouble É≤ÚhçC. Ééπ\úø Ñ È®çúø’ sen- Fetch= äéπîÓôèπ◊ ¢ÁRx BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç
ÅçûË-éπü∆. é¬F Ǩ¡a®Ωuç àN’ôçõ‰ Åûªúø’ tences †’ üËEûÓ éπ©-§ƒL? ´Ææ’h´¤ 鬕öÀd
ü∆Eo ¢Á·†oØË repair îË®·çî√úø’. ´’Sx Who, whom, whose, which and that ûÓ éπL°œ. bring = ´’†ç Ö†o îÓô’ †’ç* BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç
practice conversation 'which'. îª÷úøçúÕ. = He is sending his boy who will fetch the
É°æ¤púø’ ü∆EéÀ trouble. Eñ«-ߪ’B Ö†o ÉC áçûª áèπ◊\´ îËÊÆh
mechanics ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’. °æE ûÁL-Æ œ† ™ ´’K *†o *†o sentences repetition
ûÓ The bike (it) which he got repaired the day bike.
mechanics èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’. ™‰èπ◊çú≈ é¬Ææh £æ›çü∆í¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’Íé É°æ¤púø’ before has trouble now. 7) Our Mechanic does his job well. His knowl-
Obviously - evidently = clearly = ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË/ ´’†ç advanced level of conversation ™ ¢Á·†o repair îË®·ç--èπ◊†o bike èπ◊ É°æ¤púø’ edge of mechanism is sound.
éπE°œ-Ææ÷hØË/ îª÷ÊÆhØË Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u™« ÖçC. ÖØ√oç ÅE í∫’®Ω’hîËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. trouble ÖçC. ´’† mechanic ¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ
Few = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’/ ™‰ü¿’ Look at the following sentences from the
4) His shop is next to the fast food joint. It is Mechanism ™ ´’ç* ñ«c†ç ÖçC.
A few - à éÌCl-´’çüÓ/ à éÌØÓo. dialogue above.
1) Isn't it Nikhil who called? close to his rooms. Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬
ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. Few Mechanics are honest, éπ©-§Òa 'who', 'whose' ¢√úÕ.
fewer (mechanics) still know their job.. 2) Our mechanic repaired my bike last week. ÅûªúÕ shop, Ç öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre èπ◊ ü¿í∫_Í®. ÅC ÅûªúÕ
(È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ fewer ûª®√yûª mechanics îÁ°æp- Nikhil wants him. í∫CéÀ ü¿í∫_Í®. fast food joint - ÉC correct a) Our Mechanic who does his job well has
éπ\-®Ω™‰ü¿’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ à mechanic èπÿ Eñ«-ߪ’B 3) He got it repaired the day before. It has trou- English, öÀ°∂œØ˛ English é¬ü¿’ ÅE Éçûªèπ◊ a sound knowledge of...
™‰ü¿’. Åçûª-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ (Fewer) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æE ble now. ´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ¶«í¬ îËÊÆ ´’† Mechanic èπ◊ Mechanism
ûÁ©’Ææ’. É™«çöÀ expression ¶«í¬ practice 4) His shop is next to the
fast food joint. It is very
É°æ¤púø’ éπ©-°æçúÕ, °j È®ç-úÕçöÀF. which éπü∆, ñ«c†ç ¶«í¬ ÖçC.
îËߪ’çúÕ for effective conversation. ´Ææ’h´¤ 鬕öÀd. b) Our Mechanic whose knowledge of
close to his rooms.
His shop is next to the fast food joint which mechanism is sound does his job well
5) ... he is out with
another customer. He is close to his rooms. = Mechanism ™ ´’ç* knowledge Ö†o
is buying a bike. He ÅûªúÕ í∫CéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o fast food joint °æéπ\ØË Ç ´’† Mechanic ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒhúø’.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 162 wanted this mechan-
ic's opinion. M. SURESAN
shop. 8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their
bikes. They are happy.
Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ´’çC friends ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åûªúø’ ¢√∞¡x
bikes repair î˨»úø’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

He is sending his boy who will .. 'Whose' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. Å®Ωnç, á´J bikes
Å®·ûË Åûªúø’ repair î˨»úÓ... ņo-ô’xí¬ ´Ææ’hçC.
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å™« ņç.
I have a number of friends whose bikes he
6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike 5) He is out with another customer. He is buy- has repaired, and they are all happy.
Kedar: But What happened to his mechanic?
to the shop. The mechanic will attend to it. ing a bike. He wanted this mechanic's opin- 9) He repaired my cousin's bike six months
His shop is next to the fast food joint. It
7) Our mechanic does his job well. His knowl- ion. ago, it hasn't given him trouble ever since.
is very close to his rooms.
é¬F ÅûªúÕ mechanic à´’-ߪ÷uúø’? Ç edge of mechanism is sound. Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ customer ûÓ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Ç customer éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç – Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ which ûÓ éπ©’-§Ò-a-
öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre Shop. Nikhil
°æéπ\ØË ÅûªúÕ 8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their bike éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπü∆?
¢√∞¡x rooms èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω. bikes. They are all happy. 鬢√L. My cousin's bike which he repaired six
(Rooms = Bachelors ™«çöÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅüÁlèπ◊ 9) He repaired my cousin's bike. It hasn't given Combine the above. Use 'who' - ´’†’-≠æfl©’ months ago hasn't given him any trouble
BÆæ’èπ◊E ÖçúË í∫CE rooms Room
Åçö«®Ω’. ÅE him any trouble since then. 鬕öÀd. ever since.
Singular ™ ¢√úø®Ω’ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ) Oô--Eoç-öÀF ´’†ç who, which, whose and that He is out with another customer who is buy- Åûªúø’ Ç®Ω’ ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ repair îËÆœ† ´÷ cousin
Kailas: It seems he is out with another cus- ûÓ éπL°œ *†o sentences í¬ ´÷®Ω’ü∆lç. ing a bike and wanted his opinion. bike Å°æpöÀ†’ç* à trouble É´y-™‰ü¿’.
tomer. He is buying a bike. He wanted 1) Isn't it Nikhil who/ that called? Bike éÌçô’†o ÉçéÓ customer ÅûªúÕ ÅGµ- Ever since = Å°æpöÀ†’ç*
this mechanic's opinion. ÉC ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ conversation ™ ¢√ú≈-Lq†/ ´’†èπ◊
customer
v§ƒßª’ç 鬢√-©-†-úøçûÓ ûª†’ (¢Á’é¬-Eé˙) Åûª-úÕûÓ ÉN ´÷ô™x ¶«í¬ practice -îË-ߪ’çúÕ.
Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ ûÓ •ßª’-öÀéÀ NE-°œçîË expression - ¢Á∞«xúø’.
bike
¢Á∞«xúø’. Åûª-ØËüÓ éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Ñ E"™¸ é¬ü∆ °œL-*çC? ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ E"™¸ éπü∆
mechanic ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ °œL-*çC? = Is it Nikhil who/ that called? EXERCISE ANSWER
Åûª-úÕE BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xúø’. È®çúÕç-öÀéà not ûËú≈. Ééπ\úø who/ that È®ç-úÕçöÀ™ Practise the following aloud in English.
Kedar: So what are you going to do? Preethi: Hi Prema, how's your brother?
àüÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa. Å®·ûË v§ƒùç-™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤© (éÀçC ¢√öÀ™xwho, which, whose, that ¢√úøçúÕ)
Å®·ûË †’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Prema: OK. I took him to the doctor who
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ who ®√ü¿’, that ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Preethi: Hi Prema, O’ ûª´·t-úÁ™« ÖØ√oúø’?
Kailas: I've already called our mechanic and practises by the temple. The medi-
Which èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. Prema: ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. í∫’úÕ °æéπ\†practice
told him of it. He is sending his boy. He cines which he gave had a good
eg. Isn't it the book that / which you want? îËÊÆdoctor ü¿í∫_-®ΩÍé BÆæ’-Èé-∞«x†’. Çߪ’†
will fetch the bike to the shop. The effect. He is better now.
mechanic will attend to it. (Fèπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC é¬ü∆?) Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø É*a† ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-¨»®·. É°æ¤úø’
Preethi: He is the doctor who treats all of us.
mechanic Phone who, which etc ûÓ join îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
The medicines which he prescribes
Ø√ èπ◊ îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp†’. ¢√∞¡x Preethi: ´÷Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÊÆ ú≈éπd®Ω’ Çߪ’ØË.
èπ◊v®√-úÕE °æ秃úø’. Åûªúø’ •çúÕ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´ÊÆh 2) Our mechanic repaired my bike. Nikhil wants
Çߪ’† prescribe îËÊÆ ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ work. He is one of those whose diag-
mechanic ü∆Eo repair îË≤ƒhúø’. him
°æE-îË-≤ƒh®·. ¢√uCµ E®Ωgߪ’ç (diagnosis) nosis does not go wrong.
Kedar: Our mechanic does his job well. His ´’† mechanic §Ú®·† ¢√®Ωç Ø√ bike repair ûª°æ¤p-§ÚE doctors ™ Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπúø’ Prema: He was the only one who did not
knowledge of mechanism is sound. î˨»úø’, Nikhil èπ◊ ûª†’ 鬢√L. (whose ¢√úøçúÕ)
mechanic treat my brother till yesterday in this
´’† ¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’. Ééπ\úø who/ that ¢√úÕ Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ Prema: ´÷ ûª´·túÕo E†oöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ treat îËߪ’E
Mechanism area. The others in the area have all
°æôx Åûª-úÕéÀ Ö†o Å´-í¬-£æ«† éπ©-°æ-´-a-éπü∆, É™« îª÷úøçúÕ. áçûª effective í¬ doctor Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπ\úË. Ñ area ™ N’í∫û√
´’ç*üË. treated my brother.
Öçô’çüÓ. Doctors Åçü¿®Ω÷ ´÷ ûª´·t-úÕE îª÷Æœ-†-
Sound = good; Sound Health - ´’ç* Ç®Óí∫uç Nikhil wants our mechanic who/ that ¢√∞Ïx. Preethi: You must take still greater care of
sound knowledge - ´’ç* knowledge repaired my bike last week. Preethi: ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç °æôx Éçé¬ v¨¡ü¿l¥ ´£œ«ç-î √L him.
sound sleep - Prema: That's our worry.
´’ç* Evü¿ Ø√ bike †’ repair îËÆœ† ´’† mechanic Nikhil O’®Ω’.
sound financial position - ´’ç* ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnA. Prema: ÅüË ´÷¶«üµ¿.
èπ◊ 鬢√L.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 30 -¢Ë’ 2006
Neeraj: What's wrong Suraj? Your head looks
rather odd. Let me see. Ah... it's your
ߪ’†ç îËÆæ’hçC.)
deal with/deals with (Present)
haircut.
dealt with (Past tense & past participle)
(àçöÀ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’? F ûª™‰üÓ N*vûªçí¬ éπ†- Neeraj: There are two or three books here. I
°æ-úø’-ûÓçC. îª÷úøF.. Ç Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC... †’´¤y find them interesting. Shall I take
îË®·ç--èπ◊†o hair cut) them? I promise to return them prompt-
(rather - ´’†-éÀ-≠dç æ -™‰E N≠æߪ’ç éÌClí¬ ly within ten days.
áèπ◊\´ ÅEpç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ rather Åçö«ç. Éçûª- (Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-
èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ DFo îªJaçî√ç. îË-Ní¬ ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ ¢√öÀE BÆæ’-éÓØ√?10
îª÷úøçúÕ. Odd-´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®/ N*-vûª- ®ÓV™x ûª°æpéπ AJT ÉîËa≤ƒh†E ´÷öÀ-Ææ’hØ√o.)
¢Á’i† (Ééπ\úÕ Å®√n©’) Odd Number = ¶‰Æœ Sentence group No. 7: show me - You didn't show me the books you
Suraj: Who's (who is) stopping you?
Ææçêu Rs. Two thousand odd = È®çúø’ ¢Ë© This book is different. It deals with the bought yesterday.
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© *©x®Ω (üµ¿®Ω, ê®Ω’a ™«çöÀN ¢√úË- E-ØÁo´®Ω’ Ç°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?(Åçõ‰ BÆæ’éÓ ÅE. future of Kashmir= (Ñlast sentence which
™ èπÿú≈ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç
°æ¤púø’) ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ é¬F éÓ°æçí¬ é¬F, E-ØÁo´®Ω’ Ç°æ- This book which deals with the future of correct - í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ).
Suraj: You are talking about my hair cut! My
õ‰xü¿’. àç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Ó îË®·, ÅE) Kashmir is different. 6) These are the books I bought them at a dis-
barber is an expert hair stylist. He O’ conversation™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. N’í∫û√Sentence groups who (whom
†’ •ü¿’- count of 30% to 40% each. = These are the
always gives me the latest in hair cut. Neeraj: Thank you.
©’í¬Who) lessons
¢√úø-û√-®ΩE í∫ûª ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- books which I bought at a discount of 30% to
Any thing looks odd if it is the latest lesson
éÀçü¿öÀ ™ ´’†ç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o who, èπ◊Ø√oç. 40% each =
hair cut what, whom, whose These are the books I bought at a discount
2) You should have gone to my barber.
(†’´¤y Ø√ †’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’- ûÓ, N†-ö«-EéÀ é¬Ææh ᶄs-
Ø√o¢√? ´÷ barber î√™« E°æ¤-ù’úø’. Ø√Èé- -ôdE-°œçîË §ÒöÀd §ÒöÀd Sentences äéπ Everyone likes him. of 30% to 40% each.
latest hair cut Sentence í¬ éπ-©°æ-úøç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo sentences which drop
°æ¤púø÷ îË≤ƒhúø’. éÌûªhüËüÁj† barber
(v°æA¢√∞¡Ÿx á´-JE É≠æd°æúøû√®Ó Ç ü¿í∫_-JéÀ *´J ™– î˨»ç.
¢Á·ü¿ô Nçûªí¬ØË éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) N´-®√©’ É°æ¤púø’... †’¢Áy-∞«x-LqçC. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ DEéÀ •ü¿’©’– Å®·Ø√ éπÈ®Íéd.
Hair stylist - barber Look at the following sentences from the v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x É≠æd-°æúË ´÷ barber ü¿í∫_-JéÀ... ÅE 8) The author is a great historian. All scholars
Neeraj: It does perhaps. But I still feel you conversation above. Åçö«ç. Å°æ¤púø’ á´-JE ņ-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ whom respect =
should have gone to my barber. Every 1) My barber is an expert hairstylist. He •ü¿’©’ who É™« ¢√-úø’û√ç.) The author is a great historian who all schol-
one likes him a lot. His shop is just always gives me the latest in hair cut You should have gone to my barber who ars respect=
across the road from your man's (£«®·®˝ éπöÀçí˚™ ´÷ barber î√™« E°æ¤-ù’úø’. everyone likes. The author is a great historian all scholars
(Å´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷. Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y ´÷barber Hair cut™ latest fashion îË≤ƒhúø’.) 3) My barber gave me respect.
ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-Lqç--C -Å-E -Å-†’-èπ◊ç--ô’Ø√o.) 2) You should have gone to my barber. a hair cut. I am satis- (who èπÿú≈ ™‰èπ◊Ø√o last sentence correct)
Suraj: Look here My barber gave me this hair Everyone likes him. fied with it. My bar- 9) There are two or three books here. - I find
cut. I am satisfied with it. I don't know (´÷ hair dresserü¿í∫_-JéÀ †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-LqçC. ber gave me a hair them interesting =
your hair stylist.Why should I go to him v°æA äéπ\®Ω÷ ÇûªEo É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.) cut which I am satis- There are two or three books here which I
at all? He is just across the road from your man's fied with. find interesting =
(îª÷úø÷. ´÷ barberÉ™« î˨»úø’. Ø√èπ◊ shop.)
(O’ ¶«®Ωs®˝ áü¿’-®Ω’-í¬ØË ÅûªúÕ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x There are two or three books here I find
3) My barber gave me a hair cut. I am satis- which èπÿú≈ ´C-™‰- M. SURESAN interesting. (which correct).
™‰èπ◊Ø√o
Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ ÖçC. O’¢√úÁ-´®Ó Ø√éπÆæ©’
fied with it. ߪ’ôç ¢√úø’-Èéj-§Ú-®·çC. É°æ¤p-úø’ ´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) ؈’ †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† ´uéÀh-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ =

The author is a great historian who...

(؈’ á´-J-ØÁjûË †´’t-í∫-©ØÓ Å™«çöÀ ´uéÀh-éÓÆæç
îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) =
I am looking for a person who (whom
•ü¿’©’) I can trust (trust = †´’túøç).
= I am looking for a person I can trust.
2) The man who (whom she wants is
•ü¿’©’)
here = The man she wants is here =
(Ø√ barber Ø√èπ◊ îËÆœ† éπöÀçí˚ Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ îª÷úøçúÕ!
★ My barber gave me a haircut I am satisfied
Ǣ˒ 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o -Åûª†’ Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√oúø’.
3) Fèπ◊ ؈’ E†o É*a† pen áéπ\úø?=
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 163
ÖçC.) with.
4) I don't know your hairstylist. Why should I Where is the pen which I gave you yes-
(with it
ûª®√yûª ´’Sx ®√ü¿’).
go to him at all? terday? =
4) I don't know your hair stylist why should I go
hair dresser Where's the pen I gave you yesterday?
to him at all.
4) ؈’ ¢Áûª’èπ◊-ûª’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉüË =
(F (ÉC èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç) Ø√èπ◊ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç:
Why should I go to your hair stylist who
ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ?) ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ØËØÁç-ü¿’-Èé-∞«xL Åûª-E-ü¿-í∫_®Ωèπ◊?)
Neeraj: Come, Suraj. Don't be cross with me. 5) You bought some books yesterday. You This is the book which I've been searching
(whom é¬ü¿’) I don't know at all?
There are more interesting things to didn't show them to me. for=
(ÉC §Ú©açúÕ. Why should I go to a hair styl-
talk about, aren't there? You bought (E†o †’´¤y éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√o´¤. ¢√öÀE ist I don't know at all- who
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ´C-™‰- This is the book I've been searching for.
some books yester day.You didn't show Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.) ߪ’ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ). practice
鬕öÀd ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ who (whom),
îËÊÆh
them to me at all. 6) These are the books. I bought them at dis- 5) You bought some books. You didn't show which sentences join
¢√úø-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË îËߪ’-´îª’a.
(Ææ÷®Ωñ ¸ éÓ°æp-úÌü¿’l. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† count of 30% to 40% each. them to me = Å™« îËÊÆh ´’† conversation î√™« Åçü¿çí¬,
N≠æ-ߪ÷-©’-Ø√o®· éπü∆? E†o †’´¤y é̆o (ÉO Ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. OöÀE ؈’ äéÓ\-ü∆Eo 30 You bought some books which you didn't modern í¬ Öçô’çC.
°æ¤Ææh鬩†’ Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îªØË ™‰ü¿’) †’ç* 40 ¨»ûªç ´®Ωèπÿ Discount ™ éÌØ√o†’)
Suraj: These are the books. I bought at a dis- 7) This book is different. It deals with the EXERCISE Answer:
count of 30% to 40% each at the book future of Kashmir. Practise the following aloud in English. Saran: Who was the man I saw you with yes-
fare. They are interesting books. Kashmir terday? (whom who
(-Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç -v°æ-ûËuéπ-¢Á’i-†-C. ÉC ¶µºN- Saran: E†o FûÓ Ö†o ÅûªØÁ-´®Ω’? •ü¿’©’ ¢√úË ™‰èπ◊çú≈).
(Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-LN. v°æ-B-C 30 †’ç* 40 ¨»ûªç ûª†’ -N-¨Ïx-≠œç-*ç-C.) Varun: Åûªúø’ Ø√ friend Tarun. Majority students Varun: My friend Tarun. He is a student leader
ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω™ éÌØ√o†’) 8) The author is a great historian. All scholars majority of students support.
Neeraj: What are they about? support îËÊÆ student leader Åûªúø’.
respect him. Saran: I read his article in
(°ævA-éπ™x ®√ÊÆ ¢√uÆæç)
( ÅN üËE í∫’Jç*?) Saran: ؈’ àüÓ °ævA-éπ™  Åûªúø’ ®√Æœ† ¢√uÆæç îªC-
some paper. I saw his photo in it. That's
(®Ωîª-®·ûª íÌ°æp îªJvûªé¬®Ω’úø’. °æçúÕ-ûª’-©-ûª-úÕE
Suraj: All of them are fiction. But this book is íı®Ω-N-≤ƒh®Ω’.) ¢√†’ Åéπ\úø ؈-ûªúÕ photo îª÷¨». Åçü¿’-éπE why I am asking.
different. It deals with the future of 9) There are two or three books here. I find ÅúÕí¬.
Kashmir. It's interesting. The author is a Varun: The articles he writes are interesting
them interesting. Varun: Åûªúø’ ®√ÊÆ ¢√u≤ƒ©’ î√™« interesting í¬,
great historian. Great Scholars respect and thought provoking. (Thought pro-
(OöÀ™E È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-
him
Ç™- Í®Èé-Ahç-îË-Ní¬ Öçö«®·. voking = Ç™-îª-†©’ Í®Èé-AhçîË)
®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®·.)
fictions - Saran: ÅC ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î √†’. Åûªúø’ Lecturers Saran: I've observed that. I think he is a student
(Å´Fo éπü∑∆ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. éπü∑¿©’. Sentence groups No 1, and No 9 ©†’ äéπ-
(éπLpç-*-†N 鬕öÀd) Fiction - éπLpûªç. öÀí¬ éπ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ, who and which ©†’ ûª°æp-E-Ææ- èπÿú≈ É≠æd-°æúË student ņ’-èπ◊çö«. the lecturers like too.
Å®·ûË ÉC ´÷vûªç ûËú≈. ÅC Kashmir Jí¬ ¢√ú≈-LqçüË. Varun: ÆæçüË-£æ«´÷? ´’ç* book reader. Åûªúø’ Varun: Why doubt? He is a book reader too.
deal with =
¶µºN≠æuûª’h†’ îªJa-Ææ’hçC. äéπ Sentence group No 1 îªC¢Ë books î√™« serious books. Ñ The books he reads are serious ones.
subject/
°æ¤Ææhéπç/ äéπ ã Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç/ã Ö°æ- My barber is an expert hairstylist. He This is a book he has advised me to
etc.
°æ¤Ææhéπç Åûªúø’ îªü¿-´-´’E Ææ©£æ… É*açüË.
Ø√u-Ææ-èπ◊úø’ îªJaç-îªôç.) always gives me the latest in hair cut= read.
Eg: Zoology deals with animals = Saran: Å™«çöÀ students †’ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ îª÷≤ƒhç
(ïçûª’- My barber is an expert hair stylist who gives Saran: Such students are rare, aren't they?
¨»ÆæYç ïçûª’-´¤-©†’ í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hçC/ Åüµ¿u- me...
éπü∆?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes 4) The time I told our friends to come at is 5.30
from is closed. What shall we do now. ؈’ ´’† friends †’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30
(´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ cakes éÌØË bakery 5) The time we are left with is rather short
´‚Æœ ÖçC. àç îËü∆lç?) (´’†èπ◊ N’T-L† time î√™« ûªèπ◊\´)
Likhita: I'm afraid. We have to make do with 6) Two of the guests we have invited have
the cakes we have at home. called...
(´’†ç Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË) ´’†ç °œL-*† guests ™ Éü¿l®Ω’ phone î˨»®Ω’.
Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends 7) ... The two girls you like so much.
we are going to have for the party? (†’¢ÁyçûÓ É≠æd-°æúË -É-ü¿l®Ω-´÷t®·-©’)
(é¬F party éÌîËa friends îª÷úøçúÕ, °j sentences ÅEoçöÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
Åçü¿-Jéà ÅN c) Ñ Channel ™ØË ØËØ√ programme É™« O™„j-†Eo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úË-
îª÷ÆœçC=
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷?) ¶µ«í∫ç/ clause (English ™ *´J clause) Å®Ωnç This is the channel on which I saw the pro- ô-°æ¤púø’, whom ¢√úøéπç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.
Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ á´-JE ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ 'who'
ᙫ ´Ææ’hçüÓ: gramme. (old fashioned). On which ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈-–
of the street is open. 1) ´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery = (´’†ç à bakery This is the channel I watched the pro- 'that' ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ drop
(OCµéÀ Ñ *´®Ω Ö†o bakery ûÁJ* ™ cakes éÌçö«¢Á÷ ÅC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) = gramme on. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-îª-ü¿í∫_ N≠æߪ’ç, îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
ÖçüË¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç) The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery preposition 'on' ´C-™‰-ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Whom •ü¿’©’ who , that èπÿ-ú≈ ¢√úøôç
Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is from which we buy cakes ÅE ÅÆæ©’ clause - d) Ñ room ™ØË Åûªúø’ £æ«ûªuèπ◊ í∫’È®jçC. = ™‰C-°æ¤púø’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’. ÉN
5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are é¬F modern English spoken form ™ É™« This is the room in which he was murdered ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË, we can join two/ more sentences
left with is rather short. Let's hurry. ņúøç ™‰ü¿’.) É™«çöÀ îÓôx from which ™«çöÀ (in which- old fashioned) into one ÅE °j examples ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
(´’† friends †’ ؈’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30 expressions ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.) Modern: This is the room he was murdered a) v°æA ¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úø-ûª†’=
É°æp-öÀÍé 4.30 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†èπ◊ 2) ´’† Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ = in. ('In' sentence *´®Ω ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) He is the leader every one admires.
N’T-L† time áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ °æü¿) With the cakes we have at home e) †’´¤y °æ∞¡Ÿx éÓÆœ† éπAh °æü¿’-ØÁjçC= (Who everyone admires é¬ü¿’).
Likhita: Two of the guests we've invited have (modern for with the cakes which we have at The knife with which b) v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x îª÷úø-ü¿í∫_ *vûª-´’C=
called to tell me they aren't coming. home - which present day English you cut the fruits is
™ ¢√úøôç That is a movie every one must see.
(´’†ç °œL-*† ¢√∞¡x™ Éü¿l®Ω’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E ™‰ü¿’/ NE-°œç-îªü¿’) sharp. (with which - (Which every one must see é¬ü¿’)
Phone î˨»®Ω’.) 3) ... The friends we are going to have = old fashioned)
c) Åûªúø’ v°æߪ÷-ùÀçîË car î√™« êK-üÁjçC=
Rajita: Who are they? (¢√∞Îx-´®Ω’) friends (modern for Modern: The knife you
´’†èπ◊ ®√¶-ûª’†o Åçü¿-Jéà The car he travels by is expensive.
Likhita: Hasya and Lasya, the two girls you like 'the friends who/ that (whom = we •ü¿’©’) cut the fruits with is
(The car by which he travels,- old fashioned)
so much. One is down with a fever and are going to have - Spoken English
É°æpöÀ sharp. ('with' fruits
the other doesn't like to come alone.
Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø 'by' ÅØË preposition ´ü¿-©-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
™ who/ that drop whom
îËߪ’ôç °æJ-§ƒöÀ. ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-
(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æúË Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’ £æ…Ææu, îªçúÕ). M. SURESAN Åçü¿’-éπØË, the car he travels by ÅE by ¢√úøû√ç.
ÅÆæ©’ NE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’)
™«Ææu. äéπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ ïy®Ωç, ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ äçô-
Jí¬ ®√´ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’)
Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more
cake do we need?
(ÅC E®√-¨»-éπ®Ωç. ´’†-éÀç-Èéçûª
鬢√L?)
cake
This is the pen I like a lot
Likhita: (It) depends on the number of guests
EXERCISE ANSWER
we expect. My estimate is atleast 40.
That means we need at least a Kg Practise the following aloud in English Praneeth: The fish I ate yesterday wasn't
more.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 164 Praneeth: E†o ؈’ A†o fish Åçûª ®Ω’*í¬ ™‰ü¿’.
Vineeth: áéπ\úø AØ√o´¤.
tasty.
Vineeth: Where did you eat?
(ÅC ´’†ç ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-éÌØË Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’©
Praneeth: †’´¤y ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢Á∞Ïx, †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ Praneeth: The restaurant you frequently go
4) ؈’ ´’†
Ææçêu†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. Ø√ ÅçîªØ√ éπFÆæç
40, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ éÀ™ 鬢√L) friends time =
†’ ®Ω´’t†o ´÷ö«xúË restaurant ™. to, and talk so much about.
The time I told our friends to come at (the time Vineeth: Åéπ\úø complain îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íéç Vineeth: I haven't found anything to com-
Rajita: Ah... here we are. Thank god. This bak-
at which I told them to come - at which ™«çöÀ plain about there.
ery is open. éπEpç-îª-™‰üË?
expressions old fashioned - 鬕öÀd Å™« ņç.
(Ç... Å´’tߪ÷u. Ñ bakery ûÁJîË ÖçC.) Praneeth: ؈’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»†’. E†o ؈’ Praneeth: I made a mistake. I should have
The time I told our friends to come at ÅØË
Thank god = •AéÀ-§Úߪ÷ç = üË´¤-úÕéÀ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’ E†’oèπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xLqçC. Å°æ¤úø’ taken you there yesterday. You
Åçö«ç.)
would then have known the quality
Likhita: They aren't good at making cakes 5) Two of the guests we have invited have †’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-úË-¢√-úÕN ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´úÕfçîË
called = of food they serve.
here. cakes
(Ééπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæJí¬_ îËߪ’®Ω’) ǣ慮Ωç íÌ°æp.
guests phone Vineeth: Ñ®ÓV BÂÆ\∞¡Ÿx. îª÷ü∆lç. Vineeth: Take me today and let's see.
Rajita: We have to buy here for now. No help- ´’†ç °œL-*† ™ Éü¿l®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’.
ing it. (Ééπ\úø É¢√-RdéÀ éÌØ√LqçüË. ûª°æpü¿’) (Two of the guests who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) Praneeth: É¢√∞¡ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s î√©ü¿’. Praneeth: The money I have today isn't
we invited have called - who/ that old Ééπ\úø enough. Whose money do you
í∫ûª éÌEo lessons í¬ who (whom •ü¿’-©’í¬) fashioned -
Å®·Ø√ á´J úø•’s-†’¢√úÕ †’´¤y ®Ω’V´¤
É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’) wish to use to prove your point.
which ûÓ short sentence éπ©-°æôç practice
7) ... †’´¤y Åçûª É≠æd-°æúË Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’
îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤.
Vineeth: †’¢Ëy-í∫ü∆ complain îËÆ œçC. Vineeth: It's you who complained.
= The two girls you like so much (The two
îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆.
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x who (whom Praneeth: Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Ç restaurant èπ◊ Praneeth: I'd rather stop going to the restau-
girls who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) you like so
•ü¿’©’) & which ûÓ sentences join îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ rant.
much- old fashioned. Who/ that É°æ¤úø’ drop ¢Á∞¡xôç ´÷ØË-≤ƒh†’.
who (whom) and which E ´C-™‰Æ œ èπÿú≈ join îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)
îÁßÁ·-uîªaE îª÷¨»ç– í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? ÉC ´’†-Ææ’™ °j† ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-*† N≠æߪ’ç – È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
Öç-éÌE °j conversation ™ Ñ sentences short sentences †’ äéπ-öÀí¬ îËJa ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø’ -v°æ-¨¡o: i) The uses of adversity are sweet. verb - are Ñ sentence ™ object ™‰ü¿’.
modern spoken form ™ whom èπ◊ ≤ƒn†ç ™‰ü¿’. ii) âØ˛-Æ‘dØ˛ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’. Verb, 'be', form Å®·ûË object Öçúøü¿’ - 'are',
†’ study îËߪ’çúÕ.
ÅC ûª°æpéπ ¢√ú≈-Lq-´ÊÆh who/ that ¢√úøû√ç. -Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ subject, object, 'be' form.
1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed
a) Police ņ’´÷-Eç-îËC Åûª-úÕE= verb ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. (ûÁ©’í∫’, ÉçTx-≠ˇ™x) ii) Einstein propounded the theory of relativity
(´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery ´‚ÊÆÆœ ÖçC) He is the man who/ that the police suspect. iii) simple, complex, compound a) subject - Einstein b) verb- pro-
2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we Å®·ûË É™« ņúøç Éçé¬ better. í∫’Jç* ´’Jçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCç-îª- pounded
have at home. He is the man the police suspect. (who/ that
í∫©®Ω’. c) object - the theory of relativity
cakes èπÿú≈ drop îËÊÆ-Ææ’hØ√oç). É™«Íí which èπÿú≈.
– ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇ-¶«•’, π◊´’-®Ω-üË-´®Ωç
(´’† Éçöx Ö†o ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË)
3) ... are they enough for all the friends we are b) ؈’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ É≠æd-°æúË pen ÉC=
ûÁ©’í∫’ - subject - Einstein, verb - v°æA-
going to have for the party? = This is the pen which I like a lot (old fash- -ï-¢√-•’: §ƒ-Cç-î√úø’, object - ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥çûªç.
iii) Simple, compound, complex sentence †’
´’† party éÀ ®√¶-ûª’†o friends ioned). Which É°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬ spoken
Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅN i) The uses of adversity are sweet.
English ™ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. Ç Ê°®Ω’x ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ N´-J-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç, clause ™
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷? subject - the uses of adversity.
= This is the pen I like a lot (which ™‰èπ◊çú≈) Éçü¿’™ N´-Jç-*-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x – ¢√öÀE îª÷úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 3 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Pranai: Are you going to meet Sekhar today?
Ééπ\úÕ È®çúø’ clauses:
(†’´¤y Ñ ®ÓV ¨Ïê-®˝†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?) 1) If he comes here= Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ´ÊÆh (If clause)
Vinai: If he is in town, I will meet him.
2) They will discuss the matter with him =
(Åûªúø’ Ü∞x Öçõ‰, ؈’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’) Ç N≠æߪ’ç ¢√∞¡x-ûª-úÕûÓ îªJa-≤ƒh®Ω’. (Main clause)
Pranai: He is in town, ofcourse. He has been
b) If he walks fast, he will reach on time.
here since yesterday.
(Åûªúø’ Ü∞xØË ÖØ√oúø’. E†oöÀ †’ç* Ééπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’) (Åûªúø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕÊÆh, Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’)
Vinai: If I had known it, I would have met him
Éçü¿’™E È®çúø’ clauses.
1) If he walks fast Åûªúø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕÊÆh –
yesterday itself.
('If' clause)
(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰ E†oØË éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕE)
2) He will reach on time = 6) If only today were a holiday, I would take you Verb Combination: If clause - were/ past
Pranai: If you want to go, I will tell him you want
Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’ – (main clause) to him. doing word.
to see him.
°j È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, main clause 7) If I could, I would. (îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË, îË≤ƒh†’ = Main clause, would/ should/ could/ might.
(†’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, Åûª-úÕûÓ †’´¤y éπ©’-Ææ’-
verbs: will discuss, will reach - Åçõ‰ ÉN îËߪ’-™‰†’, îËߪ’†’) a) If I were the CM, I would make you the
éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´E îÁ•’û√.)
future tense. 'If clause verbs - comes, walks 8) If you take me to him, I shall be grateful. Finance Minister.
Vinai: If you do that, I will be happy.
- present tense. (†’´y-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ††’o BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-RûË, ؈’ éπ%ûª-Vc-úÕE) (؈’ É°æ¤púø’ CM Å®·ûË, (鬆’) E†’o Finance
(†’´yC îËÊÆh ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’) É™«çöÀ verb combination Ö†o sentence îÁÊ°p Minister îË≤ƒh†’. (îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’)
9) If my boss grants me leave, I will take you.
Pranai: I'll ofcourse. But if I were you, I would-
n't try to meet him.
N≠æߪ’ç ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. (probable) (´÷ boss Ø√èπ◊ leave ÉÊÆh, E†’o BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡-û√) b) If he were here, I would consult him.
Sentence No.1 ™ Åûªúø’ ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçD, Ééπ\úø Sentences No 1, 3, 8 and 9 É´Fo èπÿú≈ ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø É°æ¤púø’ ™‰úø’, Öçõ‰ consult îË≤ƒh†’.
(ØËØ√-°æE îË≤ƒh†’. é¬F F ≤ƒn†ç™ ؈’çõ‰
-Å-ûªúÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-’.) ¢√∞¡x-ûª-úÕûÓ îªJaçîË Å´-é¬-¨¡´‚ ÖçC. ´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷Æœ† 'probable present' (îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’)
Sentence No. 2 ™ Åûªúø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úø-´-†÷- situations- Åçõ‰ Ç sentences ûÁLÊ° N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Look at sentence No 5:
Vinai: Why wouldn't you? (áçü¿’èπ◊?)
´îª÷a, Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ îË®Ω’-éÓ-- ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. If I had his power, I would help every one
Pranai: You are very hopeful of his help, but †÷-´îª’a. Sentence No 2 ™ situation, Imaginary past
I am afraid he is not the helping type. (ÅûªúÕ ¨¡éÀh Ø√èπ◊ -Öçõ‰ – É°æ¤púø’ – Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’; Öçõ‰,
É™« ïJ-ÍíC Ææ綵º´ç - DEo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç. ÉC Åçü¿-Jéà ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh. If clause verb - had - past
(ÅûªúÕ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç †’´¤y î√™« Ǩ¡ûÓ (probable) 鬕öÀd °j Å®·-§Ú-®·† N≠æߪ’ç, ´÷®Ωa™‰ç, ÜJÍé ņ’- tense, main clause verb - would help.)
ÖØ√o´¤, é¬F Åûªúø’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ ®Ωéπç é¬ü¿’) È®çúø’ sentences ™E èπ◊çö«ç. É™«çöÀ sentences èπÿú≈ ´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊ eg: If he consulted me, I could advise him
Vinai: If I had his power, I would help every- situation, probable ´·çü¿’ îª÷Æœ ÖØ√oç.
one that came to me. present
(Åûªúø’ †Eo-°æ¤púø’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªúøç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË
Åçö«ç. ÉC Now, look at the sentences No 4, 5, 6 and 7 (–ÅC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’) ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ Ææ©£æ… É´y-í∫-©†’. = Åûª†’
(Ø√éπ-ûªúÕèπ◊†oçûª ¨¡éÀh Öçõ‰ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌîËa v°æA- Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons and notice the verbs in the 'if' clauses and
¢√-∞¡xèπÿ ØË-†’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh†’.) ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. M. SURESAN the main clauses in them.
††’o Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªúø÷, ؈’ Ææ©£æ… É´y†÷ ™‰†’.)
Sentence No 6
If today were a holiday - É-¢√y-∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ ®Óï-®·ûË
(é¬E É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ é¬ü¿’.) I would take you to

If I could, I would him (ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√.) = É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´‹

é¬ü¿’, ؈’ E†o-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx Å´-é¬-¨¡´‚
™‰ü¿’.
Sentence No 7
If I could, I would. ؈’ îËߪ’í∫-L-TûË (é¬F îËߪ’-
4) If I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him. (ØË-ØË
É™« îÁÊ°p sentences ™ verb combination. †’´y-®·ûË, Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’†’) ™‰†’), I would (îË≤ƒh†’– é¬E îËߪ’-™‰†’ 鬕öÀd îËÊÆ
If clause - Present tense, 5) If I had his power, I would help every one.
Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 165 Main clause - will/ shall/ can/ may ÅûªúÕ ¨¡éÀh Ø√èπ◊çõ‰, ؈ç-ü¿-Jéà ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh†’.
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ É°æpöÀ °æJ-ÆœnA (present situation)
í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, 'if' clause ™ 'could'
ÉC v°æÆæ’hûªç Ææ綵º´ç Ŵa. 鬕öÀd DEE prob- 6) If only today were a holiday, I would take you ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
able present Åçö«ç.
Pranai: If I didn't know him so well, I wouldn't to him. (É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ ®Óï-®·ûË, ؈’ E†o-ûªúÕ Å™«Íí main clause ™ would ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
Look at the following:
tell you all this. ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-¢√-úÕØË) É°æ¤púø’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ:
a) If he had studied well, he would have
(ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË, 7) If I could, I would- îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË, îË≤ƒh†’. Improbable Present:
passed.
FéÀ-ü¿çû√ îÁ°æp†’)
b) If he had come here, I would have told him of it
°j Ø√©’í∫’ sentences èπÿú≈ v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E 'If' clause - verb - were/ Past Doing Word,
Vinai: Thank you. Then I won't go to him. But °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ sentences Main clause verb - would/ should/ could/
unfortunately he is the only man who a) Å®Ωnç: ¢√úø’ ¶«í¬ îªCN Öçõ‰, (îªü¿-´-™‰ü¿’), pass
ÅßË’u-¢√úË (pass Å´-™‰ü¿’) ™E situation †’, improbable present (ï®Ω-í∫E might.
can help me. v°æÆæ’hûªç) Åçö«ç. ÉC ûÁ©’í∫’™ Å®Ω’ü¿’. Åçü¿’-
(Å®·ûË Øˆ-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x†’. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h Ñ situation, í∫û√-EC (past) ïJ-TçC. ïJ-T-§Ú- éπE ûªy®Ωí¬ English conversation ™éÀ ®√ü¿’. Now Practise the following aloud in English
®·çC. ÅC Éçéπ ´÷®Ωü¿’, ´’†ç ÜJÍé ņ’- Raghu:
Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’çîËߪ’-í∫-©-¢√úø’ ûªØÌ-éπ\úË.)
èπ◊çö«ç– Å™« Å®· Öçõ‰, É™« Å®· -Öç-ô’ç-ü¿E. é¬F English ™ î√™« frequent í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ©éπ~ tù‰ í∫†éπ É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø Öçõ‰ ´’†ç ÅûªúÕE
Pranai: I know another friend of mine who can Åçü¿’-éπE Spoken English éÀC -î√™« ´·êuç. Ææçv°æ-C≤ƒhç.
help you. If only today were a holiday, I b) Å®Ωnç: Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*a Öçõ‰, ØËF N≠æߪ’ç
´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. Ñ sentences ™ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Ram: Å´¤†’. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁLÊÆh ¢ÁçôØË
would take you to him. Can't you wait ÅûªúÕéÀ îÁÊ°p-¢√-úÕE (Åûªúø’ ®√™‰ü¿’, ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’)–
till tomorrow. ÉC èπÿú≈ past. ´’†ç ´÷®Ωa-™‰-EC. É°æ¤púø’ (present ™) ï®Ω-í∫-EN. ´≤ƒh-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ.
Raghu: Å®·ûË Åûª-úÕéÀ F cellûÓ phone îÁ®·u.
Ñ È®çúø’ situations, ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË í∫ûªç– Sentence 4: If I were you = ؈’ †’´y-®·ûË
(Ø√éÀçéÓ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úø’-Ø√oúø’. Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫- Ram: Ø√èπ◊ cell Öçõ‰, F ü¿í∫_-®Ω-èπ◊- ®√†’éπü∆?
Imaginary past Åçö«ç. (É°æ¤púø’)– ؈’ †’´y-´úøç ï®Ω-í∫-ü¿’-í∫ü∆– ؈’ †’´y-
©-¢√úø’. É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ ®Óï-®·ûË E†’o ؈-ûªúÕ Raghu: F cell à¢Á’içC?
ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-¢√-úÕØË. Í®°æöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ Çí∫-™‰¢√?) Ñ È®çúø’ (probable present, imaginary past) ®·† °æJ-Æœn-A™, I wouldn't try to meet him =
Ram: ÅC §Ú®·çC.
Vinai: If I could, I would, but the matter is situations ûÁLÊ° sentences †’ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’†’.
lessons ™ N¨¡-ü¿çí¬ N´-Jçî√ç éπü∆. Raghu: ÉC ´‚úÓ cell †’´¤y §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç.
urgent. If you take me to him today, 1) ÉC present situation Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà 'If' clause ™
Now look at the following sentences from were ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
†’´¤y ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçõ‰, cells §Ú´¤ éπü∆?
I shall be grateful.
the dialogue between Pranai and Vinai: Ram: v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’.
(ÇÍí °æJ-ÆœnûË Öçõ‰/- Ç-í∫-í∫-L-TûË Çí∫’-û√†’. é¬F 2) 'I' singular Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, plural verb were ¢√úøôç
î√™« urgent. †’Oy-®ÓV ††o-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ 1) If he is in town, I will meet him. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (N’í∫û√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x I was Åçö«ç) Answer
(Probable present)
BÆæ’èπ◊¢ÁRûË, ؈’ Fèπ◊ éπ%ûª-Vc-úÕí¬ Öçö«.) v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E °æEE îÁÊ°p-ô°æ¤púø’ á°æ¤púø÷, 'If' Raghu: If Laxman were here, we would consult
Pranai: Ok. Let me see. If my boss grants me 2) If I had known it, I would have met him yes- clause™, were é¬F, past doing word (came, him.
leave, I will take you. terday itself
went, sang, tried ™«çöÀ verbs) ´≤ƒh®·. Ram: If he knew about this, he would imme-
(Å®·ûË îª÷≤ƒh. ´÷ boss Ø√èπ◊ leave ÉÊÆh, (ÅC ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰, E†oØË éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË¢√úÕo– Imaginary eg: a) If I were CM = ØËE-°æ¤púø’ CM Å®·ûË, diately come here.
past)
E†’o BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√.) (ØËE-°æ¤púø’ CM ÅßË’u Å´-é¬-¨¡¢Ë’ ™‰ü¿’) Raghu: Call him over your cell then.
éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿ô ´’†ç Conditional Clauses 3) If you want to go, I will tell him you want to
b) If she were here. (Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø ™‰ü¿’/ ÖçúË O-™‰xü¿’) Ram: If I had my cell, I wouldn't come to you.
see him.
Raghu: What's happened to your cell?
îªJaçî√ç, í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. àüÁjØ√ ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁLÊ°
clause conditional clause éπü∆. ´’†ç (†’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úÕûÓ îÁ§ƒh– c) If I bought a car = (ØËE-°æ¤púø’ car éÌçõ‰– éÌØË
Ram: I have lost it.
Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 conditional clauses Probable present) °æJ-ÆœnA é¬ü¿’.)
´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. É™«çöÀ situations ™– Raghu: This is the third cell you have lost. If
îª÷¨»ç. ¢√öÀ examples. 4) If I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.
you were careful, you wouldn't lose
a) If he comes here, they will discuss the mat- (؈’ †’´y-®·ûË, Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’- N≠æߪ’ç v°æÆæ’hûªç (present) Å®·Ø√, If clause
them.
ter with him. Aoç-’) ™, past doing ¢√úøû√ç/ subject, singular
Ram: I will try.
(Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´ÊÆh, ¢√-∞«xN≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úÕûÓ îªJa-≤ƒh®Ω’.) 5) If I had his power, I would help every one. Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈, were ¢√úøû√ç.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 5 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Ramesh: Look at the car parked there. How Main clause verb: would/ should/ could/ might.
nice the car is, but how poorly kept! 'If' clause verb: were/ past doing word (went,
car car,
(Åéπ\-ú≈-°œ† îª÷úø’. áçûª ´’ç* sung, took, gave, etc.)
é¬E áçûª ÅÆæ-£æ«uçí¬ Öç-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ó! Ééπ\úø ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ È®çúø’:
poorly kept = badly maintained = 1. Subject singular Å®·ûË, verb, were
ÆæJí¬ Öç-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’) 2. Sentence ´÷ö«x-úËC É°æpöÀ N≠æ-ߪ ’-¢Á ’iØ√,
Naresh: That's right. It's a very expensive car. verb, 'if' clause ™ past doing word.
The owner doesn't seen to care a bit
about its upkeep. (Å´¤†’. î√™« êK-ü¿- Ñ È®çúø’ points, á°æ¤púø÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. ÅçûË-
car.
®·† ü∆E owner car
éÌç-îÁç èπÿú≈ †’ é¬-èπ◊çú≈, main clause ™ would, should,
could, might.
í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç--èπ◊-†oô’x ™‰úø’) ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË ÉC 2) If you had told me earlier, I would have
Jagdeesh: If I were the owner, I would keep it
É°æ¤púø’ O’ Ø√†o Ééπ\úø -E-†’o îª÷úøôç Åçô÷
îÁ°æ¤hçC. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†éà ¢√úø’é𠙉ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE brought enough money = O’®Ω’ ´·çüË îÁ°œp
cleaner than I would keep my own
ïJ-TûË, Çߪ’† à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’?– (Çߪ’† îª÷ÊÆ
home. You wouldn't see even a
ÉEo ñ«ví∫-ûªh©’) Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™‰ü¿’) (saw.. would) Öçõ‰, î√L-†çûª úø•’s ûÁîËa-¢√-úÕØË. (È®çúø÷ ï®Ω-í∫-
a) If you ate that kind of food, you would ask for e) †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ ´·êu-´’ç-vAí¬ Öçõ‰, ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô àç ™‰ü¿’ – í∫ûªç™).
speck of dust on it. car
(ØËØË Ç ßª’ï-
´÷-E-ØÁjûË, ü∆Eo Ø√ ÉçöÀéπçõ‰ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ it again and again = †’´y-™«çöÀ ¶µï†ç É°æ¤púø’ îË≤ƒh´¤? = If you were the CM, what would Ñ situation á°æ¤púø÷ past.
Öç-èπ◊çö«. äéπ ü¿’´·t éπùç èπÿú≈ A†ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (AØË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’), ´’Sx you do first? Éçü¿’™ verb combination îª÷úøçúÕ. Main
ü∆EO’ü¿ éπE-°œç-îªü¿’ O’èπ◊) (speck of ´’Sx ÅüË é¬¢√-©ç-ö«´¤. (†’´¤y A†-ô´‚ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ f) Thank God he isn't here. If he were here, he clause - would have been/ should have
dust = ü¿’´·t-éπùç)
– ´’Sx ´’Sx 鬢√-©-†-ô´‚ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’) would know our secret = ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç been/ could have been/ might have been
Ramesh: If I had enough money, I would first
Ñ sentence ™ 'if clause' verb 'ate' past ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC, Öçõ‰ ´’† ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ¢√úÕéÀ ûÁ©’- OR
tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ɰæpöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷ØËo îÁ°æ¤ hçC. Ææ’hçC. (were.. would know)
buy such a car. (Ø√Íé î√L-†çûª úø•’sçõ‰, would have + pp (past participle)/ should
b) If I were a mouse, the cat would eat me. = If I were you - ØËØË †’´y-®·ûË – ÉC î√™« com-
car
¢Á·ü¿ô Å™«çöÀ éÌçö«) have + pp/ could have + pp/ might have + pp
Jagdeesh: Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they
؈’ á©’éπ-ØÁjûË É°æ¤púø’ (ØËØÁ-©’éπ Å´†’ í∫ü∆?) °œLx mon í¬ ¢√úË expres-
††’o Açô’çC. (Note the use of were with the sion - O’®Ω’ Éûª-®Ω’© a) If she had been here yesterday, he would
had the money? (úø•’sçõ‰ Å™«çöÀ have talked to her =
singular subject 'I') conversation ™ í∫´’-
Ç¢Á’ EEo-éπ\úø Ö†o-ôx-®·ûË,
car á´®Ω’ é̆®Ω’?)
c) If he were here, I could consult him.Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’ EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Åûª†’ Ç¢Á’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√úË (È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç™ ï®Ω-í∫-
Naresh: OK. Leave the car alone. Are you
attending Mahesh's birthday party this
Ééπ\úø Öçõ‰, ؈-ûªEo Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-í∫-©†’/ ´îª’a. ÉO, improbable pres- ™‰ü¿’)
(Åûª-E-éπ\úø É°æ¤púø’ ™‰úø’) ent express îËÊÆ sen- b) If they had taken him to the doctor, he would
weekend? car
(ÆæÍ® N≠æߪ’ç Åô’ç.
Now look at the following sentences from tences. N’í∫-û√-È®çúø’ i) have been alive.
Mahesh birthday party
Ñ ¢√®√çûªç éÀ
the dialogue between Ramesh, Naresh and probable present, ii) (¢√∞¡x-ûªEo doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆœ-Èé-Rx-†-ôx-®·ûË, Åûª†’
leave alone =
O’®Ì-Ææ’h-Ø√o®√? Ç Ææçí∫A
Åô’ç-îªçúÕ) Jagdeesh: imaginary past. M. SURESAN •AéÀ ÖçúË-¢√úø’)
Ramesh: I hear it's going to be a grand affair.
But I'm afraid I can't make it. I am tak-
ing mom to Hyderabad that day.
grand
(î√™« í¬ Öçúø-¶-ûª’ç-ü¿E NØ√o†’.
é¬F ؈’ ®√™‰†’. Ç®ÓV ´÷ Å´’t†’
£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’)
If you were the CM...
Naresh: What about you, Jagdeesh?
Jagdeesh: If I didn't attend, he would be disap- ÉO Ñ ´‚úø’ situations.
pointed.
OöÀE í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N¨¡-ü¿çí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç
(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË Åûª†’ E®√-¨¡- éπ∫ü∆. Å®·Ø√ ´’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç. a) If he studies well, he will pass =¶«í¬ îªC-NûË
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 166 pass
°æ-úø-û√úø’) Probable present: v°æÆæ’hûªç ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç Ö†o Å´¤-û√úø’ (ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC) 鬕öÀd
Ramesh: If he had told me earlier, I would have Probable present.
Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ îÁ°æ¤-ûª’çC.
postponed mother's journey. (Ø√èπ◊ b) If he studied well, he would pass =
Look at the following sentences from the ¢√úø’ É°æ¤púø’
´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ ؈’ ´÷ Å´’t v°æߪ÷- 1) If I were the owner, I would keep it cleaner dialogue at the beginning of the lesson. îªü¿-´ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË, pass Å´¤-û√úø’. (È®çúø÷
ù«Eo ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÊÆ-¢√úÕo.) What are you than ..., you wouldn't see a speck of dust on 1) If I have my interview on saturday, I will Improbable present.
É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫´¤ 鬕öÀd)
going to do Naresh? (†’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’- it. owner c) If he had studied well, he would have passed
(ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ØÁjûË, ü∆Eo ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éπçõ‰ come. interview
(Ø√ í∫-†’éπ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Å®·ûË Øˆ’
Ø√o´¤, †Í®≠ˇ) ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öçû√– †’´¤y ü∆E-O’ü¿ äéπ ü¿’´·t party éÀ ´≤ƒh†’.) (í∫ûªç™) ¢√úø’ ¶«í¬ îªC-´¤çõ‰,pass Åߪ·uç-úË-
Naresh: No idea as yet. If I have my interview éπùçèπÿú≈ îª÷úø´¤. é¬F ؈’ ü∆E owner †’ 鬆’.) ÉC ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Interview ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Imaginary past.
¢√úø’.(È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç™ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’) 鬕öÀd
on saturday, I will come to the party on 2) If I had enough money, I would buy such a PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH
Öçúø-´îª’a, Å°æ¤púø’ ؈’ sunday party éÀ ®√´îª’a.
sunday. (Éçé¬ àç îÁ°æp-™‰†’. Ø√èπ◊ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç car = Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω É°æ¤púø’ î√L-†çûª úø•’sçõ‰ (é¬E 2) If we present him something, he will be ®Ω´’: Hi Suma, E†o ؈’ ÆœE-´÷-Èé∞«x. †’´¤y Éçöx
interview Öçõ‰, ؈’ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´≤ƒh†’) car
Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-™‰ü¿’), ؈’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å™«çöÀ éÌçö«. happy ´’†ç 鬆’-Íé-üÁjØ√ ÉÊÆh ¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’. Öçúø’çõ‰ E†’o BÆæ’Èé∞Ïxü∆ØËo.
Jagdeesh: If we present him something, he will 3) Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they had ÉC ≤ƒüµ¿u¢Ë’ 鬴a. Ææ’-´’: E†o ؈’ Å´’tûÓ shopping èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-
be happy. Let's buy the present enough money? = Åçûª úø•’s Öçõ‰ (É°æ¤púø’
car
Ñ 2 sentences talk of a situation probable §ÚûË, ؈’ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ´*a E†’o BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-ü∆Eo.
now. (´’†ç àüÁjØ√ 鬆’-éÀÊÆh Åûª†’ ™‰ü¿’) á´-®Ω-™«çöÀ é̆®Ω’? (ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a) in the present or in the near Éçûªéà á´-JûÓ ¢Á∞«x´¤?
ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√úø’. É°æ¤púË àüÁjØ√ 4) If I didn't attend, he would be unhappy = ؈’ future. ®Ω´ ’: ´÷ ņoûÓ. †’´¤y ´ÊÆh Ñ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ØËØ√
éÌØËü∆lç.) ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË (¢Á∞«h†’) Åûª†’ E®√-¨¡-°æ-ú≈húø’. a) If he knows this, he will feel happy = ÉC Åûª- - Æ œ - E ´÷ ´’Sx îª÷≤ƒh.
Naresh: That's right. Let's go. If we start now, (í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – ÉC future - Å®·Ø√, if clause úÕéÀ ûÁLÊÆh, Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’. Ææ ’ - ´ ’: Ø√èπ ◊ °æ K-éπ~-©’-Ø√o®·. °æK-éπ~©’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ
we will be able to finish off before it verb - did attend = past tense)
b) If you walk a little faster, you can catch the Æœ ü ¿l¥¢ Ë’.
gets late in the evening. (Å´¤†’. ¢Á∞«lç Ñ Â°j sentences ÅFo èπÿú≈ improbable pres- train = é¬Ææh ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕÊÆh train Åçü¿’-éÓ-í∫-©´¤. ®Ω´’: Å®·ûË à N≠æ-ߪ’´‚ phone -îÁ®·u.
°æü¿çúÕ. ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË ®√vA ent situations - Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀ-™xE 'if' clauses ™ (probable = ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a) Ææ’-´’: Phone Ø√èπ◊ç-õ‰í¬ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ. Ø√ cell
Ç©Ææuç ÅßË’u ™°æ© °æE ´·Tç--éÓ-´îª’a.) îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷-™‰O èπÿú≈ v°æÆæ’hûªç (In the present) In the sentences above, Main clause verb - §Ú®·çC. ´÷ land phone out of order.
Ramesh: If you had told me earlier, I would ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. If clause N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ïJ-TûË, will/ shall/ can/ may. If clause verb - am/ is/ ®Ω´’: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«™‰.
have brought enough money. I don't éπLÍí °æ®Ωu-´-≤ƒ-†¢Ë’, Main clause ™ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. are/ RDWs (go, goes, etc) and other present ANSWER
have the money now. (O’®Ω’ ´·çüË ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ. forms. Rama: I went to a movie yesterday. If you had
îÁ°æ¤pçõ‰ úø•’s ûÁîËa-¢√-úÕE.. É°æ¤púø’ Ø√ a) If wishes were horses, beggars would ride = a) If he talks to us, we shall be happy been at home I would have taken you.
Suma: I went shopping with mom. If I had not
ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰ü¿’.) éÓJ-é𙉠í∫’v®√-™„jûË, ´·≠œd-¢√∞¡Ÿx ≤ƒyK îË≤ƒh®Ω’ – éÓJ-éπ©’ b) If she comes here, I can help her
í∫’v®√-©ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. (were.. would ride) gone, I would have come to your place
Jagdeesh: Don't worry. We have enough. You c) If they write to him, they may get some infor-
and taken you to the movie. Who did
can pay later. (°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´÷ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’- b) ¢√úø’ îªü¿-´ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (é¬E îªü¿-´úø’), éπ*a- mation = Åûª-EéÀ ®√ÊÆh (Öûªh®Ωç) ¢√∞Ïx-Íé-üÁjØ√ Ææ´÷- you go with?
Ø√o®·. †’´¤y ûª®√yûª É¢Ìya.) ûªçí¬ pass Å´¤-û√úø’ = If he studied well, he î√®Ωç ®√´îª’a. Rama: With my brother. If you are coming, I will
All: Ok. Let's go. (¢Á∞«lç °æü¿çúÕ) would pass. (studied.. would pass) É´Fo probable present. see it again this saturday.
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ Improbable present Åçõ‰ c) Åçü¿ ®Ω÷ °æ†’o©’ Æævéπ-´’çí¬ îÁLxÊÆh (ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ éπü∆?) II. É°æ¤púø’ Imaginary past ûÁLÊ° Ñ sentences Suma: I have exams. If I had no exams, I would
v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îÁÊ°p clauses ™ ¶µ« ®Ω-û ª-ü˨¡ç Ææç°æ-†oçí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’. from the dialogue îª÷úøçúÕ. be ready to come.
verbs ᙫ Öçö«ßÁ÷ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Improbable If everyone paid taxes properly, India could 1) If he had told me earlier, I would have post- Rama: Phone me and let me know.
be rich (paid.. could be) Suma: If I were on Phone, I would call you. I've
present situation ûÁLÊ° sentences If clause, poned my journey = Åûª†’ ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ lost my cell. Our land phone is out of
main clause verb combinations ÖçúË Nüµ¿ç last d) What would your father think, if he saw you v°æߪ÷ùç ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕØË. (È®çúø÷ ï®Ω-í∫- order
lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ´’S} äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. here? = ™‰ü¿’ – past ™) Rama: I will meet you then.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ðû¦è[ª- ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 7 WûË 2006

Pratap: The top hero on the telugu screen àŸ«ø‹Ù– Íí£±pè[ª ÷ªìÙ ÔÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦o-÷ªÙ綖
and our favourite is in town for the ★ 'If clauses' ö˺ were/ Past Doing Words
celebration to honour him and we î¦è…ê¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ áô¢-ÞœE (Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù) Nù£óŸ«õìª
have this rotten class to attend. I êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³.
wish I were at the theatre. ÷ªì conversation correct Þ¥ ÑÙè[è¯-EÚ¨ ÏC
(êŸì ú£ê¦\-ôÁ-êŸq-÷Ùö˺ ð§ö˹_-ì-è¯-EÚ¨ êµõªÞœª à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. e.g.-
êµô¢ ÑêŸh-÷ª-ì-åªè[ª, ÷ªì ÍGÅ-÷«-ì-ì-åªè[« 1) If he were here, he wouldn't allow this.
ÒüÉÁx Ñû¦oè[ª. ÷ªì Ïí£±pè[ª Ð ÍêŸû¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙç¶ (ÍêŸ-E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶è[ª) ÏC
í£EÚ¨ ÷«Lì Ú¥xúÃÚ¨ îµü‹xL. û¦¸Ú Î áô¢Þœ-E-÷yè[ª (ÍêŸ-E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶è[ª Ú¥ñæ¨d ÏC
CÇó¶ª-å-ôÂö˺ ÑÙè¯-õ-E-í‡-þ¼hÙC.) áô¢ª-Þœª-êÁÙC). - 'If Clause'ö˺ he- singular,
Rotten = ÷³J-T-ð¼-ô³ì verb- were- plural.
Ð í£ë¯Eo Óí£±pè[« Aådè¯EÚ¨ Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª. 2) If I were the Chief Minister, I would appoint
Sundeep: I wish too, we didn't have this you the finance minister.
class now. I'd rather we were in û¶û¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÷³Üu-÷ªÙ-vAÞ¥ (Ïí£±pè[ª ÷³Üu-÷ªÙvA 1) Compare sentences (a) and (c): today.
his presence than in this boring Ú¥ë]ª) ÑÙç¶, Eìªo ÎJnÚÛ ÷ªÙvAÞ¥ EóŸª-Nª-þ§hìª. a) I wish to be in the US. î¦üŒ‰x Ð ôÁV šúõîµjê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-
class. 3) If he came here now, his mother would be

ÐôÁV šúõîµjê¶ ÓÙêŸò°ÞœªÙè¶C!

û¶ìª Í-J-Ú¥ö˺ ÑÙè¯-õE ÚÁJÚÛ. (ÏC û¦ ÚÁJÚÛ – û¦oô¢ª.
(û¦ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Ð Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ happy. ÏC áô¢-Þœ-÷àŸªa)– ÏÚÛ\è[ wishes êŸô¦yêŸ 'to be'. They wish (that) today were a holiday.
ò°ÞœªÙåªÙë]E-í‡-þ¼hÙC. Ð Nú£ªÞœª í£±æ¨dÙචc) I wish (that) I were in the US. Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[ª I wish ñë]ªõª, 'Oh'êÁ ÚÛ«è¯ begin
à¶óŸª-÷àŸªa.
I wish I were at home now!
Oh, I were at home now!
Ïí£±pè[ª û¶ìª ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè¯-LqÙC/ ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-
åªÙC. (Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\èÁ Ñû¦oìª. ÍÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-è[è[Ù
Ïù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª)
Now look at the following sentences from the
dialogue at the beginning of the lesson.
1) I wish I were at the theatre.
Ú¥xúà ÚÛû¦o ΠôÁ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ î¦è[ª Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÷›úh (î¦è[ª Ïí£±pè[ª û¶ìª Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª (Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺) Í-J-Ú¥ö˺ ÑÙç¶ û¶ìª Ïí£±pè[ª CÇó¶ª-å-ôÂö˺ ÑÙç¶ ï£„ô³Þ¥ ÑÙåªÙC
ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙëÁ?) ÏÚÛ\è[ÚÛª ô¦è[ª), î¦üŒx÷ªt ú£ÙêÁ-ù‡-ú£ªhÙC. ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. (Ïí£p-æ¨-ÚÛ-í£±pè[ª ‘û¶ìª’ Í- (Ú¥xúÃö˺ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯).
Pratap: This is the second time for us to (î¦è[ªô¦è[ª– î¦üŒx÷ªt ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ö¶ë]ª). JÚ¥ö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù ÚÛë¯) 2) I wish we didn't have (past tense) the class
miss the chance of meeting him. 4) If she were here I could tell her of this. – ÏÚÛ\è[ wish êŸô¦yêŸ 'I were'. now.
When he came here last october for Î ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙç¶ (Î Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ö¶ë]ª), û¶F 2) Compare sentences (b) and (d). Ð Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶
the silver jubilee of his movie we had Nù£óŸªÙ ÎÚÛª àµí‡p ÑÙè[÷àŸªa (Î ö¶ë]ª, b) He wishes to be a collector. ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C (÷ªìÙ CÇó¶ª-å-
exams. How I wish we hadn't had ÎÚÛª û¶ìª àµí£p-ö¶ìª). ÍêŸè[ª ÚÛöµ-ÚÛdôÂÞ¥ ÑÙè¯L/ Íî¦y-õE ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛª-åª- ôÂÚÛª îµü™x-î¦üŒxÙ)
those exams. We could have seen û¦oè[ª. áJ¸Þ Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ÑÙC (áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪Ù-ë]E 3) I wish we hadn't had
him at least then. àµí£pö¶Ù). the exams.
(ÍêŸEo àŸ«›ú Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ÚÁö˺p-÷è[Ù ÷ªìÚÛª – ÏÚÛ\è[ wishes êŸô¦yêŸ 'to be'. ÷ªìÚÛª Íí£±pè[ª (in the
ÏC ·ôÙèÁ-þ§J. ÞœêŸ ÍÚÁd-ñ-ôÂö˺ ÎóŸªì d) He wishes (that) he were a collector. past) í£K-¤Ûõª ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯
#vêŸÙ ô¢á-êÁ-êŸq÷Ù áJ-T-ì-í£±pè[ª ÷ªìÚÛª í£K- ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C– ÏC M. SURESAN
¤Ûõª. í£K-¤Ûõª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C. Íí£±pè[ª ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ïí£pè[ª Ú¥ë]ª. Íô³-
ÚÛ«è¯ ÎóŸª-ììª àŸ«è[-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼óŸ«Ù.) ð¼-ô³ì Nù£óŸªÙ– ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE had + past participle.
Sundeep: All this because of this college. It's 4) How I wish today were a holiday.
very strict about exams and atten-
dance. We can't cut even a single
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 167 ÐôÁV šúõ÷± Íô³ê¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC!
5) I only wish his programme were delayed.
class. I wish I hadn't joined this ÍêŸè… Ú¥ô¢u-vÚÛ÷ªÙ Îõú£uiê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC (Ú¥xúÃ
college. But for my father, I would- ÍêŸè[ª Ïí£p-æ¨-ÚÛ-í£±pè[ª, Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺ ÚÛöµ-ÚÛd-ôÂÞ¥ ÑÙç¶ Íô³ì êŸô¦yêŸ ÷ªìÙ îµüÉ•xàŸªa).
n't have joined here. ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙåªÙëÁ (Ô æ©àŸôÂÞ¥ûËÁ, ÏÙÚÁ Ô í£ë]- 6) I wish I were rather at the function than
(ÍÙê¦ Ð Ú¥ö¶@ ÷ö¶x! í£K-¤Ûõª, Nö˺ûËÁÚ¥-ÚÛªÙè¯). Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸè[ª ÚÛöµ-ÚÛdô here.
áô¢ªö°Ùæ¨ Nù£-óŸ«ö˺x OüŒ‰x à¦ö° ÚÛJÈ- Í÷è[Ù Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù. ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛû¦o Î íÆ£ÙÚÛ{-ûËÂö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù Ïù£dÙ û¦ÚÛª.
ìÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. ÖÚÛ\ Ú¥xúà ÓÞ•_-åd-è¯-EÚ¨ – ÏÚÛ\è[ wishes êŸô¦yêŸ he were. Very important:
ö¶ë]ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ à¶ô¢-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ (c), (d) ö˺x were î¦è[è[Ù ÷ªì Bô¢E ÚÁJÚÛ êµLóŸª- Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺ Bô¢E ÚÁJ-ÚÛìª êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Ïö°
ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶ëÁ! ÷« û¦ìo ÞœªJÙ# Ú¥ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ â¶-›ú-åªxÞ¥ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯. ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù:
û¶ìª ÏÚÛ\è[ මôî¦-è…E Ú¥ë]ª.) Jayaram: What a beautiful building this is! a) I/we/you/they wish I/we/you/they were...
Pratap: How I wish today were a holiday! Too Who lives in it? OR I/we/you/they + Past Doing Word (went,
few holidays in this college. Have you seen Suma's dress today? (ÓÙêŸ ÍÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙëÁ Ð GLfÙÞÂ! Ó÷- came, etc).
Lecturers rarely go on leave here. ô¢ªÙæ°ô¢ª ÏÙë]ªö˺?) b) He/She wishes he/she were... OR He/she
No class is let free. Ïí£±pè[ª Ïö° 'If clause' ö˺ were (singular sub- Janakiram: The forest officer. + Past Doing Word.
(ÐôÁV šúõîµjê¶ ÓÙêŸ-ò°-ÞœªÙè¶C. Ð Ú¥ö¶- jects êÁ ÚÛ«è¯)/ Past Doing Words î¦è[åÙ (Íå-O-ø‹Ü ÍCÅ-Ú¥J) (ÏÚÛ\è[ ÍEo àÁæ°x wish ñë]ªõª 'oh'... ÍE vð§ô¢Ù-
@ö˺ šúõ-÷±õª ÷ªK êŸÚÛª\÷. öµÚÛa-ô¢ô¢ªx à¦ö° ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ú£ÙòÅ¡÷Ù Ú¥E (present improbable) Nù£- Jayaram: How I wish I were a forest officer! GÅÙ-àŸ-÷àŸªa.)
Íô¢ª-ë]ªÞ¥ šúõ÷± šíè[-ê¦ô¢ª. ÖÚÛ\ Ú¥xúà óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. (û¶ìª Íå-O-ø‹Ü ÍCÅ-Ú¥J Íô³ê¶ ÓÙêŸ Practise the following aloud in English
ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ë]-õô¢ª.) Ð were (singular subjects êÁ)/ Past Doing ò°ÞœªÙåªÙëÁ– Íí£±pè[ª û¶ì« Ïö°Ùæ¨ Prema: ÐôÁV ú£ª÷ª vèµúÃ àŸ«ø‹î¦? û¦ÚÛ« Íö°Ù-
Sundeep: We should have thought of all this Words (gave, wrote etc) ìª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x òÅ¡÷ÙAö˺ ÑÙæ°ìª ÚÛë¯ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ– Ïí£±pè[ª æ¨C ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ-ò°-ÞœªÙ-åªÙëÁ! ...!
before joining this college. ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Î ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x (If clause ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯ áóŸª-ô¦îª Íå-O-ø‹Ü ÍCÅ-Ú¥J Í÷è[ª ÚÛë¯!) Hema: Íö°Ù-æ¨C îµ³ìo û¶ûË•ÚÛ ÿ§íÃö˺ àŸ«ø‹.
(Ï÷Fo ÷ªìÙ Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ à¶ô¢ÚÛ ÷³Ùë¶ Îö˺-#Ù-à¦L.) ÚÛ«è¯) ÍN ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ áô¢-ÞœE Nù£-óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶- ÏD Singulars êÁ 'were' î¦è¶ ÏÙÚÁ ú£Ùë]ô¢sÄÙ. û¦ÚÛª ÍC ÍÙêŸÞ¥ ìàŸa-ö¶ë]ª.
Pratap: OK. OK. Now let's hope that our hero þ§hô³. Oæ¨E àŸ«è[Ùè…: Ïö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙ-ö˺û¶ Past Doing Word ÚÛ«è¯ Prema: û¦ v赚úúà ÍFo ÷« Ít šúöµÚÂd à¶ú£ªhÙC.
will be here in the evening. I only a) I wish to be in the US. î¦è[ê¦Ù. û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ú£h ú£yêŸÙvêŸÙ Ï›úh ò°ÞœªÙåªÙC.
wish his programme were delayed. (û¶ìª Í-J-Ú¥ö˺ ÑÙè¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª/ ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛªÙ- a) I wish to travel in such a car. Hema: ìª÷yC Öí£±p-ÚÁ-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC.
We could then see him towards the åª-û¦oìª.) Íö°Ùæ¨ Ú¥ô¢ªö˺ ví£óŸ«éÙ à¶óŸ«-õE û¦ ÚÁJÚÛ. Prema: ÷« Í÷ªt-ÚÛC Íô¢niê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. ììªo
end of his celebrations. b) He wishes to be a collector. – ÏÚÛ\è[ wish êŸô¦yêŸ to travel. šúöµÚÂd à¶ú£ªÚÁ-E›úh ÓÚÛª\÷ è[ñªsõª šíè[ê¦-
(÷ªì ôÁ þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙæ°-è[E (ÍêŸìª ÚÛöµ-ÚÛd-ôÂÞ¥ ÑÙè¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª/ ÚÁô¢ª- b) I wish (that) I travelled is such a car. ìE Î òÅ¡óŸªÙ.
ÎPë¯lÙ. Ú¥ô¢u-vÚÛ÷ªÙ Îõú£uÙ Íô³ê¶ ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.) - travelled (Past Doing Word) Answer:
ò°ÞœªÙè[ª. #÷ôÁx Íô³û¦ ÎóŸªEo àŸ«›ú Compare the sentences above with the fol- (Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª) û¶ì-ö°Ùæ¨ Ú¥ô¢ªö˺ ví£óŸ«éÙ à¶ú£ªhÙ- Prema: Have you seen Suma's dress today?
Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ÑÙåªÙC.) lowing: è¯-õE û¦ ÚÁJÚÛ/ ví£óŸ«é٠ඛúh ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ- How nice it is/ I wish/ How I wish/
Sundeep: Let's hope so. I wish I were rather c) I wish (that) I were in the US. åªÙC! (Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù). Oh, I had a dress like that!
at the function than here. But d) He wishes (that) he were a collector. c) He wishes (that) he owned such a house. Hema: I saw the same kind of dress in some
there is no helping being in the sentences (c), (d) õö˺ I, he, singular Íô³-ì-í£p- Íö°Ùæ¨ Ïõªx êŸìÚ© ÑÙç¶ (Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª) ÓÙêŸ shop. I didn't like it much.
class. æ¨Ú© 'were' ô¦÷åÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…– Ð ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC– ÍE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª. Prema: The trouble is mom selects all my
(Íö°¸Þ ÎPë¯lÙ. ÏÚÛ\-è…-ÚÛû¦o Î íÆ£ÙÚÛ{- ÏC êŸí£±p Ú¥ë]ª. d) They wish (that) that they had a holiday dresses. How I wish/ I wish/ Oh, she
ûËÂö˺ ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. Ú¥F Ú¥xúÃö˺ gave me the freedom to select my
dresses.
ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...
ÑÙè[ÚÛ êŸí£pë]ª.)
No helping = êŸí£pë]ª Spoken English Hema: I wish you didn't agree to it.
ÞœêŸ ·ôÙè[ª lessons ö˺ 'If clauses'ö˺ were Prema: I wish my mother understood it. Her
(Singular SubjectsêÁ ÚÛ«è¯)/ Past Doing fear is that if I selected my dresses I
Words (came, gave, took, etc) î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm would spend more money.
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 9 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Sharmila: I bought this book on Physics
úøû√¢Á÷ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆ (í∫ûª È®çúø’
Yesterday.
´‚úø’ lessons ™).
(E†o ؈’ Ñ Physics book éÌØ√o†’.) 1) I wish I were not here =
Urmila: Oh, this one! I wish you hadn't
(ØËE°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿-E°œ-≤ÚhçC/ Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË
bought it.
¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC)
✓ É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø ÖØ√o†’
(Éü∆? -†’-´y-C é̆-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-
úËC) 2) He wishes he were consulted =
Sharmila: Why? (àç?)
(ûª††’ É°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææçv°æ-CÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E
Urmila: I have bought it too and I find it utter-
éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ / Ææçv°æ-CÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ņ’- a) were/past doing word (came, went, etc)
ly useless. It is very badly written. É≤ÚhçC. á´-È®jØ√ E°æ¤-ù’úÕ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’èπ◊-E- Öçõ‰
èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) - present
✓ ûª††’ É°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’
(Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo ؈÷ éÌØ√o†’. ÅüËç ¶«í∫- ¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿E ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’).
™‰ü¿’. ¶«í∫-®√-ߪ’™‰ü¿’.) ✓ é̆o-°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’. b) had been / had + past participle - past
3) She wishes she bought such a necklace=
utterly = totally, °æ‹Jhí¬ Now look at the use of had been, and had +
(ûª†’ É°æ¤púø™«çöÀ necklace é̆’-èπ◊\çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç- Sentence (a) Sentence (b)
past participle in the dialogue between
Sharmila: Oh, I wish you had told me earlier of
ô’ç-ü¿-†’-éÌç-öçC) 1) He is buying He has bought Sharmila and Urmila.
it. I wouldn't have bought it.
✓ É°æ¤púø’ é̆’-éÓ\-´-úøç ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ (éÌØ√oúø’–past)
(éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’) 1) I wish you hadn't bought it - verb
éÀçC ¢√öÀ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
(†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-
2) He took He had taken
úËC éπü∆/ ´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. had+past participle
She wishes to buy such a necklace É°æ¤púø’ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ é̆o-°æ¤púø’ Ææ©£æ…
؈’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo é̆’çúË ü∆Eo é¬ü¿’.) (PP) - past -
Urmila: When I showed it to our lecturer she (Å™«çöÀ necklace é̆’- é Ó\- ¢ √- © - † ’- è π ◊ ç- ö çC) (É°æ ¤ p úø ’ BÆæ ’ éÓ- ´ - ô ç ™‰ ü ¿ ’ ) BÆæ ’èπ◊-†’çõ‰ (past))
✓ é̆’-éÓ\-´îª’a – Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC
(†’´¤y- éÌ-†-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰
said I had made a mistake in buying lÉçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’E/ ï®Ω-í∫E °æ†’-©†’
í∫’-Jç-* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ were/ past doing word ¢√ú≈- ¶«í∫’ç-úË-C/-éÌ-†’ç-ú≈-LqçC
this book. I wish I had known you She wishes she bought such a necklace =
é¬ü¿†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) .
were going to buy it. I would have told (Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Å™«çöÀ necklace é̆’-èπ◊\çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç- ©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Sentence (a)
you not to. Can you return it and get ü¿E°œ≤ÚhçC.) lÅüË í∫ûªç™ ï®Ω-í∫E °æ†’©’ ïJT Öçõ‰/ ïJ-T† 2) I wish you had told me
°æ†’©’ ï®Ω-í∫èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ÅE îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ had been/ of it earlier - had+pp- M. SURESAN
the money back? ✓ é¬F éÌØË °æJ-Æ œnA ™‰ü¿’/ Ç Å´-鬨¡ç É°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’.
had + PP (Sentence (b) ) ¢√-úøû√ç. past- Éçûª-èπ◊
(؈’ DEo ´’† lecturer èπ◊ îª÷°œçî√†’. a) She wishes to have such a necklace ´·çüË
îÁ°æ¤pç-ú≈-LqçC.
3) I wish I had known you were going to buy it

She bought such a necklace - had known - had+pp-

(
´·çüË (past ™) ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC – ´ü¿lE
îÁÊ°p ü∆Eo.
4) I wish I could - AJT ÉîËaߪ’í∫-L-TûË (É°æ¤púø’)
Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌE ؈’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»-†E (Å™«çöÀ necklace ûª†-èπ◊ç-ú≈-©E éÓ®Ω-èπ◊ç-öçC– Study the following: ¶«í∫’ç--ô’ç-C...(past ™ Å®·ûË could have +pp)
5)... poor sales would
The mother wishes that her
Ç¢Á’ ÅçC. †’´¤y é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´E -ûÁLÊÆh Ç¢Á’ é̆’-èπ◊\ØË Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC) 1) The mother wishes that her
b) She wishes she had such a necklace - make him wish he
son had been present at the
¶«í∫’ç-úËC. éÌØÌ-ü¿lE îÁÊ°p-ü∆Eo. ÅC son were here.
function last night. had not written the
AJ-T-îËaÆœ úø•’s ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-©¢√?) (ûª†é¬ necklace Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çüÓ Å†’- (ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊ É°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø Öçõ‰
Sharmila: I wish I could. But no shop would éÌç-öçC– É°æ¤p-ú≈-¢Á’-éπ-™«çöÀ necklace ™‰ü¿’.) ( í∫ûª-®√vA ïJ-T† function ™ ûª† book =
¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ûªLx ņ’-èπ◊ç-
agree. At the most they may agree l(ÉC ÉEo≤ƒ®Ω’x repeat îËߪ’ö«EéÀ 鬮Ωùç... éÌúø’èπ◊ ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿-†’-éÌ- (-Åç-ûª û- èª π◊\-´ Å- ´- ’té¬-©’ -
öçC.) (É°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø ™‰úø’)
to an exchange. I wish I were, She wishes she were ™«çöÀ öçC ÅûªE ûªLx – past) Å-ûØ-ª √ °æ¤Æhæ éπç ®√-ߪ’éπ§- Ú®·ç-
(Å™« °æ¤Ææhéπç AJ-T*a úø•’s expression correct meaning and use §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊- 2) He wishes that he were He wishes that he had been õ‰ ¶ - «í∫’ç-ú- ¢-Ë ÷Á Å- E- °œ≤ƒh®·)
ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-T-ûË ÆæçûÓ≠æ¢Ë’. é¬F à shop ©èπ◊ ûÁL-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊.) selected- selected - °j´Fo past èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-
(É°æ¤púø’ -Å-ûª-úø’ áç°œÈéj Öçõ‰ ( ûª-†’ (í∫-ûªç-™ ) -áç°œ-Èéj -Öç-õ‰ -
É°æ¤púø’ ´’®Ó éÌûªh N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. *†N 鬕öÀd, had + past
Observe carefully. ¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’/ ¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o--úø’) participle form.
Compare the sentences (a) and (b) below: áç°œ-ÈéjûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ÅûªE (had been selected)
DEoÅçõ‰, I/ we / you / they
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 168 a) He is buying car. I wish he took an expert's éÓJéπ.)
3) She wishes she did not see
She wishes she had not seen
him last monday. wish /He / she / it wishes
advice.
+ were/past doing word -
him. (í∫ûª ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç Åûªúø’ éπ†-°æ-úø-éπ-
(鬮Ω’ éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. á´-È®jØ√ E°æ¤-ùÀúÕ (expert) present èπÿ, had
Åçü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÓü¿’ éπü∆? ´’£æ… Å®·ûË Ç (Åûª-†-éπ\úø éπ†-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-©E §Ú®· Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E / éπ†-°æ-
°æ¤Ææhéπç •ü¿’©’ ÉçÍéüÁjØ√ °æ¤Ææhéπç É´y-ö«- Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C) úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-Lqç-ü¿E ņ’-éÌç- been/had+past participle
Ç¢Á’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. É°æ¤púø’– éπ†-
- past
EéÀ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a) Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. öçC) èπÿ.
b) He has bought a car and it is giving him
°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’)
(At the most = ´’£æ… Å®·ûË) OöÀE ¶«í¬ practice îËÆœ
trouble. He wishes he had taken an experts That's the difference between the use of
Urmila: The author doesn't appear to know
advice. were/ the past doing word, and the use of
O’ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. ÉN ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’
how to write a book useful for the stu- î√™« Öçö«®·.
(Åûª†’ 鬮Ω’ é̆’-èπ◊\-Ø√oúø’, ÅC trouble had been / had + past participle-
dents. I think the poor sales would
make him wish that he had not written
the book. Prabha: Ñ¢√∞¡ ÂÆ©¢ÁjûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC? Practise the following aloud in English
(Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫-°æ-úË™« °æ¤Ææhéπç Subha: Ñ §ƒúø’ college ™ holidays Öçúø´¤.
®√ߪ’ôç Ç ®Ωîª-®·-ûªèπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†ô’x ™‰ü¿’. ØËE-éπ\úø student í¬ Öç-úøéπ-§Ú-ûË ¶«í∫’ç-
ô’Ø√o. (ÉC past 鬕öÀd – had+pp)
Å´’t鬩’ ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçõ‰... °æ¤Ææhéπç ô’çC.
Prabha: ÉC ´’†èπ◊ ûª°æpü¿’. ÉçéÓ È®çúË∞¡Ÿx Ééπ\úË Subha: I wish you hadn't asked for my dad's
®√ߪ’èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úË-üÁ-¢Á÷ -Å-E Prabha: F ´™‰x ØËF college ™ îË®√†’. E†’o
ņ’-Ææ-Jç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC. Öçú≈L. advice. (ÉC past 鬕öÀd had+pp)
Åûª-úÕéÀ -Å-E-°œÆæ’hç-C)
Subha: †’´¤y ´÷Ø√†o†’ Ææ©£æ… Åúø-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ Answer: Prabha: Let alone this College. I don't feel like
Sharmila: So what do I do now?
¶«í∫’ç-úËC. Prabha: (How) I wish today were a holiday being in the hostel. (feel like = Å-E°œç
(Å®·ûË Øˆ’ àç îËߪ’†’?)
Prabha: college N≠æߪ’ç °æéπ\-†-°ô’d. Ø√éà hos- Subha: No holidays at all in this rotten college -îªôç) Oh, I were not a hosteller!
Urmila: Exchange it for Prof Bhoutik's
tel ™ Öçú≈-©-E°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’. Hosteller - rotten = Subha: I wish to be free to see movies. We have
Manual of Physics. ´·J-T-§Ú-®·†, Aô’dèπ◊ áèπ◊\-´í¬
í¬ Öçúø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E Ø√ éÓJéπ. I wish I were not a student already missed a number of movies. I
( DEo ÉîËaÆœ Prof Bhoutik ®√Æœ† ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’).
Subha: ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ free í¬ Öçú≈-©E here. only wish we had seen all of them.
Manual of Physics ûÁaéÓ)
lÉ°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ 'If clause' éÓJéπ. É°æp-öÀÍé î√-™« ÆœE-´÷©’ miss Prabha: I joined this college because of you. Prabha: (There is) no helping it (ûª°æpü¿’) we
™ were/ past doing word ᙫ ¢√- Åߪ÷uç. Å´Fo îª÷Ææ’ç-ú≈-Lqç-ü¿E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç- I wish I hadn't (had not) followed you have to be here for two years more.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 12 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Nandan: Santan, I'm afraid that something is
(áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh Åçûª- ´’ç-*C.)
seriously wrong with me. I'm unable
to concentrate on studies.
, , ,
(Ø√ÍéüÓ Å´¤-ûª’-†o-ôd-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. îªü¿’´¤ O’ü¿ Look at the sentences (a) and (b) below.
ü¿%≠œd °ôd-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿í¬ a) It's time for him to start for college. The time
ÖçC.(I'm afraid.) (Ééπ\úø ¶µºßª’ç ÅE Å®Ωnç has come for him to start for college.
é¬ü¿’.) Åûªúø’ college éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lq† time ÉC./-´-*açC.
concentrate = ÍéçvD-éπ-Jç-îª-ôç/-v¨¡-ü¿l¥-îª÷-°æôç.
b) It's (high) time (that) he started for college =
Santan: I've observed that. Of late you haven't
Time he started for college
been as serious about studies as you Subhash: Time I repaid the money. I borrowed
(It's, high, that ÖØ√o äéπõ‰, ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ äéπõ‰) (†’´¤y °æK-éπ~-©èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-ö«-EéÀ Ñ éπ©-ûª©
were in the past. Your scores too have from you already. How can I borrow
College éÀ á°æ¤púÓ •ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lqç-ü¿-ûª†’. †’ç* á°æ¤púÓ •ßª’ô°æúÕ Öçú≈Lqç-C.)
been low. Something wrong with your again?
health, perhaps.
(Éçé¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ ÅE Å®Ωnç) (verb - were)
Prabhas: Don't make me angry. Tell me how
He should have started for college before Ñ sentences ™E Ñ construction ¶«í¬ practice
(؈’ í∫-´’Eç-î√†’ ÅC. îªü¿’´¤ O’ü¿ Fèπ◊ much you want.
now = Åûª†’ college Èé∞Ïx time
ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC. îËߪ’çúÕ. O’ Spoken English, natural í¬ Öçô’çC.
Éç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’†o v¨¡ü¿l¥ Ñ ´’üµ¿u éπ-E°œç-îª-ôç- Subhash: Rs. 10000/-
Sentences (a) (b) © π◊ - Exercise: Practise the following
™‰ü¿’.-´÷®Ω’\-©’ èπÿú≈ ûªí¬_®·. F Ç®Óí∫uç Prabhas: Have it. come home to me.
áçûª ûËú≈ ÖçüÓ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. aloud in English
à´’Ø√o ¶«í∫ø-™‰-üË¢Á÷.) Nandan, Varun conversa-
c) It's time/the time has come for him to be at Prabhas:
-àçöÀ î√-™« -G-@í¬ ÖØ√o´¤?
Of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u. tion ™E Ñ sentences †’
home. Subhash: àç îËߪ’†’. Å´’tèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿’.
OöÀéÀ late = 'Ç©Ææu-¢Á’i†—èπ◊ àç Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Nandan: My health is OK. I eat well and sleep
Éçöx Öçú≈Lq-† -õ„i-¢˛’ ÉC./Éçöx Öçú≈-Lq† -õ„i-¢˛’ Prabhas: †’´¤y ú≈éπd®˝éÀ -á°æ¤p-úÓ îª÷°œç-î √-LqçC.
'Shall I do that then?' (shall
well. No illness at all. Had there been
´*açC. Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤.-
I see the doctor then?)
d) (It's) time (that) he were at home. Subhash: Ç °æE O’üË -G-@í¬ ÖØ√o. Ç -ÇÆæ’°æ-vA™ -
anything wrong, I would have know.
= Åûª†’ Éçöx Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üË/-á-°æ¤púÓ Öçú≈-LqçC, îµ√-Kb-©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´.úø•’s éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hØ√o. 'You had better do it!
(Ø√ Ç®Ó-í¬u-EÍéç..¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. ¶«í¬ (ÅC îËߪ’ôç better.)
Éçé¬-™‰úø’. Prabhas: îª÷-úø’ Subhash .. Ééπ\úø Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç
M. SURESAN
Açô’Ø√o, Evü¿-¶-ûª’Ø√o, ﶉsç-™‰ü¿’. àüÁjØ√ †’´yC îËߪ’ôç ´’ç*C ÅØË
Å®ΩnçûÓ you had better do it
Åçô’çö«ç.
It is better for you to do that ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.
you had better do it better.
éÓ°æç áèπ◊\-¢Áj†-éÌDl ûªèπ◊\´ Ç™-*≤ƒhç! é¬F
He had better not go there now.
Åûª-†-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡}éπ §Ú´ôç ´’ç*C.
ÅØË-üË

Sentences (b), (d) ©™ îËߪ’-í∫© ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úø’ ÖØ√o-úøE á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ©’- Ñ sentences èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-ú≈-LqçC -†’-´¤y. ؈’-Ø√o-†’í¬. áçûª Nandan: I'll do it immediately then.
Öçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ÊÆC éπü∆?)
verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Santan: Still we can't say. It's time (that) you Santan: The earlier, the better.
Verb in sentence (b) = started - past doing word 鬢√L?
saw a doctor. The earlier, the better= áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh Åçûª
Verb in sentence (d) = were - plural verb, Subhash: ´ü¿’l™‰. ᙫíÓ ûÁa-èπ◊çö«.
(Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç àç îÁ°æp™‰ç. †’Nyç-ûªèπ◊
though the subject 'he' is singular. Prabhas: Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü∆îªôç ǧƒ-Lq† -õ„i-¢˛’ ´*açC.
´’ç*C.
´·çüË -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC.)
ÉD É™«çöÀ sentences ™ v°æûËu-éπûª – were, past Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’èπ◊. -îÁ°æ¤p -áçûª 鬢√™? Ñ type of sentences èπÿú≈ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Nandan: Shall I do that then?
doing word ¢√úøéπç. Subhash: ØËEç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ F ü¿í∫_®Ω BÆæ’èπ◊†o úø¶‰s áçûª §Òúø’-í∫-®·ûË, Åçûª ¶«í¬ bowl îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
á°æ¤púÓ AJ-T-¢√y-LqçC. ´’Sx ᙫ = The taller a person is, the better can they
(Å®·ûË Å™« îËߪ’Ø√?)
Santan: You had better. Exams are round the
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
bowl.
e) Åûª†’ á°æ¤púÓ Â°Rx îËÆæ’éÌ-E -Öç-ú≈-LqçC. BÆæ’éÓ†’?
corner, time we started serious prepa-
(It's) (high) time he got married/he were mar- Prabhas: Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªèπ◊. áçûª 鬢√™ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC.
ration. 1) The use of the comparative.
ried (Åçõ‰ Éçé¬ îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-üËçöÀ ÅE) îÁ§Òpa éπü∆?
Subhash: °æ-C-¢Ë-© ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-©’ 2) The inversion of the verb.
He should have been married before now.
Prabhas: B≤Ú\. ®√ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ. a) The more angry you are, the less do you
f) Time he learnt manners.
ANSWER: think .
Éçé¬ Åûª†’ manners ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰-ü¿’/-Éç-ûª-°ü¿l ¢√úÁj-†-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 169 °æp-öÀéà -Å-ûªúÕéÀ manners ûÁMü¿’. Prabhas: What makes you so busy? éÓ°æç áèπ◊\-¢Áj†-éÌDl, ûªèπ◊\´ Ç™-*≤ƒhç.
Subhash: What shall I do? Mom is not at all b) The hotter the sun is, the more tired one is.
g) Time (It's high time that) he consulted a doc-
tor. well. áçúø áèπ◊\--¢Áj† éÌDl, Å©-Ææô áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC/ áèπ◊\´
(ÅüË ´’ç*C. °æK-éπ~©’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌ-îËa-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.
á°æ¤púÓ -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC, Éçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ îËߪ’- Prabhas: Time you took her to a doctor. Å©-Æœ-§Ú-û√®Ω’.
´’†ç -v°œ°æÍ®-≠æ-Ø˛ á°æ¤púÓ ¢Á·ü¿©’ °ö«d-
™‰ü¿’. Subhash: That's what I am busy doing. The Ñ éÀçC sentences English™
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
LqçC.)
He should have consulted a doctor much charges in the hospital are high. I
Nandan: It is time my father were here. He told
earlier. am looking for money. 1) °ü¿l ¢√∞¡x-®·-†-éÌDl, ņ’-¶µº´ç °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.
me a week ago that he would come
here in two or three days. If he were
Now look at the following sentences Prabhas: Look here, Subhash. Time you knew 2) áçûª Ç -vúÕçé˙ û√TûË, Åçûª Éçé¬ û√í¬-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
from the conversation between you have a friend who can help you. ANSWERS:
here now, he could take me to a doc.
Nandan and Santan Subhash: Just don't worry. I will get it some 1) The older you are/ you grow, the more is your
(´÷Ø√†o É°æp-öÀéà ™‰úÕ-éπ\úø, á°æ¤púÓ -Öçú≈- experience.
1) It's time you saw a doctor. how.
Lq-Ø√-ߪ’†. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©èπ◊ ´≤ƒh-†E 2) The more you drink it, the more you feel like
†’´¤y Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC/ Prabhas: Time you stopped hiding things from
¢√®Ωç éÀç-ü¿-ô îÁ§ƒpúø’. Çߪ’E°æ¤-úø’ -Öç-úÕ drinking it.
Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤. me.
Öçõ‰ -†-†’o -ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-¢√úø’.)
(Verb - saw - past doing word)
Doc = present day English ™ short
2) Time we started serious preparation.
form for doctor.) -v°æ-¨¡o: What is the difference between "found" and "discovery"?
Santan: Call him and tell him of your problem.
°æ-Kéπ~-©èπ◊ Æ‘-J-ߪ’Æˇí¬ -v°œÊ°®˝ 鬴ôç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ-
– ņ’-´÷©¨ÎöÀd éÀ≥Ú®˝, ®√-N-†÷-ûª-©
Time you were free from all worries to
°æ¤púÓ Ç®Ωç-Gµç-î√-Lqç-C/-Ç-©Ææuç Å®·çC.
prepare for the exams. (Verb - started - past doing word) -ï-¢√-•’: 'Found' means to establish (≤ƒn°œç-îªôç). NTR founded the TDP. (NTR
(Ñ éπ©-ûª© †’ç* á°æ¤púÓ •ßª’-ô-°æúÕ °æ-Kéπ~- 3) It's time my father were here. TDP E ≤ƒn°œç-î √®Ω’.)
©èπ◊ -v°œÊ°®˝ Å´¤-ûª÷ -Öç-ú≈-LqçC †’´¤y) ´÷ Ø√†o á°æ¤púÓ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-Lqç-C/-Ç-©Ææuç Å®·çC 2) Found is the past tense of 'find'. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªôç, îª÷úøôç ÅØË
Nandan: I'll do it immediately then. (Verb - were) Å®ΩnçûÓ. I found him working very hard = Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç í∫´’-Eç-
(¢ÁçôØË îË≤ƒh†’.) 4) Time you were free from all worries to pre- î√†’.
pare for the exams. 3) Discovery - the act of finding or learning about something for the first
Santan: The earlier, the better.
time Åçõ‰ à N≠æ-ߪ÷-ØÁj oØ√ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç, ÅE.
Newton's discovery of the laws of gravitation changed out understanding
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ. of nature. †÷u-ô-Ø˛ í∫’®Ω’-û√y-éπ-®Ω{ù ¨¡éÀhE éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç (Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o ´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-
´ôç /Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç) v°æéπ%-AE í∫’Jç* ´’† Å´-í¬-£æ«-†™ ´÷®Ω’p ûÁ*açC. Find
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm out Åçõ‰ discover ÅØË Å®Ωnç-´-Ææ’hçC.-
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 14 -W-Ø˛ 2006
I. Prasad: Your clothes look nice. Are they Madan: But it doesn't to me.
new? (Ø√éπ™« àO’ ÅE-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’)
(F •ôd©’ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. ÅN éÌûªh¢√?) ☯ ☯ ☯
Pramod: Yes. They are. (Å´¤†’) VI. Balu: I must start at once, or I'll be late for
Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot. office. ( -ØË-†’ -¢ÁçôØË •ßª’-™‰l-®√L. ™‰èπ-§Ú-ûË
(ÅN ¶«í¬ êK-üÁj-†-´-†’-èπ◊çö«) office èπ◊ Ç©Ææu-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-C.)
Pramod: Yes. They did. Giri: So must I. I've to reserve tickets for
Prasad: You look quite smart in them. my journey. (؈÷ ¢Á∞«xL. v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ
(†’¢√y •ôd™x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤) tickets reserve îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L)
Pramod: Do I? Thanks for the compliment. Balu: Have you the key to lock the room?
Giri: I have. 1) Ramu: Do you take coffee?
(Å´¤Ø√? F §Òí∫-úøhèπ◊ thanks) O’ English speech Å´’-J-†-ô’xç-ú≈-©çõ‰ ÉN ¶«í¬
Balu: Will you lock the room then? practice Somu: Yes, I do/ No, I don't (do not)
Prasad: Then shall we start? îËÆœ ûªúø’-´·-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøí∫LT Öçú≈L.
Giri: I will. Don't worry. 2) John: Does she sing well?
Pramod: We shall.
ÉN ᙫ îËߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç:
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ ¢Á·ü¿-ôí¬ study the short responses in the short Eddy: Yes, she does/ No, she doesn't (does
°j short conversations îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? ¢√öÀ™ conversations at the beginning of this lesson. not)
II. Srikanth: Have you met suman?
O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ daily con- 1. Prasad: ... Are they new? 3) Sarala: Did he meet you yesterday?
Ravinder: Yes. I have.
versation ™ informal situations ™ ´’†ç ¢ËÊÆ Pramod: Yes, they are.
Srikanth: Do you know where he is? Vanaja: Yes, he did/ No he didn't (did not)
questions, Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´îËa answers °j´-Fo†÷. (Ééπ\úÕ response, î√™«-´’çC ÅØËô’x, yes, ÅEé¬E,
Ravinder: No, I don't.
Carefully observe the questions and the yes, they are new ÅEé¬F ņ®Ω’. correct con-
Å™«Íí sentence ™ shall, will, can, could, may,
Srikanth: Will you meet him again? replies in the dialogues above. you find the might, need ´ÊÆh, responses ™ èπÿú≈ Å¢Ë
versation ™ ÆæÈ®j† response: Yes, they are.
Ravinder: No, I won't. I've important work. responses (replies) very brief and expressed repeat Å´¤-û√®·, Yes, Å®·ûË not ™‰èπ◊çú≈, No
Answer é¬ü¿’ Å®·ûË, No, they aren't. Ééπ\úø
Srikanth: Do you expect him here today? in a word or two. èπÿú≈, No ûÓ Ç°æ-ôç-é¬F, No, they are not new Å®·ûË, not îËJa.
(Ñ®ÓV ´≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?) (°j passage ™E ï¢√-•’-©Fo èπÿú≈ î√™« èπ◊x°æhçí¬ ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ Ç°æôç ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’, standard spoken a) Kavya: Will you buy the book?
Ravinder: I'm afraid no. (®√úø-†’-èπ◊çö«) äéπöÀ È®çúø’ -´÷-ô© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç English ™. Å™«Íí– Navya: Yes, I will/ No, I won't (will not)
☯ ☯ ☯ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.) Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot. b) Kiran: Can he walk?
III. Naresh: The shop hasn't yet opened today. Pramod: Yes, they did. (Yes ûÓ Ç°æôç é¬F, Shyam: Yes, he can/ No, he can't.
shop Yes, they cost me a lot é¬F é¬ü¿’)
(Ñ®ÓV Éçé¬ ûÁ®Ω-´-™‰ü¿’) c) Ram: could you understand that?
Mahesh: Yes, it hasn't. It is usually open by Prasad: Shall we start?
Das: Yes, I could/ No, I couldn't.
this time.
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ñ time èπ◊ ûÁJ-ç-ô’çC) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 170 Pramod: We shall. (short response) (We shall
start é¬ü¿’) 4) Have, has, had sentences ™ ´ÊÆh respons-
es ™ èπÿú≈ Å¢Ë ´≤ƒh®·.
a) Venu: Have you understood it?

May I come in? - Please do.

Ramu: Yes, I have/ No, I haven't/ I'm afraid
I haven't.
b) Balu: Has he come?
Somu: Yes, he has/ No, he hasn't/ I'm afraid
he hasn't.

Naresh: So it is. But I don't know what's É™«çöÀ short respons- Passage II ™ short responses í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 5) Kesav: He had seen me before he went out.
happened today. es English conversa- a) Yes, I have (met b) No. I don't (Know
™‰ü¿’) Kumar: Yes, he had/ No, he hadn't.
tion/ spoken English èπ◊ c) No I won't (meet
™‰ü¿’) d) I'm afraid no
™‰ü¿’) EXERCISE
(Å´¤†’. Ñ®ÓV à¢Á’içüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’) Ææ£æ«-ï-û√y-Eo-≤ƒh®·. (Ééπ\úøexpect v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË ™‰ü¿’) Now practise short responses for the fol-
Mahesh: There they are coming to open.
Spoken English ™ Passage III: a) Yes, it hasn't. (opened
But I think it will be some time
™‰ü¿’) lowing aloud.
questions èπ◊, ´·êuçí¬ b) So it is. (open c) Nor can I (wait
™‰ü¿’) ™‰ü¿’)
before they start selling. I can't non 'wh' word ques- Srinath: E†o †’´¤y ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?
Passage IV: a) Did I? (Did I come late ™‰ü¿’
wait. tions what, M. SURESAN Srikar: (¶«üµ¿í¬) ™‰ü¿’.
(Åçõ‰ éπü∆?) b) But you weren't (here ™‰ü¿’) c) So, it
(ÅCíÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûÁ®Ω-´-ö«-EéÀ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. when, why, where, who, whose ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ does (So it makes me late é¬ü¿’) Srinath: Ñ®Ó-ñ„jØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?
Å´’tôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-ö«-EéÀ éÌçûª time questions)
v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç é¬E responses
èπ◊ î√™« Passage V: a) But we haven't (been îË®Ωa-™‰ü¿’) b) Srikar: éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’, Ø√èπ◊ °æ†’çC.
°æúø’-ûª’çC. ؈’ wait îËߪ’-™‰†’.) èπ◊x°æhçí¬ Öçö«®·. But I'm not. (mistaken îË®Ωa-™‰ü¿’) c) But it doesn't Srinath: ¢√úÕéÀ phone Å®·Ø√ îË≤ƒh¢√?
☯ ☯ ☯ °j conversation passages äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ ´‚úø’, seem, to me (familiar repeat Å´ôç ™‰ü¿’) Srikar: îË≤ƒh†’. é¬F ¢√úø’ Ü∞x ÖØ√oú≈ ÅØËC
IV. Bhaskar: Why did you come so late yester-
Ø√©’-í∫’-≤ƒ®Ω’x Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ îªCN practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Passage VI: a) So must I ('Start' repeat 鬴ôç ņ’-´÷†ç Ø√èπ◊.
short responses ᙫ Öçö«ßÁ÷ O’èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤- ™‰ü¿’) b) I have ('the key' repeat 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’)
day? Srinath: †’´¤y ¢√úÕE last time éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’
(E†o áçü¿’èπ◊ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a¢˛?) ûª’çC. Look at the following exchanges. c) I will (lock it ņôç ™‰ü¿’)
†’Oy N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-´-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
I. Balaram: May I come in? °j passages ÅFo Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ 3, 4 ≤ƒ®Ω’x practice
Bhavani: Did I? I was here on time. Srikar: îÁ§ƒp†’. Ç N≠æߪ’ç Fèπ◊ îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆,
Rajaram: Please do. (Have a seat) îËߪ’çúÕ. Short responses Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·.
(-ØËØ√? ØËE-éπ\úø time èπ◊ ÖØ√o†’.) Short responses ¢Áçô ¢ÁçôØË ÅçCç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ÅC
í∫’®Ω’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.
Ééπ\úø come in ÅE é¬F, please come in Srinath: í∫’®Ω’hçC. äéπ-≤ƒJ ü∆Eo ´’Sx îÁ°æpôç FÍéç
Bhaskar: But you weren't. I noted the time. ÅE é¬F reply ™ ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. form îËߪ’ôç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ç Ææ÷vû√-LN:
It was 8.15. a) Are they students? DEéÀ short response - Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?
II. Ramana: Australians play well.
¢√∞¡Ÿx students Å®·ûË, Yes, they are students Srikar: ÅüËç-™‰ü¿’. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ§ƒh.
Bhavani: But it wasn't 8.15. It was only 8.05. Kamala: Yes, they do/ No, they don't.
ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ ÅØË •ü¿’©’, yes, they are ûÓ ANSWER
(Å°æ¤púø’ 8.15 é¬ü¿’. 8.05 ´÷vûª¢Ë’) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ yes, they play well/ No, they ÇÊ°≤ƒhç. é¬éπ-§ÚûË, No, they aren't (are not) Srinath: Did you meet him yesterday?
Bhaskar: Even that makes you late. don't' play well play
ÅE, ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç í∫´’- Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø easy short response ÉîËa-ô-
English natural practice. Srikar: No, I didn't/ I'm afraid I didn't.
(Å°æ¤púø®·Ø√ †’´¤y Ç©-Ææu-¢Ë’-éπü∆?) Eç-îªçúÕ. ÉD ™ °æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ü¿ô sentence ™ verb îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L.
III. Teacher: Can you sing, Radha? ü∆Eo-•öÀd ´’† response Öçô’çC. sentence Srinath: Will you meet him at least today?
Bhavani: So it does. (Å´¤-ØÁxçúÕ)
Radha: Yes, I can, Maam/ No I can't/ I'm ™ 'Are' ÖçC 鬕öÀd, So they are ÅE Srikar: I won't. I have work.
☯ ☯ ☯
afraid I can't. response. Srinath: Will you at least call him?
V. Chetan: Madan, we have been here before. b) Ramarao: Are you a student?
Ñ dialogue ™E response ™ èπÿú≈ sing Srikar: I will, of course. But I doubt if he is in
(´’ü¿Ø˛, ´’†ç Ééπ\-úÕéÀ Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÌî√aç.) Balaram: Yes, I am/ No I'm not. Sentence town.
repeat é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆.
Madan: But we haven't. You are mistaken. ™E verb, Are, response
™E verb 'am'
äÍé
(I'm afraid; Ééπ\úø afraid èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ¶µºßª’ç ÅE Srinath: When you met him last, I think you told
tense
™ Öçú≈L.
(´’†ç ®√™‰ü¿’. †’¢ËyüÓ §Ò®Ω-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤) é¬ü¿’. à N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f/ É≠ædç- him of it.
c) Sentence ™ 1st Regular Doing Word (go,
Chetan: But I'm not. Some how the place ™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ I'm afraid Åçö«ç.) Srikar: I did. I told you that I had told him of it
come, sing..), 2nd Regular Doing Word
seems familiar to me. É™«çöÀ short responses ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´’† spo- too. Hope you remember it.
(goes, comes, sings..) and 3rd Regular
(ØËØËç §Ò®Ω-•-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπØÓ Ñ ken English èπ◊ Ææ£æ«-ï-û√yEo´yí∫-©´¤. É™«çöÀ Doing Word (went, came, sang..) ´*a-†- Srinath: I do. But would you mind repeating it?
v°æü˨¡ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷Æœ†ô’d short responses ™‰E conversation bookish do, does and did
°æ¤púø’, ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Srikar: No, certainly not.
ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC) í¬, ÅA-éÀç-*-†ô’x Öçô’çC. ¢√úøû√ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 16 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Bhanu: Hi Sarat, how do you feel now? É°æ¤púø’ Question tags ᙫ form îËߪ÷™
(¨¡®Ωû˝, É°æ¤p-úÁ™« ÖçC?) îª÷ü∆lç.
Sarat: Certainly much better, though not all- She was here. DEéÀ Question tag form
right. îËߪ÷L.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ÖçC, °æ‹Jhí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-éπ- 1) ¢Á·ü¿ô verb ®√ߪ÷L sentence *´®Ω (she
§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) was here, was ...)
Bhanu: You still feel week, don't you? 2) sentence ™ not ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd verb ûª®√yûª not
(Éçé¬ F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖçC, éπü¿÷?) †’ verb ûÓ éπL°œ n't í¬ ®√ߪ÷L.
Sarat: Yes, I do. I look week, don't I? She was here, wasn't ...?
3) sentence subject, 'she' Kedar: I'm afraid so ... at least in that shop.
(؈’ F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπ-E-°œÆæ’h-Ø√o†’, éπü∆?) ûª®√yûª îË®√aL. ûª®√yûª Narmada: Yes, it is (Å´¤†’)
Bhanu: That you do. The Doctor has treated Question mark question tag (ÅØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o (îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøôç–
Pramada: So you haven't forgotten what you
°ö«dL. Å°æ¤púø’
I'm afraid.) éπFÆæç Ç shop ™)
you well, hasn't he? wasn't she?
¢Á·ûªhç ... learnt at school. (†’´¤y school ™ Kesav: Then have I to go without such an
(Å´¤†’. Doctor E†’o ¶«í¬ØË îª÷¨»úø’ éπü∆?) sentence ¢Á·ûªhç, question tag ûÓ – she was ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-†oC ´’J-*-§Ú-™‰-ü¿-†o-´÷ô) important book?
Sarat: Yes, he has, certainly. Otherwise I here, wasn't she?
Narmada: No, I haven't (™‰ü¿’) (Å®·ûË ØËF ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æ¤Ææhéπç ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË
couldn't have recovered so quickly, Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√™«?)
could I?
îª÷úøçúÕ: -Ñ responses ™ áéπ\ú≈ èπÿú≈ yes,
Kedar: You have to, ... at least for the present.
no ©ûÓ Ç°æ-èπ◊çú≈, yes, I can; yes, it is; No, I
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ØËEçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ- (Å´¤†’, ÅçûË. v°æÆæ’h-û√-E-éπçûË)
haven't ÅE sentences ™ Ö†o helping
í∫-L-í∫’ç-úË-¢√-úÕE 鬆’ éπü∆?)
Bhanu: You will resume duty next Monday,
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 171 verbs †’ repeat îËߪ’ôç í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’.
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? ´’† Ü£æ…-¨¡-éÀhE •öÀd Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬
áEo Short responses É´y-´îÓa, ´’†ç áçûª
Now observe the following short responses áèπ◊\-´í¬ Short responses ûÓ Ææ綵«-≠æù îËߪ’-í∫-
won't you?
(†’´¤y ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç ´’Sx office éÌ≤ƒh´¤ (Sentence ™°æ© not from the conversation at the beginning of L-TûË English O’ü¿ Åçûª-°æ-ô’d-†oô’x.
Öçõ‰ tag ™ not (n't) the lesson. EXERCISE
éπü∆?) Madhukar: ؈’ °œL-ÊÆh-¢√úø’ ®√úøçö«¢√?
®√ü¿’. 1) Bhanu: You still feel week, don't you?
(resume = ´’Sx v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªôç. Resume - Subhakar: Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’.
eg: She wasn't here, Sarat: Yes, I do.
pronunciation È®Wu¢˛’ (Wu – size ™ z Madhukar: ؈çõ‰ ¢√úÕéÀ íı®Ω´ç ÖçC éπü∆?
was she? sen-
™«í∫). ÅüË spelling ûÓ È®Vu¢Á’ (Vu – size ™ 2) Bhanu: The doctor has treated you well, Subhakar: ü∆EéÀ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’.
tence not
z ™«í∫) ÅE pronounce îËÊÆh biodata/ cv ÅE
™ hasn't he? Madhukar: Å®·ûË ¢√úø’ ®√´ôç ÆæçüË-£æ«-´’E áçü¿’-
tag
Å®Ωnç. Job applications ûÓ ïûª-°æ-®Ω-îËC) Öçúøôç ´©x, M. SURESAN Sarat: Yes, he has, certainly éπç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ¢√úÕ N≠æߪ’ç Fèπ◊ ¶«í¬
not
™ ™‰ü¿’.)
Sarat: I hope I well (Å™«ØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o) ûÁ©’≤ƒ?
Bhanu: Get well soon. I'll make a move then.

She wasn't here, was she?

You don't need anything more, do you?
(ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’éÓ. (Get well soon - ÉC
ï•’s-°æ-úøf-¢√-∞¡x†’ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√-©E Éûª-®Ω’©’
éÓÍ®C.) Å®·ûË ØË ¢Á∞¡-û√†’. FéÀçÍéç Å´-
Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?)
Sarat: No. Thank you. You are going straight Subhakar:
Sentence verb, 1st Regular doing word
™E 3) Bhanu: You will resume duty next week, Å´¤†’.
to office, aren't you? won't you? Madhukar:
(come, go, sing, etc), 2nd Regular doing ¢√úÕéÀ †’´y †îªaîÁ-°æp-™‰¢√?
Bhanu: Yes, I am. word (comes, goes, sings, etc), Past doing Sarat: I hope I will Subhakar:
îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’. é¬F ... †’´¤y Åûª-EûÓ
Sarat: Bye, then. word (came, went, sang, etc) Å®·ûË,ques- 4) Sarat: You are going straight to office, ´÷ö«x-úø-´-©-Æœç-üËØ√?
Bhanu: Bye. tion tag
™ do (I RDW does (II RDW
èπ◊), èπ◊) aren't you? Madhukar: Å´¤†’
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ did (Past doing word) ´≤ƒh®·. Bhanu: Yes, I am Subhakar: †’¢Ëy ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω Èé∞Ôx-a-éπü∆?
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ English ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ a) They study (I RDW) well, don't they? à sentence éπ ® ·Ø√ ´îË a short response, Ç Madhukar: ¢Á∞¡x-™‰†’.
¢√úË short responses îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Ñ short sentence ™E verb form †÷, tense †÷ •öÀd Subhakar: F ´’®√u-ü¿èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\-´-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?
(They do not study well, do they?)
responses í∫’Jç* ´’J-éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ b) She sings (II RDW) well, doesn't she?)
ÖçC ÅE í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆! Ñ Short respons- Madhukar: é¬ü¿’. Åéπ\úø ¢√∞¡x†o Öçö«úø’.
Question Tags í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. ÉC-´-®Ω™  es ™, I'm afraid ..., I wonder ..., of course ..., Subhakar: Åûª-†çõ‰ FéÀ≠dç æ ™‰ü∆?
(She does not sing well, does she?) certainly, I doubt whether ..., ÅE èπÿú≈ Madhukar: ÅçûË. äéπ-≤ƒJ v°æߪ’ûªoç îÁ®·u.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-ü∆Eo ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
c) They came (PDW) yesterday, didn't they? ÅØÌa; äéπ\ I ûÓØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, we, you, they, he, Subhakar: OK. Å™«Íí.
´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œp, ü∆E *´®Ω, she, it èπÿú≈ ®√´îª’a. Look at the following:
(They did not come yesterday, did they?) ANSWER
éπü∆, é¬ü∆, åØ√, ™‰ü∆ Åçô’çö«ç éπü∆? Å™« Kesav: Did you have enough money to buy the
English ™ ÅØË ´÷ô-©ØË question tags Ñ regular doing words, (I RDW, II RDW) Madhukar: Do you think he wouldn't come if I
book? (Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª called him?
Åçö«ç. past doing words èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ É™« ¢Ëꨒ do,
does, did Question tags ™ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉN
úø•’sç-úÕçü∆?) Subhakar: I doubt/ I'm afraid, so.
eg: He is a great actor, isn't he?
= Åûª†’ íÌ°æp †ô’úø’, éπü∆? éÌçîÁç Ü£æ«ûÓ practice îËߪ÷L. N’í∫û√ verbs Kedar: Of course, I had.
Kesav: You seen to have got it cheap. (FéπC
Madhukar: He respects me, doesn't he?
Åçõ‰ will, would, shall, should, can, could, Subhakar: Ofcourse, he does.
Sentence *´®Ω Ö†o 'isn't he?' ØË question î¯éπí¬ ´*a-†-ô’xçC)
may might, must èπ◊ Å¢Ë verbs question tags Madhukar: Then why do you doubt his com-
tag Åçö«ç. Kedar: No, certainly not. (é¬ØË-é¬ü¿’)
™ repeat Å´¤-û√®·. ing? Do you know him well?
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ à sentence *´-È®jØ√, ´’†ç ¢√úË Kesav: Why? Did it cost you a lot?
a) She will come, won't she? (won't = will not) Subhakar: Yes, I do.
question tag, éπü∆? é¬ü∆? åØ√? ™‰ü∆? – Ñ (î√-™« êK-ü¿-®·çü∆,)
b) They would help me, wouldn't they? Madhukar: Can't you persuade him?
Ø√©’-Tç-öÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úøû√ç. ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË Kedar: Of course, it did. (ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’ç ™‰ü¿’)
Subhakar: Yes, I can, but must you talk to him?
English ™ question tag, sentence subject c) I shall go, shan't I? (shan't = shall not) Kesav: You should have bargained. (¶‰®Ωç îËߪ÷-
†’ •öÀd, verb †’ •öÃd sentence, sentence èπÿ d) He should know this, shouldn't he? LqçC) You would have got it for a lower Madhukar: Yes, I must
´÷J-§Ú-ûª’ç-ô’çC. price. (Féπç-ûª-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ ´îËaC) Subhakar: Then you can as well go to him.
e) She can sing, can't she? (can't = cannot)
eg: 1) she is here, isn't she? Kedar: I did. But I doubt whether I could have Madhukar: No. I can't.
f) He could pass, couldn't he? got it for a lower price. Subhakar: You feel it lowering yourself, don't
(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ÖçC éπü∆?) g) They may help you, mayn't they? (very rare) Kesav: I need two copies of the book, one for you?
2) He comes here, doesn't he?
h) The people might like it, mightn't they? (very me and another for my cousin. Can I Madhukar: No. I don't. But his brother will be
(Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒhúø’ éπü∆?) rare) get them? copies
(Ø√èπ◊ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç È®çúø’ there.
îª÷úøçúÕ: Sentence 1 ™, subject - she. verb - cousin
鬢√L– äéπöÀ Ø√èπ◊, ÉçéÓöÀ ´÷ èπ◊. Subhakar: Don't you like him?
i) He must go, mustn't he?
is. Question tag: isn't she?
Study the following:
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√ߪ÷?) Madhukar: No. I don't. Just try once to get him
Sentence 2 subject - He, verb - comes.
™ Kedar: I wonder. (ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’) here.
Question tag - doesn't he? verb
(Ééπ\úø Pramada: Can you speak English? Kesav: You mean you got the last copy? Subhakar: OK. So I will.
comes, II RDW question tag
鬕öÀd 'does'
™ Narmada: I can, of course. (´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©†’) (Åçõ‰ †’´y-†ôç, †’´¤y ûÁa-èπ◊-†oC, Åéπ\úÕ
´Ææ’hçC) Pramada: Is your knowledge of English good? *´J copy ÅØ√?)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 18 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Gowtham: How was the movie yesterday?
´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ È®çúø’ lessons ™†÷ short
(E†o ÆœE´÷ ᙫ ÖçC?) responsesᙫ É¢√y™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç í∫ü∆. Ñ
Uttham: I didn't like it one bit at all. You saw it lesson
™ èπÿú≈ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† ´÷ôèπ◊ ´’†ç
the day before. How did you find it? 冒 (yes)ÅØËç-ü¿’èπÿ, é¬ü¿’ (no) ÅØËç-ü¿’èπÿ,
(ÅÆæ©’ (äéπ\ °œÆæ-È®jØ√) †îªa-™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. spoken form ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
†’´¤y ¢Á·†o îª÷¨»´¤. FÈ陫 ÅE-°œç-*çC?) a) Prakash: He appears to be worried.
Gowtham: I didn't like it either. It had too much Vikas: Yes, he does.
of violence and sex. (-Ø√èπÿ †îªa-™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø 1st sentence verb appears
™ 鬕öÀd,
ü∆çöx N’A-O’-J† £œ«çÆæ, ¨¡%çí¬®Ωç Vikas's response, 'yes, he does' ÅE ´Ææ’hçC
ÖçC.) appears (2nd RDW) = does +
– áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, Prakash: So what? So is mine.
He/ she/ it Yes/ ofcourse, he/ she/ it
Å®·ûË
Uttham: So have most movies nowadays. But appear. he does
Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø, 'yes'
Åçö«ç, (Å®·ûË àçöÀ? Ø√C èπÿú≈ foreign watch)
must/ should/ has to No
Åçö«ç. ÅE
unfortunately there are people who see ûª®√yûª. response response
Å®·ûË, needn't.
™ °j È®çúø’ dialogues îª÷úøçúÕ. Dialogue (a) ™
them. No wonder that only such movies b) Sunil: You see movies quite often, don't must/ should/ have to/ has to
(í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ– ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, Klupta response, I am
are produced. ( ÅEoçöx ÅçûË. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-¢æ Ë’- you? opposite- needn't (needn't = need not) -
èπ◊ also happy ÅE Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí dialogue
N’-ôçõ‰ Å™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷-©†’ îª÷ÊÆ-¢√∞¡⁄x Kiran: Yes, I do. you must do it you need not
(†’´y-C-îË-ߪ÷L $ (b) ™ Mine is also a foreign watch ÅE
ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE Å™«çöÀ ÆœE´÷©’ Ééπ\úø Sunil verb, see. see (1st
´÷ô™x (needn't) do it (†’´yC îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’) Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F spoken form ™ Å™«-®√ü¿’.
®√´ôç (EJtç-îª-úøç)™ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’ç ™‰ü¿’. RDW) = do + see. response, Yes, I
Åçü¿’-éπE Ramesh: Has he to start the work now? So ûÓØË response Ç®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-ûª’çC – also
Gowtham: The story line is very thin and do. ÅüË negative response ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’, (Åûª-E-°æ¤púË °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√™«?) ®√-ØË®√-ü¿’.
dances and fights are a plenty in all Kiran's response No, I don't. Naresh: Yes, he has to/ yes, I'm afraid he has
a) Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’, ÅûªúÕ Å†o èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬
ᙫ Öçô’çC?
(do + not) to/ ofcourse, he has to/ so, he has to
of them. ( ¢√ô-Eoçöx éπü∑¿ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´, îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’=
c) Ganesh: You went to a movie yesterday, (OR) Oh, no, he needn't.
dances, fights áèπ◊\´) He studies well, so does his brother.
didn't you? (†’´¤y E†o ÆœE´÷ Èé∞«x´¤, Now look at the following sentences from the
Uttham: So they are. (His brother too studies well ņ®Ω’ - His broth-
éπü∆?) conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
Mahesh: Yes, I did/ No, I didn't. (Å´¤†’, 1) I didn't like it either! er studies well too ÅØÌa. Å®·ûË Åçûª com-
¢Á∞«x†’/ ™‰ü¿’, ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’) 2) So have most movies nowadays! mon é¬ü¿’)
Ganesh's sentence ™ verb, went (Past 3) So they are! b) ¢√úø’ Ç school ™ îË®√úø’, ¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ߪ’u ÅüË
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 172 doing word) = did + go. Åçü¿’-éπE response,
yes Å®·ûË, Yes, I did. no Å®·ûË No, I didn't.
4) So they do!
5) No, it doesn't.
School ™ îËJçC.
He joined that school, and so did his sister.
II a) Akash: Sunil doesn't study well.
(Ææ’F™¸ ÆæJí¬ îªü¿-´úø’)

I am not going - Nor am I Eswar: Nor does his brother/ Neither does
his brother/ His brother doesn't
either.
(ÅûªúÕ brother
èπÿú≈ ÆæJí¬_ îªü¿-´úø’)
Gowtham: Our heroes and heroines just dance É™«çöÀ Negative Sentences
èπ◊ negative
Sentences (b), (c) Spoken English ™ also (èπÿú≈) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
in the movies. They act little. ( response
°j Nüµ¿çí¬ Öçô’çC. ´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ.
´’† ©™ question tags Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩF, ü∆E •ü¿’©’ too/ as well b) Sasi: 'The mother didn't come' (Ç ûªLx ®√™‰ü¿’)
heroes and heroines ÆœE-´÷™x ÖØ√o®·, (Don't you?
dance
¢√úø-û√-®ΩF, not ûÓ ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úø-®ΩE Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
îË≤ƒh®ΩçûË. ¢√∞¡Ÿx †öÀç-îªôç ÅØËC and didn't you). Åçü¿’- Anil: (°œ©x©’ èπÿú≈ ®√™‰ü¿’)
lessons ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’) éπE Ééπ\úø response eg: a) He knows English; he knows Telugu too/ Nor did the children/ neither did the children/
Uttham: So they do! The weak story line offers É´y-ö«-EéÀ, ¢√öÀ-™ xØË The children didn't either. (The children also
he knows Telugu as well. ( He also
Ééπ\úø
them no scope for action. ( Å´¤†’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†èπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† help- ..., spoken form ™ Å®Ω’ü¿’.) ÅüË not ûÓ did not come ņç. Not also
ûÓ ®√ØË-®√ü¿’).
ing verbs (do, did) M. SURESAN
îËÊÆ-ü¿üË. éπü∑¿™x •©ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx also ¢√ú≈Lq ´ÊÆh,not either (n't either) III a) Ramana: I didn't like the movie.
ûª´’ †ô† îª÷°œçîË Ç≤ƒ\-®Ω¢Ë’ ™‰ü¿’) ÖØ√o®·.
Verbs 1st Regular Doing Word (come, go,
¢√úøû√ç. (Ø√é¬-Æœ-E´÷ †îªa-™‰ü¿’)
Gowtham: No it doesn't. Nor do most of the He doesn't know Telugu; he doesn't know
sing, etc), 2nd Regular Doing Word (comes, Sumana: But I did. (é¬F Ø√èπ◊ †*açC)
audiences seem to expect anything Tamil either.
goes, sings, etc), Past Doing Word (came, b) Raghav: He has passed. (Åûªúø’ pass
other than that. ( Å´¤†’ Ç éπü∑¿-©çûË. went, sang, etc) responses
Å®·ûË, do, ™ (Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ®√ü¿’, Tamil èπÿú≈ ®√ü¿’) Åߪ÷uúø’)
vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊™x î√™«-´’çC Åçûª-éπçõ‰ àç éÓ®Ω’- does and did ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉC ´’†ç I didn't like it ÅE Gowtham Åçõ‰,Uttam èπÿú≈
èπ◊-ØËô’x ™‰®Ω’) Sekhar: But I'm afraid his brother hasn't.
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. Ø√èπÿ †îªa-™‰ü¿’, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ - I didn't like it brother pass
Uttham: What do you think of Hindi movies? either ņúøç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
(é¬F ÅûªúÕ Å´-™‰ü¿’)
Ééπ N’í∫û√ verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ (will, shall, would,
(£œ«çC ÆœE-´÷-™„™« ÖØ√o-ߪ’ç-ö«´¤?) could, etc ...) ÅN éπE-°œ-Ææ÷hØË Öçö«®·. 鬕öÀd, N’í∫-û√-´Fo èπÿú≈: So have most movies îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. äéπ sentence ™ îÁ°œpç-ü∆-EéÀ ´uA-
Gowtham: (Do) you think they are better? All short responses ™ ¢√öÀØË ¢√úøû√ç. nowadays! so they are! So they do! No, it
Í®-éπ-¢Á’i† response É¢√y-©çõ‰ 'But' ûÓ begin
Indian movies are alike. Perhaps Now look at the following. doesn't èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. îË≤ƒhç.
the music in them is better. ( d) Srikanth: The milk is too hot to drink. Ñ three types of response ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
2) So have most movies nowadays.
Å¢Ë-´’†o
¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ *vû√- Vikranth: Yes, it is. (Å´¤†’, ÅüË, Ñ ®ÓV™x î√™« ÆœE-´÷™x ÅçûË I. Both positive
©Fo äÍé-B®Ω’. •£æ›¨» £œ«çD ÆœE-´÷™x Yes, it is ÅØËC Ééπ\úø ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´îËa short ÅE ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç) Prem: My watch shows the correct time.
ÆæçUûªç é¬Ææh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-üË¢Á÷?) response. Å®·ûË Ç milk ´’†èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL- 3) So they are (-ØË-†’ èπÿ-ú≈) (Ø√ watch correct time îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC)
Uttham: We don't hear people saying that a
hero's action in a movie is good. All that
TçîË Åçûª ¢ËúÕ (Å´¤ØË, ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçüË! ÅØË Å®Ωnç (ÉC yes, so are they éÀ •ü¿’©’) ÉC èπÿú≈ Syam: So does mine. (Ø√C èπÿú≈)
´îËaô’x) Å®·ûË, Å°æ¤púø’ response: Yes, so it is! (Å´¤ †’, ÅçûË– ÅüË Øˆ÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’, ÅØË II. Both negative:
we hear them say is that the hero has
e) Vinai: Isn't he more than 6 feet tall?
Radha: I am not going
danced well in the movie and that his
Å®Ω n ç ûÓ) (ØË¢Á-∞¡xúøç ™‰ü¿’)
Vijai: Yes, so he is!/ ofcourse he is! 4) So they do (yes, so do they) - so they do Åçõ‰
steps are good. (ÆœE-´÷™ hero action Sneha: Nor am I/ neither am I/ I'm not either.
(ofcourse = ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆) ´’†ç Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ ä°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’-†oô’x – Å´¤†’, ÅüË
¶«í∫’ç-ü¿E vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©-†ôç ´’†ç N†ç. ´’†ç III. Statement & response opposite each other.
f) Jayanth: Is he paying us today? Ø√éπ-E-°œç-îË-D†÷ – ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x.
NØËü¿çû√ Ç hero ¶«í¬ dance î˨»-úøF,
Çߪ’† 'steps' ¶«í∫’-Ø√o-ߪ’E.) (Ñ®ÓV Åûª ú ø ’ úø • ’s îÁ L x - Æ æ ’ h - Ø √oú≈?) 5) No, it doesn't – ÉC ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
Hitesh: He is quite happy.

Gowtham: That's true. All that they care about

Ananth: No, I'm afraid he isn't. ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o short response. (Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’)
g) Ram: Must I take the exam? t t t t Nitesh: But his brother isn't.
is the hero's ability to dance. (Eï¢Ë’
¢√∞¡Ÿx îª÷ÊÆ-ü¿çû√ dance ™ hero v°æA¶µº (؈ ’ exam ®√ߪ ÷ - L qç- ü Ë Ø √?) Now look at the following. ´’†ç Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC So, nor, neither, ûÓ
´÷vûª¢Ë’) Raghu: Yes, you must./ Oh no, you needn't. I a) Santhi: I am happy about the results. (°∂æL- v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u responses ™ verb ´·çü¿÷,
Uttham: So they do! OK. Let's hope for better Must, should, have to/ has to N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh û√© N≠æ ߪ’ç™ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o) subject ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç.
days for our movies. (ÅçûË ¢√∞¡Ÿx-îË-ÊÆC. ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Response, 'yes' Å®·ûË Ææ´’- Klupta: So am I. eg: So do I, nor do I, neither do I. ÉC ´·êuç. Ñ
´’† *vû√-©èπ◊ ´’ç* ®ÓV-™ Ô-≤ƒh-ߪ’E Ææu-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç, Yes/ b) Prabhat: Mine is an imported watch. order ´÷JûË response ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.
ÇPü∆lç.) ofcourse you must/ should/ have to Åçö«ç. (Ø√C imported/ foreign watch).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 20 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Archana: You were late to class yesterday.
(yes, it is ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’)
Rachana: But I wasn't
b) Sailaja: Bhramara's necklace must have
Archana: The day before? cost her a lot.
Rachana: The day before? yes, I was. But so (v¶µº´’®Ω necklace î√™« êKüÁj Öçú≈-L/-
were you too. ê-K-üÁjç-Cí¬ Öç-C.)
(¢Á·†oØ√? Å´¤†’ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. Å®·ûË - Viraja: Yes it must have/ So it must have
Fèπÿ\-ú≈ éπü∆!) (Å´¤†’, î√™« êKüÁj Öçú≈L)
Archana: I am not usually late. You are rarely
C) Rahul: One of your shirt buttons has come
on time.
off.
(؈’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ç©Ææuçí¬ ®√-†’. †’´¤y Sasir: Yes, it has/so it has.
Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-E-éÌ-≤ƒh´¤) ®√™‰ü¿’) Suresh: a) Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤ØË î√™« °ü¿lüË.
a) ™ Jalaja's response: yes it is/ so it is
Rachana: So would you be if you had to come Vinod: But I've been. Yes, it is/so it is!
b) ™ Viraja's response: yes, it musthave/ so it
from a long way off and depend on b) ÅüËç °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’ But it isn't
must have (ØËØÌ-î√a†’)
city busses. É™« opposite responses 'but' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Do the following examples:
c) ™ sasir's response: yes, it has/ so it has
( O’ É©’x ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ -Öç-úÕ city bus O’ü¿
Oô-Eo-öÀ™ yes ûÓ begin ÅßË’u response äéπöÃ, ÉN í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. 1) Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç î√™« bore
Çüµ∆-®Ω°æú≈Lq-´ÊÆh †’-´‹u ÅçûË-™‰´÷t)
so ûÓ begin ÅßË’u response äéπöà ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· É°æ¤púø’ opposite responses ™, neither, nor, a) Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤ØË, bore! b) ÅüËç é¬ü¿’
Archana: But I wouldn't. I would start early
enough to avoid being late.
éπü∆! È®çúø÷ correct Å®·ûË, so ûÓ bigin ÅßË’u n't either (not either) èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. 2) Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-û√úø’:
responses, ( so it must have/so it is), yes ûÓ ( English ™ not ´ÊÆh also ÅüË sentence ™ a) Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤†’, Eïç-í¬ØË Çúø-û√úø’:
(ÅüËç é¬ü¿’. Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ begin ÅßË’u responses éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç, ®√ü¿E éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç –- (Not only, b) àç Çúøúø’:
but also Éçü¿’èπ◊ N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤)
3) ؈’ î√™« Å©-Ææ-ôí¬ feel Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’:
´·çüË •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-û√†’) éÌçûª Ǩ¡a-®√uEo èπÿú≈ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-≤ƒh®·. (Å´¤ØË, éπÈ®-
Rachana: You can't do it (†’´¤y îËߪ’-™‰´¤) a) Lakshmi: Snakes don't fly
ÍédØË ÅØË Å®Ωnç üµ¿yEç-îËô’x) 鬕öÀd ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç a) Å´¤†’ Å™«Íí éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o-´¤/- Å-´¤ØË, Å™«Íí
Archana: But I can (îËߪ’-í∫-©†’) áèπ◊\´ Å®·†°æ¤púø’ so ûÓ begin ÅßË’u (§ƒ´·©’ áí∫®Ω´¤)
Rachana: You often tell me that you don't get
éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤:
response better. Lalasa: Neither do cats/Nor do cats/cats b) ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’, †’´¤y fresh í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤
Passages a), b) and c) (°j† É*a-†N) ™
äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp-†-ü∆-EéÀ, 'Å´¤†’— ÅØË responses
don't (do not) either. (°œ©’x©÷ áí∫-®Ω´¤)
4) ¢√úø’ î√™« éÓ°æçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’:
b) Manasa: Suseela wasn't late
a) Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤ØË, Å™«Íí éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’:
îª÷¨»ç. ´’J-éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ îª÷úøçúÕ. (Ææ’Q© Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ®√™‰ü¿’) b) ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’
d) Lasya: Divya speaks English well.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 173 (C´u English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC)
Rajita: Nor was I/ Neither was I/ I wasn't
either. (؈÷ late é¬üË) 5) Fèπ◊ Coffee É≠ædç-™‰-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’:
a) Å´¤†’, É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’:
Priya: Yes, she does/ so she does.
b) Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’:
6) E†o ؈’ E†’o îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’:

Yes, it has/so it has Lasya: In fact she speaks better than most of
a) ؈’ îª÷¨»†’:
b) ؈÷ E†’o îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’:
7) E†o †’´¤y áçü¿’èπ◊ Ç©Ææuçí¬ ´î√a´¤:
a) Å´¤†’, Ç©-Ææuç-í¬ØË ´î√a†’:
b) ØËØËç Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ®√™‰ü¿’:
8) ´†ï °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌçC:
up before 6 in the morning. Its possi-
ble for you to start early? us ÉC ´’†ç last lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. a) Å´¤†’ éÌEçC. b) ؈÷ éÌØ√o†’:
(Ø√ûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ Åçô’ç-ö«´¤, ÇJç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ (ÅÆæ©’ ´’†™ áèπ◊\-´-´’çC éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç– not c) ؈’ é̆-™‰ü¿’:
´·çüË ™‰´-†E, ᙫ ≤ƒüµ¿uç Fèπ◊ ûÌçü¿- ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC.) ûÓ also ®√ü¿’. 9) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ teacher Åçõ‰ ¶µºßª’ç ™‰ü¿’:
Priya: Yes/of course she does/so she does Summary: É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊
®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç) a) Ø√èπ◊çC: b) Ø√èπÿ ™‰ü¿’:
Archana: But I would, if I had to start early (Å´¤†’, ÆæçüË-£æ«-¢Ë’çöÀ?) the points we have
learnt
10) ؈’ FéπØ√o î√™« ´·çü¿’í¬ Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o:
e) Prem: Australia has the best cricket team in
(´·ç-üË •ßª’-™‰l-®√Lq ´ÊÆh -ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰≤ƒh†’) a) Å´¤†’: b) àç é¬ü¿’:
the world. a) Questions é¬èπ◊çú≈
Rachana: You sleep like a log, and you want Answers:
me to believe that you'd get up early. (v°æ°æç-îªç™ Australia èπ◊ Öûªh´’ crick- ´÷´‚©’ state-
ments 1) This book is a big bore
et team ÖçC) †’ ´’†ç
(†’´¤y ü¿’éπ\-™«í¬ Evü¿-§Ú-û√´¤. ††’o †´’t- a) Yes it is/so it is, b) But it isn't
´’ç-ö«´¤... †’´¤y ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰≤ƒh-†çõ‰) Syam: Yes, it has/so it has (Å´¤†’) ä°æ¤pèπ◊ØËôôx®·ûË
Yes, it is/so it is. M. SURESAN 2) He plays well
Archana: My policy is sleep while you sleep, °j dialogues ™ responses ÅFoäéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC
ÅçU-éπJçîË responses. äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC é¬ü¿-†-ö«-EéÀ (Ééπ \ úø is èπ ◊ •ü¿ ’ ©’ sub- a) Yes, he does/so he does, b) But he doesn't
work while you work.
Åçõ‰ negative responses ᙫ Öçö«ßË’ ject †’•öÃd, time of action of the verb †’ •öÃd 3) I feel very tired
(Evü¿-§Ú-¢√-Lq-†-°æ¤úø’ Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, °æE-îË- verb ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. a) Yes, you look so/you do look so
ߪ÷Lq†°æ¤úø’ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç, Ø√ °æ-ü¿l¥-A) îª ÷ü∆lç.
a) Bhanu: You know Tamil well. Can you So it is, ÅØË response, yes, it is éπØ√o èπÿú≈ éÌçîÁç b) But you don't look so/But you look fresh
Rachana: You can say all this, but action is dif-
explain this? stress áèπ◊\´ (ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æp-ôç/-éÌçûª Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω- 4) He looks very angry
ferent.
(Fèπ◊ Tamil ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. ÉC N´-Jç) ôç – Å´¤ØË! ņoô’x) îª a) Yes, he does/so he does
(-É-´-Fo ´÷ô™‰, °æE-îË-ߪ÷Lq†°æ¤púø’ °æE-éÀ- b) äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpç-ü∆-EéÀ ´’†ç negative response
®√´¤) Suman: But I don't. b) But he doesn't
ÉÆæ’h†oôx®·ûË ´’†ç ÅC 'but' ûÓ begin îË≤ƒhç. 5) I know you don't like coffee:
Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ lessons ™ questions èπÿ, (é¬F Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’)
a) Keval: She appears fat
question tag Ö†o sentences èπÿ ´’†ç short b) Kesav: You go there everyday. Why don't a) Yes, I don't/so I don't, b) But I like coffee
you take me there today? Kesav: But she doesn't
responses ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆, ÅüËçöÀ? 6) I didn't see you yesterday
b) Kumar: She is not beautiful
a) Answer, yes Å®·ûË, short response, (†’´¤y ®ÓW Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«h´¤. É¢√y∞¡ - a) But I did
Krishna: But she is
i) yes,I/ we/ you/ they do/ did/ have/ can/ could/ †- Ø Á o ç- ü ¿ ’ èπ ◊ BÆæ ’ - È é - ∞ ¡ x - è π ÿ - ú ø ü ¿ ÷ ?) b) Neither did I see you/Nor did I see you/ I did-
may, etc. Kedar: But I don't c) äéπ®Ω’ îÁÊ°p negative statements èπ◊ ´’† neg- n't see you either
ative responses ™ Neither, nor, n't either
ii) yes, he/ she/ it does/ did/ has/ can/ could/ ؈’ (®ÓW) ¢Á∞¡xØË. (Åçõ‰ Ñ ®ÓV-؈’ 7) Why did you come late yesterday?
may, etc ¢Á ∞ ¡ x - é π - § Ú- ´ îª ’ a) ¢√úø ü∆ç. a) Yes I did/So I did, b) But I didn't
Dialogues a), b) ©™ responses Anand: I'm not hungry.
b) Answer, no Å®·ûË short response, äéπ®Ω’ 8) Vanaja has bought the book
i) No, I/ we/ you/ they don't/ didn't/ haven't/ îÁ°œp-†ü∆Eo ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ é¬ü¿-†ôç. Ééπ\úø negative Vikram: Neither am I / Nor am I/ I'm not either. a) Yes, she has/so she has.
can't/ could't/ may it etc. response, 'but' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´ôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’- (Neither, nor ûÓ begin îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, verb ´·çü¿’,
b) So have I
subject ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ii) No, he/ she/ it doesn't/ didn't/ hasn't/ can't/ EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. c) But I haven't
c) Madhav: You can't understand this, I'm sure. Exercise: Now, practise the following aloud
couldn't/ mayn't etc. 9) They are not afraid of the teacher
in English, using short responses
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç practise îËÆœ, conversation ™ (†’NyC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-´E Ø√ †´’téπç)
Translate each statement into English, and give a) But I am
¢√úø-¶-ûª’†o short responses, äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp-† - Mahesh: But I can/But I'm sure I can.
the response, both positive and negative. b) Neither am I/nor am I/I'm not either
ü∆-EéÀ (Question é¬èπ◊çú≈) Å´¤-†-†-ôç/-é¬-ü¿-†ôç (é¬F ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’/ é¬F ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’- 10) I have been here long before you
ᙫ ÅE. ÉC éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç. éÓ-í∫-©-†ØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC) Example: Ñ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù v°æ鬮Ωç îËߪ’çúÕ.
Ramesh: Ñ Table î√™« °ü¿lC. DEéÀ ¢Á·ü¿ô a) Yes, you have/so you have
É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌçûª N´-®Ωçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç. d) Anand: I haven't been here before.
English îÁ°æpçúÕ: b) But you haven't
a) Vanaja: Sujana's dress is good. (Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ
Jalaja: So it is This table is very big.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 22 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Himesh: Hi Mahesh, congrats. Mahesh: OK. OK. We've had enough argu-
Mahesh: What on? (áçü¿’èπÿ?) ment. Let's talk of something differ-
Himesh: I hear that your score is better than all ent. (ÆæÍ®, ÆæÍ®, Ééπ Ñ ¢√ü¿ç î√™‰x. -´’Í®-
the others' scores in the class. (class ü∆-E í∫’Jç-îÁjØ√ ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç)
score
™ Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ F-¢Á-èπ◊\´ -îË-¨»-´E ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, ´’†’-≠æfl-©†÷, v°æüË-¨»-©†’, ïçûª’-´¤-©†’
NØ√o†’) §ÚLa ¢√öÀ™x/ ¢√∞¡x™x ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©’ îª÷úøôç
Mahesh: Thanks a lot. But I feel happy that I've ´’†èπ◊ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† üµÓ®ΩùÀ éπü∆!
got very good marks, and not The minute we see two or more things/ peo-
because my score is better than the ple of the same nature, we compare them.
others. I don't like comparisons. Comparisons are very common.
thanks.
(î√™« Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* We usually compare the qualities of people 2) Your score is better than all the others'
Degrees of comparison ã grammar exercise
marks ´*a-†ç-ü¿’Íé ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-í¬F, and things.
Åçõ‰ ´’†’-≠æfl©, ´Ææ’h-´¤© í∫’ù«-©†’, scores = F marks marks
Éûª-®Ω’-©ç-ü¿J éπçõ‰
Éûª-®Ω’© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’. ©éπ~-ù«-©†÷ §Ú©’≤ƒhç. ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – í∫’ù«- í¬ practice îËߪ’-ôç-´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçúøü¿’. ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·.(Better - good comparative.
èπ◊
Ø√èπ◊ §ÚL-éπ©’ É≠ædç Öçúø´¤). ©†’, ©éπ~-ù«-©†÷ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’ 'Adjectives' ¢√öÀ N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊E Å´-Ææ®Ω¢Á’i†-°æ¤púø’, Best, - good superlative)
èπ◊
precision (éπ*a-ûªûªyç) éÓÆæç Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x
(Comparison = §ÚLéπ, compare §Ú©aôç) ÅE. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Å®·†, Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ, éπ©, éπL- 3) I am happy to get a higher score.
T-†-ô’-´çöÀ ÅE Å®Ωnç ´îËa ´÷ô©’, adjectives. ¢√úø-ö«-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çü∆ç.
Himesh: They say you are the cleverest in the
class. Doesn't it make you happy? Comparison Ñ adjectives Íé Öçö«®·. ´·êu- ¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: (higher - comparative)
4) ... whether my marks are better than those of
(Åçü¿®Ω÷ E†’o class ™ -Å-ûªuç-ûª ûÁL¢Áj† ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'ᙫçöÀ—, 'áô’-´çöÀ?— ÅØË v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ 1) ´÷´‚- ©’í¬ à adjective Å®·Ø√ positive others
¢√úøç-ö«®Ω’. ÅC E†’o ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-®Ω-îªü∆?) ï¢√•’ ´îË a °æ - ü ¿ ç , adjective. degree ™ Öçô’çC. tall (§Òúø’í∫’), short marks
(Éûª-®Ω’© éπçõ‰ Ø√N ¢Á’®Ω’í¬, é¬ü∆ ÅØËC...)
Mahesh: I am certainly happy to get a high a) Kumar is tall = èπ ◊ ´÷®˝ §Òúø ’ í∫ ’ . (§ÒöÀ d) high (áûÁkh†), large (°ü¿l-üÁj†), etc. 5) ... my marks are higher than others' marks
score, even a higher score than I've èπ◊´÷®˝ ᙫç- öÀ-¢ √úø ’? – É™«çöÀ ´ Fo positive degree. Ñ positive marks
(Éûª-®Ω’© higher -
éπçõ‰ Ø√N áèπ◊\´.
got this time. But I don't care whether Answer: §Òúø-¢Áj-†-¢√úø’ (tall) 鬕öÀd, tall, adjective. degree äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ í∫’ù«Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. comparative)
my marks are better than those or b) Tendulkar is a great cricketer = DEE §ÚLéπ ÖØ√o, ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ¢√úøû√ç. äÍé ¶µ«¢√Eo positive, comparative, superla-
others or not. (Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* marks õ„ç-úø÷-©\®˝ íÌ°æp cricketer. a) Chandra is tall (positive degree - §Ú©a-ôç-™‰ü¿’) tive degrees ™ ᙫ îÁ§ÒpîÌa îª÷ü∆lç.
®√´ôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’. É°æ¤p-úÌ-*a† marks áô’-´çöÀ cricketer? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, great cricketer b) Surya is not so/ as tall as Chandra (positive AP is the biggest state in South India. ÉC
éπçõ‰ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ®√´ôç èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ≠æ- ÅE answer 鬕öÀd, 'great' Ééπ\úø adjective. degree - §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – îªçvü¿†’, Ææ÷®Ωu†’) superlative. AP
ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l
¢Ë’. Å®·ûË Éûª-®Ω’© éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢√, ûªèπ◊\¢√ (The biggest - superlative
®√≠æZç. 'The').´·çü¿’
Positive degree ™E adjectives èπ◊, + er/ + r
ÅØËC -Ø√èπ◊ -Å-†-´-Ææ®Ωç). AP is bigger than any other state/ all other
Himesh: But Mahesh, comparisons are quite îË®Ωa-ôç-´©x, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ more îË®Ωa-ôç-´©x states in South India - bigger - comparative.
comparative degree Å´¤-û√®· (Éûª-®Ω’-©-
- Ç çí∫ x - ¶ µ « - ≠ æ - ù
common, aren't they? When we talk ÅN
174
ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç-™E à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æZç/ ÅEo Éûª®Ω
of two or more things or people having éπ ç õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç™). ®√≥ƒZ© éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC.
same similarity we compare them.
Comparisons are only natural. (Å®·ûË,

He works harder than...

´’Ê£«≠ˇ, §Ú©aôç ÅØËC Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωù-¢Á’i-†
N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ éπü∆? È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-™x-
í¬F, ´uèπ◊h-™x-í¬F àüÁjØ√ ≤ƒ®Ω÷°æuç éπ†-°æ-úÕûË
§Ú©aôç Ææ£æ«-ï¢Ë’ éπü∆?)
Mahesh: So they are. But I don't see why I
should feel happy when my marks are
c) It is a foreign car.
-Å-üÁ-™«ç-öÀ car? Answer: for- a) Chandra is taller than Comparative ™ îÁ§ƒp-Lq†°æ¤púø’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq†
higher than the others' marks. I am
happy If I get marks that I deserve. eign car - 鬕öÀd 'foreign'ÅØËC adjective. Surya (Surya éπçõ‰ N≠æߪ’ç – Comparative ûª®√yûª than any other
I don't like to be compared with oth- Chandra (tall + + singular/ than all other + plural
d) Dravid is the Captain of the Indian team = §Òúø’í∫’) ®√´ôç.
ers. (Eï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË É-ûª®Ω’-©-éπçõ‰ Dravid Captain.
¶µ«®Ωûª (¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’) ïô’dèπ◊ er - comparative ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo Positive, Åçõ‰, 'big' ¢√úÕ îÁ°æp-´îª’a.
marks
Ø√Èéèπ◊\´ ´ÊÆh ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ- Indian - adjective. degree of tall) No other state in South India is as/ so big as
b) Surya is braver than AP. AP
°æ-ú≈™ Ø√éπ®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ω|-ûª -Ö†o e) A dark room = room?
(<éπöÀ í∫C). áô’-´çöÀ (ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æZç èπÿú≈
marks ´ÊÆhØË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç) Chandra
M. SURESAN
Answer: dark room; so dark - adjective.
(îªçvü¿ éπçõ‰ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’.)
Himesh: Then why do we have competitive brave
Ææ÷®Ωu üµÁj®Ωu-Ææ’húø’ – Positive ™ í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: 1) No
f) A clever student: ᙫçöÀ student?
exams? Why ranking in exams? Isn't + r - comparative degree of brave =
other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Positive degree big
üµÁj®Ωuç-í∫©)
Answer- clever, so clever - adjective. c) Kashmir is more beautiful than any other
the purpose of competitive exams, ´·çü¿’, so é¬F, as é¬F, ü∆E ûª®√yûª, as ®√´ôç
choosing the best candidates? What °j´Fo – tall, great, foreign, Indian, dark, state in India.
clever - adjectives
í∫´’-Eç-î√L.
is it if not comparison? competi-
(´’J (í∫’ù«-©†’, ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° (à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æçZ -éπØ√o é¬Qt®˝ Åçü¿-¢Á’içC)
tive exams– verb
µ Ææ’´’çû˝ class ™ Åçü¿-J™ §Òúø’í∫’ – ÉC
§Úöà °æK-éπ~©’ áçü¿’-èπ◊-†oô’x? ´÷ô©’). Å™«Íí °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆– (more + beautiful - comparative of beautiful)
Superlative degree ™ -îÁ-•’-ü∆ç. §Òúø’-í∫’èπ◊
Ŷµºu-®Ω’n™x Öûªh-´·-©†’ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç- Ç °æ†’©’ ᙫ ïJ-í¬®·/ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®· ÅE ûÁLÊ° Å™«Íí adjective *´®Ω + est/ st îËJaØ√, ü∆E-´·çü¿’ superlative - tallest. ü∆E-´·çü¿’ 'the' ®√¢√L
ü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü∆? ÅC §Ú©aôç é¬éπ-§ÚûË ´÷ô ADVERB. most îËJaØ√ superlative degree Å´¤-ûª’çC.
a) He walks slowly - verb - walks = †úø’-≤ƒhúø’.
éπü∆.Sumanth is the tallest (boy) in the class.
´’Í®çöÀ?) a) Chandra is the tallest in the class.
Mahesh: Oh, Himesh, you are talking about ᙫ †úø’-≤ƒhúø’ – Answer - slowly. (Class ™ Chandra Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o §Òúø’í∫’– µ °æèπ~◊-™x ØÁ´’L Åçü¿-¢Á’içC. ÉC Comparative ™
some thing entirely different. All that I 鬕öÀd – slowly, adverb. tall + est - superlative of tall)
-îÁ-•’-ü∆ç. Åçü¿-¢Á’i† - comparative - more beau-
say is my marks make me happy and tiful. Comparative ûª®√yûÁ°æ¤púø÷ than, any
b) She sings well - verb: sings = §ƒúø’-ûª’çC. b) Surya is the bravest in the class.
not my being better than others. other singular/ all other plural ®√¢√L éπü∆–
ᙫ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC? Answer - well (¶«í¬) – (Class ™ Ææ÷®Ωu Åûªuçûª üµÁj®Ωu-Ææ’húø’ –
(†’¢Ëyçö ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. ؈-ØË-üË-N’- (than any other bird/ than all other birds). The
so, well - adverb. brave + st - superlative of brave)
ôçõ‰, Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒ-Eo-îËaN Ø√ marks peacock is more beautiful than any other bird
Ñ adjectives ûÁLÊ° í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†÷, adverbs c) Kashmir is the most beautiful state in India
´÷vûª-¢Ë’-é¬F, Éûª-®Ω’-©-éπØ√o ؈’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í¬_ (singular)/ than all other birds (plural).
(Kashmir Åûªuçûª Ææ’çü¿-®Ω-¢Á’i† ®√≠æZç.
ÖØ√o†ØË N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’) ûÁLÊ° °æE Nüµ∆-Ø√-©†÷ §Ú©’-Ææ’hçö«ç. µ à Éûª®Ω Dictionary èπÿú≈ Ñ dictionary Åçûª
Himesh: But you said you were against com- a) Kumar is taller than Kesav= Í騡¢˛ éπçõ‰ èπ◊´÷®˝ most + beautiful - superlative of beautiful)
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. DEo positive ™ -îÁ-•’-ü∆ç.
parisons. How can you escape com- §Òúø’í∫’. Ééπ\úø Í騡¢˛, èπ◊´÷®˝© §Òúø’í∫’ ´’†ç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’/ ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’ Å°æ¤púËç îËߪ÷L? No other dictionary ûÓ begin
parisons? When you buy something, §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – ÉC Comparison of an adjective §Ú©’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø÷ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd äé𠶵«¢√Eo, îËߪ÷L. Positive degree 'useful' ´·çü¿÷,
for example, a shirt, don't you com- (í∫’ùç §ÚLéπ). positive, comparative, superlative degree ™x ¢Á†’éπ, so/ as ... as ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ sentence,
pare a number of shirts, their quality, b) He works harder than Karim = éπKç éπçõ‰ ¢√úø’ üËE-™-ØÁjØ√ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. No other dictionary is so/ as useful as this.
their price etc. before you settle for
the 'cheapest and the best'? (§ÚL-éπ©èπ◊
áèπ◊\´ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-û√úø’ – ÉC ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ îËÊÆ °æE Look at these sentences from the conversa- Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬:
§ÚLéπ – Åçõ‰ comparison of an adverb. tion between Himesh and Mahesh. 1) Superlative degree ´·çü¿’, the.
´uA-Í®-éπ-´’E †’¢Ëy ÅØ√o-´¤í¬. §Ú©aôç ´’† daily conversation ™ comparison (§ÚLa 1) ... you are the cleverest boy in the class.
†’ç* ûª°œpç--éÓ-í∫-©´÷ @N-ûªç™? àüÁjØ√ 2) Comparative degree than any other +
ûª®√yûª
cleverest - adjective.
Ééπ\úÕ est
DE *´®Ω + singular/ than all other + plural.
´Ææ’h´¤ éÌØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, ã shirt ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç, îª ÷úøôç) î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. 鬕öÀd
two shirts †’, ¢√öÀ Ø√ùu-ûª†’, ¢√öÀ degrees of comparison (í∫’ù-í∫-ù«™x, °æ†’©’ ÖçC 鬕öÀd ÉC superlative degree. á°æ¤púø÷ 3) Positive degree: v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç – no other ûÓ.
superlative
Positive degree ´·çü¿’, so/ as, ûª®√yûª as.
üµ¿®Ω-©†’ §Ú™‰a-éπü∆, 'ÅA í¬_ ÅA ´’ç*— ïJÍ í Nüµ¿ç™ ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©’) ¢√úøôç ûª°æpü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – ´·çü¿’,
shirt é̆-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úø-û√´¤? ¢√öÀE correct í¬ ¢√úø-í∫-L-í¬-´’çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’† the ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈L.
(settle for = àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç/ conversation èπ◊ precision (éπ*a-ûªûªyç) ÖçúÕ The Eenadu is the largest circulated Telugu
áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç) ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«´ç correct í¬ îÁ°æp-í∫©ç. Daily. (The + Largest - superlative)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 24 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Pavan: Why all this excitement about football? Suman: I wish there were more encourage-
What's there in it? ment for football. The world cup foot-
(Ñ football í∫’Jç* -Éçûª Öû√q£æ«- ball is a mega event and India is no
¢Á’ç-ü¿’èπ◊? -Éçü¿’™ à-´·çC?) where in it. With such a vast popula-
Suman: You know, it's the most popular game tion India is not able to have eleven
in the world. Yes, people watch this players.
game more than any other game. (football èπ◊ éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ v§Úû√q£æ«ç Öçõ‰
(v°æ°æç-îªç™ î√™« áèπ◊\-´-´’çC ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Éçûª v•£æ…tç-úø-¢Á’i† world
véÃúø -ÉüË. N’í∫û√ Çô-©-éπØ√o Ñ ÇôØË cup matches ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çõ‰, ¶µ«®Ωûªü˨»-EéÀ
áèπ◊\-´- ´’çC îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’) ≤ƒn†ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ §Ú®·çC. Éçûª ïØ√¶µ« Ö†o g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than a Now look at the following sentences:
Pavan: But we don't see many playing the ´’†èπ◊ °æü¿-éÌç-úø’-´’çC Çôí¬∞¡Ÿx éπ®Ω- football. cricket football
Ææ®Ωç-ñ«´÷ äéπ éπØ√o a) Suman is not so/ as tall as Pavan.
game in India. I often see more people ´-ߪ÷u®Ω’.) êK-üÁ-èπ◊\´ –comparative degree. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Éü¿l-JØË §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Å®·ûË Ñ
playing cricket than football in India. h) There are more football fans than cricket sentence ™ adjective 'tall' - positive degree
Pavan: OK. Let's watch this evening's match.
(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™  áèπ◊\-´-´’çC football éπçõ‰ Bye. fans in Bengal = ™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
cricket Ç-úø-ô¢Ë’ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C.) ¶„çí¬™x cricket ÅGµ-´÷-†’-©-éπØ√o football Positive degree ™ sentence:
Suman: That's true. No other game is played
(Ñ¢√∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç match îª÷ü∆lç. Bye)
ÅGµ-´÷-†’-™„-èπ◊\´ – comparative degree A is not so/ as (adjective... tall, short, etc.,)
so much as cricket in India. But it is éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ degrees of comparison i) Cricketers are the richest sportsmen in India as B.
surprising that in a poor country like í∫’Jç* éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? -´’-JéÌ-Eo- véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’™x Åûªuçûª üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’©’ véÀÈé-ô®Ω’x. b) India is not as/ so rich as America- Positive
India people are more interested in ØË-®Ω’aèπ◊-ØË-´·ç-ü¿’ Å-N ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ ÆæçéÀ~-°æhçí¬: - superlative degree (America is richer than India)- comparative
cricket than in football. Cricket is a 1) Three degrees: positive, comparative and j) Indian cricket control board is the richest in (¶µ«®Ωû˝, America Åçûª Ææç°æ†oç é¬ü¿’–posi-
costlier game than football. Football is superlative. the world = tive/ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ éπçõ‰ America Ææç°æ-†o-¢Á’iç-C)
much cheaper than cricket. All that it 2) Degrees of comparison - adjectives , -¶µ«®Ω-ûª véÀÈéö¸ éπçvö™¸ ¶®˝f v°æ°æç-îªç™ Åûªuçûª c) Kedar does not play as (so) well as Kesav
needs is a football. It is not so expen- üµ¿E-éπ-¢Á’içC – superlative degree (Kedar,
adverbs èπÿ Öçö«®·. Í騡¢˛ Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúøúø’)
sive as cricket- cricket equipment k) ... but they are not so highly paid (as crick- d) Bhavan is as tall as Sravan-
a) formation of comparative: By adding + er/
costs a lot more than football. eters are) = Positive degree.
er to, or more + (¶µº´Ø˛ v¨¡´ù˝ Åçûª §Òúø’í∫’)–
Hockey players (cricketers
èπ◊ Åçûª èπ◊ e) Sravan is not taller than Bhavan
before the adjective
îÁLxç-îËçûª) îÁLxç-Ω’. (Sravan ¶µº´Ø˛ éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í∫’ é¬ü¿’)
b) formation of
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd à degree ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπç comparative îª÷úøçúÕ.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 175
superlative: By
¢√ú≈-©-ØËC, practice ´©x ÅüË ´’†èπ◊ ´Ææ’hçC. (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© §ÚLéπ).
adding, + est / + st
îÁ§ƒp©†o ¶µ«-¢√Eo •öÀd, ´’†ç degree select Of Bangalore and Hyderabad, Bangalore is
to the adjective/ îËÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ç. the cooler.
(Eï¢Ë’ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ cricket ÇúÕ-†ç-ûªí¬ N’í∫û√ adverb or most +
English ™ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o, Éü¿l-J-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ (Bangalore, Hyderabad ™x Bangalore áèπ◊\´
à game Çúø®Ω’. NçûË-N’-ôçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝-™«çöÀ before the adjec- M. SURESAN
Ê°ü¿üË-¨¡ç™ v°æï©’ football éπçõ‰ cricket ™ ¢√öÀE/ ´’çCE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ sentence con- xí¬ Öçô’çC)
tive/ adverb (Imp: °j sentence ™ comparative ûª®√yûª
structions èπÿ, È®çúÕç-öÀE/ Éü¿l-JF ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa-
áèπ◊\´ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°œç-îªôç. Football éπØ√o Some irregular formations: than ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, comparative
cricket êKüÁj† véÃúø. Football, cricket éπçõ‰
†-°æ¤púø’ sentence construction èπÿ ûËú≈
Good better best ´·çü¿’ 'the' ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)
ê®Ω’a ûªèπ◊\´ game. 鬢√-Lqç-ü¿-™«x ã foot- well } Öçô’çC.
Of the two, this is the better. comparative.
ball. -D-EéÀ cricket Åçûª ê®Ω’a-é¬ü¿’. Cricket
bad worse worst
´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç: È®çúÕç-öÀE/ Éü¿l-JE ´÷vûª¢Ë’
Ææ®Ωç-ñ«´÷ football éπçõ‰ êKü¿’ îËÆæ’hçC) ill } §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, superlative Öçúøü¿’.
(Ç È®çúÕç-öÀ™x ÉC ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’)
É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u©’ O’ conversation †’ î√™«
effective í¬ ÖçúËô’x îË≤ƒh®·.
Å™«Íí This is good, but not so (as) good as

Cricket is a costlier game than football the other. (Positive)- ÉC ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC, é¬F
ü∆†çûª ¶«í¬™‰ü¿’.
This is the best of the lot- superlative.
(comparison of more than 2 Ö†o ¢√öÀ™x ÉC
Åûª’u-ûªh´’ç)
Pavan: In Bengal football is more popular than 3) a) Superlative degree 'the'
´·çü¿’, éπ*a-ûªçí¬
Look at sentences (c), (e), (f), (g) and (h).
É™«çöÀ sentences ØË®Ω’a-éÌE practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
cricket. Most of our great footballers ¢√ú≈L
comparison Practise the following aloud in English
are from Bengal, particularly Kolkata. b) comparative than any other + sin-
OöÀ™x È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’–
ûª®√yûª cricket, football. superlative Pranav:
àçöÀ! Ç È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ Åçûªí¬
There are more football fans than gular/ than all other + plural
®√¢√L.
Åçü¿’-éπE OöÀéÀ
îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛?
cricket fans in Bengal.
Öçúøü¿’.
c) positive, no other ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’çC. Vinai:
c) I often see more people playing cricket than Ç È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC ¢Á’®Ω’í¬ ÅE Ç™-*-Ææ’hØ√o.
(¶„çí¬-™¸™ cricket éπçõ‰ football Åçõ‰ØË 4) Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd à degree ¢√ú≈™ E®Ωg-®·ç-- Pranav: coverûÓ -Ö-†o -Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç îª÷úø’. ÅC,
football = áv®Ω
ÅGµ-´÷†ç áèπ◊\´. ´’† íÌ°æp football véÃú≈- èπ◊çö«ç. ÅçûË-é¬F ÅüË-°æ-Eí¬ äéπ degree †’ç* football ÇúË-¢√-∞¡x-éπçõ‰ cricket ÇúË-¢√∞Ïx áèπ◊\´ Ç éÓ´èπ ◊ îÁçC† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©-Eoç-öÀ-™ †÷
é¬-®Ω’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ¶„çí¬-M™‰, ´·êuçí¬ éÓ™¸-éπ-û√ ÉçéÓ degree ´÷Í®a exercise ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’. Öûª h ´ ’ç.
¢√∞¡Ÿx. Bengal ™ cricket ÅGµ-´÷-†’-©-éπçõ‰ Now, look at the following sentences from the Vinai: F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆?
football ÅGµ-´÷-†’-™„-èπ◊\´.) e) People are more interested in cricket than in
conversation at the beginning of the lesson: football. Pranav: îÁ§ƒp-†’í¬. ÅEoç-öÀ™  ÉC íÌ°æp-ü¿E.
fan = ÅGµ-´÷E
a) It's the most popular game in the world. f) Cricket is a costlier game than football. Vinai: ؈’ ´’† lecturer †’ Åúø’í∫’û√.
Suman: Cricketers are the richest of Indian Pranav: Åçõ‰ Ø√ éπçõ‰ Çߪ’-ØÁo-èπ◊\´ †´·t-û√¢√?
v°æ°æç-îªç™ Åûªu-Cµéπ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç Ö†o véÃúø. g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than foot-
sportsmen. The players of other Vinai: ÅçûË ´’J.
(superlative degree) ball.
games do not earn as much. And our
b) People watch this game more than any other h) There are more cricket fans than football Answer
cricket control board is the richest in
game - comparative degree fans in India Pranav: Why are you looking at those two
the world.
È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ superlative books?
c) I often see more people playing cricket than
(¶µ«®Ωûª véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’™x cricketers Åûªuçûª üµ¿E- Öçúøü¿’. °j ¢√é¬u-©Eo èπÿú≈ comparative™ Vinai: I am just wandering which of the two is
football.
èπ◊©’. Éûª®Ω véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ Åçûª Ææ秃-Cç-îª-úøç- the better.
™‰ü¿’. ¶µ«®Ωûª cricket control board d) No other game is played so much as cricket Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Cricket is more popular than football in India. Pranav: Look at that book... the one with the
v°æ°æç-îªç™E ÅEo cricket boards éπçõ‰ in India - much - positive degree
È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, comparative red cover; that is the best of all/ the
e) ... people are more interested in cricket than
üµ¿E-éπ-¢Á’içC.)
ûª®√yûª than, ü∆E ûª®√yûª È®çúÓ N≠æߪ’ç (foot best of the books in its class/ category.
Pavan: That's true. Hockey is our national in football - comparative degree.
ball) ®√´ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (... than any other/ Vinai: Is it as good as the one you have?
game, but hockey players are not so f) Cricket is a costlier game than football =
all other ®√ü¿’.) Pranav: I told you. That's the best of the lot.
highly paid, unfortunately. football éπçõ‰ cricket êK-üÁj† Çô N’í∫û√ sentences ™ èπÿú≈ (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ Vinai: I'll consult our lecturer.
(Å´¤†’. ´’† ñ«Bߪ’véÃúø hockey. é¬F Football is much cheaper than cricket. Pranav: (Do) you trust him more than me?
§ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’) than ûª®√yûª È®çúÓ N≠æߪ’ç ®√´ôç
ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h ¢√∞¡x-éπçûª úø•’s îÁLxç-Ω’.) Comparative degree. îª÷úøçúÕ (than any other/ all other é¬èπ◊çú≈). Vinai: Ofcourse.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 26 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Rupa: Hi Hema, did you meet your classmate Hema: Long since I saw him.
yesterday? (îª÷Æœ î√™« ®ÓV©®·çC)
classmate
(£æ…ß˝’ Ê£«´÷, E†o †’´¤y O’ Rupa: Perhaps you saw him prior to his leaving
†’ éπL-¨»¢√?) for the states.
Hema: I did. We met yesterday after nearly five states
(•£æ›¨¡ †’´y-ûªEo èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-´·çü¿’
years. She looked a little older than she is. îª÷¨»-¢Ë¢Á÷?)
(éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Å®·üË∞¡x ûª®√yûª E†oØË ¢Ë’ç Hema: Yes.
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. ûª†’ ´ßª’Ææ’ éπØ√o °ü¿l-C™« È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ lessons ™ ´’†ç degrees of
éπE-°œç-*çC.) comparison N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. Ñ
Rupa: Are you the same age? lesson ™ ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’ îª÷ü∆lç.
(O’Jü¿lJC äÍé ´ßª’≤ƒ?) éÌEo éÌEo ≤ƒ®Ω’x comparative, positive a) My sister likes my younger brother more than I.
´’J-éÌEo comparatives ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª
Hema: No, I am slightly older than her (she). degrees ™ I, we, he, she, they ¢√ú≈™«, me, sister
´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ ØËE-≠d-°æ æúË ü∆E-éπØ√o ´÷ than ®√ü¿’. to ´Ææ’hçC. Å™«çöÀ comparatives,
But now she looks older than me (I). us, him, her, them ¢√ú≈™« ÅØË confusion áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC (´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ Superior (íÌ°æp), Inferior (ûªèπ◊\´), Senior
(ØËØË éÌçîÁç °ü¿l. Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ûªØË Ø√éπçõ‰ ´Ææ÷h Öçô’çC. Look at the following: sister èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç). (´ßª’Ææ’™, ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ °ü¿l), Junior (´ßª’-Ææ’™
°ü¿lí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) a) Åûª†’ Ø√éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í∫’ (Comparative): b) My sister likes my younger more than me = ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ *†o), Prior (time ™ ´·çü¿’) Oô-
Rupa: What is she? He is taller than I/ me (?) ´÷ sister èπ◊ Ø√éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ EoöÀ ûª®√yûª 'to' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. than ¢√úøç.
(Ç¢Á’ ÖüÓuí∫ç à´’Ø√o îË≤Úhçü∆?) b) Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ *†o = áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç. a) Imported cars are superior to Indian cars
Hema: She is a government officer. He is younger than she/ her (?) c) He likes the mango more than she = ¶µ«®Ωûª 鬮Ωx éπØ√o NüËQ 鬮Ω’x ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’
Rupa: That's it. She looks older than you c) clever
¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†-éπçõ‰ é¬ü¿’ = Éü¿l-JéÃmango Åçõ‰ É≠ædç. é¬F Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª-E-éÀ b) A Collector is inferior to a Chief Secretary
because of her responsibilities. They aren't cleverer than us/ we (?) -á-èπ◊\´ É≠ædç. ´·êu 鬮Ωu-ü¿Jz éπØ√o Collector ûªèπ◊\´ (£æ«Ùü∆™)
(Officer )
(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Ç¢Á’ ¶«üµ¿u-ûª© ´©x í¬ d) d) He likes the mango more than her =
Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ °ü¿l = c) He is senior to the others in the group
Féπçõ‰ é¬Ææh °ü¿l-Cí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC) He is older than she/ her (?) Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈, ´÷N’úÕ °æçúøç-õ‰ØË Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ . Ç •%çü¿ç™ Åûª†’ ´ßª’-Ææ’q™/ ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ °ü¿l.
Hema: I have responsibilities as well, as the In the sentences above, sentence *´-®Ωx™ 鬕öÀd É™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. d) He was junior to me at College =
President of the local women's club. (a)
´’†-éÌîËa ÆæçüË-£æ…©’: ™ ¢√ú≈™«, me
I Positive™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.
College ™ Åûª†’ Ø√ éÀçCClass ™ ÖçúË-¢√úø’.
women's club president
(≤ƒnEéπ í¬ Ø√èπÿ ¢√ú≈™«, ™ ¢√ú≈™«, ¢√ú≈™«, (c) ™
(b) she her a) I don't like my brother as much as she =
e) Even prior to his marriage he knew the girl.
¶«üµ¿u-ûª-©’-Ø√o®·.) us ¢√ú≈™«, ¢√ú≈™«, ™ ¢√ú≈™«, her
we (d) she brother
Ç¢Á’ É≠æd-°æ-úøfçûªí¬ ؈’ ´÷ †’ É≠æd°æ-úø†’. (Åûª-EéÀ °R}éÀ °æ‹®Ωy¢Ë’ Ç Å´÷t®· ûÁ©’Ææ’)
¢√ú≈™« ÅE. b) I don't like my brother as much as I like her.
Correct í¬ Å®·ûË sentence Å®Ωnç v°æ鬮Ωç, Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷™‰ conversation at the beginning of
´÷ brother éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ØË Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . the lesson ™ èπÿú≈ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
(a) taller than I, (b) ™ younger than she,
Positive Comparative Superlative a) I am slightly older than She/ her
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 176
(c) cleverer than we, and (d) ™ older than
Old Older Oldest b) A government officer's position is certainly
she ÅØË ®√¢√L.
Elder Eldest superior to that of a home maker.
c) A home maker is no way inferior to an official

He was junior to me...

d) He is my elder
äéπ N≠æߪ’ç: American English elder™
brother •ü¿’©’ older brother ûª®Ω-í¬
¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.
EXERCISE
Pratibha: O’ Éü¿l-J™ á´®Ω’ §Òúø’-í∫ç-ö«´¤, †’¢√y
Rupa: But your responsibilities are not as seri- a) He is taller than I (am)
ous, are they? Old has two comparatives and ÅEû√?
=
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆:
Pratima: ÅÆæ-©-®·ûË ÅEûË §Òúø’í∫’ Ø√éπçõ‰. é¬F
(؈’ §Òúø’í¬_ Ö†o-ü∆-E- two superlatives
(Å®·ûË F ¶«üµ¿uûª©’ Ç¢Á’ ¶«üµ¿u-ûª-©çûª Bv´- éπçõ‰ Åûª-†’†o §Òúø’-Èí-
¢Á’i-†N é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) èπ◊\´ ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC Old èπ◊ È®çúø-®√n©’ éπü∆? ´ßª’ÂÆèπ◊\-´-®·†/ ûª†’ Ø√ éπçõ‰ ™«´-´ôç ´©x ؈’
Hema: I wish I were in such a position. English ™.) Å™«Íí §ƒûªü¿®·†. 鬕öÀd Older, Oldest ´ßª’ÂÆèπ◊\´ ûª†éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í¬_ éπE-°œ≤ƒh.
Pratibha: ´’E-ü¿l-J™ á´®Ω’ §Òúø’-í∫ç-ö«´¤?
(ûª†’†o ÆœnA™ ؈’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’†’ (b), (c), (d) ©™ èπÿú≈: ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπÿ, §ƒûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
Pratima: ÅüËç question? †’´¤y Ø√éπçõ‰ §Òúø’-í∫’-
b) He is younger than
ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC) ´Ææ’h´¤©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç.
she (is) 1) a) Janaki is older than Lalitha éπü∆!
Rupa: Why so? M. SURESAN (Lalitha Pratibha: ÅEûª àüÓ Slimming machine
Hema: A government officer's position is cer- c) They aren't cleverer éπØ√o ñ«†éÀ °ü¿lC)
tainly superior to that of a home maker, than we (are) b) Rama Rao is the oldest man in the village. é̆o-ô’xçC îª÷¨»¢√?
Pratima: îª÷¨»†’. é¬F Åü¿çûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. Ææ’Fûª
isn't it? d) He is older than she (is)- É™« ´≤ƒh®·. (Ç ví¬´’ç™ ®√´÷-®√´¤ Åçü¿-J™ °ü¿l)
position govern-
ü¿í∫_®Ω’†o machine ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-ÈíjçC.
(´÷´‚©’ í∫%£œ«ùÀ éπØ√o ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ brackets verbs (a)- am,
™ ÖçúË Â°j È®çúø’ ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’ í∫’Jç*)
Pratibha: †’´‹y Ææ’Fûª î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«ûªçí¬
ment officer position íÌ°æpC éπü∆.) (b)- is, (c)- are, (d)- is omit
†’ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. c) This house is older than yours =
Öçö«®Ω’. O’®Ω’ classmates ņ’-èπ◊çö«.
Rupa: But I prefer being a home maker to Å®·ûË spoken English ™ É™«çöÀ sentences F ÉçöÀ éπØ√o Ñ É©’x §ƒûªC Pratima: é¬ü¿’. ؈’ ü∆E-éπØ√o äéπ class áèπ◊\´.
being a job holder. A home maker is in ™ comparative ™ than ûª®√yûª me, us, him, d) This is the oldest building in the town -
no way inferior to an officer.
´ßª’-Ææ’q™ èπÿú≈ äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °ü¿l
her, them ¢√úøôç É°æ¤púø’ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-§Ú- Ñ Ü®ÓxE buildings ÅEoç-öÀ™ ÉC §ƒûªC. ؈’.
(é¬E Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç ÖüÓu-Tí¬ Öçúøôç éπçõ‰ ®·çC. ÉC °ü¿l ûª°æ¤pí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. (c), (d) ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ í∫’Jç* Pratibha: Å™«í¬. Å®·ûË Ñ Ü®Ω’ Féπçõ‰ ûª†èπ◊
í∫%£œ«-ùÀí¬ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’ É≠ædç. í∫%£œ«ùÀ officer ´·êuçí¬, comparative ™ than ûª®√yûª both, 2. Old èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Comparative, Elder; ÉçéÓ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ´’J.
éπØ√o àç ûªèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’.) all ™«çöÀN ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, we, they ©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Superlative eldest. OöÀ Å®Ωnç ´ßª’-Ææ’™ °ü¿l Pratima: ؈’ ®√éπ-´·çüË ûªE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*açC.
Hema: Let's not talk of superior and inferior any us, them áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ö«®·. ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ ´÷ô-©†÷, ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊ ANSWER
more. Everyone is great in their own way. a) He is cleverer than all of us/ all of them. (Å°æ¤-úø-°æ¤úø’ ïçûª’-´¤-©èπ◊) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. ÅC Pratibha: Who is the taller of you two? You or
(áèπ◊\´ ûªèπ◊\-´© í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúøôç b) He is cleverer than both of us/ both of them.
èπÿú≈ äéπ èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçC† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Anitha?
ÇÊ°ü∆lç. á´J íÌ°æp ¢√∞¡xüË.) they, we
¢√úøû√ç.
É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-ü¿’-í∫ü∆? Pratima: Actually she is taller than me (I), but
Rupa: Ramu is coming this evening. a) Sri Rama was the eldest of the sons of
Positive degree as I, we, he, because she is fatter than me, I look
™ èπÿú≈ ûª®√yûª, Dasaratha. ü¿¨¡-®Ω-ü∑¿’E éÌúø’èπ◊™x X ®√´·-úøç-ü¿-J™
(®√´· Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.) she, they me, us, him, her, them- taller than her (she).
•ü¿’©’ É¢Ë Â°ü¿l –Same family ÅØËC îª÷úøçúÕ.
Hema: Who? Your brother? Pratibha: Who is the taller of us two?
áèπ◊\´ NE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. OöÀE á´®Ω÷ ûª°æ¤pí¬ b) Dharmaraja was the eldest of the Pandavas.
Rupa: Yes. He returned from the states a few °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. Pratima: What question is that? You certainly
days ago. He is coming to stay with me
§ƒçúø-´¤-©ç-ü¿J™ üµ¿®Ωt-®√V °ü¿l are taller than me (I)
a) He is as tall as I am/ Elder ¢√úøéπç: Important: Elder ûª®√yûª than
for a few days. Pratibha: Anita seems to have bought a slim-
He is as tall as me (both are correct) é¬F, to é¬F ¢√úøç. Comparative Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ
(States †’ç* È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV© éÀçü¿ô ming machine. Have you seen it?
b) She is as old as he/ éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úøû√ç.
AJ-íÌ-î√aúø’. È®çvúÓ-V©’ Ø√ûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ Pratima: Yes, I have. But it isn't that good.
She is as old as him. (both are correct) a) X®√-´·úø’ ©éπ~ t-ù’úÕ éπØ√o °ü¿l –
´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.) Sunita's machine is superior to it.
Hema: I've often wondered is he older or c) They are as clever as we/ they are as clever Sri Rama was Lakshmana's elder.
Pratibha: You and Sunitha are close. Were you
younger than you? as us. (Elder than/ to Lakshmana é¬ü¿’) classmates at College.
(Ééπ\úø ´÷vûªç as clever as us éÌçûª Å®Ω’üË) b) My uncle is my mother's elder -
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æߪ’ç– ®√´· Féπçõ‰ *Ø√o, Pratima: No. I was senior to her by a year. I
°ü∆l?) Å®·ûË éÌEo éÌEo îÓôx than I/ we/ he/ she/ ´÷ ´÷´’ ´÷ Å´’t éπçõ‰ °ü¿l. am senior to her in age too by a year.
Rupa: He is my elder. Doesn't he look so? they èπ◊, than me/ us/ him/ her/ them èπÿ c) My brother is my elder by two years Pratibha: She knows this place better than you.
brother
Pratima: She came here prior to my coming
(Åûª†’ Ø√éπØ√o °ü¿l/ ´÷ ņo. Å™« Å®√n©’ ûËú≈í¬ Öçö«®·. Å°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd ´÷ (ņo) Ø√ éπØ√o È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °ü¿l.
éπE-°œç-îªú≈?) àC ¢√ú≈™ ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√L. ÉD elder ¢√úË Nüµ¿ç. here.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 28 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Sekhar: You are up so early. What's the mat-
Clause Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– a group of words
ter?
with a verb. (verb Ö†o ´÷ô© Ææ´‚£æ«ç).
(àçôçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰î√¢˛?) DEo í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç î√™« ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
(be up = ¢Ë’™\-´ôç/ ™‰´ôç) èπ◊Ø√oç. É°æ¤púø’ verb ™‰E group of words
Venkat: Yes, I am. Infact I got up earlier than í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
you by half an hour. A group of words without a verb is a
(Å´¤†’, ™‰î√†’. Féπçõ‰ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ PHRASE.
™‰î√-E-¢√∞¡) Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq†
Sekhar: But, why? (áçü¿’èπ◊?) N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: Ñ éÀçCN verbs 鬴¤.
Venkat: Our lecturer is holding a special class i) Infinitive (to + 1st RDW - to go, to come, to
today. He insisted that everyone of us There are some other expressions in the
sing, to walk, etc) ÉC î√™« simple and useful expression.
turned up for the class. conversation between Sekhar and Venkat.
ii) '-ing form' (walking, singing, going, coming, be with some one = äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp-†-ü∆-EûÓ
(É¢√∞¡ ´÷ lecturer special class They are not phrasal verbs, but useful
etc.) (- ing form ´·çü¿’ 'be' form be
Öçõ‰, àéöµºNç-îªôç/ äéπJo Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç. (äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC
expressions. Learn them as well.
°úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. v°æA äéπ\®Ω÷ ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√-©E form + ing form éπLÆœ verb am
Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç èπÿú≈)
í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒpúø’.) coming, was going, will be dancing, etc.) a) I am with the government in ending child 1) Insist = °æô’d-•-ôdúøç – Know how to use it.
Insist = ÉEqÆˇd – 'Eq— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = iii) past participle (done, sung, seen, etc.) ÉN- marriages = ¶«©u N¢√-£æ…-©-†’ ÅJéπõ‰d Insist ûª®√yûª on ´ÊÆh, ü∆E ûª®√yûª noun é¬F
°æô’d-•-ôdúøç/ ã N≠æߪ’ç™ í∫öÀdí¬ Öçúøôç èπÿú≈ verbs 鬴¤. Å®·ûË be form + past par- N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo Ææ´’-Jn-≤ƒh†’. '...ing' form é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.
Sekhar: I don't know about you. But I am fedup ticiple combination, verb (passive voice) Å´¤- b) He is totally with his friend on that issue = a) The teacher insists on silence in the class
with these extra classes. have/ has/ had/ will have/ shall
ûª’çC. Å™«Íí Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Åûª†’ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÅûªE é¬xÆæ’™ E¨¡z•lç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ teacher °æô’d-ü¿©í¬
have + past participle verb
èπÿú≈ Å´¤-ûª’çC.
(F Ææçí∫A Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿’-í¬F, Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úÕûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-N-≤ƒhúø’. ÖØ√oúø’. (Insist + on + silence (n)
´÷vûªç Ñ extra classes Åçõ‰ NÆæ’í∫’ English ™ î√™« phrasal verbs, verbs ûª®√yûª c) He is with her upto the point of marrying b) I insist on starting immediately
°æ¤úø’ûÓçC.) prepositions îË®Ωaôç ´©x à®Ωp-úø-û√®·: sit on a her, but not without his parents consent
chair, get into a bus; put on shirt, put off an
be fed up = NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-îªôç
¢ÁçôØË •ßª’-©’-üË-®√-©ØËüË Ø√ °æô’d-ü¿©
Ç¢Á’†’ °Rx-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç-´-®Ωèπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’- (Insist + on + starting (ing form)
Venkat: Why so? event, etc. Ø√oúø’ é¬E, ÅûªE ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© Ææ´’tA ™‰èπ◊çú≈
Sekhar: They rob us of our leisure. ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. Insist ¢√úø-ôç™ °j È®çúø÷ (Nouns/ ...ing)
6) Why don't these lecturers leave us alone? form é¬éπ-§ÚûË, that clause ¢√úÌa.
(ÅN ´’†èπ◊ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ îË≤ƒh®·.)
Venkat: I am not with you there. They are use- Leave alone ÅØËC English conversation ™ c) The teacher insists that the students

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 177
ful. I like them. ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË ´÷ô. Å®Ωnç = ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç, remain silent. Students silent í¬ Öçú≈-©E
(؈’ Ç N≠æߪ’ç ÅçU-éπ-Jç-’. ÅN î√™« disturb îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç, á´J ´÷Ø√† ¢√∞¡x†’ Çߪ’† °æô’d-ü¿©. (... that the students remain
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Ø√éÀ≠dçæ .) ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç ÅE. silent - that clause éπü∆?)
Sekhar: Not me, any way. Why don't these lec-
turers leave us alone?
(àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ´’†
´÷Ø√† ´’†Lo äü¿-™Ô-aí¬.)
Venkat: Who is forcing you? I find our lecturer's
classes interesting. Infact everyone
I am not with you there
does. They feel the classes worth
a) Please leave me
attending. É™«çöÀ phrasal verbs
È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’: d) He insists that we follow his orders.
alone. I am study-
(EØÁo-´®Ω’ •©-´ç-ûª-°-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’? ´÷ lec- 1) Phrasal verbs ™ Ö†o verb, ü∆E ûª®√y-ûª ing. = †ØÌo-C-™„ß˝’. He insists on our following his orders. ÅûªE
turer classes Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ preposition ´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËN. (sit on a chair, Çïc©’ ´’†ç §ƒöÀç-î√-©E °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
؈’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
Öçö«®·. Ø√Íé-é¬ü¿’, ´÷ é¬xÆˇ™ Åçü¿-Jéà jump over the wall etc.) (Don't disturb me.) (He insists + that clause = He insists on +
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) 2) verb + preposition ´©x à®Ωp-úÕ† phrasal verb b) Leave movies ing form í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)
Sekhar: When you attend special classes like Å®√n-EéÃ, Åçü¿’™E verb, preposition Å®√n-Eéà 2) As though/ as if =
alone. Get going
this, you are left with little time to study. áéπ\ú≈ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËN. with your studies M. SURESAN DE Å®Ωnç, Å®·-†ô’x, é¬F é¬ü¿’.
(É™« †’´¤y special classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡⁄hçõ‰ eg: He put off his trip. ÆœE´÷© N≠æߪ’ç You talk as if you didn't waste time at all =
Fèπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ time N’í∫-©ü¿’) (-Å-ûª-úø’ ûª† v°æߪ÷-ù«Eo ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.) ´C-™‰ß˝’ (á°æ¤púø÷ ÅüËØ√?) îªü¿’´¤ Ææçí∫A †’¢ËyüÓ ÅÆæ©’ time waste îËߪ’-†õ‰x ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-
Venkat: You talk as though you didn't waste Ééπ\úÕ phrasal verb - put off. îª÷úøçúÕ. put Å®√n- îª÷Ææ’éÓ. ¢ËçöÀ? (†’´¤y time waste îË≤ƒh´¤)
time at all. EéÃ, off Å®√n-EéÃ, ¢√öÀE éπL°œ put off ÅE ¢√úÕ-†- c) Leave alone which party is good.
(†’¢Ëy-üÓ time waste îËߪ’-†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úø- Ééπ\úø 'as if' clause ™verb í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. – did
°æ¤púø’ ü∆E Å®√n-EéÀ (¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’ôç) áéπ\ú≈ Let's talk of something else - à §ƒKd waste (didn't waste) - past tense éπü∆. ÅD
û√-¢ËçöÀ?) Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. É™«çöÀ phrasal verbs Å®√n-©’ ´’ç*-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç ´C-™„ß˝’. ÉçÍé N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√
practice important. ÉC-°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫-ôç-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, past
Sekhar: Don't talk as if you were a sincere stu- ´©x, Åçõ‰ ¶µ«≠æûÓ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç. tense ´Ææ’hçC. singular subject ûÓ èπÿú≈ were
dent. °ç-éÓ-´ôç ´©xØË ûÁ©’-≤ƒh®·. ÅN ´’†ç 7) be left with/ leave with: N’í∫-©ôç (time,
spoken English ™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ¶µ«≠æ î√™« ´Ææ’hçC.
(†’¢ËyüÓ •’Cl¥í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ØË Nü∆u-Jn™« money, food, etc. ™«çöÀN)
Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. ¢√öÀ™ éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. a) He feels as if I were responsible for his
´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊.) a) There is a little milk left in the glass = glass
Now look at the following expressions troubles - ÅûªE éπ≥ƒd-©èπ◊ ØËØËüÓ é¬®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-†ô’x
Venkat: Far from that. All I wish to say is we ™ é¬Ææh §ƒ©’ N’T-™«®·.
from the conversation at the beginning of (é¬F é¬ü¿’) ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.
lose nothing if we attend extra classes. b) His work at office leaves him (with) little
the lesson. b) He behaves as though he could not get on
(Å™« ÅE ØËØËç ņ-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ time for his family
1) I got up earlier than you without servants
îÁÊ°p-ü¿™«x extra classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç ´©x ÅûªE office °æE èπ◊ô’ç-•çûÓ í∫úø-°æ-ö«-EéÀ é¬Ææh
2) You are up so early servants
´’†ç §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÌ-ØË-üËç-™‰-ü¿E.) time èπÿú≈ N’í∫-©aü¿’. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË •ûª-éπ-™‰-†-†oô’x v°æ´-Jh-≤ƒhúø’.
3) I am fed up with these extra classes
Sekhar: OK. OK. Have a good time in your c) Hurry up. We are left with just an hour to c) She talks as though she were born rich =
4) They rob us of our leisure finish this whole work =
class. Do by all means attend all class- ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬F. ¢Á·ûªhç- °æ¤ôd-úø¢Ë’ üµ¿E-èπ◊-®√-Lí¬ °æ¤öÀd-†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC.
5) I am not with you
es and get good marks. I shall be °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 3) Far from it: ÉC èπÿú≈ î√™« common expres-
happy. 6) Why don't these lecturers leave us alone? N’T-LçC. sion. DE Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ îÁÊ°pC correct é¬ü¿E.
7) You are left with little time d) That leaves you with the only option of
(ÆæÍ®. ÆæÍ®. ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ¢ÁR}®√ class èπ◊. Pranav: Is he a good player?
ÅEo classes èπÿ îªéπ\í¬ ¢ÁRx ´’ç* 8) I am off going = ¢Á∞Ï} äÍé E®Ωg-ߪ’¢Ë’ Fèπ◊ N’T-LçC.
(
-Å-ûªúø’ ´’ç* -Ç-ôí¬-ú≈?)
´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁaéÓ. ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ≤ƒh.) The word groups underlined are all 8) I am off = ؈’ ¢ÁR}§Ú-ûª’Ø√o.
phrasal verbs: Prabhat: Far from it.
Phrase= to be off.
(é¬ØË é¬ü¿’)
Venkat: Don't be cross with me, buddy, I just
1) I got up earlier than you = (Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°æ¤h-†oC, é¬ØË é¬ü¿’ ņ-ö«-EéÀ far
like to attend the class, and you don't. Féπçõ‰ ؈’ ´·çü¿’ ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡xôç éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i†°æ¤púø’, Éçéπ ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’-†o-
get up °æ¤púø’ Åçô’çö«ç. I am off. ؈’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢ÁRx-§Ú- from it Åçö«ç.
That's all. ™‰î√†’. î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç ÅØË
Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. get up ¢Ë’™\-´ôç -Å-ØË 'Is Vijayawada a cool place?
(éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊ N’vûª´÷; Ø√Íé¢Á÷ class èπ◊ wake up
ߪ÷†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
¢Á∞¡xôç É≠ædç, FéÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË.) Å®ΩnçûÓ, éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. É´Fo conversation ™ daily life ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ (Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø xöÀ v°æüË-¨¡´÷?)
When do you wake up everyday éπçõ‰, When NE-°œçîË expressions. ÉN ¶«í¬ practice îËÆœ far from it. (é¬ØË é¬ü¿’)
(buddy = friend)
do you get up everyday áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. O©-®·-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úøçúÕ. ÉN î√™« simple Ñ expressions ¶«í¬ practice îËÆœ O’ con-
Sekhar: OK.
5) I am not with you there = expressions. éπ≠dç æ é¬èπÿ-úøü¿’. It shouldn't be versation ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. î√™« simple í¬
Venkat: I am off (ØË ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o), Bye. difficult.
Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ FûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-’. effective í¬ Öçô’çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 30 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Navya: I'm afraid I can't stay here any longer. Now look at the following phrasal verbs in
(ØËEçéπ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-™‰-†-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.) the conversation between Divya and Navya.
Divya: Why? What happened? 1) The food here doesn't agree with me.
(áçü¿’èπ◊? à¢Á’içC?) 2) I threw up all the food I had eaten.
Navya: The food here doesn't agree with me. 3) So you want to pack up.
(Ééπ\úÕ Ç£æ…®Ωç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJ-°æ-úøôç ™‰ü¿’) 4) I can't get on any more.
Divya: Anything again? 5) Does it mean you want to give up your job?
(´’S} à´’Ø√o Å®·uçü∆?) 6) You can't be so silly as to throw a good job up ...
Navya: Yea. Last night as I reached our rooms, 7) There's no use keep on telling me.
I threw up all the food I had eaten. The 8) If only you went through what I have been
Prakash: (I'm) getting on well. No prob- a) Pratap: I had a lot of difficulty getting the
food in the restaurant upset me. through.
lem. (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC, Ææ´’-Ææu™‰ç ™‰´¤/ MRO's certificate.
(Å´¤†’. E†o-®√vA ´’† room èπ◊ AJT ®√í¬ØË, 9) You have made up your mind.
ÖüÓuí∫ç ¶«í¬ØË îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’Ø√o.) (MRO ü¿í∫_®Ω certificate ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç
Ç restaurant ™ A†oü¿çû√ ¢√çûª-®·-§Ú- °j† underline îËÆœ† ´Fo phrasal verbs. Let's b) Sudheer: How are you, Sumant? Long Ø√èπ◊ î√™« éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC.)
®·çC. Åéπ\úÕ AçúÕ Ø√èπ◊ éπúø’°æ¤ AÊ°p-ÆœçC) now know their meanings and uses.
time since we met. Pramod: I have been through all that/ I
Divya: So you want to pack up 1) The food here doesn't agree with me.
(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E î√™« have gone through all that =
(鬕öÀd ¢ÁR}-§Ú-û√-†ç-ö«¢√?) The phrasal verb here is agree with. we
؈-´Fo ņ’-¶µº-Nç-î√†’.
Navya: Yes. I can't get on any more with this know the usual meaning of 'agree with'.
®ÓV-©-®·çC)
Sumant: Just getting on I know how difficult it is =
kind of food. I am afraid of permanent D†®Ωnç, äéπJûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªôç/ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îªôç.
damage to my health. (The father doesn't agree with his son on the (àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC.) ÅC áçûª éπ≠d¢æ Á÷ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.
b) He is going through a difficult period in his
(Å´¤†’. É™«çöÀ food ûÓ Øˆ’ í∫úø-°æôç type of house they want to buy - ᙫçöÀ É©’x c) Stop talking and get on with the work.
life =
éπ≠dçæ . Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬ üÁ•s-Aç-ô’ç- éÌØ√©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ àé¬-Gµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿’) ´÷ô-™«°œ °æE é̆≤ƒ-Tç-îªçúÕ.
Å®·ûË, Ééπ\úÕ expression: The food doesn't Åûª†’ î√™« éπ≠dæ Æ洒ߪ’ç ņ’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.
üË-¢Á÷-†E ¶µºßª’çí¬ ÖçC.) 5) Does it mean you want to give up your job.
agree with me - Ééπ\úø agree with èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 'ÆæJ- c) I don't want my son to go through the diffi-
Phrasal verb - give up = ´÷ØË-ߪ’ôç, cult I have gone through =
°æ-úøôç ™‰ü¿’— (does not suit) ÅE. ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç, ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´ôç, ÇÊ°-ߪ’ôç.
a) The climate here doesn't agree with me - ؈-†’-¶µº-Nç-*† éπ≥ƒd©’ ´÷ Ŷ«s®· ņ’-¶µº-Nç-
a) She wants to give up her job and start
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 178
Ééπ\úÕ ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç Ø√èπ◊ °æúø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. îªôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’.
business = Å®·ûË go through Åçõ‰ îªü¿-´ôç ÅE èπÿú≈
b) Hot stuff doesn't agree with her
ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰Æœ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ÷-©-†’-éÌç-öçC. ÖçC.
a) Did you go through the paper today?

The food here doesn't agree with me

É¢√Rd paper îªC-¢√¢√?
b) The CM has to go through the committee's
report.
éπN’-öà report CM Éçé¬ îªü¿-¢√Lq ÖçC.
9) You have made up your mind.

Divya: Does it mean you want to give up your b) He hasn't given up smoking in spite of his †’´¤y E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. Ééπ\úø verb - make
áèπ◊\´ 鬮Ω°æ¤ ´Ææ’h- doctor's advice = up ones mind - E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´ôç
job, just because the food here is not to ´¤©’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ °æúø´¤.
Doctor ´ü¿l-†o-°æp-öÀéà Åûª†’ smoking ´÷†-™‰ü¿’. a) Please make up your mind whether to go
your liking? Come now, Navya, you
can't be so silly as to throw a good job
°j expressions ÅEoç- or not = ¢Á∞«}™ ´üÓl E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓçúÕ.
öÀ™ not agree with c) He gave up his rights to the property =
up as yours and go away. ÇÆœh°j ûª† £æ«èπ◊\©’ ´ü¿’-©’-éÌ-Ø√oúø’. b) I have made up my mind to buy that car =
®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. car
Ç éÌØËç-ü¿’Íé E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.
(Ééπ\úÕ AçúÕ ÆæJ-°æ-úø-†çûª ´÷vû√† ´’ç* °æúøü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË ÉN d) He gave up his attempts =
ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰Æœ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-û√-†ç-ö«¢√? Fèπ◊†o áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. v°æߪ’-û√o©’ ÇÊ°-¨»úø’. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ É*a† phrasal verbs, Ñ les-
son ™ É*a† phrasal verbs, spoken English
Åçûª-´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰Æœ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ßË’çûª 2) I threw up all the M. SURESAN 6) You want to throw a good job up – Ééπ\úø ™ î√™« common í¬ NE-°œç-îË¢Ë. OöÀE ¶«í¬
ûÁL-N-ûª-èπ◊\´ °æ-E-îË-ߪ’èπ◊) food I had eaten = phrasal verb - throw a job up = job ´ü¿’-©’- practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Åçü¿’-´©x *†o-*†o sen-
Navya: There's no use your keeping as telling éÓ-´ôç. (Éçü∆éπ throw up Åçõ‰ ¢√çA îËÆæ’-
A†o-ü¿çû√ ¢√çA îËÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o. tences ûÓ O’ conversation Åçü¿çí¬, Å®Ωn-
me to adjust with the food here. I've had
enough of it. I have to go.
Ééπ\úÕ phrasal verb: throw up = ¢√çA îËÆæ’-éÓ- éÓ-´ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ÖüÓuí∫ç/ ´ç-ûªçí¬ Öçô’çC.
´ôç = vomit. Å®·ûË vomit éπØ√o throw up Å´-鬨¡ç ™«çöÀN ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´ôç èπÿú≈ throw up.) EXERCISE
(Ééπ\úÕ AçúÕûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊§Ú ÅE †’´¤y ´÷öÀ- ÅØËC better, vomit é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç. throw up a) Who will throw up such a good job? =
´÷-öÀéà ņôç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ Practise the following aloud in English.
î√©’. ØË¢Á-Rx-§Ú-¢√-LqçüË) ÅØËC ¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç. Spoken English ™ throw Åçûª ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç á´®Ω’ ´÷†’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?/ Mahesh:
؈’ wash basin ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞Ï}-Ææ-JéÀ, §ƒ°æç
up ÅØËüË ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. ´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?
Divya: I still don't understand why you wish to leave. b) He threw up a good job and a good family
Åûª†’ ¢√çA îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.
a) She was sick after eating the cake. she
Naresh: á´®Ω’?
(†’´¤y ¢ÁR}-§Ú-¢√-©E áçü¿’éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢Ó threw up = cake A†-í¬ØË Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¢Áí∫ô’ and took to drinking. =
Éçé¬ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’) °æ¤öÀdçC. ¢ÁçôØË ¢√çA îËÆæ’-èπ◊çC. ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç, Ææç≤ƒ®Ωç ÅFo ´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊E Mahesh: AçúÕ ÉçÈé-´®Ω’, Ramesh. E†oöÀ †’ç* Ø√éÃ
-°æ-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’ ÅE complain îËÆæ÷hØË
Navya: If only you went through, what I have (sick = 'ï•’s— ÅE ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. Sick Åçõ‰ û√í∫’úø’ ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’.
been through, you wouldn't be here for ¢Áí∫ô’/ ¢√çA éπLÍí feeling ÅE èπÿú≈ î√™« 7) There's no use keeping on telling me to
ÖØ√o- úø’-í∫ü∆?
a minute, job or no job. Naresh: ´’†ç ¶«í¬ØË Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆?
ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç) adjust with the food =
(Ø√ ņ’-¶µº-´¢Ë’ Fèπ◊çõ‰ †’¢Ìy-éπ\-éπ~ùç èπÿú≈ b) The child is throwing up the milk= üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’†o AçúÕûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ò-´’tE îÁ•’ûª÷ Mahesh: ´©x
Åûª†’ áèπ◊\´ coffee û√í∫’-û√úø’. Åçü¿’-
éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ AØ√o ¢Áí∫-ô-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
Ééπ\úø Öçúø´¤) §ƒ©†’ éπÍé\-≤ÚhçC. Öçúøôç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’.
Divya: So you have made up your mind to Naresh: ÅüËçö Ç é¬°∂‘ Å™« û√í∫’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«úø’.
3) So you want to pack up = Ééπ\úÕ phrasal Keep on doing something =
leave. ÅC ÇÊ°-ü∆é¬, ÅûªE °æJ-Æœn-AçûË.
verb, to pack up. D†®Ωnç v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ/ ¢ÁR}§Ú´- äéπ °æE-E ÅüË-°æ-Eí¬ îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç.
(Å®·ûË ¢Á∞¡}-ú≈EÍé E¨¡a-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o-´-†o- ANSWER
ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç. (°õ‰d ¶‰ú≈ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç) a) He keeps on smoking though his health is bad =
´÷ô) Mahesh: When I went to the wash basin the
a) He has packed up = Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í¬-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, smoke îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«úø’.
Navya: That's it. (ÅçûË) poor fellow (§ƒ°æç Åûª†’ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ)
¢ÁR}-§Ú-ßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. b) Though the teacher punished him, he was throwing up.
Divya: You can cook for yourself and avoid eat-
b) When are you packing up? = keeps on talking =
ing out. Naresh: Who?
†’´¤y á°æ¤p-úÁ-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤? Teacher ¢√úÕE PéÀ~ç-*Ø√, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØË Mahesh: Who else? Ramesh. He has been
(†’´¤y ´çúø’-éÓ-´-a-éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ •ßª’ô c) We are waiting for him to pack up =
A†ôç ´÷ØË-ßÁ·îª’a) Öçö«úø’. complaining since yesterday that this
Navya: That's impossible for me. (Ø√ ´©x é¬ü¿’)
Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«hú≈ ÅE îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç. Å®·ûË present day English ™ keep ûª®√yûª food doesn't agree with him.
4) I can't get on any more = on Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. He keeps on talking Naresh: But we are able to get on with the
Divya: Ok
phrasal verb- to get on = ≤ƒT-§Ú-´ôç/ é̆-≤ƒ- (= He continues to talk) = He keeps talking. food.
´’†ç phrasal verbs í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç c) Don't keep asking me silly questions =
éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆ Ñ í∫ôç/ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç/ ïJ-T-§Ú-´ôç – É™«çöÀ Å®√n- Mahesh: He takes too much of coffee. That's
Phrasal verbs Å®Ωnç, ¢√úøéπç practice ´™«x, îªü¿-
©ûÓ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd 'get on' ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. °œ*a °œ*a v°æ¨¡o©’ Åúø’-í∫’ûª÷ Öçúøèπ◊ why even if he eats a little too much,
I can't get on any more = 8) If only you went through, what I have he feels sick.
´ôç ´™«x ´Ææ’hçC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* dic-
tionary ™ àüÁjØ√ ´÷ôèπ◊/ ´·êuçí¬ verb èπ◊ Éçéπ É™« é̆-≤ƒ-í∫-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. been through. D†®Ωnç, ؈-†’-¶µº-Nç-*† éπ≥ƒd©’, Naresh: He keeps as drinking coffee. Until he
Å®Ωnç îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E-éÀçü¿ Ç verb, ü∆E ûª®√yûª a) Pranav: How is your new job? phrasal verbs, 1) to
†’´y-†’-¶µº-NÊÆh ÅE. Ééπ\úø, gives it up, his condition will be like
´îËa preposition èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. (F éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ᙫ ÖçC?) go through, 2) to be through. this.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes 4) The time I told our friends to come at is 5.30
from is closed. What shall we do now. ؈’ ´’† friends †’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30
(´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ cakes éÌØË bakery 5) The time we are left with is rather short
´‚Æœ ÖçC. àç îËü∆lç?) (´’†èπ◊ N’T-L† time î√™« ûªèπ◊\´)
Likhita: I'm afraid. We have to make do with 6) Two of the guests we have invited have
the cakes we have at home. called...
(´’†ç Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË) ´’†ç °œL-*† guests ™ Éü¿l®Ω’ phone î˨»®Ω’.
Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends 7) ... The two girls you like so much.
we are going to have for the party? (†’¢ÁyçûÓ É≠æd-°æúË -É-ü¿l®Ω-´÷t®·-©’)
(é¬F party éÌîËa friends îª÷úøçúÕ, °j sentences ÅEoçöÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
Åçü¿-Jéà ÅN c) Ñ Channel ™ØË ØËØ√ programme É™« O™„j-†Eo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úË-
îª÷ÆœçC=
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷?) ¶µ«í∫ç/ clause (English ™ *´J clause) Å®Ωnç This is the channel on which I saw the pro- ô-°æ¤púø’, whom ¢√úøéπç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.
Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ á´-JE ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ 'who'
ᙫ ´Ææ’hçüÓ: gramme. (old fashioned). On which ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈-–
of the street is open. 1) ´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery = (´’†ç à bakery This is the channel I watched the pro- 'that' ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ drop
(OCµéÀ Ñ *´®Ω Ö†o bakery ûÁJ* ™ cakes éÌçö«¢Á÷ ÅC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) = gramme on. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-îª-ü¿í∫_ N≠æߪ’ç, îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
ÖçüË¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç) The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery preposition 'on' ´C-™‰-ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Whom •ü¿’©’ who , that èπÿ-ú≈ ¢√úøôç
Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is from which we buy cakes ÅE ÅÆæ©’ clause - d) Ñ room ™ØË Åûªúø’ £æ«ûªuèπ◊ í∫’È®jçC. = ™‰C-°æ¤púø’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’. ÉN
5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are é¬F modern English spoken form ™ É™« This is the room in which he was murdered ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË, we can join two/ more sentences
left with is rather short. Let's hurry. ņúøç ™‰ü¿’.) É™«çöÀ îÓôx from which ™«çöÀ (in which- old fashioned) into one ÅE °j examples ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
(´’† friends †’ ؈’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30 expressions ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.) Modern: This is the room he was murdered a) v°æA ¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úø-ûª†’=
É°æp-öÀÍé 4.30 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†èπ◊ 2) ´’† Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ = in. ('In' sentence *´®Ω ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) He is the leader every one admires.
N’T-L† time áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ °æü¿) With the cakes we have at home e) †’´¤y °æ∞¡Ÿx éÓÆœ† éπAh °æü¿’-ØÁjçC= (Who everyone admires é¬ü¿’).
Likhita: Two of the guests we've invited have (modern for with the cakes which we have at The knife with which b) v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x îª÷úø-ü¿í∫_ *vûª-´’C=
called to tell me they aren't coming. home - which present day English you cut the fruits is
™ ¢√úøôç That is a movie every one must see.
(´’†ç °œL-*† ¢√∞¡x™ Éü¿l®Ω’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E ™‰ü¿’/ NE-°œç-îªü¿’) sharp. (with which - (Which every one must see é¬ü¿’)
Phone î˨»®Ω’.) 3) ... The friends we are going to have = old fashioned)
c) Åûªúø’ v°æߪ÷-ùÀçîË car î√™« êK-üÁjçC=
Rajita: Who are they? (¢√∞Îx-´®Ω’) friends (modern for Modern: The knife you
´’†èπ◊ ®√¶-ûª’†o Åçü¿-Jéà The car he travels by is expensive.
Likhita: Hasya and Lasya, the two girls you like 'the friends who/ that (whom = we •ü¿’©’) cut the fruits with is
(The car by which he travels,- old fashioned)
so much. One is down with a fever and are going to have - Spoken English
É°æpöÀ sharp. ('with' fruits
the other doesn't like to come alone.
Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø 'by' ÅØË preposition ´ü¿-©-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
™ who/ that drop whom
îËߪ’ôç °æJ-§ƒöÀ. ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-
(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æúË Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’ £æ…Ææu, îªçúÕ). M. SURESAN Åçü¿’-éπØË, the car he travels by ÅE by ¢√úøû√ç.
ÅÆæ©’ NE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’)
™«Ææu. äéπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ ïy®Ωç, ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ äçô-
Jí¬ ®√´ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’)
Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more
cake do we need?
(ÅC E®√-¨»-éπ®Ωç. ´’†-éÀç-Èéçûª
鬢√L?)
cake
This is the pen I like a lot
Likhita: (It) depends on the number of guests
EXERCISE ANSWER
we expect. My estimate is atleast 40.
That means we need at least a Kg Practise the following aloud in English Praneeth: The fish I ate yesterday wasn't
more.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 164 Praneeth: E†o ؈’ A†o fish Åçûª ®Ω’*í¬ ™‰ü¿’.
Vineeth: áéπ\úø AØ√o´¤.
tasty.
Vineeth: Where did you eat?
(ÅC ´’†ç ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-éÌØË Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’©
Praneeth: †’´¤y ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢Á∞Ïx, †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ Praneeth: The restaurant you frequently go
4) ؈’ ´’†
Ææçêu†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. Ø√ ÅçîªØ√ éπFÆæç
40, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ éÀ™ 鬢√L) friends time =
†’ ®Ω´’t†o ´÷ö«xúË restaurant ™. to, and talk so much about.
The time I told our friends to come at (the time Vineeth: Åéπ\úø complain îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íéç Vineeth: I haven't found anything to com-
Rajita: Ah... here we are. Thank god. This bak-
at which I told them to come - at which ™«çöÀ plain about there.
ery is open. éπEpç-îª-™‰üË?
expressions old fashioned - 鬕öÀd Å™« ņç.
(Ç... Å´’tߪ÷u. Ñ bakery ûÁJîË ÖçC.) Praneeth: ؈’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»†’. E†o ؈’ Praneeth: I made a mistake. I should have
The time I told our friends to come at ÅØË
Thank god = •AéÀ-§Úߪ÷ç = üË´¤-úÕéÀ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’ E†’oèπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xLqçC. Å°æ¤úø’ taken you there yesterday. You
Åçö«ç.)
would then have known the quality
Likhita: They aren't good at making cakes 5) Two of the guests we have invited have †’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-úË-¢√-úÕN ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´úÕfçîË
called = of food they serve.
here. cakes
(Ééπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæJí¬_ îËߪ’®Ω’) ǣ慮Ωç íÌ°æp.
guests phone Vineeth: Ñ®ÓV BÂÆ\∞¡Ÿx. îª÷ü∆lç. Vineeth: Take me today and let's see.
Rajita: We have to buy here for now. No help- ´’†ç °œL-*† ™ Éü¿l®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’.
ing it. (Ééπ\úø É¢√-RdéÀ éÌØ√LqçüË. ûª°æpü¿’) (Two of the guests who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) Praneeth: É¢√∞¡ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s î√©ü¿’. Praneeth: The money I have today isn't
we invited have called - who/ that old Ééπ\úø enough. Whose money do you
í∫ûª éÌEo lessons í¬ who (whom •ü¿’-©’í¬) fashioned -
Å®·Ø√ á´J úø•’s-†’¢√úÕ †’´¤y ®Ω’V´¤
É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’) wish to use to prove your point.
which ûÓ short sentence éπ©-°æôç practice
7) ... †’´¤y Åçûª É≠æd-°æúË Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’
îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤.
Vineeth: †’¢Ëy-í∫ü∆ complain îËÆ œçC. Vineeth: It's you who complained.
= The two girls you like so much (The two
îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆.
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x who (whom Praneeth: Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Ç restaurant èπ◊ Praneeth: I'd rather stop going to the restau-
girls who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) you like so
•ü¿’©’) & which ûÓ sentences join îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ rant.
much- old fashioned. Who/ that É°æ¤úø’ drop ¢Á∞¡xôç ´÷ØË-≤ƒh†’.
who (whom) and which E ´C-™‰Æ œ èπÿú≈ join îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)
îÁßÁ·-uîªaE îª÷¨»ç– í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? ÉC ´’†-Ææ’™ °j† ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-*† N≠æߪ’ç – È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
Öç-éÌE °j conversation ™ Ñ sentences short sentences †’ äéπ-öÀí¬ îËJa ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø’ -v°æ-¨¡o: i) The uses of adversity are sweet. verb - are Ñ sentence ™ object ™‰ü¿’.
modern spoken form ™ whom èπ◊ ≤ƒn†ç ™‰ü¿’. ii) âØ˛-Æ‘dØ˛ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’. Verb, 'be', form Å®·ûË object Öçúøü¿’ - 'are',
†’ study îËߪ’çúÕ.
ÅC ûª°æpéπ ¢√ú≈-Lq-´ÊÆh who/ that ¢√úøû√ç. -Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ subject, object, 'be' form.
1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed
a) Police ņ’´÷-Eç-îËC Åûª-úÕE= verb ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. (ûÁ©’í∫’, ÉçTx-≠ˇ™x) ii) Einstein propounded the theory of relativity
(´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery ´‚ÊÆÆœ ÖçC) He is the man who/ that the police suspect. iii) simple, complex, compound a) subject - Einstein b) verb- pro-
2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we Å®·ûË É™« ņúøç Éçé¬ better. í∫’Jç* ´’Jçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCç-îª- pounded
have at home. He is the man the police suspect. (who/ that
í∫©®Ω’. c) object - the theory of relativity
cakes èπÿú≈ drop îËÊÆ-Ææ’hØ√oç). É™«Íí which èπÿú≈.
– ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇ-¶«•’, π◊´’-®Ω-üË-´®Ωç
(´’† Éçöx Ö†o ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË)
3) ... are they enough for all the friends we are b) ؈’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ É≠æd-°æúË pen ÉC=
ûÁ©’í∫’ - subject - Einstein, verb - v°æA-
going to have for the party? = This is the pen which I like a lot (old fash- -ï-¢√-•’: §ƒ-Cç-î√úø’, object - ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥çûªç.
iii) Simple, compound, complex sentence †’
´’† party éÀ ®√¶-ûª’†o friends ioned). Which É°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬ spoken
Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅN i) The uses of adversity are sweet.
English ™ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. Ç Ê°®Ω’x ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ N´-J-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç, clause ™
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷? subject - the uses of adversity.
= This is the pen I like a lot (which ™‰èπ◊çú≈) Éçü¿’™ N´-Jç-*-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x – ¢√öÀE îª÷úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 2 -V-™„j 2006
Sharath: Hi Vasanth, I look forward to the study In this lesson too, we continue our study
tour we are going on, this weekend. of phrasal verbs. We have in the last two
(Ñ¢√®Ωç *´®Ω ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’†o study lessons seen some of them commonly
tour
á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤pú≈ ÅE áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’hØ√o.) used in conversation. Let us now look at
Vasanth: So do I, but am a bit worried about some more of them.
mother. She has taken ill suddenly. Now look at the following expressions at
Dad is away on camp and will be the beginning of the lesson between
back only this weekend. Sharath and Vasanth.
(Ø√èπÿ Ææ®Ω-ü∆-í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬E ´÷ Å´’tèπ◊ 1) I look forward to the study tour.
Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ ï•’s îËÆœçC. ´÷ Ø√†o camp 2) She has taken ill suddenly. 4) I called dad and he came up with the idea. a) Children usually take after their parents =
†’ç* ¢√®√ç-ûª¢Ë’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’) 3) ... who will look after her if we ... To come up with= á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ Ç™- °œ©x©’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©†’ §ÚL Öçö«®Ω’.
Sharath: So you are worried who will look after 4) I called dad and he came up with the idea. É´yôç. b) In features she takes after her mother, but
her if we start before your father 5) I am happy you are making it after all. He came up with the idea that we could get in traits she takes after her father. =
comes, aren't you? 6) He can be a handful. the accommodation by bribing the TC= Ç Å´÷t®· ®Ω÷°æç™ ûªLxE, í∫’ù«™x ûªçvúÕE
(´’†ç O’ father ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ ´·çüË •ßª’- 7 a) He takes after your sister, doesn't he? TC îËA™ àüÁjØ√ °úÕûË seats üÌ®Ω-éπ-´-a-†ØË
©’-üË-JûË O’ Å´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ §ÚL ÖçC.
b) In traits he takes after his dad.
á´®Ω÷ Öçúø-®ΩE éπü∆ F ¶«üµ¿?) Ç™- Åûª-E-î√aúø’. c) In being tall, he takes after his grand father
8) Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday. Accommodation= 1) Train/ bus ©™ seats,
Vasanth: Exactly. But I've called my elder sister §Òúø’-í∫’™, ¢√∞¡x û√ûª†’ §ÚL ÖØ√oúø’/
9) He put up at his uncle's place. berths; 2)
and told her of the situation. I told her ´ÆæA. §Òúø’-í∫’™ ¢√∞¡x û√ûË Åûªúø’.
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ 5) I am happy you are making it after all.
to come here two days before our 8) Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday.
departure. (†’´¤y ®√í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç) NØÓü˛ Ö†o-ô’xçúÕ E†o v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-ߪ÷uúø’/
(Å´¤†’. ´÷ Åéπ\èπ◊ Phone îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp†’. To make it to= Ñ expression î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù- éπE-°œç-î√úø’.
´’†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ö«-EéÀ È®çúø’ ®ÓV©’ ¢Á’i-†C. Å®Ωnç à °æØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫ôç. a) After weeks of absence, she showed up
´·çü¿’-®Ω-´’tE.) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 179 a) He made it to the IAS= yesterday=
Sharath: That's a good idea. (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC) IAS ™ îË®Ω-í∫-L-í¬úø’/ îË®√úø’. ¢√®√© ûª®√yûª, E†o éπE-°œç-*ç-ü∆¢Á’.
Vasanth: I called dad and he came up with the
idea.
(´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ؈’
*açD idea)
phone

Sharath: I am happy you are making it, after

all. I was afraid you might not come.
îËÊÆh Çߪ’-†-éÌ-
He can be a handful
(§ÚF™‰, àüË-¢Á’iØ√ †’¢Ìy-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ ÆæçûÓ≠æç.
†’´¤y ®√¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f) 1) I look forward to the b) The team made it to the finals, after all= b) Kumar shows up at the least expected
Vasanth: I am coming, of course. But the trou- study tour. àüÁj-ûËØËç, team finals èπ◊ îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫-L-TçC/ moment =
ble is my sister's son. He goes to Look forward to= îË®Ω’-èπ◊çC. ´’†èπ◊ éπ†-°æ-úø-û√-úøE ņ’-éÓE Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™
school. He can be a handful. ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ/ Çûª%-ûªûÓ c) I doubt if he can make it to the place on èπ◊´÷®˝ v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-´¤-û√úø’.
(؈’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oØËx. Å®·ûË ´÷ Åéπ\ éÌúø’Íé áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç. Look time=
c) Sekhar promised to be here last sunday,
Ææ´’Ææu. ¢√úø’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. éÌçîÁç forward to ûª®√yûª ¢√úø’ time èπ◊ Åéπ\úø îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç Ø√éπ-†’-´÷-†¢Ë’. but he hasn't showed up so far =
Å©x-È®-èπ◊\´.) noun é¬F, ...ing form d) Election ™ Èí©-´-í∫-L-í¬úø’=
Sharath: I've seen him. He takes after your sis-
M. SURESAN éÀçü¿öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç Ééπ\úø Öçö«-††o Sekhar,
é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. He made it to the seat.
ter, doesn't he? a) He is looking forward to the match= 6) He can be a handful = Åûª†’ Ææ´’Ææu é¬í∫-©úø’.
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’Sx éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’/ Åçûª’-™‰úø’.
Åûª†’ match á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤pú≈ ÅE áü¿’-®Ω’- d) He hasn't showed up for the class.
(؈’ ¢√úÕo îª÷¨»ØËx. Åîªaç O’ Åéπ\ §ÚLÍé To be a handful= á´-È®jØ√, ´·êuçí¬ °œ©x©’ ûªLx-
éπü∆?) îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Match - noun. ü¿ç-vúø’-©èπ◊ Ææ´’Ææu Å®·ûË, he/ she is a handful Åûª†’ class èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’.
Vasanth: Only in features. In traits he takes b) He is looking forward to participating in the Åçö«ç. Handful í¬ Ö†o °œ©x-©†’ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© 9) He put up at his uncle's place (for a few
after his dad. Quite mischievous. match. Åü¿’§ƒ-ïc™x Öçîªôç éπ≠dçæ . days).
(Ç鬮Ωç, ®Ω÷°æ¤ Í®ê-™xØË. ©éπ~-ù«-©Fo ¢√∞¡x Match ™ á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ §ƒ™Ô_ç-ü∆´÷ ÅE a) Purnima: Can't your sister lend a hand ¢√∞¡x uncle
Éçöx û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
Ø√†o¢Ë. Å©x-È®-èπ◊\´.) áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Participating- 'ing' form. with the cooking?
To put up = (à éÌCl ®ÓV-©éÓ) •Ææ îËߪ’ôç,
features = ´·ê éπ´-R-éπ©’, ®Ω÷°æ¤ ͮ꩒. (Look forward to ûª®√yûª 1st RDW ®√ü¿’. He sister
Hotel, lodge ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ x.
O’ Fèπ◊ ´çô™ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-™‰ü∆?
traits = ©éπ~-ù«©’, í∫’ù«©’ is looking forward to meet you – ûª°æ¤p) (lend a hand = ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’ôç. a) They put up at the nearest lodge, after get-
Sharath: By the way, you know, Vinod showed 2) She has taken ill suddenly. He lent me a hand with tidying up the home=
ting off the train =
up suddenly yesterday. He is prepar- To take ill= to fall ill=
ï•’s-°æ-úøôç É©’x ÆæJl Å´’-®Ωa-ôç™ Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç
ing for the civils exam this year. He Train Cí∫-í¬ØË, station èπ◊ ÅA ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o
(Ç¢Á’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ï•’s °æúÕçC) î˨»úø’.)
has been in Hyderabad for six months lodge ™ •Ææ-îË-¨»®Ω’/ Cí¬®Ω’.
a) He took ill after eating the food on the Chitra: She can't. Her two children are a
now. train= b) As she had nobody known to her in the
handful for her.
(ņoô’x E†o Ö†o-ô’xçúÕ Vinod éπE-°œç- È®j™x ǣ慮Ωç A†oç-ü¿’-´©x Åûª-EéÀ ï•’s îËÆœçC. city, she put up at a hotel.
îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á’ Éü¿l®Ω’ °œ©x-©ûÓ ¢Ëí∫-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûÓçC
î√úø’. ¢√úø’ civils èπ◊ prepare Å´¤-ûª’- b) If you go out in the cold you may take ill= b) The boy is a handful for the teacher = †í∫-®Ωç™ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω÷ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ Ç¢Á’
Ø√oúø’. Ç®Ω’-ØÁ-©-©’í¬ Hyderabad ™ØË îªL™ AJ-TûË ï•’s îËߪ’-´îª’a. Ç teacher èπ◊ Ç °œ™«xúø’ °ü¿l Ææ´’Ææu. ÇN-úøèπ◊ hotel™ CTçC.
ÖØ√oúø’) 3) Who will look after her ...? ¢√úÕûÓ ¢Ëí∫ôç éπ≠dçæ . í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
Vasanth: Yea. I know. I met him when I went to
To look after= to take care of= to care for= [Handful = 1) éÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’/ éÌCl-´’çC ´÷vûª¢Ë’. äéπ-JéÀ ´ÆæA îª÷°œç-îªôç = put some one up:
Hyderabad. He put up at his uncle's
(®Óí∫’-©èπ◊, °œ©x-©èπ◊, ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ etc) Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ 2) îËA-Eçú≈ – Ñ È®çúø’ Å®√n©’Ø√o®·. a) I put my friend up in our spare bed room =
for a few days. He said he would be
taking rooms, and moving into them.)
îËߪ’ôç/ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç a) Only a handful of students were present = ´÷ friendèπ◊ ´÷ Éçöx ë«Sí¬ Ö†o bed-
a) When I fell ill, my sister looked after me= students
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ éÌCl-´’çC ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´î√a®Ω’. room ™ ´ÆæA Éî√a†’.
¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Åûª-†-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo- Ø√èπ◊ Ææ’Æ‘hí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ sister îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çC. b) He has a handful of grapes =
b) He put me up in his uncle's place =
®Ó-V©’ ¢√∞¡x ´÷´’ߪ’u Éçöx ÖØ√oúø’. (Ææ°æ®Ωu©’ îËÆœçC) ¢√úÕ îËA-Eçú≈ vü∆éπ~ °æçúø’x-Ø√o®·.] Ø√èπ◊ ¢√∞¡x uncle Éçöx ´ÆæA éπLpç-î√úø’.
ûªy®Ω™ rooms îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊E ´÷®Ω-û√-†-Ø√oúø’) b) There is none to look after the child= 7 a) He takes after your sister, doesn't he?
Sharath: So he did. My cousin and he are room Gúøf†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ á´-®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’. O’ Åéπ\ߪ’u §ÚLéπ éπü∆, ¢√∞¡x-¶«s®·? ÉN î√™« common phrasal verbs conversa-
c) He is an important guest. Look after him tion™. ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
mates. b) In traits he takes after his dad
(Å´¤†’ ´÷ cousin, Åûª†’ room well= ©éπ~-ù«™x ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o §ÚLéπ. t
mates.) Åûªúø’ î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ÅAC∑, ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’éÓ. To take after = to resemble = §ÚL Öçúøôç tt

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 4 -V-™„j 2006
Bhagat: Hi Jagat, why are you putting on a new Jagat: Not certainly. I can't sit through the two
shirt and a new pair of trousers? and half hours of loud songs, dance, sex
(àçöÀ ïí∫û˝, éÌûªh shirt, éÌûªh pants and violence that an Indian movie is.
¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤. àçöÀ N¨Ï≠æç?) (ÅC ´÷vûªç ™‰ü¿’. ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆœE´÷ ÅØË È®çúø’-
Jagat: Today is my birthday. †o®Ω í∫çô© íÌúø´ §ƒô©’, Ø√ö«u©’, ¨¡%çí¬®Ωç,
(É¢√∞¡ Ø√ °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV). £œ«çÆæ îª÷Ææ÷h èπÿîÓ-´ôç Ø√´©x é¬ü¿’.)
Bhagat: Many happy returns of the day. But
Bhagat: But so many watch them.
why not a word of it to me earlier? I'd
have had the pleasure of presenting
(é¬F î√™«-´’çC ¢√öÀE îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’.)
you something. Jagat: Sorry. Anything but that. I can't put up
with the boredom. c) You come across the likes of Gandhi rarely
(†’Oy °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ï®Ω’°æ¤éÓ-¢√-©E b) She is particular about this sari = -Ç¢Á’ Ñ
Ø√ éÓJéπ. é¬F †’Oy N≠æߪ’ç Ø√ûÓ äéπ\- (ÅC-ûª°æp ÉçÍé-ü¿Ø√o °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Ç <Í® 鬢√-©ç-öçC/ Ñ <®Ω éÓÆæ¢Ë’ °æô’d-•-úø’- í¬çDµ-™«ç-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†èπ◊ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’.
´÷ô èπÿú≈ ņ-™‰ü¿’. FÍé-üÁjØ√ 鬆’-éÀ*a NÆæ’-í∫’†’ ؈’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’.) ûÓçC. É°æ¤púø’ phrasal verbs N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌü∆lç: 5) I don't see eye to eye with you.
ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-¢√úÕo éπü∆?) Bhagat: OK. Thanks for the treat at least. 1) Why are you putting on a new shirt and a to see eye to eye with = àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªôç.
Jagat: That's precisely why I've put off telling (éπFÆæç dinner Å®·Ø√ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. new pair of trousers? ´·êuçí¬ Ñ expression †’ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«-
you of it until now. I am against receiv- To put on = EÍé ¢√úø-û√®Ω’– not see eye to eye with ÅE.
Thanks) (•ôd©’) ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç/ ûÌúø’-éÓ\-´ôç.
ing birth day gifts. First of all, I am not
Let's continue our study of phrasal üµ¿Jç-îªôç Åçõ‰ wear. É°æp-öÀ-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ- (äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«-EÍé áèπ◊\´
for celebrating my birthday.
verbs. Look at the following expressions ´ôç/ ûÌúø’-éÓ\-´ôç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ to put on. ´÷´‚- ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.)
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åçü¿’-´™‰x Fèπ◊ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊
from the conversation above:
©’í¬ üµ¿Jç-îªôç = to wear. a) The father and the son don't see eye to
îÁ°æpôç ¢√®·ü∆¢Ë¨»†’. °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV 鬆’-éπ©’ a) If you are going to the marriage, put on the eye with each other on the matter of the
Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªôç Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ 1) ... Why are you putting on a new shirt and a
new clothes = son's marriage = éÌúø’èπ◊ °Rx N≠æ-ߪ’ç™
°æ¤öÀd† -®Ó-V-†’ °æç-úøí∫í¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç É≠ædç- new pair of trousers?
°RxéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†o-ôx-®·ûË éÌûªh •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’éÓ. ûªçvúÕ éÌúø’-èπ◊-©èπ◊ ¶µ‰ü∆-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©’-Ø√o®·.
2) ... Why I have put off telling you of it.
™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊.)
b) He is putting on a sweater because he is b) He doesn't see eye to eye with his wife on
3) ... I am against; I am for/ I am not for/ I am all going out in the cold weather = îªL™ •ßª’- many matters =
for. sweater
öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. î√™« N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh-©èπ◊ ÅçU-鬮Ωç ™‰ü¿’.
4) I've come across very few that don't cele- Wear = üµ¿Jç-îªôç. He wears expensive 6) ... and it can't be credited to anyone =
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 180 brate their birthdays. clothes = êK-üÁj† •ôd©’ üµ¿J-≤ƒh-úø-ûª†’. ü∆E-Èé-´®Ω÷ °∂æ’†ûª ´£œ«ç-îª-™‰®Ω’ (Ç íÌ°æp-ûª†ç
á´-J-D-é¬ü¿’)
a) Indian independence is credited to

I don't see eye to eye with .. Mahatma Gandhi = ¶µ«®Ωûª ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç ûÁ*a†
°∂æ’†ûª/ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç í¬çDµC.
b) The profits of the company are credited to
the General Manager = company Ç
General Manager
™«¶µ«-©èπ◊ üË °∂æ’†ûª.
2) Why I've put off
Bhagat: That's rather odd. I've come across 5) I don't see eye to eye with. 7) ... are you going to give us a treat?
telling you of it.
very few that don't celebrate their 6) ... and it can't be credited to anyone.
To put off = to post- treat = ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†/ Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç
birthdays. 7) Are you going to give us a treat?
pone àüÁjØ√ treat.
(ÉC é¬Ææh NçûË. °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-E- (¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’ôç)
8) I can't sit through the loud songs, dances, a) I shall be happy if a) The movie is a real treat after a long peri-
¢√-∞¡x†’ éÌCl´’çCØË îª÷¨».) sex and violence. the exams are put od of bad movies = î√™« °æE-éÀ-®√E *vû√©
Jagat: Well, I don't mind your taking me as
9) I can't put up with the boredom. off until the next ûª®√yûª ´*a† Ñ ÆœE´÷ Eïçí¬ î√™«
one of those few. M. SURESAN
(§ÚF™‰. Å™«çöÀ éÌCl-´’ç-C™ ØËØÌ-éπ-úøoE Ñ expressions meanings, use ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË- week = ´îËa-¢√-®Ωç- ¶«í∫’çC. Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC.
†’´y-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ø√Íéç Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.) ´·çü¿’ ´’†ç -ÉçéÌ-Eo °æü∆© Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ ü∆é¬ °æK-éπ~©’ ¢√®·-ü∆-°æ-úÕûË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. b) To give a treat = Nçü¿’ É´yôç.
Bhagat: I don't see eye to eye with you on this. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. b) Don't put off till tomorrow what you can do He gave us a treat on his birthday =
What's wrong in enjoying yourself on 1) Precisely = éπ*a-ûªçí¬ (•çí¬®Ω癫çöÀN ûª÷îË- today = Ñ ®ÓV îËߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-ü∆Eo Í®°æöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Åûª†’ NçC-î√aúø’.
the day you entered the world? ô-°æ¤púø’, íÌ°æp íÌ°æp (Olympic véÃúø-™«xçöÀ) °æ®Ω’-í∫’- ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËßÁ·ü¿’l. c) The treat he gave us on his wedding
(Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ØËFoûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. °æç-ü∆™x time î√™« éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ÂÆéπ†x ûËú≈ èπÿú≈ Put off ûª®√yûª till é¬F, until é¬F ¢√úøû√ç. anniversary was grand = °Rx ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç
´’†ç v°æ°æç-îªç-™éÀ Åúø’í∫’°öÀd† ®ÓV ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-ôç-™«çöÀC precise.) 3) I am for/ I am all for/ I am against. Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Åûª-E-*a† Nçü¿’ íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC.
2) Odd = NçûÁj†. ´÷´‚©’éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Ö†o.
To be for/ to be all for = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç-°æôx
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤-éÓ-´-úøç™ ûªÊ°pçöÀ?) 8) I can't sit through the loud songs, dances, ..
Jagat: Is it any achievement of yours if a year He doesn't like curd. That's odd. (î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ
Ææ’´·-êçí¬/ °æ‹Jhí¬ Ææ’´·-êçí¬ Öçúøôç/ äéπ To sit through = (ã°œí¬_) *´-J-ü∆é¬ èπÿ®Óa-´ôç.
rolls on? Time passes and it can't be É≠æd - ¢ Á ’ i † °®Ω ’ í∫ ’ Åûª-EéÀ É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ÅC Nçûª.) N≠æߪ’ç Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç. a) He can't teach well. I can't sit through his
credited to anyone. I am all for a per- 3) Mind: ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆– ´’†ç
a) I am for/ I am all for starting early = class =
son celebrating an achievement, but Ç™-*çîË, ´’† ûÁL-NéÀ E©-ߪ’-¢Á’i† •’v®Ω. Çߪ’† ÆæJí¬_ ¶Cµç-îª-™‰úø’. Çߪ’†
not for the passage of time. ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-ö«-EÍé ؈’ Ææ’´·-êçí¬ ÖØ√o†’. class *´-J-ü∆é¬ Øˆ’ èπÿ®Óa™‰†’.
Ééπ\úø Mind Åçõ‰ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç Öçúøôç.
(ã Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç í∫úø-´ôç ÅØËC ´’†ç ≤ƒCµç- Do you mind waiting for a few minutes? =
ÅüË Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . b) (Do) you want to sit through the discus-
b) She is for attending the function = sion? I don't have the patience.
îË-üËç-é¬-ü¿’-éπü∆. 鬩ç í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ûª’çC. ÅC é¬Ææh wait îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ O’Íé-´’Ø√o Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ω´÷?
á´J íÌ°æp-ûª-†´‚ é¬ü¿’. (Ø√ @N-ûªç™ äéπ I don't mind it at all = Ø√Íéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á’ function èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-ú≈-EÍé Ææ’´·-êçí¬ ÖçC. (Ç îª®Ωa© *´-J-ü∆é¬ ††’o èπÿ®Óa-´’ç-ö«¢√?
Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ø√ íÌ°æp ņ’-éÓ-™‰†’ ÅØË ¶µ«´ç.) Never mind = ü∆E í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç-éÓ-´ü¿’l. c) He was not for his son joining politics = Ø√é¬ ã°œé𠙉ü¿’.)
àüÁjØ√ ´’†ç ≤ƒCµç-*çC Öçõ‰ ü∆Eo ÆæçûÓ-
(á´-È®jØ√ sorry Å™«ç-öÀN Åçõ‰ ´’†ç never Çߪ’† éÌúø’èπ◊ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x îË®Ωúøç Çߪ’-†-éÀ≠dçæ Sit through, ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ not ûÓØË ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
≠æçí¬ í∫úø-°æôç Ø√èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ É≠æd¢Ë’, é¬E
鬩ç í∫úÕ-*ç-ü∆-EéÀ ´’† °∂æ’†ûª àç ™‰ü¿’.) mind Åçö«ç.) ™‰ü¿’. (èπÿ®Óa-™‰†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ).
4) Achievement = ≤ƒCµçîË N≠æߪ’ç – °∂æ’†ûª. Against = ´uA-Í®éπç. 9) I can't put up with the boredom =
Bhagat: Then why did you put on the new
clothes? Achieve = ≤ƒCµ ç-îªôç. 4) I've come across very few that don't Ç NÆæ’í∫’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’.
(Å®·ûË éÌûªh •ôd-™„ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?) a) A score of a century in cricket is an celebrate their birthdays. To put up with = Æ棜«ç-îªôç/ ¶µºJç-îªôç
Jagat: Mom was particular and sent me them. achievement = To come across = îª÷úøôç, ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îªôç, a) Sita was a great woman. She put up with
So I put them on- just to please her. Century éÌôdúøç °∂æ’†ûª (≤ƒCµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç). û√®Ω-Ææ-°æ-úøôç. a lot of hardship =
(Å´’t °æô’d-•-öÀdçC. Ç •ôd©’ °æç°œçC. b) Getting a good rank is an achievement = a) We come across camels only in deserts = Æ‘ûª íÌ°æp Æ‘Y. î√™« éπ≥ƒd-©†’ ¶µºJç*çC.
Å´’t†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-ôd-ú≈-EéÀ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o.) ´’ç* rank
≤ƒCµç-îªôç äéπ °∂æ’†ûª. äçõ„-©†’ áú≈-®Ω’-™xØË îª÷≤ƒhç – áú≈-®Ω’-™xØË ÅN b) I cannot put up with the noise =
Bhagat: OK. OK. At least are you going to give 5) Time rolling = 鬩ç üÌ®Ωxôç ´’†èπ◊ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®·. Ç íÌúø´ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’.
us a treat? (éπFÆæç Nçü¿Ø√o É≤ƒh¢√?) 6) be particular about = b) The doctor says he hasn't come across c) She has put up with all the trouble her hus-
Jagat: We'll have it, don't worry. (Å™«Íí). °æô’d-ü¿-©í¬ Öçúøôç (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç-™) such a case so far in his practice = band gave her =
Bhagat: What about a movie after that? a) I am particular about vegetarian food = ûª† practice ™ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ É™«çöÀ case ¶µº®Ωh-°-öÀd† ¶«üµ¿-©-Eo-öÀF Ç¢Á’ ¶µºJç-*çC.
(Ç ûª®√yûª ÆœE´÷?) Ø√èπ◊ ¨»é¬-£æ…-®Ω¢Ë’ 鬢√L (°æô’d-•-ôdúøç) îª÷úø-™‰-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ doctor.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 6 -V-™„j 2006
Badari: Shall we go for lunch? Don't you think
it is time?
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªôç Åçõ‰ invite ÅE
´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Conversational í¬ Å®·ûË Éçé¬
(Lunch éÀ ¢Á∞«l´÷? Time Å®·çC éπü∆?) simple í¬ invite •ü¿’©’ ask ¢√úøôç î√™«
Kedar: It is only 11.30. I feel its too early. ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç.
(-É°æ¤p-úø’ 11.30- -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ -Å®·ç-C. î√-™« - He has invited me to dinner =
ûªy®Ωí¬ -¢Á-R}-†-ôx-´¤-ûª’ç-C.) He has asked me to dinner =
Badari: Hei, Both of us have forgotten. Hasn't ††’o ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ °œL-î √úø’/ Ç£æ…y-Eç-î √úø’
Amareswar asked us to lunch today at (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ Ç£æ…y-Eç-î√úø’
his home? ņúøç éπçõ‰ °œL-î√úø’ ņúøç áèπ◊\´ éπü∆?)
(àß˝’, ´’†ç Éü¿l®Ωç ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷ç. É¢√∞¡ No auto was in sight 3) In that respect they are cut out for each 4) They make us feel at home =
Å´’-Í®-¨¡y®˝ ´’†Lo ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ °œ©-´-™‰ü¿÷?) áéπ\ú≈ Auto éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. other. Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√®Ω’. ´’† ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o´’ØË ¶µ«´† éπL-T-≤ƒh®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx.
Kedar: That's right. So he has. This is the third be cut out for (something)/ be cut out to be
(in sight = ü¿%≠œd™ / éπE-°œÆæ÷h) (Åçõ‰ ÅA-ü∑¿’Lo Åçûª ¶«í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-®Ω-†o-´÷ô)
or fourth sunday this year he has (something) - be 'be' form (am,
áèπ◊\-´í¬ not ûÓ éπ†-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’ ÅØËç-ü¿’Íé ¢√úøû√ç. Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ à To make your guest feel at home=
asked us to eat at his place. He seems is, are, was, were etc)
Not a policeman was in sight.
¢√úø-´îª’a. ÅA-C∑E à Nüµ¿ç-í¬†÷ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ô-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷úøôç
to keep open house on Sundays. expression.
äéπ\ police man èπÿú≈ éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. ÉC î√™« ´’ç* Å®Ωnç– äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE a) He treats his guests well. He makes them
(Å´¤†’ Eï¢Ë’. Åûª†’ °œL-î√úø’. Ñ Ææç´-ûªq- îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ûªT† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç, í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©’ éπLT Öçúøôç. feel absolutely at home =
®Ωç™ ÉC ´‚úÓ ÇC-¢√-®Ω¢Á÷, Ø√©’íÓ É™«ç-öÀ´Fo ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. a) Are you sure you are cut out for the army?
ÇC¢√-®Ω¢Á÷ Åûª†’ ´’†Lo ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ Now let's look at the following. ÂÆj†uç™ îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ ûªT† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Fèπ◊ç-ü¿E
ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ îª÷≤ƒhúø’. ¢√∞¡x™ ≤Òçûª
°œ©-´úøç. Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ÇC-¢√-®√©’ á´®Ó 1) He seems to keep open house =
ÉçöxØË Ö†o ¶µ«´† éπL-T-≤ƒhúø’
†´·t-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? b) Don't be hesitant. Feel at home. Ask for
äéπ-JE °œLîË™« ÖçC) Åûª†’ á°æ¤púø÷ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ °œLîËô’xØ√oúø’. (ÇAü∑¿uç b) He is cut out to be a teacher =
whatever you want=
Badari: That's correct. You remember what É´y-ö«-EéÀ Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ éπ†-°æ-úø-û√úø’). His teaching is excellent = teacher
èπ◊ ûªT†
happened last time. He kept us too ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Åûª-E™ ÖçC. ÅûªE ¶üµ¿† î√™« ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ô-°æ-úÌü¿’l. O’ É™‰x ņ’-éÓçúÕ. àç
long after dinner. There was no bus at ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. 鬢√™ ÅúÕT BÆæ’éÓçúÕ. (ÅA-C∑ûÓ É™«
that hour. No auto was in sight. So we c) She is cut out to be a doctor. No doubt
Åçô’çö«ç)
about it = 5) That dinner was worth it =
had to foot our way back.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 181 Doctor
Ç¢Á’ Å´-ö«EÍé °æ¤öÀd-†-ô’dçü∆ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Çdinner ûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ´’†ç †úø-¢√Lq ®√´ôç °ü¿l
(Å´¤†’. Fèπ◊ §Ú®·-†≤ƒÍ®´’-®·çüÓ í∫’®Ω’hçC
éπü∆? ¶µï†ç Å®·† ûª®√yûª î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ Doctor Å´-ö«-EéÀ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. EÆæqç-üË£æ«ç. ¶«üµË-O’-é¬ü¿’.
èπÿ®Óa-¶„-ö«dúø’. Ç time èπ◊ bus ™‰O’-™‰´¤.

They are cut out for each other

áéπ\ú≈ auto éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç ¢Á†èπ◊\
†úÕ* ®√´-©Æœ ´*açC)
Kedar: Of course I remember. But that was a
good dinner that he gave us that day.
What if we had to walk back? That din-
ner was worth the walk.
(Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hç-úøÍéç? é¬E Ç®ÓV Åéπ\úÕ Ééπ\úÕphrasal verb: to EXERCISE 1 ANSWER
¶µï†ç î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. †úÕÊÆh à´’-®·ç- keep open house = Syamala: àçöÀ¢√∞¡ <®Ω éπô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤? Syamala: Why have you put on a sari?
Nirmala: ´÷ classmate birthday Ææçü¿-®Ωs ¥çí¬ Nirmala: Our classmate is giving us a treat on
C™‰? Ç ¶µï-†çûÓ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ †úøÍéç °ü¿l ÅA-ü∑¿’-©-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ É©’x ûÁJîË
v¨¡´’-é¬ü¿’.) Öçúøôç/ ÇAü∑¿uç É´y-ö«- Nçü¿’ É≤ÚhçC. the occasion of her birthday.
(worth èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, use Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç.) EéÀ á°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’. Syamala: Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ <®ΩûÓ Öçúøôç éπ≠dç æ é¬ü¿÷? Syamala: Can you be in the sari all the time?
Badari: The wonder is his wife is as hospitable a) Come Sunday, they
Nirmala: Ø√èπ◊ Å´çõ‰ É≠ædç. <®ΩûÓ áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·Ø√ Nirmala: I like saris. So I can put with it for any
as he. keep open house =
M. SURESAN Öçúø-í∫-©†’. time.
(Ǩ¡a®Ωuç àN’-ôçõ‰ ÅûªE ¶µ«®Ωu ÇAü∑¿uç ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´ÊÆh-ÆæJ, ¢√Rxçöx
ÅA-ü∑¿’-©’ç-ú≈-LqçüË. Syamala: Åéπ\úË ´’E-ü¿l-Jéà ûËú≈. Ø√èπ◊ <®Ωçõ‰ Syamala: That's where we don't see eye to eye
É´y-ôç™ Åûª-EûÓ ÆæJ-Ææ-´÷†ç.) with each other. I don't like saris much.
Kedar: In that respect they are cut out for each b) We keep open house. You can drop in at any time ÅçA-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’.
Nirmala: à¢ÁjØ√ v°æûËuéπ Ææçü¿®√s¥©’çõ‰ØË Ø√èπ◊ <®Ω Nirmala: I am for saris only for special occasions.
other. ÅA-ü∑¿’-©-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ´÷ É©’x ûÁJîË Öçô’çC.
†’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úø-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ®√´îª’a. É≠ædç. Syamala: But didn't you say the birthday was
(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ ÆæJí¬_
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√®Ω’) They keep open house on sundays. You are Syamala: Å´¤†÷, °æ¤öÀd-†®ÓV E†o-Ø√o´¤? yesterday?

Badari: So they are. The way they serve us always sure to see there some guest or the other Nirmala: E†oØË, é¬E dinner ´÷vûªç É¢√-RdéÀ Nirmala: Yes, it was, but she put off the dinner
makes us feel at home. ÇC-¢√-®√©’ ¢√Rxçöx ÇAü∑¿uç á°æ¤púø÷ Öçô’çC. ¢√®·-ü∆-¢Ë-ÆœçC. till today.
Kedar: I think I hear him calling. Shall I tell him á´®Ó äéπ ÅAC∑ Åéπ\úø ´’†èπ◊ éπ†-°æ-úøôç ûªü∑¿uç. Syamala: Wish you a good time. Syamala: Wish you a good time.
we are starting? 2) We had to foot our way back home =
(ÅûªØË phone îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«/ ÅûªE ´’†ç ÉçöÀéÀ †úÕ* ®√¢√Lq ´*açC.
phone ņ’-èπ◊çö« NE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. •ßª’-©’- foot one's way = †úø-´ôç/ walk. EXERCISE 2 ANSWER
üË-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o-´’E îÁ°æpØ√?) a) As his vehicle broke down, he left it there Ganesh: Hi Karthik, àçöÀ Åçûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ Å©-Æœ Ganesh: Hi Karthik, you look so tired and
Badari: Do. (îÁ°æ¤p) and footed his way to office = -§Ú-®·-†ô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? weak, why?
Here are some more phrasal verbs we hear ¢√£æ«†ç îÁúÕ-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ, Åûª†’ ü∆†o-éπ\úø ´CL, Karthik: Ø√ bike ´’üµ¿u™ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. ü∆Eo Karthik: My bike broke down on the way. I
frequently in daily conversation. Like the office èπ◊ †úÕ* ¢Á∞«xúø’. †úÕ-°œç--èπ◊çô÷ ´*a mechanic èπ◊ É*a, walked it up to my mechanic, gave it
phrasal verbs we have seen in the earlier b) Foot your way as much as possible and Åéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* È®çúø’ éÀ™-O’-ô®Ωx ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ* to him for repair and footed my way
lessons, they can make your conversation you will be healthy = ´î√a†’. for 2 kms here.
very effective. O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ †úÕÊÆh ´’† Ç®Óí∫uç Ganesh: Ø√èπ◊ phone îËÆæ’çõ‰ ؈’ ´*a lift ÉîËa- Ganesh: If you had phone me, I would have
Now let's study them. ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. ¢√-úÕE éπü∆? given you a lift.
Look at the following sentences from the (you Åçõ‰ †’´¤y, O’®Ω’, Fèπ◊, O’èπ◊ ÅØË Å®√n©’ Karthik: †’´¤y Ææ£æ…ߪ ’ç îËÊÆ-¢√-úÕ-¢Ë-†E Ø√èπ◊ Karthik: I know you are the helping type.
conversation between Badari and Kedar. ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, general í¬ á´-È®jØ√, á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’´™‰x Ø√ rooms èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xèπ◊çú≈ That's why I came straight to your
1) He seems to keep open house on Sundays ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ†÷ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.) F rooms èπ◊ ´î√a†’. Ñ ®√vAéÀ ØËE-éπ\-úø rooms without going to my place. can
2) We had to foot our way back home Foot your way as much as possible ÅØË sen- -Öç-úÌî√a? I stay here for the night?
3) In that respect they are cut out for each other tence ™ '†’´¤y/ O’®Ω’— áçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh ÅØË Ganesh: Åçûª-éπ-Ø√oØ√? ÉC F É™‰x ņ’éÓ. Ganesh: By all means/ you are welcome. Feel
4) ... They make us feel at home é¬èπ◊çú≈, á´-È®jØ√/ ´’†ç, áçûªü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh Åçûª Karthik: Thank you. àçöà maths îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢√? absolutely at home.
5) That dinner was worth it Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC ÅE Å®Ωnç. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ: ņoô’d, O’ éÌûªh maths lecturer ᙫ Karthik: Thank you. You seem to be doing
OöÀE í∫’Jç* îªJaç-îË-´·çü¿’, ´’†ç ´’J-éÌEo You cannot extract oil from sand = ÖØ√oúø’? maths. By the way how is your new
´÷ô© Å®Ωnç, use ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ÉÆæ-éπ-™ç* †÷ØÁ Bߪ’™‰ç. Ééπ\úø you Åçõ‰ Ganesh: î√™« íÌ°æp lecturer. Åçü¿’-éÓ-Ææ¢Ë’ °æ¤ö«dú≈ maths lecturer?
He asked us to lunch today: †’´¤y/ O’®Ω’ ÅØË Å®√n-EéÀ °æJ-N’ûªç é¬ü¿’. ņoô’x maths lecturer í¬ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√úø’. Ganesh: Excellent. He is cut out for the job.
Åûªúø’ É¢√∞¡ ´’†Lo lunch èπ◊ °œL-î √úø’/ c) I can't foot my walk for such a long dis- Karthik: Å®·ûË ÆæçûÓ≠æç. Karthik: Happy to hear it.
Ç£æ…y-Eç-î√úø’. tance = Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç ؈’ †úø-´-™‰†’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 8 -V-™„j 2006
Akhila: How is your mother? Is she improving? Akhila: If only she takes medicines properly ...
(O’ Å¢Á’t™« ÖçC? éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-öçü∆?) (´’çü¿’©’ ÆæJí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ ...)
Nikhila: She is, but she is too weak to move about. Nikhila: Oh, my! It's already 7.30. I have stayed
(éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-öçC é¬E éπü¿-™‰x-†çûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬/ here too long. I'm afraid I'll be late for
•©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖçC) the hospital. I must hurry. Bye.
Akhila: She is taking too many drugs perhaps. (Å¢Á÷t! Å°æ¤púË 7.30 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’K
May be that's why she is so weak.
áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o-E-éπ\úø. ÇÆæ’-°æ-vAéÀ Ç©Ææu¢Á’i
(´’çü¿’©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-öç-üË¢Á÷. §Ú-ûÓçC. ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL. Bye.)
Åçü¿’-´©x Åçûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖçúÌa)




Nikhila: On the contrary she avoids even the
Too Varun: It's OK, but it is too big. Now look at the following sentences from
medicines she has to take. She hates Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ≤ƒJ.
the conversation between Akhila and
them too much to take them regularly. 1) Too ´’†ç ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'also' (èπÿú≈) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬F Åçü¿’™ ÖçúË¢√∞¡x Ææçë‰u¢Á÷
ûªèπ◊\´– É™‰x¢Á÷ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ´’çCéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú- Nikhila at the beginning of the lesson:
Hence her slow recovery. ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆?
ßË’çûª °ü¿lC– Åçü¿’-´©x ≤˘éπ®Ωuç éπçõ‰ É•sçüË 1) She is too weak to move about.
(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-鬢Á’ ´uA-Í®éπç. BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√- Ramya: Has she come? (Ç¢Á’ ´*açü∆?)
áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.) 2) She is taking too many drugs perhaps.
Lq† ´’çü¿’™‰ ÆæJí¬ BÆæ’-éÓü¿’. ´’çü¿’©†’ Priya: She has. (Ç. ´*açC.)
véπ´’-•-ü¿l¥çí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ áçûÓ üËy≠æç) 3) Too Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’ßË’u ü∆E-éπØ√o 3) She hates them too much to take them
Ramya: Has her husband come too?
áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. regularly.
(Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®Ωh èπÿú≈ ´î√aú≈?) a) He is too clever for a boy his age = 4) But isn't it too expensive and too far off a
Priya: Yes. He has come too. place?
ÅûªúÕ ´ßª’Ææ’q °œ©x-©-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ î√™« ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’.
(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† èπÿú≈ ´î√aúø’) (Åûª-úÕéÀ ´ßª’Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† ûÁL-N-ûË-ô-©’-Ø√o®·.) 5) Mom is too impatient.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 182 Spoken English ™ 'èπÿú≈— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ also
b) She is too tall for a girl her age = 6) She feels it too long.
î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. áèπ◊\-´í¬ 'too' ¢√úø- 7) I've stayed here too long.
Akhila: Who is treating
Ç ´ßª’Ææ’ Å´÷t-®·© éπçõ„ ´’K §Òúø’-í∫’ç-ü∆ Å´÷t®·.
û√®Ω’. 'Too' á°æ¤púø÷ verb ûª®√yûª ¢√úøôç bet- c) She is too red for an Asian =





her? ter. She too has come éπØ√o She has come
(á´®Ω’/ à doc- ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ÇƜߪ÷ ¢√Ææ’©’ Öçúø-†çûª áv®Ωí¬ Öçü∆¢Á’. 1) She is too weak to move about =
too, better. Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»ç –
tor îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) 4) Too †’ éÌClí¬ Å®Ωnç ûËú≈ûÓ É™« èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç: Ç¢Á’ éπü¿-©-™‰-†çûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖçC =
Not ûÓ also ÅÆæ-©’-®√ü¿’.
Nikhila: We put her in a) She is too young for marriage = She is so weak that she cannot move about.
2) Too èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç – Ñ lesson ™
Readycure ´÷´‚©’ °Rx ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ ´ßª’Ææ’ ´’K ûªèπ◊\´. 2) She is taking too many drugs perhaps =
Hospital.
¢√úÕ† Nüµ¿çí¬–
Too Åçõ‰ ´’K/ ÅA ÅE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç °Sxúø’èπ◊ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ = She is too young to •£æ›-¨» -´’ç-ü¿’-©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´ (îÁúø’ ïJ-Ííçûª)
(Readycure M. SURESAN be married/ to get married. BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-öç-üË¢Á÷
Hospital ™ îË®√aç) îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a.
Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ É™« èπÿú≈ too ¢√úøû√ç.
a) You are a minute too late =

She is too weak to move .. †’´¤y äéπ\ EN’≠æç Ç©-Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u´¤.

(äéπ\ EN’≠æç ´·çü¿’-´-açõ‰ F°æE ÅßË’uC)
b) This passenger is one too many for the
bus. Bus is full. It can't take even one
more.
Akhila: But isn't it too expensive and too far off Look at the following. b) He is too fat to walk fast-
Éô’-´çöÀ sentences ™ ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. (Ñ äéπ\ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊úË áèπ◊\´. •Ææqçû√ EçúÕ-
a place? a) He is tall = Åûªúø’ §Òúø’í∫’ – ´’ç*üË. §Ú-®·çC. Éçéπ äéπ\-JéÀ èπÿú≈ îÓô’-™‰ü¿’)
(é¬E, ÅC ´’K êKü¿’, ü¿÷®Ωç é¬ü∆?) b) He is very tall = Åûªúø’ î√™« §Òúø’í∫’ – -Ñ -¢√é¬u-EéÀ -Å®Ωnç= 3) She hates them too much to take them
Nikhila: It is. But mom's cousin is a doctor ´’ç*üË. Åûª†’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úø-´-™‰-†çûª ™«´¤. regularly =
there. So we admitted her there. c) He is too tall = Åûªúø’ ´’K §Òúø’í∫’ – Åçõ‰ c) She is too young to understand all this =
Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ç ´’çü¿’-©†’ véπ´’ç-ûª-°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´-úø-
(Eï¢Ë’. é¬E ´÷ Å´’t cousin Åéπ\úø Ééπ\úø §Òúø’í∫’ ´©x àüÓ É•sçC Öçúø-´îª’a. ÉN Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª *†o °œ©x Ç Å´÷t®·. ´’çõ‰ ÅE≠ædç./ Ç ÅE-≠dçæ -´©x Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iØ√ Ç
doctor. Åçü¿’-éπ-†-éπ\úø îË®√aç) (´’K §Òúø’-í∫-´ôç ´©x, Eö«-®Ω’í¬ E©’-îÓ-™‰-éπ- d) In the past children were married off when ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’-éÓü¿’. ÉC sentence no.1 ™«í¬ØË
Akhila: You must be spending a lot on trans- §Ú-´-ô¢Á÷, à í∫C-™-ÈéjØ√ ¢Á∞Ïx-ô-°æ¤púø’ ü∆y®Ωç they were too young to understand what ÖçC îª÷úøçúÕ.
port to and fro. You must have spent ûªí∫-©-ô¢Á÷, ´’K ´çT v°æ¢Ë-Pç--î√-Lq ®√´-ô-¢Á÷- marriage was =
4) But isn't it too expensive and too far off a
quite a lot already. ™«çöÀ É•sç-ü¿’©’ ÖçúÌa– ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ÅûªúÕ
áûª’hèπ◊ ûªT† ¶µ«®Ωu üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§Ú-´îª’a!) í∫ûªç™ °∞¡xçõ‰ àN’ö Å®Ωnç-é¬E *†o ´ßª’- place? =
(A®Ω-í∫-ö«-EÍé î√™« ê®Ω’a °ô’dç-ú≈L O’®Ω’. Ææ’™ØË °œ©x-©èπ◊ °Rx∞¡Ÿx îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx.
É°æp-öÀÍé î√™« ê®Ωa®· Öçú≈L.) Too Åçõ‰ ÅA ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøôç ´©x, ÅC ´’†ç ¶µºJç-îª-™‰-†çûª êK-üÁjçD, ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª
5) äéÓ\-≤ƒJ too †’ positive meaning ûÓ éÀçC
Nikhila: You can say that again the tests they ü∆E v°æßÁ÷-ï-Ø√©’ ´’ç*-Ní¬ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.
sentences ™ ™«í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.
ü¿÷®Ω´‚ é¬ü∆?
have prescribed as alone have cost us a) He drives too fast = It's too expensive =
a) Pavan: Are you ready for this job?
a lot. The medicines are expensive too. Åûªúø’ ´’K ¢Ëí∫çí¬ drive îË≤ƒhúø’. Åçü¿’-´©x ´’K êK-üÁ-èπ◊\´ (؈’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’)
Ñ ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ †’´¤y Æœü¿l¥-¢Ë’Ø√?
(Ç´÷ô †’´¤y ´’Sx ´’Sx ÅØÌa. ¢√∞¡Ÿx v°æ´÷ü¿ç Ææ綵º-Nç-îª-´îª’a. It's too far off (´’K ü¿÷®Ωç áèπ◊\´, ؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰†’)
b) She talks too much. Vinod: I shall be only too glad to accept it.
îË®·ç*† °æK-éπ~©Íé î√™« -ê®Ωa®·uçC. 5) Mom is too impatient =
´’çü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ î√™« êKüË) Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’çC. ü∆Eo Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªôç Ø√èπ◊ î√™«
´÷ Å´’t ´’K ÅÆæ-£æ«-†çí¬ ÖçC. (Åéπ\úø Öçúø-
Akhila: These days medicare has become too c) It is too costly = ÆæçûÓ≠æç/ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
b) He will be only too pleased to assist you=
™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûÓçC)
costly. Only the rich can afford it. The ÅC ´’K êKü¿’. (Åçü¿’-´©x é̆-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.) DEo 6) She feels it too long =
Poor have to make do with substan- éÀçC-¢√-öÀûÓ §Ú©açúÕ. Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úøôç Åûª-úÕéÀ î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç.
dard treatment. i) It is costly = ÅC êKü¿’ (éÌØÌa) c) She'll be too ready to leave the place = ´’K áèπ◊\´é¬©-´’E ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. (Öçúø-™‰-éπ-
(Ñ ®ÓV™x ¢Ájü¿uç î√™« êK-üÁj-§Ú-®·çC. ii) It is very costly = Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’çC/ ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-E-éÀ §Ú-ßË’çûª)
Ö†o-¢√-∞¡xÍé ÅC Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’™ ÖçC. ™‰E-¢√∞¡Ÿx -á-°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’. 7) I have stayed here too long =
ÅC ¶«í¬ êKü¿’ (Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà éÌØÌa.)
ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç ¢Ájü¿uçûÓ ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË.) iii) It is too costly = ÅC ÅA/ ´’K êKü¿’ 6) Too †’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ éÀçC Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Å´-ûª© °æ†’çúÕ èπÿú≈ î√™« áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤Ø√o–
make do = Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç/ ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç (؈’ é̆†’ – éÌØË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a) a) It is too much for him = Öçúø-èπÿ-úø-†çûª ÊÆ°æ¤Ø√o.
Nikhila: Mom is too impatient. She wants to get d) Sarat: You liked the suitcase. Why didn't ÅC Åûªúø’ îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª éπ≠dçæ / ¶µºJç-îª-™‰-†çûª éÀçC Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ πÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ:
out as soon as possible. The doctors you buy it? v¨¡´’/ ¶«üµ¿. a) The box is too heavy for me =
however insist that she stay there for at (Ç suitcase Åçõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-ú≈f´¤. b) Working for such long hours is too much the box is so heavy that I cannot lift it =
least four more days. She feels it too long. ´’È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ é̆-™‰ü¿’?) for the boys = ؈’ áûªh-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤í¬ Öçü∆-°õ„d.
(Å´’t ´’K ÅÆæ-£æ«-†çí¬ ÖçC. O©-®·†çûª Bharat: Oh, it's too heavy. ÅEo í∫çô©’ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËߪ’-™‰E/ b) The TV is too costly for me =
ûªy®Ωí¬ ÇÆæ’-°ævA †’ç* •ßª’-ô-°æ-ú≈-©-†’- ÅC ´’K •®Ω’´¤í¬ ÖçC. (؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’- ¶µºJç-îª-™‰E v¨¡´’– (°œ©x©’ 鬕öÀd.) The TV is so costly that I can't buy it.
èπ◊ç-öçC. é¬F doctors ´÷vûªç éπFÆæç ™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤. Åçü¿’-´©x é̆-™‰ü¿’.) c) This question is too much for the little girl.
Éçé¬ Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’ç-ú≈-©ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ e) Kiran: How do you find your new home?
؈’ é̆-™‰-†çûª êK-ü¿-®·çü∆ öÃO.
Ç *†o°œ©xèπ◊ ï¢√•’ îÁ°æp-™‰-†çûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† v°æ-¨¡o
´÷vûªç Å-C ´’K áèπ◊\-´-鬩ç ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC) (O’®Ω’ éÌûªhí¬ îËJ† É™„x™« ÖçC?) -É-C.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 10 -V-™„j 2006
Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get ready Compare the following pair of sentences
to go out. from the conversation above:
(•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’aéÓ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ -ûª-ߪ÷®Ω´¤y) a) Swarna: Rajitha, get dressed and get
Kamala: What is Swarna saying, Rajitha? ready to start.
(Ææy®Ωg à´’ç-öçD?) (•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’aéÓ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω´‹y)
Rajitha: She is telling me to get dressed and b) Rajitha: She (Swarna) is telling me to get
get ready to go. dressed and get ready to start.
(•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊E •ßª’-ô-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´- (•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊E •ßª’-ô-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-´’E
´’E Ææy®Ωg Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ÚhçC) Ææy®Ωg Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ÚhçC)
Swarna: Go to the market and get some veg- sentence (a) ™ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆC: Ææy®Ωg, ®Ω>-ûª†’
3 a) Kamala (to Rajitha): Don't stand there.
etables. There aren't any left. ÖüËl-Pç* ØË®Ω’ (direct) í¬, ´·êûª” ®Ω>-ûªûÓ îÁÊ°p (´’†-Lo-ü¿çû√ Ç°æ-´’F, ûª†’ ´’† servant ņ’-
Get going (Direct speech- E™a-éπ™«,
(Market èπ◊ -¢Á-R} èπÿ®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊®√. N≠æߪ’ç. éÓ-´-ü¿lF, É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x Çïc-L-´y-ü¿lF ®Ω>ûª imperative
•ßª’-™‰l®Ω’) Çïc™« ÖçC 鬕öÀd
Éçöx àç ™‰´¤.) sentence (b) ™ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆC: ®Ω>ûª, Ææy®Ωg ÅçöçC Indirect speech) sentence.
Kamala: Don't you hear, Rajitha? Swarna is ûª†ûÓ Å†o-´÷-ô-©†’, ûª† ´÷ô™x éπ´’-©èπ◊ 5 a) Swarna to Rajitha: Don't be angry. Take a
3 b) îª÷úøçúÕ – ÉC Kamala, Ææy®Ωg ´÷ôLo report-
telling you to go to the market and get îÁ°æpôç/ report îËߪ’ôç. joke. enjoy it, girl
ed speech ™ îÁ°æpôç: Kamala is telling you
vegetables sentence (a) direct í¬ Ææy®Ωg ®Ω>-ûªûÓ Å†o ( Joke Direct speech)
éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊. †’ džç-Cç– not to stand there but get going. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈
(NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü∆, ®Ω>û√? Market èπ◊ -¢Á-R} -´÷-ô©’. 鬕öÀd ÅC Direct speech. b) Kamala: Swarna has told you not to be Kamala, Ææy®Ωg -´÷-ô©´·çü¿’, to ¢√úÕçC – to
sentence (b) ®Ω>ûª, ûª† ´÷ô™x Ææy®Ωg- ´÷-ô-©†’
èπÿ®Ω©’ ûÁ´’tE îÁ§ÚhçC éπü∆?) angry, to take a joke and enjoy it stand there... Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø direct speech
Rajitha: What do you mean? (àçôç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?) éπ´’-©èπ◊ report îËߪ’ôç 鬕öÀd ÅC Reported
(Indirect) speech.
(Swarna îÁ°œpçC éπü∆ éÓ°æp-úÌ-ü¿lF, joke †’ ™ Don't (do not) ÅE not ÖçC 鬕öÀd,
Kamala: You have heard what Swarna has reported speech ™, not to ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.
džç-Cç-îª-´’F– Reported speech)
said. So do what she says.
°j sentences ™ 1 (a) 2 (a), 2 (b) , 3 (a) a) Suseel: Make good use of your time,
(NØ√o´¤ éπü∆ Ææy®Ωg îÁ°œpçC. ûª†’ îÁ°œp-†ô’x 4 (a), 5 (a) - É´Fo direct speech ™ ÖØ√o®·. Sumant. (Sumant, F Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo
îÁ®·u.) Direct speech
Sentences 1 (b), 3 (b), 4 (b) and 5 (b) - É´Fo ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’éÓ
Rajitha: Are you both telling me to go to the -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 183 reported (Indirect) speech ™ ÖØ√o®·. éπü∆.)
market and get vegetables? Kamala,
are you telling me to do what she says?

Swarna is telling ...

(Éü¿l®Ω÷ ††’o market ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’
ûÁ´’tçö«®√? éπ´’™«, ûªØËç îËߪ’-´’ç-ô’çüÓ
ÅC îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√?
Swarna: And cook too. (´çô èπÿú≈ îÁ®·u)
Kamala: Don't stand there. Get going. Swarna
has told you to cook too. Look at the following too: 1) Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get Indirect, Suseel is telling Sumant to
(Å™« E™aèπ◊. °æE é¬F. Ææy®Ω-g -´ç-ô èπÿ-ú≈ 1 Swarna (to Rajitha): ready to go out. make good use of his time.
-îÁ-ߪ’u-´’ç--öç-C.) Go to the market and ÉC Direct speech ™ ÖçC éπü∆. 'Get dressed b) Suseel: Don't waste your time, Sumant
Get going= •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’/ °æE-é¬F, etc. get some vegetables and get ready to go out - Ñ ´÷ô©’ (Direct speech - Imperative - Don't =
Swarna: Why are you still here? Kamala is (Market ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ °ævö«– Imperative sentence - Åçõ‰ äéπ-JE Çñ«c-°œçîË/ do not ûÓ ÖçC)
telling you not to stand there but get Direct speech éπü∆?) Ŷµºu-JnçîË (request)/ äéπ °æE îËߪ’-´’E ÅúÕÍí
going. Reported speech: Suseel is telling
Kamala: Swarna is telling sentence †’ imperative sentence Åçö«ç.
(àçöÀçé¬ Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o¢˛? Kamala îÁ°œpç-C- M. SURESAN sumant not to waste his time.
you to go to the market Swarna, ®Ω>-ûª†’ •ôd-©’- ´÷-®Ω’aéÓ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ
4 a) Rajitha (To Swarna and Kamala): Stop it.
éπü∆, Å™« E™a-´-ü¿lF, •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-´’E.) and get some vegetables Æœü¿l¥çí¬ Öçúø÷ ÅE Åúø’-í∫’-ûÓçC/ ü∆ü∆°æ¤
Rajitha: Stop it. Don't think I am your servant. Çñ«c°œ≤ÚhçC. 鬕öÀd 'Get dressed and go out', Don't think I am your servant.
(Market ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ ûÁ´’tE Ææy®Ωg ÅçöçC FûÓ)
Don't order me about, you stupids. (ÉC Kamala report îË≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd reported imperative sentence Å´¤-ûª’çC. Imperative Don't order me about. (Direct
(Ç°æçúÕ. ؈’ O’ servant ņ’-éÓ-éπçúÕ. speech) sentence †’ direct †’ç* reported (indirect) speech-imperative with don't = do
Ø√èπ◊ Çïc-L-´y-éπçúÕ, ´‚®Ω’^-™«x®√?) 2. a) Kamala (to Rajitha) ... Do what she
èπ◊ ´÷®√a-©çõ‰, Ç imperative ´·çü¿’, to not)
Swarna: Look, Kamala, she is telling us to stop (Swarna) Says.
îË®Ωa-ô¢Ë’. Åçõ‰, b) É¢Ë ´÷ô-©†’ Swarna reported speech ™
it and not to think she is our servant. Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get Kamala èπ◊: She is telling us to stop it, not
(Ææy®Ωg -îÁ-°œpçC îÁ®·u– Direct speech éπü∆?)
She is telling us further not to order ready to go out - to think she is our servant and not to order
b) Rajitha (To Swarna and Kamala)
her about. DEéÀ reported speech: her about. (Reported speech beginning
Are you both telling me to go to market
(éπ´’™« îª÷úø÷, Éü¿çû√ Ç°æ-´’E, ûª††’ Swarna is telling/ asking (tells/ asks) Rajitha with 'not to', because of don't in Direct
and get vegetables? Kamala, Are you
servant í¬ Å†’-éÓ-´-ü¿lF, Çïc©’ ñ«K- to get dressed and get ready to go out. speech)
telling me to do what she says? (Direct
îË-ßÁ·-ü¿lF ÅçöçC.) í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆get dressed and get ready to
speech) Orders, requests, asking
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: ûÁLÊ°
Kamala: Come now, Rajitha. Don't be angry. go out to
´·çü¿’, °ö«dç. ÅçûË-éπü∆.So, imper-
(††’o Market ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ ûÁ´’tç-ô’-Ø√o®√? imperative sentence, direct speech ™ Öçõ‰,
We have just been joking. Please ative sentence indirect speech éÀ ´÷®√a-©çõ‰, ü∆Eo report to
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç,
'to'
don't think we are serious.
éπ´’™«, Ææy®Ωg îÁ°œpçC îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√ ††’o?) ü∆E´·çü¿’ °õ‰d≤ƒhç.
3 a) Kamala (To Rajitha): Don't stand there. don't not to
Öçõ‰ ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.
(Rajitha, éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊. ÜJ-éπØË joke Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç – say ûª®√yûª infini-
Get going. (Direct speech) Å™« E™aèπ◊, tive ( to go, to come, to sing ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’) a) Kamal: Krishna have something to eat.
îËÆæ’hØ√oç. ¢Ë’ç serious í¬ ÅØ√o-´’E
ņ’-éÓèπ◊. ÜJÍé EØ√o-ô-°æ-öÀdç-î√-´’çûË) •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’) ®√ü¿E. Tell/ ask °æéπ\† infinitive ´Ææ’hçC. Direct speech - imperative.
Swarna is telling you to cook too Åçü¿’-éπE reported speech ™ tell (some- Kamal is asking Krishna to have
Rajitha: You've carried the joke too far.
(O’ joke ÅAí¬ ÖçC) (Reported speech - Ææy®Ωg E†’o ´çô èπÿú≈ body)/ Ask (somebody) + Infinitive ´Ææ’hçC, something to eat - Reported speech
îËߪ’-´’ç-öçC) Imperative †’ Reported speech èπ◊ ´÷Ja- b) Teacher: Don't read such books. (Direct
Swarna: Come, come, don't be angry. Take a
joke. Enjoy it, girl. b) Swarna: Kamala is telling you not to †-°æ¤úø’. speech- Begins with don't)
stand there but get going. Look at the other pairs of sentences from
(éÓ°æp-úøèπÿ. Joke í¬ BÆæ’éÓ. †’´¤y èπÿú≈ Teacher is telling (the students)
the conversation.
ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æúø’.) (Å™« E™a-´-ü¿lF, •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-´’E éπ´’© îÁ§ÚhçC not to read such books.
FûÓ – Reported speech) 1 a) Swarna (to Rajitha): Go to the market and
Kamala: You still look angry. Swarna has told Ñ Â°j examples ™ -à Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù©’ á°æ¤púø’
4 a) Rajitha (to Swarna & Kamala): Stop it. get some vegetables (market
you to take joke and not to be angry
ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oßÁ÷ correct í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ô癉ü¿’ 鬕öÀd
Don't think I am your servant. Don't order Imperative sentence)
but enjoy it. Come laugh it off.
BÆæ’-èπ◊®√ – ÉC
me about (Direct speech) DEéÀ Reported speech, DE-éÀç-ü¿ØË éπ´’© ´’†ç Indirect (reported) speech ™ à tense
(Éçé¬ éÓ°æçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Ææy®Ωg îÁ°œpçC Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
éπü∆ Åçû√ joke í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´’F, éÓ°æp-úÌ-ü¿lF, (Ç°æçúÕ, ؈’ O’ servant ņ’-éÓ-éπçúÕ. O’ É≠ædç ´÷ô™x 1 (b) îª÷úøçúÕ.
´*a-†ô’x Çïc©’ É´y-éπçúÕ – Direct speech) Swarna is telling you to go to the market °j È®çúø’ examples ™, Reported speech ™,
†’´¤y èπÿú≈ enjoy îÁߪ’u-´’E. †¢ËyÆœ Ü®Ω’éÓ) is asking/ is telling •ü¿’©’ has asked/ asked/
b) Swarna: She is telling us to stop it and not and get some vegetables
Rajitha: OK. I excuse you. I will have my turn too.
Kamala, Swarna reported has told/ told èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
(Å™«Íí. N’´’tLo éπ~N’-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπÿ to think she is our servant. She is further îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, ´÷ôLo
telling us not to order her about. (Indirect speech -™ -îÁ°æpôç– Ç ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ 'to' ´îËa- That is how we change imperative into indi-
´Ææ’hçC Å´-鬨¡ç. Å°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒh.)
speech) ÆœçC–She is telling you to go to the market... rect speech.
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 13 -V-™„j 2006
Rakesh: They were talking. Naveen told
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson 1st sample of direct
™ ´’†ç Ramani to leave her book with him,
speech and reported speech Direct
îª÷¨»ç. and to take his book and return it the
and reported speech ņ-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-îËaC, next day.
Quotations/ Inverted commas (" "), ¢√öÀ ™°æ©
Ö†o sentence verb/ verbs quo-
¶µ«í∫ç, Åçü¿’™ (¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç¢Á’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo
tations •ßª’ô Ö†overb ™«çöÀN. Å®·ûË ´’†ç ûª†-éÀ*a, ûª† °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo BÆæ’-èπ◊E, ´’®Ω’-ÆæöÀ
columns
Ééπ\úø í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC, Ñ ™ ´’†ç ®Ó>-´y-´’E †OØ˛ ®Ω´’-ùÀûÓ ÅØ√oúø’.)
Mahesh: I heard Ramani's words. She request-
îËÆæ’hçC Spoken English practice. Åçõ‰
ed him to let her have both the books.
English quotations,
´÷ö«x-úøôç. ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’
Åçü¿’™¶µ«í∫ç, ü∆E -•-ߪ’öÀ¶µ«í∫ç ™«çöÀN Öçúø´¤ (®Ω´’ùÀ ´÷ô©’ ؈’ NØ√o†’. È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-
éπü∆. Spoken English ™ ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lqç- 鬩÷ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-E-´y-´’E Ŷµºu-Jnç-*çC) Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ™«í¬ á°æ¤púø’
ü¿™«x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´uéÀh È®çúÓ ´uéÀhûÓ îÁÊ°p ´÷ô©’ Rakesh: Naveen then told her to take both of ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ Å°æ¤púË report îËÊÆh tell/ ask/
direct speech. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´uéÀh îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo them but to make sure she returned
them the day after next.
request/ order/ wish ™«çöÀ verbs†’ I Regular -Ñ passage †’ Report îËߪ’çúÕ
È®çúÓ ´uéÀh ûª† ´÷ô™x ÉçéÓ ´uéÀhéÀ îÁ°æpôç/ doing word/ II Regular doing word/ am+ing,
report îËߪ’ôç, reported speech. (Å°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩÷ BÂÆ\-∞¡}-´’F, is+ing, are+ing/ have+pp/ has+pp (past par- (English ™ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬).
Conversation/ Spoken English practice îËÊÆ-ô- éπ*a-ûªçí¬ á©’xçúÕ (È®çvúÓ-V© ûª®√yûª) ticiple) form begin
™ îË≤ƒhç.) Kowmudi: F birthday Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ´îËa-
°æ¤púø’ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. Quotations, AJ-T-´y-´’F, Naveen ®Ω´’-ùÀûÓ ÅØ√oúø’.) °j† †OØ˛èπÿ ®Ω´’ùÀéà í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ- ¢√®Ωç ††’o ÆœE´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’ÈéRx
reported verb ™«çöÀ Mahesh: I was sitting next to Ramani. So I ù†’ ´’Ê£«≠ˇ, ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ reported speech ™
¢√öÀéÓÆæç ¢Áûªéπç. dinner É´¤y.
Reporting verb Åçõ‰ reported speech v§ƒ®Ωç- heard her. She requested him to îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√o®Ω’. Direct speech †’ç* reported èπ◊ Kavitha: †’´¤y punctual í¬ ´÷ Éç-öÀéÀ
Gµç-îË-´·çü¿’ ¢√úË tell, ask, request, order, allow her to keep them for at least ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd éÀçC ´÷®Ω’p©’
three days.
´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 2:30 èπ◊ ®√.
advise, hope ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†¢Ë’ èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç.
Kowmudi: Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ Ç®ÓV È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ
áç°œéπ îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«ç. English ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ (®Ω´’ùÀ °æéπ\ØË èπÿØ√o. Ç¢Á’ îÁ°œpçC DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
¢√úËC reported speech 鬕öÀd, ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- ؈’ NØ√o, éπFÆæç ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©Ø√o I, You(-ØË-†’, †’´¤y) He, She
í∫’®Ω’h-îË®·, ؈’ ®√èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰
¢√-Lqç-ü¿-™«x äéπ ´uéÀh ņo N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ Öç-éÓ-E-´y-´’-E ®Ω´’ùÀ ÅúÕ-TçC.) We, You (-¢Ë’-´·, -´’-†ç, O’®Ω’) They îª÷úø’.
Me, You (-Ø√èπ◊, -†-†’o, Fèπ◊, E†’o) Him, her Kavitha: ´îËa-ô°æ¤púø’ O’ îÁ™„xLo èπÿú≈
Ææp≠ædçí¬ á™« NE-°œç-î√L ÅØËC ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ÉüË-éπü∆, Rakesh: Then the teacher ordered them both
´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ Swarna, Rajitha and to stop talking. Us (´’†Lo, ´’†èπ◊/ -´’-´’t-Lo, ´÷èπ◊) Them BÆæ’-èπ◊®√!
Kamala conversation ™ îª÷ÆœçC. Å™«Íí prac- (Teacher ¢√∞¡xE ´÷ö«x-úøôç Ç°æ-´’E You (O’èπ◊) Them Kowmudi: ´÷ îÁ™„xL N≠æߪ’ç °æöÀdç--éÓèπ◊.
tice îËü∆lç. Ééπ îªü¿-´çúÕ. Çïc-°œç-î√úø’.) My, Your (-Ø√, F) His/ Her ™‰ü¿çõ‰ †’¢Ëy -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îËÆœ ü∆Eo
°œ©’´¤.
Kavitha: Ç N≠æߪ’ç Ø√éÌ-C-™„ß˝’.

She requested him to ..

†’´‹y-JÍé ûª†ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p.
Kowmudi: Å™«Íí.

ANSWER
t Kowmudi asks/ asked Kavitha to take
Mahesh: Then both of her to a movie and give her a dinner on
Our, Your (-´÷, -´’-†, O’) Their her birthday next week.
them request-
Mine, Yours (-Ø√-C, FC) His/ Her
ed the teacher t Kavitha asks/ asked Kowmudi to go
Ours, Yours (--´÷-C, O’C) Theirs
not to be angry home to Kavitha exactly at 2.30
This ( That
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 184 and to excuse These (
-É-C)
-É-N) Those t Kowmudi then tells/ told Kavitha to
them that once. Today, Yesterday, Tomorrow That day, The remind her at 2 that day and see if she
I. Naveen: Leave your book with me. You take (¢√∞¡x-°æ¤púø’ éÓ°æp-úø- day before, The (Kowmudi) doesn't/ wouldn't come.
my book and return it tomorrow. ´-ü¿lE, Ñ≤ƒ-JéÀ M. SURESAN next day ´®Ω-Ææí¬ t Kavitha asks/ asked Kowmudi to bring
(F °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eoéπ\úø Öç. †’´¤y Ø√ éπ~N’ç-îª-´’E Now Then her sister along.
°æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo BÆæ’-èπ◊E Í®°æ¤ AJ-T´¤y) teacher †’ Ŷµºu-Jnç-î √®Ω’ ) Important:
t Kowmudi then tells/ told Kavitha to
°j ´÷®Ω’p-©Fo Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•-öÀd
Ramani: Please let me have both the books. Rakesh: The teacher was still angry. He îËߪ÷-Lq† ´÷®Ω’p™‰. ÅüË °æEí¬ îËߪ÷-Lq† leave her sister alone or call her her-
(È®çúÕç-öÀF BÆæ’-éÓ-E´¤y) ordered them to concentrate on the Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ´·êuçí¬ English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o- self.
Naveen: OK. Take both of them but make sure lesson, to keep their mouths shut or to °æ¤púø’. É°æ¤púø’ O’JçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
t Kavitha then tells/ told her to leave the
that you return them the day after. get out. †OØ˛, ®Ω´’ùÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√, imperative (Çïc©’, matter to her, and just to tell her sister
(ÆæÍ®, È®çúø÷ BÆæ’éÓ, Å®·ûË á©’xç-úÕéÀ (Teacher Éçé¬ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, ¢√∞¡x†’ Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©÷ ûÁLÊ° sentences- 鬕öÀd
of it.
éπ*a-ûªçí¬ AJ-T-îËaß˝’) lesson O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd °ôd-´’F, ØÓ®Ω’´‚Ææ’éÓ- reported speech, to + 1st Regular doing word
lesson t Kowmudi said OK.
Ramani: Please allow me to keep them for at ´’E ™‰ü∆ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡}-´’F -Å-Ø√o-úø’.) ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç– éÀçü¿öÀ ™ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x.)
least three days. direct
†O-Ø˛èπ◊, ®Ω´’-ùÀéÀ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’,
Naveen then requested/ pleaded with
speech indirect speech
™, ™ éÀç-ü¿ °æ-öÀdéπ-™
(éπFÆæç ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©Ø√o Öç-éÓ-E´¤y) the teacher again not to be cross.
Teacher: Stop talking, both of you.
îª÷úøçúÕ.
´ ´ ´ ´ ´
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
(O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ ´÷ö«x-úø-éπçúÕ) Observe: I) The conversation between
Naveen and Ramani: Don't be angry, sir. 1. Naveen (to Ramani): Leave your books µ Naveen told Ramani to
(ÉC í∫ûªç 鬕öÀd)
Naveen and Ramani, and II)
Excuse us this once. with me. You take the other book and return leave her book with him and take his book
Mahesh and Rakesh reporting the it tomorrow. and return it the next day.
(éÓ°æp-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ´’´’t-Lo Ñ äéπ\-≤ƒ-JéÀ conversation between Naveen and 2. Ramani (to Naveen): Please let me have µ She (Ramani) requested him to let her have
éπ~N’ç-îªçúÕ ≤ƒ®˝) Ramani. both the books. both the books.
Teacher: Concentrate on the lesson. Keep your
O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’– Part I ™ †OØ˛, ®Ω´’ùÀ 3. Naveen (to Ramani): Take both of them µ Naveen then told her to take both of them
mouths shut or get out of the class.
Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’, Part II ™ Mahesh, Rakesh and make sure that you return them the day but to make sure she returned them the day
(§ƒ®∏Ωç O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd °ôdçúÕ. ØÓ®Ω’ -´‚-Ææ’- reported (indirect) speech ™ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç. after. after.
éÓçúÕ ™‰ü∆ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-Rx-§ÚçúÕ) ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Part II ™, ´’Ê£«≠ˇ 4. Ramani (to Naveen): Please allow me to µ She (Ramani) requested him to allow her to
Naveen: Please, don't be cross, sir. keep them for at least three days. keep them for at least three days.
®√Íé-≠ˇ†’ ÅúÕ-T† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ v°æ¨¡o: Why was the
(ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ éÓ°æp-úø-éπçúÕ ≤ƒ®˝) teacher angry with Naveen and Ramani? 5. Teacher (to Ramani & Naveen): Stop talk- µ The teacher ordered them both to stop talking.
Teacher: Be silent, then ( ing both of you. µ Both of them (Naveen and Ramani) request-
Å®·ûË E¨¡z-•lçí¬ ÖçúøçúÕ) Åçõ‰, Éçü¿’™ was ´©x ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’h†o
Naveen: OK. Sir. (Å™«Íí ≤ƒ®˝) N≠æߪ’ç: †OØ˛, ®Ω´’-ùÀ© Ææ綵«-≠æù í∫ûªç™ 6. Naveen & Ramani (to teacher): Don't be ed the teacher not to be angry and excuse
angry, sir. Excuse us this once. them that once.
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ïJ-Tç-ü¿E, Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo°æ¤púø’ Mahesh, Rakesh
7. Teacher (to Naveen and Ramani): µ He (the teacher) ordered them to concen-
II. Mahesh: Why was the teacher angry with v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o-®ΩE. Concentrate on the lesson. Keep your trate on the lesson, to keep their mouths
Naveen and Ramani? É™« í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ reported mouths shut or get out of the class shut or get out of the class.
(Naveen, Ramani O’ü¿ teacher èπ◊ speech èπ◊ ´÷®√a-©çõ‰, told, requested, 8. Naveen (to Teacher): Please, sir, don't be µ Naveen then requested/ pleaded with the
áçü¿’èπ◊ éÓ°æç ´*açC?) ordered ÅE Past doing word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. cross with us. teacher not to be cross with them.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 15 -V-™„j 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ II

Pridhvi: Hi Akash, I am very happy today. Varun: Have you heard what he has said? He
Akash: Are you, really? Why so? has told us to decide and let him know
(Å´¤Ø√? áçü¿’éÓ?) where to go and when to go and he
Pridhvi: My exam results are out and I have will take us there. He has told us too
passed with a very high score. not to bother about expenses. How
(
Ø√ exam results ´î√a®·. ؈’ î√™« generous he is!
´’ç*´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ pass Åߪ÷u†’) (¢√úË-´’-Ø√oúÓ NØ√o¢√? á°æ¤p-úø’ áéπ\úÕÈé∞«x™
Akash: Congrats. That makes me really ´’†ç E®Ωg®·ç* ¢√úÕûÓ îÁGûË ¢√úø’ ´’†Lo Åéπ\-
happy. You owe me and Varun a treat. úÕéÀ BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á∞¡-û√-†E ÅØ√oúø’. ê®Ω’a© N≠æߪ’ç
(Congrats. ÅC ††’o î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-®Ω’- °æöÀdç--éÓ-´-ü¿lE èπÿú≈ ÅØ√oúø’. íÌ°æp Öü∆-®Ω’úË!)
≤ÚhçC. †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊, ´®Ω’ù˝èπ◊ NçC-¢√yL.) Akash: He is back. Pridhvi it will be tomorrow. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç Imperative sentences -†’, statements †÷ Reported (Indirect) speech ™éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç
Treat- Nçü¿’; Owe- ¶«éà Öçúøôç. We will to go the matinee show of (Report îËߪ’ôç) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷ü∆lç:
He owes me Rs.100 = Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ®Ω÷.100 ¶«éà Chilipi and then have a dinner at DIRECT INDIRECT (REPORTED)
He owes his greatness to his father = Shadrasa restaurant. (°æ%Cµy ´îËa-¨»úø’. 1. Rama Rao: Wait here till I come back. t Rama Rao asks his son to wait there till he
(ÅûªúÕ íÌ°æpûªØ√-EéÀ ¢√∞¡x Ø√ØËo 鬮Ωùç) °æ%Cµy, Í®°æ¤ ´’†ç *L°œ ´÷uöÃo -≥Ú èπ◊ ¢ÁRx, (؈’ AJ-íÌîËa´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úË Öçúø’.) comes back.
≠ævúøÆæ restaurant ™ dinner îËü∆lç) (Imperative) Vinai asks/ requests his father to come back
Pridhvi: That's OK, then. Vinai: Please come back early, dad. I am early. He says that he is hungry.
Now look at the part hungry. (ûªy®Ωí¬ ®√ -Ø√-Ø√-o, Ø√èπ◊ ÇéπLí¬ (ûª†’ AJ-íÌîËa´®Ωèπ◊ Åéπ\úË Öçúø-´’E éÌúø’èπ◊ûÓ
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 185 of the conversation ÖçC.) (Imperative + statement) ®√´÷-®√´¤ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’. N†ß˝’ ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o†’
between Pridhvi and 2. Patient: Doctor, I have a temperature and a ûªy®Ωí¬ ®Ω´’tE Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’, ûª†èπ◊ Çéπ-Lí¬
Akash at the begin- severe cold. Öçü¿E Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.)
Pridhvi: Who is coming here? Oh, it is Varun. t The patient has complained to the doctor that
ning of the lesson. (ú≈éπd®˝ , ä∞¡Ÿx ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçC. ¶«í¬ ï©’•’
she has a temperature and a severe cold.
(á´®Ω’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√®Ω’? ã... ´®Ω’ù˝.) Pridhvi (to Akash): My îËÆœçC.) (statement)
Varun: I heard you both talking about results The doctor advises her to take those tablets
exam results are out Doctor: Take these tablets and you will be
and treat. What is it? and says that she will be cured by the
and I have passed M. SURESAN cured by the evening.
(O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ àüÓ results, treat í∫’Jç* evening.
with a very high score. (Ñ ö«¶„xö¸q BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. ≤ƒßª’çvû√E-éπ™«x
(Patient ûª†èπ◊ temperature, ï©’•’í¬ Öçü¿E doc-
´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. àçôC?)
direct speech
O’èπ◊ †ßª’´’´¤ûª’çC) (Imperative +
Akash: Pridhvi has just told me that his exam
°æ%Cµy Çé¬≠ˇûÓ Å†o ™E °j tor ûÓ îÁ°œpçC. Doctor Ç tablets BÆæ’-éÓ-´’E Ææ©£æ…
statement)
sentence, statement form state-
™ ÖçC;
results are out and that he has passed 3. Doctor (To patient): Take a cold shower
É*a, ≤ƒßª’çvû√E-éπ™«x †ßª’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÅØ√oúø’)
ment sentence.
Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îÁÊ°p t The doctor tells the patient to take a cold
with a high score (ûª†exam results before breakfast if you
(´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀlesson report
™ îËߪ’ôç ØË®Ω’a- shower before breakfast if he/ she wants to be
´î√a-ߪ’F, ûª†’ ´’ç* marks passûÓ want to keep fit.
imperative etc. fit.
Pridhvi
Åߪ÷u-†F É°æ¤púË Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’.) èπ◊-†oC – (Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷,
breakfast
ûÁLÊ°)sentence)
(Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Öçú≈©çõ‰ ´·çü¿’ (Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ breakfast
´·çü¿’ îªFo∞¡x
Varun: That's great. Congrats Pridhvi. How Imperative
îªFo∞¡x ≤ƒo†ç îÁß˝’) – ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’-´’E doctor,
®ÓTûÓ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’)
about a treat then? (î√™« íÌ°æp É°æ¤púø’ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† statement †’ report îËÊÆ- 4. Sumathi (To Sumanth): You've wasted your t Sumathi is telling Sumanth that he has wasted
Congrats.
N≠æߪ’ç. treat ( dinner)
´’J ô-°æ¤púø’ (Reported speech èπ◊ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’), time and money and that's why you his time and money and that's why he is in
´÷õ‰-N’öÀ?) that ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. are in trouble now. trouble now.
Pridhvi: Akash has said that it really makes him (†’´¤y time, úø•’s, ´%ü∑∆ î˨»´¤. Åçü¿’- (Sumanth ûª† úø•÷s, time ´%ü∑∆ î˨»-úøF, Åçü¿’-
°j† °æ%Dµy Çé¬≠ˇûÓ Å†o ´÷ô-©†’, Çé¬≠ˇ,
happy and that I owe you and him a ´-™‰x †’´¤y éπ≥ƒd™x ÖØ√o´¤)– statement ´--™‰x éπ≥ƒd™x ÖØ√o-úøF Sumathi ÅçöçC.)
treat. I am ready. Just fix the date and
´®Ω’ù˝ûÓ report îËߪ’ôç îª÷úøçúÕ.
5. Teacher (To students): Imitate my pronunci- t The teacher is telling/ is asking the students to
time. (Akash to Varun): Pridhvi has just told me that imitate her if they want to speak well.
(ÅC ¢√úÕE î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-úø’-ûÓç- ation if you want to speak well.
ü¿F, ؈’ ûª†èπÿ, Fèπÿ ã treat (dinner) his exam results are out and that he has (¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ ûª††’ ņ’-éπ-Jç-îª-´’E
(O’®Ω’ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ Ø√ Ö-î√a®Ωù
É¢√y-©F Çé¬≠ˇ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ÅØ√oúø’. ؈’ passed with a very high score ņ’-éπ-Jç-îªçúÕ) – Imperative Nü∆u-®Ω’n©ûÓ teacher ÅçöçC.)
ready. Date, time O’®Ω’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªçúÕ)
Akash: Varun, you have heard what Pridhvi
has said. He is telling us that he is
ready, and to fix the date and time for
the dinner. (´®Ω’ù˝, NØ√o-´¤í¬. °æ%Cµy àç
treat
îÁ§ƒpúÓ. ¢√úÕîËa
time E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-´’-Ø√oúø’)
date,
èπ◊ ´’†Lo He says that he is ..
Pridhvi: Mom's calling me. I'll be back in a
minute. You decide and let me know EXERCISE
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Akash ´®Ω’ù˝ûÓ îÁ°æpôç (°æ%Cµy Rajani:
ûÁ≤ƒh†’. -†-ØÁoçûª °ôd-´’ç-ö«¢Ó îÁ°æ¤p
where to go and when to go and I will Put the following first in English and then
ņo N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo) that ûÓ begin Å´ôç; N’í∫û√ Sujani: Dozen ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-éπçõ‰ ´ü¿’l. Åçûª-
take you there and then. Don't bother report it (change it into reported speech. Use
about the expenses. ´÷®Ω’p-©Fo ´÷´‚™‰ éπü∆. éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢ÁjûË éÌØÌü¿’l.
(´÷ Å´’t reporting verbs only in present tense. is
Rajani: ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh-†E ņ’-éÓ-´ü¿’l.
°œ©’≤ÚhçC. *öÀ-Èé™ AJ-íÌ≤ƒh. á°æ¤púø’, Look at the following table. telling/ tells/ has told/ is asking/ asks/ has
Sujani: †’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úÌ-*aØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. ÉCíÓ Ñ ´çü¿
áéπ\úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x™ O’®Ω’ E®Ωg-®·ç* Ø√èπ◊
éÀçC´Fo èπÿú≈ statements, imperatives. asked etc.)
îÁ°æpçúÕ. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√. ê®Ω’a© Sujani: ®ΩïF, †’´¤y market èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-ôx-®·ûË Ø√éÓ
BÆæ’éÓ...
í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç--éÓ-éπçúÕ) Rajani: ûÁ*a† ûª®√yûª É´¤y.
dozen ´÷N’-úÕ-°æçúø’x BÆæ’-èπ◊®√ please.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
1. Akash (To Pridhvi): That makes me really t Pridhvi reporting Akash's words to Varun: DIRECT REPORTED
happy. You owe me and Varun a treat Akash has said that it really makes him happy
Sujani: Rajani, If you are going to the market, t Sujani is asking Rajani to get her a dozen
and that I owe you and Akash a treat
2. Pridhvi (To Varun & Akash): I am ready. get me a dozen mangoes, please. mangoes if she is going to the market.
tAkash reporting Pridhvi's words to Varun: He
Just fix the date and time. - I am ready - t Rajani says she will, but is asking Sujani to tell
ÉC is telling us that he is ready, and to fix the Rajani: I will, but tell me how much you want
statement. Just fix the date and time - ÉC her how much she wants her to spend.
date and time. 'he is ready' - statement 鬕öÀd me to spend.
that 'fix the date and time' imperative t Sujani tells Rajani not to spend more than
imperative ûÓ, Sujani: Not more than Rs. 100 a dozen. Don't
to
鬕öÀd, ûÓ begin Å´¤-û√®·. Rs.100.
3. Pridhvi (To Akash & Varun): You decide buy if it is more than that. t Rajani tells Sujani not to expect her back early
t Varun reporting Pridhvi's words to Akash: He
and let me to know where to go and when to Rajani: Don't expect me back early. t Sujani replies that it doesn't matter when
has told us to decide and let him know where
go and I will take you there and then. to go and when to go, and that he will take us Rajani comes back and asks her to take
Sujani: Doesn't matter when you come back.
''You decide and let me know......to go..." there. 'He has told.. to go' imper- Rs.100.
ÉC Ééπ\úø, ´®Ωèπÿ Take this hundred rupees.
ative to 'he will take us there' state- t Rajani tells Sujani to give to her after she
imperative. 鬕öÀd ûÓ, Rajani: Give it to me after I return.
ment 鬕öÀd that
ûÓ begin îË≤ƒhç. returned.
I will take you there- ÉC statement.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 18 -V-™„j 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ II

Direct Reported
Kavitha: Vinitha, don't make a noise. Kavitha asked (Past tense) Vinitha not to make a
Be quiet (íÌúø´ îËߪ’èπ◊, E¨¡z-•lçí¬ Öçúø’) noise and be quiet. (éπ-N-ûª, NF-ûª†’ íÌúø´ îÁßÁ·uü¿lE, E¨¡z-
•lçí¬ Öçúø-´’E îÁ°œpçC) – È®çúø÷ Imperative 鬕öÀd, to
make and be quiet Å-ØË-N infinitives.

Vinitha: Give me those sweets then, Vinitha asked her mom to give her those sweets (ûª†èπ◊
mom (Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ -Ç Æ‘y-ö¸q É-´¤y) -Ç Æ‘y-ö¸q É´’tE NFûª ¢√∞¡x-´’t-†-úÕ-TçC) Imperative- to give
- infinitive.

Kavitha: You have already had Kavitha told Vinitha that she had already had enough.
Kavitha: Vinitha, don't make a noise. Be quiet.
Å°æ¤púø’ á´®Ó Past ™ îÁ°œpçC, É°æ¤púø’ ´’†- enough. Be a good child and don't eat She told Vinitha to be a good child and not to eat any
(NFû√, íÌúø´ îËߪ’èπ◊, E¨¡z-•lçí¬ Öçúø’.) ´÷-ô™x ´’†ç ᙫ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç... any more. (É°æp-öÀÍé î√L-†çûª AØ√o´¤. more. 'You have already had...' ÉC statement. 鬕öÀd,
Vinitha: Give me those sweets then, mom. that you had already had Å´¤-ûª’çC.
He/ she/ they, told/ asked/ said/ ordered ÅE ´’ç* -Å-´÷t®·-N éπü∆. Éçéπ A†èπ◊.)
(Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ -Ç Æ‘y-ô’x É´y´÷t.) past tense ™ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ é¬Ææh Vinitha: Let me just one more piece of Vinitha asked her mother to let her have one more
Kavitha: You've already had a quite a lot. Be a ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Kalakand. I will not ask for more. (ÉçéÓ piece of kalakand and said that she would not ask for
good child. ´·éπ\ éπ-™«-éπçú˛ É´¤y. ØËEçéπ ´’Sx Åúø-í∫†’.) more.
´’†ç -J-§Ú®˝d îËÆæ’h†o ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô-™xE Verbs ÅFo 'I will not... more'- statement 鬕öÀd, ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-ô-
(É°æp-öÀÍé î√L-†çûª AØ√o´¤/ A-†o-C î√©’. Past tense forms ™éÀ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.
´’ç* -Å-´÷t®·-N éπü∆) °æ¤púø’ that -ûÓ begin îË≤ƒhç. will -†’ would í¬ ´÷®√aç í∫ü∆.
Look at the following
Vinitha: Let me have just one more piece of Let us now try to report the
Kalakand. I will not ask for more. Direct Speech Reported (Indirect) Speech conversation at the begining
1. Suketh: Come in Subodh. My idea is Suketh told Subodh to come in and said that his idea of the lesson between the
to take you to a movie this evening (®√ was to take him to a movie that evening (Ææ’Íéû˝ Ææ’¶- mother and her daughter.
Ææ’¶üµ˛, -Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç -E-†’o ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’- üµ˛†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®Ω´’tE Åûª-úÕE Ç ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé∞Ïx (See above table )
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 186 èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-´’E Ø√ -Ç-™-îª-†.) Ç™- Öçü¿E îÁ§ƒpúø’) Exercise:
2. Subodh: Put it off to tomorrow. I M. SURESAN
Subodh told Suketh to put it off to the next day and Kavitha, her daughter conver-
have some important work in the added/said that he had some important work in the sation (at the beginning of the lesson) N’í∫û√
evening. (Í®°æöÀéÀ ¢√®·ü∆ -¢Ë-≤Ú\. evening (ü∆Eo ´’®Ω’-Ææ-öÀ-®Ó-Vèπ◊ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´’E, ûª†èπ◊ Ç ¶µ«í¬Eo É™« °æöÀdéπ UÆœ, report îËߪ’çúÕ.
(äéπ\ éπ-™«-éπçú˛ É´¤y.؈’ ´’Sx Åúø-í∫†’) ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√èπ◊ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†- °æE ÖçC) ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´·êu-¢Á’i-†-°æE Öçü¿F ÅØ√oúø’) Reported/Indirect Speech ™éÀ ´÷Ja, -Gí∫_®Ωí¬ -v§ƒéÃdÆˇ
Kavitha: That'll be one too many, child. No. Do
-îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.
your home work first. If you eat any
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. Suketh, Subodh ´÷ô-©†’ ´’†ç
more, you will fall ill.
report îËÊÆ-°æ¤púø’ reporting verb, told, said ™«çöÀ
(ÉçéÌéπ\öÀ áèπ◊\¢ÁjØ√ áèπ◊\-¢Áj-†õ‰x. ™‰ü¿’. past forms ¢√ú≈L. Åçü¿’-éπE Suketh, Subodh ©
´·çü¿’ £æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ îÁ®·u. Éçé¬ Açõ‰, ´÷ô-™xE Present tense verbs is, have ™«çöÀ
äçöÀéÀ -Å-Ø√®Óí∫uç -îËÆæ’hç-C.)
Vinitha: Then give it after I do my homework.
¢√öÀE was, had ™«çöÀ past forms èπ◊ ´÷®√aç.
Å®·ûË ´·êu-¢Á’†i N≠æߪ’ç
(Å®·ûË £æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ îËÆœ† ûª®√yûª É´¤y.) Direct †’ç* reported èπ◊ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, Imperative
´’ç* -Å-´÷t®·-N éπü∆!
Kavitha: You are not getting any more for Sentences ™E Verb tenses ´÷vûªç ´÷®Ωaç. -v°æ-¨¡o: Mean while, However, So that, In order to, However– sentence ´’üµ¿u™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
today. I'm going to tell dad you are a) Teacher: Ram, show me your home work - By way of °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’, ¢√úø’éπ ûÁL-ߪ’-îË- a) The book gives very valuable information.
asking for too many sweets. Direct speech. ߪ’çúÕ. However it is very expensive =
(Ééπ Ñ ®ÓV-éÀç-ûË / Ééπ Ñ®ÓV Æ‘y-ö¸q àç The teacher asked Ram to show – Èé. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, §ÒCL. Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç î√™« N©’-¢Áj† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÉÆæ’hçC. é¬-F/-
-™‰-´¤. †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ Æ‘y-ö¸q Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o- her, his home work. Direct speech Å®·ûË üµ¿®Ω î√™« áèπ◊\´.
´E Ø√†oûÓ îÁ-•’-û√-†’çúø’.) ™E 'show' ´’†ç reported speech -ï-¢√-•’: Mean while b) I lent him my book, which, however, he
Vinitha: I will tell dad too that you aren't giving ™ to show -ÅE infinitive í¬ 1) v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÃ, ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u™ never returned =
me any sweets. ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. – (Imperative sentence (Ñ ™í¬) ¢√úÕéÀ Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√a†’. é¬E ¢√úø’ ´’Sx Ø√èπ◊
(†’´y-Ææ©’ Æ‘y-ö¸q É´y-ôç -™‰-ü¿E Ø√†oûÓ é¬•öÀd) a) The guests will be here in an hour. Mean- AJ-T-´y-™‰ü¿’.
؈÷ îÁ§ƒh) b) Ram: Come in Shyam and have a seat. while let us prepare a good meal for So that
Kavitha: Come on. Get your books and start Ram told Shyam to come in and have them = So that Åçõ‰ Åçü¿’-éÓÆæç ÅE Å®Ωnç.
doing the home work. You are talking a seat. (Imperative, direct ™E come ÅAü∑¿’©’ í∫çô™ ´îËa-≤ƒh®Ω’. Ñ a) He worked very hard so that he
too much. †’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ to come in ™í¬ ´’†ç ´’ç* ¶µï†ç ûªßª÷- might get a rank =

(£æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ é¬F. °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ûÁa-èπ◊E ¢Á·ü¿- ÅE infinitive í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç.- ®Ω’-îËü∆lç. ´’ç* rank ´Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ
-©’ °ô’d. †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’- N’í∫û√ types of sentences †’ report b) I will be leaving in 10 min- éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-¢√úø’.
utes. Meanwhile I want to call b) She started early so that she
Ø√o´¤) îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤úø’, Reporting verb told/ asked might not miss the train =
™« past tense ™ Öçõ‰, report îËÊÆ ´÷ô- my friend =
Vinitha: Please... mom. Let me watch the TV È®j-©’ -ûª°œp-§Úèπÿ-úø-ü¿-ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ -ûªy®Ωí¬
for some time. I will do the home work ™xE verbs ÅEo Verbs, past tense ™éÀ ؈’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. Ñ™-
•ßª’-™‰l-JçC.
later. ´÷®√aL; éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬: - í¬ ´÷ -v°∂ç-ú˛éÀ -äéπ≤ƒ-J -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îËߪ÷-©-†’-
a) Inorder to: In order to pass you must study
Direct Reported
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
(Å´÷t.. Å´÷t... é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ -öÃ-O îª÷-úø-E-¢√y? well = -§ƒÆˇ ÅßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ îªü¿-¢√L.
Ç ûª®√yûª £æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ îË≤ƒh†’.) 2) È®çúø’ í∫ûª Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-© π◊ ´’üµ¿u.. b) In order to qualify for IIT entrance test you
am, is, are was, were a) We agreed to meet the next week. Meanwhile I
Kavitha: OK. Go on then. should pass Inter in the first attempt
was, were had been had to leave for Mumbai on urgent business =
(ÆæÍ®, Å™«Íí é¬E-ß˝’) IIT entrance exam èπ◊ Å®Ω|ûª §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ -Éç-ô®˝
1st RDW (come, go etc) Past Doing Word ¢Ë’ç ûª®√yûª ¢√®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Éçûª™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ v°æߪ’-ûªoç-™ØË -§ƒÆˇ Å¢√yL.
You must have observed that the conversation
2nd RDW (comes, (came, went etc) (Ç™-í¬)؈’ -Å®Ωçb -ö¸ °æE-O’ü¿ ´·ç¶„j ¢Á∞«x-™Ôq-*açC. Å®·ûË, In order to ¢√úË -v°æ-A -îÓ-ö« to ¢√úÌa. ÉC
between the mother and her daughter has only b) I met him five years later. Meanwhile he had
goes etc) simple, In order to éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç. ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈
imperatives (Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©’) and got married =
PDW (came, went etc) had + past participle Öçúøôç ´’ç*C. to î√©’. In order to Åéπ\-Í®x-ü¿’.
statements. (äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° sentences)
(had come, had gone
Åûª-úÕE ؈’ âüË∞¡x ûª®√yûª éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o. Ñ -™í¬ By way of (Ç ®Ω÷°æç™)
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç Imperative sentences †÷, etc)
Åûªúø’ °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.- He received Rs.10 lac by way of dowry =
statements †÷ reported speech ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô- However
shall should Åûªúø’ éπôoç ®Ω÷°æç™ 10 ©éπ~© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ -BÆæ’èπ◊-
°æ¤púø’ Reporting Verb, present tense ™ É™« However èπ◊ äéπ Å®Ωnç but (é¬F, Å®·ûË). ≤ƒ´÷- Ø√oúø’.
will would
¢√ú≈ç . †uçí¬ but ûÓ sentence Ç®Ωç-Gµçîªç. Å®·ûË how- b) Drona demanded Ekalavya's thumb by way
can could ever ûÓ sentence Ç®Ωç-Gµç-îª-´îª’a. (´·çü¿’ îÁ°œp†
tell/ tells/ is, am, are telling/ have, has told/ of 'gurudakshina'.
ask/ asks/ is, am, are asking/ have, has may might N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ -Gµ-†oçí¬, ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ àüÁjØ√ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp- vüÓù’úø’ í∫’®Ω’-ü¿-éÀ~-ùí¬ àéπ-©-´¤uúÕ ¶Ôô-†-¢Ë©’ ÅúÕ-í¬úø’.
asked. should Lq-´ÊÆh, Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo however ûÓ îÁ§ƒhç)
É°æ¤púø’ mother and daughter conversation †’ must had to
´’†ç past tense reported verb ûÓ report have to Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
(Indirect) speech ™ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. (Åçõ‰ told/ has to
asked/ ordered/ said ™«çöÀ verbs ûÓ) ¢Á·ØÁo- ´÷ö«x-úÕ† ¢√J ´÷ô-™xE verb tenses °j Nüµ¿çí¬ URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
°æ¤púÓ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æù Ñ¢√∞¡ -J-§Ú®˝d î˨»-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ. ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 21 -V-™„j 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Manasa: Hi Lalasa, come in. Have a seat.

2) Reporting verb past tense Å®·ûË (Åçõ‰
(®√, èπÿ®Óa) said/ was, were saying/ told/ was/ were
Lalasa: Thank you. I am dead tired. telling/ ordered/ was, were ordered/ etc
(î√™« Å©-Æœ-§Úߪ÷) Å®·ûË) éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷°œ-†-ô’xí¬
Manasa: Have some coffee then. It won't take ´’†ç report verbs
îËÆæ’h-†o-¢√∞¡x ´÷ô-™xE
more than a minute for me to make ÅEoç-öÀE past tense forms èπ◊ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.
it. 3) Imperative sentences report
†’
(Å®·ûË é¬Ææh coffee B≤Ú\. éπ~ù«™x îË≤ƒh) verbs
îËÊÆô°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀ-™E 'to'
´·çü¿’ °öÀd
infinitive îË≤ƒhç. 鬕öÀd OöÀ™x tense
Lalasa: Sure, that'd be most welcome.
Eg: See the table.
´÷®Ω’p v°æÆæ-éÀh-®√ü¿’.
(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈)
Manasa: It's brewing now. Tell me why you É°æ¤púø’ imperative combination ™‰èπ◊çú≈
DIRECT REPORTED SPEECH Íé´©ç statements †’ ´÷vûªç ᙫ report
are so tired.
1. Kanya: Stop talking, 1. a) Kanya is asking (present tense) Sirisha to stop talking.
(coffee Å´¤-ûÓçC. É°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æ¤p, -†’-´¤y you, Sirisha.
îËߪ÷™ îª÷ü∆lç.
b) Kanya asked (past tense) Sirisha to stop talking. Mallesh: Our friends will be here soon. We
áçü¿’-éπ-©-Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷¢Ó) (Imperative)
(brew = coffee ™«çöÀN îËߪ’ôç. ´’J-TçîË are going to have a jolly time with
2. Kavya: Sravya, I am 2. a) (Present tense reporting verb)
v°ævéÀ-ߪ’†’ brew Åçö«®Ω’) them.
going to town Kavya is telling Sravya that she (Kavya) is going to town
Lalasa: My boss is an evening walker. She with sister and requests Sravya to go with them
(´’† friends éÌCl-ÊÆ-°æöx Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’.
with sister.
wanted me to walk with her to her b) (Reporting verb - Past)
´’†ç é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úø-§Òa.)
Please come
home for company. Kavya told Sravya that she (Kavya) was going to town jolly= Ææ®Ωü∆.
with us.
(´÷ boss evenings †úø’-Ææ’hçC. ûª†-ûÓ- with sister and requested her to go with them. A jolly fellow= Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’
§ƒô’ ¢√R}ç-öÀéÀ ††÷o †úø-´-´’çC) 3. Suman: Hi Kiran, take 3. a) (Reporting verb - present) Suman is asking/ asks Kiran Kamesh: I hope they will have their dinner
Manasa: So you walked. How far? the book and to take the book and read the lines underlined on page with us. We can go to a movie after
read the lines 23 and says that he will find what he need. that.
(Åçü¿’-éπE †’´¤y †úÕ-î√´¤. áçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç?) underlined on
Lalasa: Oh, my! It is nearly four kilometers. b) (Reporting verb - Past) (¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†ûÓ ¶µï†ç îË≤ƒh-®ΩE ÇP-Ææ’h-
page 23. You
On the Suman asked Kiran to take the book and read the lines Ø√o†’. Ç ûª®√yûª ´’†ç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞Ô}a.)
(Ŷs, Ø√©’í∫’ éÀ™-O’-ô®Ω’x). will find what
way back I dropped in here. underlined on page 23 and said that he would find what Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ statements (äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo
(AJT you need.
´îËaô°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø Çí¬†’) he needed. ûÁLÊ° sentences) éπü∆.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 187 That'd be most welcome

Manasa: Don't regret. You have had a good §ÚLa îª÷úøçúÕ. Reporting verb present tense ™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’,
exercise È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ statements †’ éπL°œ report
reported part ™ verb tenses ´÷®Ωü¿’. ÅüË reporting verb past
exercise
îËߪ÷Lq ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, äéπ statement èπÿ ÉçéÓ
(*çAç-îª-èπ◊™‰, ÅüÓ ´’ç* ) tense ™ Öçõ‰, reported part verb tenses ÅFo past statement èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u and that °úøû√ç. Table ™
Lalasa: Try it yourself now. You will then Å®·-§Ú-û√®·. É™« Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. È®çúø’ statements
know what it means to walk four
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC reported part (äéπ®Ω’ ûª´’ ´÷ô™x Éûª-®Ω’©’ éπçõ„ áèπ◊\-´¤-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´‚úÓ statements èπ◊, he/
kms.
îÁ°œpçC report îËߪ’ôç) imperative sentences, and statements. she etc, added/ said further Åçö«ç. É°æ¤púø’
(†’´¤y †úÕ* îª÷úø’. Å°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC É°æ¤púø’ at the beginning of the lesson conversation report îËü∆lç. M. SURESAN Mallesh, Kamesh conversation report îËü∆lç.
Ø√©’í∫’ éÀ™ -O’-ô®Ω’x †úø-´ôç Åçõ‰ Reported verb, past tense ¢√úøü∆ç.
àN’ö?) DIRECT INDIRECT Mallesh told Kamesh that their friends
Manasa: Don't be angry. I said it just for fun. would be there soon and that they were
Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
Here's the coffee. Have it and relax. going to have a jolly time with them.
1. Manasa: Lalasa, 1. Manasa asks Lalasa to 1. Manasa asked Lalasa ...
(éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊, ØËØËüÓ ûª´÷-≥ƒ-éπ-Ø√o-†’™‰. Kamesh said that he hoped they would
come in, have a come in and have a seat (No change, because the report-
ÉCíÓ é¬°∂‘. û√T é¬Ææh Nv¨»çA BÆæ’éÓ) have their dinner with them and that they
seat. 2. Lalasa thanks Manasa and ed part is imperative)
Lalasa: Thank you. You make very good could all go to a movie after that. °j†
2. Lalasa: Thank you. says that she is dead tired 2. Lalasa thanked Manasa and said
coffee. Mallesh, Kamesh
îª÷¨»-®Ω’ -éπü∆: ņo È®çúø’
I'm dead tired. 3. Manasa asks (offers) that she was dead tired. statements and that
†’ ûÓ éπL§ƒç.
(Thank you. †’´¤y 鬰∂‘ î√™« ¶«í¬ Lalasa some coffee and
3. Manasa: Take, 3. Manasa asked (offered) Lalasa to Another point:
îË≤ƒh´¤) some coffee. It won't adds (says) that it won't take some coffee and added
Kamesh: I hope they will have their dinner
Manasa: Choose good coffee powder. Have take more than a take more than a minute to (said) that it wouldn't take more
with us -
fresh milk about. That's the recipe minute to make it. make it. than a minute to make it.
DEE report îËߪ÷Lq-†-°æ¤púø’,
for good coffee. 4. Lalasa: Sure, that's 4. Lalasa assures Manasa 4. Lalasa assured Manasa that it
Kamesh said that he hoped ÅØ√oç éπü∆. -É-™«
(´’ç* coffee §ÒúÕ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’éÓ. û√ñ« most welcome. that it is most welcome was most welcome
§ƒ©’ ûÁaéÓ. ´’ç* coffee éÀ ÅC Ææ÷vûªv°æé¬-®Ωçí¬ ÅØË •ü¿’©’,
5. Manasa: It's brew- (Oh, sure! direct speech ™ Öçõ‰ ÅC Kamesh hoped that Å-†-´îª’a. ÉC simpler,
Ææ÷vûªç.) ing now. Tell me why report assures/ assured
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ Åçö«ç) natural.
recipe ȮƜ° = ´çô-é¬-EéÀ Ææ÷vûªç you are so tired. 5. Manasa tells Lalasa that it is 5. Manasa told Lalasa that it was
É°æ¤púø’ more than two statements ᙫ
Lalasa: Thanks once again. 6. Lalasa: My boss is brewing and asks Lalasa to brewing and asked Lalasa to tell
report îÁ-ߪ’-u-´îÓa îª÷ü∆lç:
lesson an evening walker. tell her why she is so tired her why she was so tired.
éÀçü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, Suresh: Hi Manish, I am happy that I final-
She wanted me to 6. Lalasa tells Manasa that her 6. Lalasa told Manasa that her boss
imperative (Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©’ ly got the book. I searched the
walk with her to her boss is an evening walker and was an evening walker and that
ûÁLÊ°) sentences statements
†’, (äéπ whole of the market finally I found
home for company. that she wanted her to walk with she had wanted her to walk with
N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÊ° sentences) report
†’ it in a small shop. This was the
her to her home for company. her to home for company.
îËߪ’ôç. only copy available.
´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o ÉçéÌEo ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: °j table ¶«í¬ study îËÆœ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ÉçéÓ í∫´’-Eéπ: to come, to go, to see- É™«çöÀ Ééπ\úø four statements Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) Report îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ says/ am, is, are ¢√öÀE infinitives Åçö«ç. Infinitives †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ infinitives í¬ØË Öçû√ç. OöÀE report (Indirect speech) îËü∆lç. past
saying/ has/ have said, tells/ is telling/ ¢√öÀéÀ tense Öçúøü¿’. 鬕öÀd tense ´÷®Ωaôç Öçúøü¿’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç Imperative sen- tense, reported verb Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tü∆lç.
are telling/ have told/ has told/ ask etc tences †÷, statements †÷ report îËߪ’ôç (Indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç) îª÷¨»ç. Suresh told Manish that he was happy that he
™«çöÀ present tense reported verbs †’ a) Imperative sentences report îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, ¢√öÀ-™ xE verbs ´·çü¿’ to °öÀd ¢√öÀE infini- had finally got the book, and that he had
¢√úÕ†°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç report îËÆæ’h-†o-¢√∞¡x tives í¬ report îË≤ƒhç. Don't ÅE Öçõ‰, not + infinitive îË≤ƒhç. searched the whole of the market. He added
´÷ô™xE verbs tenses ´÷®√a-Lq† °æE- b) Statements †’ report îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, report îËÊÆ part †’ that ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. OöÀ í∫’Jç* that finally he had found it in a small shop and
™‰ü¿’. that that was the only copy available.
ÉC-´-®Ω™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 23 -V-™„j 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Bhavan: I called your home twice last evening, You see that there are a number of questions
but there wasn't any response. in the conversation. Bhavan puts a number of
(؈’ E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç O’ ÉçöÀéÀ questions to Mohan.
È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x Phone î˨»†’, é¬E á´®Ω÷ We are now going to see how to report ques-
Bߪ’-™‰ü¿’) tions. (Questions indirect speech
†’ ™éÀ ᙫ
Mohan: We were all out at the exhibition. ´÷®√a™ Ñ lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç):
(¢Ë’´’çû√ exhibition èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}ç) You know there are two types of questions:
Bhavan: I called you to know the details of the 1) 'Wh' questions - questions beginning with
match. When is the match? 'Wh' words what, when, where, why, who,
(
´÷uî˝ N´-®√© éÓÆæç §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»†’. á°æ¤pú≈ whom, whose and how. beginOöÀûÓ ÅßË’u
´÷uî˝?) questions †’ 'Wh' questions Åçö«ç. Direct speech ™ Ö†o questions report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, éÌEo ´÷®Ω’p©’ èπÿú≈ îËߪ÷L
eg: What is your name? (do, does and didN≠æ-ߪ’ç™). See the table.
Mohan: There are two matches. What match
are you talking of? Where is he?
DIRECT REPORTED SPEECH
(È®çúø’ matches ÖØ√o®·. à ´÷uî˝ 2) Non 'Wh' questions: 'Wh' words ûÓ Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛?) v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-é¬E questions.
Bhavan: Which of the two is this weekend? eg: a) Is he your friend? 1. Do + 1st Regular Doing Come, know, take etc. Came, knew, took etc.
(Ñ ¢√®√çûªç™ ÖçúËC à ´÷uî˝?) b) Are you happy? etc. Word: do come, do know, (I RDW) (Past Doing Word)
Mohan: It's the match with the team of 'The Ñ≤ƒJ ´’†ç 'Wh' questions †’ ᙫ report do take etc.
Nedu' group of publications. îËߪ÷™ (indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷®√a™) îª÷ü∆lç: 2. Does + 1st Regular Doing comes, knows, takes, etc came, knew, took, etc.
(Å®·ûË ÅC 'ØËúø’— v°æ-®Ω-ù© team ûÓ) Word: does come, does (II Regular Doing Word)
Bhavan: Where are we going to play the know, does take, etc
match? 3. Did + 1st Regular Doing had come, had known, had
came, knew, took, etc.
match Word: did come, did know, taken, etc.
(Ñ áéπ\úø Çúø-¶-ûª’Ø√oç?)
Mohan: At the stadium grounds.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 188 did take, etc. (had + past participle)
(ÊÆdúÕߪ’ç víıçú˛q™)

Are you happy?

Bhavan: Who are our bowlers?
(´’† bowlers á´®Ω’?)
Mohan: I don't have the list.
(Ç ñ«Gû√ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’)
Bhavan: Then who is the list with?
(Å®·ûË Ç list á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çC?) Direct speech ™ Ö†o Ñ ´÷®Ω’p©’ îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç Bhavan, Mohan conversation report îËü∆l´÷?
Mohan: It is with our captain Arya and the question †’ report Åçü¿’™ 'Wh' questions, statements éπLÆœ ÖØ√o-®·-éπü∆? Direct speech ™E questions, reported
coach Guruprasad. îËÊÆô-°æ¤púø’ ü∆Eo state- speech ™ statements í¬ ´÷®Ω-û√-ߪ’E í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ (Åçõ‰ sub + verb word order Å´¤-ûª’çC).
(´’† captain Arya ü¿í∫_®Ω, coach ment structure (sub +
ü¿í∫_®Ω REPORTED
ÖØ√o®·) verb) èπ◊ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç. DIRECT SPEECH
Question Reporting verb (present) Reporting verb (past)
Bhavan: I want to see it. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆:
verb
™ á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿÷
(؈’ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) M. SURESAN 1. Bhavan (to Mohan) I called Bhavan tells Mohan that he Bhavan told Mohan that he
ü∆E ûª®√yûª subject
Mohan: Why do you want to see it? your home twice last called his home twice the day had called his home twice
helping verb main verb
´Ææ’hç-C-. -™‰-ü∆ , -© ´’üµ¿u
(áçü¿’èπ◊ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) evening, but there wasn't before but there wasn't any the day before but there had-
subject ´Ææ’hçC.
Bhavan: I want to be sure that Manoj is on the any response. (Statement) response. n't been any response.
1) Where is he? [Where + is (verb) + he
team. 2. Mohan (to Bhavan): We Mohan tells Bhavan that they Mohan told Bhavan that they
(subject)?]
(´’ØÓñ¸ ÖØ√oú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅE E®Ωl¥-Jç- were all out at the exhibition. were all out at the exhibition. had been all out at the exhi-
2) What is he doing? [What + is (helping verb)
-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) (Statement) bition.
+ he (subject) + doing (main verb)]
Mohan: Don't worry. He is on the team. 3. Bhavan (to Mohan): I called Bhavan says he called Mohan Bhavan said he had called
É°æ¤púø’ É™«çöÀ questions †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’
(ÖØ√oúø’. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊) 'Wh' word ûª®√yûª statement word order èπ◊ you to know the details of to know the details of the Mohan to know the details of
Bhavan: OK. ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç. Åçõ‰ verb + subject/ helping verb the match. When is the match and asks him when the the match and asked him
´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, imperative sentences †÷, + subject + main verb order †’, sub + verb Match? (Statement + 'Wh' match is. when the match was.
statements †÷ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™ (indirect í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. question)
speech ™ îÁ§ƒp™) îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Kesav: Where is Shyam? 4. Mohan (to Bhavan): There Mohan says to Bhavan that Mohan told Bhavan that
a) Imperative sentences (Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Karuna: I do not know are two matches. Which there are two matches and there were two matches and
Åúø-í∫ôç ûÁLÊ° sentences) Let us report the conversation above: match are you talking of? asks him which match he is asked him which match he
eg: i) Get out (order) (Statement + 'Wh' question) talking of. was talking of.
ii) Please come in (request) Reporting verb Reporting verb
5. Bhavan (to Mohan): Which Bhavan asks Mohan which of Bhavan asked Mohan which
iii) Sit down (asking) present tense past tense
of the two is this weekend? the two is this weekend? of the two was that weekend.
É™«çöÀ sentences (imperative) †’ report îËÊÆ- Kesav asks/ is Kesav asked ('Wh' question)
ô-°æ¤púø’ Ñ verbs ´·çü¿’ to °öÀd infinitives í¬ asking Karuna Karuna where
6. Mohan (to Bhavan): It is with Mohan tells Bhavan that it is Mohan told Bhavan that it
´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. where Shyam is. Shyam was.
the team of 'Nedu' group of with the Nedu group of was with the Nedu group of
b) Statements (äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo -ûÁ-LÊ° sen- í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: publications (Statement) Publications. publications.
tences) Direct speech Ééπ\úø reporting
Where is verb past 7. Bhavan (to Mohan): Where Bhavan asks Mohan where Bhavan asked Mohan where
i) He attends classes regularly ™E 鬕öÀd,
Shyam, report where Shyam is are we going to play the they are going to play the they were going to play the
ii) They do not come here often
where where match? ('Wh' question) match. match.
iii) I had a tiresome journey îËÊÆô°æ¤púø’, •ü¿’©’
Shyam is Shyam was
Statements report Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x 'that' ûÓ í¬
v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* N’í∫û√ ´÷®Ω’p©’ îË≤ƒhç. ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-C. Åçö«ç. °j† í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆ Statements, 'Wh' questions †’ éπL°œ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™, Íé´©ç 'Wh'
Karuna replies questions †’ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™. Questions ÅEoç-öÀE reported speech ™ statement word
É´Fo -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç. Karuna replied
that she does not order
that she did not
èπ◊ ´÷®Ωaúøç èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Now observe the conversation between
know know. Exercise: Conversation at the beginning of this lesson N’í∫û√ ¶µ«í¬Eo °j† îª÷°œç-*-†ô’x,
Bhavan and Mohan at the beginning of
this lesson. (ÉC statement) reporting verb, present tense, past tense È®çúÕç-öÀ™  report îËߪ’çúÕ.-

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 25 -Vöµj 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë -2
ú£ÙòÅ°ù£éö˺x ÍFo ÷ªìÙ ÷«æ°xè¶ ÷«åö¶ Íô³ ÑÙè¯Lqì Í÷ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. Ó÷ôÁ
àµí‡pì ÷«åLo ÚÛ«è¯, î¦üŒ‰x àµí‡pìåªxÞ¥ ÷«Ja àµð§pLq ÷ú£ªhÙC. Ð ·ôÙè[ª
ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺xì« ·ôÙè[ª í£ë]lÄ꟪Lo Ñí£óµ«Tþ§hÙ. ÖÚÛæ¨ ví£êŸu¤ÛÙÞ¥ ൛ípC, ÏÙÚÁæ¨
í£ôÁ¤ÛÙö˺ íÆ£ö°û¦ ÷uÚ¨h íÆ£ö°û¦ ÷«åõû¦oè[E ൛ípC. ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éö˺ þ»Þœú£ª
Ú¥î¦õÙç¶ Ð ÍÙø‹Eo ò°Þ¥ û¶ô¢ªaÚÁî¦L. î¦Ú¥uEo ÖÚÛ í£ë]lÄA ìªÙ# ÷ªôÁ í£ë]lÄAö˺ڨ
÷«ô¢aè¯EÚ¨ î¦uÚÛô¢éÙ ú£«vê¦õìª E¸ôlPÙ#ÙC.

Where (wh word) + is (helping verb) + he

(subject) + going (main verb)?
Questions (a), (b)õìª report ඛú-å-í£±pè[ª NªÞœê¦
ÎóŸªì ÓÙêŸ Bú£ªÚÛªÙæ°ô¢ª?
Visala: Where are you (NvÚÛîª ÷ªìLo õÙàÂÚ¨ í‡Là¦è[ª. í£CÙ-
÷«ô¢ªpõª à¶ú£«h question ö˺E wh word ìª Íö°
ÑÙà¶ú‡, NªÞœê¦ question part ìª statement
word order (verb + subject) ö˺ڨ ÷«¸ôa-óŸ«L.
ÏÚÛ\è[ 'that' ô¦ë]ª.
starting off so early? æ¨ÚÛö°x ÷ªìÙ ñóŸª-ö¶l-ô¦L.) ç¶ñªöËÀ – 1 àŸ«è[Ùè….
(ÓÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÍÙêŸ ê•Ùë]- Vinod: OK. I'll be back in time. Î ·ôÙè[ª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x
ô¢Þ¥ ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢ª-꟪- (ú£·ôjì ú£÷ª-óŸ«-E¸Ú AJ-Þ•-þ§hö¶.) ÚÛ«è¯ Question word
û¦o÷±?) Study carefully the conversation above. order ìª report ඛú-å-
Vinod: To our maths lec- í£±pè[ª Wh word šíæ¨d
You find a number of 'wh' questions in it.
turer's.
Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ lesson ö˺ ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙC: NªÞœê¦ Part ìª state-
ment word order ö˺ڨ
(÷« ÷«uëÇÂq öµÚÛa-ô¢ô ÏÙæ¨Ú¨.)
To our maths lecturer's ÷«¸ôa-óŸªè[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….
– Ïö° lecturer's ö˺ö°Þ¥ M. SURESAN Let us now try to
's î¦è…ê¶ 'to' ÷³Ùë]ô¢ report the conversation
ÑÙ# – î¦RxÙ-æ¨Ú¨ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 189 between Visala and Vinod at the beginning of
the lesson. Note that we have to report both
÷ú£ªhÙC.
To my friend's = ÷« 'wh' questions ìª report à¶óŸªè[Ù, (indirect
friend ÏÙæ¨Ú¨
Which maths lecturer do you want to go to? statements and 'wh' Question (table -2).
speech ö˺ڨ ÷«ô¢aè[Ù) ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ÙC 'wh' ç¶ñªöËÀ –2ö˺ àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛ믖 Question structure
Visala: What do you want questions ìª Jð¼ôÂd ඛú-å-í£±pè[ª question ìª
from him?
(÷« ›úo-꟪ö˺x à¦ö°÷ªÙC ÎóŸªì ë]Þœ_-ô¢¸Ú ìª statement structure Þ¥ ÷«ô¢aåÙ Óö°ÞÁ.
statement form ö˺ڨ ÷«¸ôaþ§hÙ.
îµüŒê¦ô¢ª, ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÚÛ\è…¸Ú îµüŒ‰- Exercise: Ð Lesson ö˺E NªÞœê¦ conversa-
(ÎóŸªì ë]Þœ_ô¢ ìªÙ# ÔÙ Ú¥î¦-L?/-ÓÙ- Question:
꟪û¦o.) tion between Visala and Vinod ìª report
ë]ªÚÛª?) Visala: How much does he charge? a) Where is he?
Vinod: I want to have tuition from him. à¶óŸªÙè…– Reporting verb, present tense, past
(ÎóŸªì ÓÙêŸ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?) Ð question ö˺ word order (÷«åõ Í÷ª-JÚÛ) tense ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯. Oªô¢ª practice à¶óŸªåÙ ÍÙç¶
(ÎóŸªì ë]Þœ_ô¢ û¶ìª å«uù£ûËÂÚÛª à¶ô¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ- Vinod: I have to find out. That's what I am Where (wh word) + is (verb)+ he (subject)
ô¦óŸªåÙ ÷«vêŸî¶ª Ú¥ë]ª. Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ÙC, Oª friends
going for. b) Where is he going?
åªû¦o.)
Visala: Which maths lecturer do you want to Ó÷-J-êÁ-ûµjû¦ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ ·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª þ§ô¢ªx ÷«÷´-
go to?
(û¶ìª ÚÛìª-ÚÁ\-î¦L. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛû¶ Ïí£±pè[ª îµüŒ‰- Ð question word order: õªÞ¥ ÷«æ°x-è[ª-꟪-ìoåªx practice à¶óŸªÙè….
꟪û¦o.)
Visala: When do you think you can come
(Ô ÷«uëÇÂq öµÚÛa-ô¢ô ë]Þœ_ô¢ÚÛª îµü‹xõ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-
Reporting Speech
û¦o÷±?)
Vinod: Mr. Ganak. He is the best in the town.
back? 2 Direct Speech
Reporting Verb (Present) Reporting Verb (Past)
(Óí£±pè[ª AJT ô¦Þœ-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?)
Vinod: Why do you want to know?
(ÞœéÚ þ§ôÂ. ÒüÉÁx ÎóŸªû¶ Þ•í£p-î¦è[ª.) 1. Visala: (to Vinod) Where are you Visala asks Vinod where Visala asked Vinod where
Visala: Who suggested him to you?
(ìªîµyÙ-ë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?) starting off so early? he is starting off so early. he was starting off so
(ÎóŸªì ÞœªJÙ# F·Ú-÷ô¢ª àµð§pô¢ª?) early.
Vinod: Most of my friends go to him, so I am Visala: Vikram has invited us to lunch. We
have to start here at least by 10. Vinod: To our maths lecturer's Vinod replies that it is to Vinod replied that it was to
going to him too.
their maths lecturer's. their maths lecturer's.
Reporting Speech
1 Direct Speech
Reporting Verb (Present) Reporting Verb (Past)
2. Visala: What do you want from Visala asks Vinod what he Visala asked Vinod what
him? wants from him. he wanted from him.
1. Krishna: Where is your father? Krishna is asking/ asks Krishna asked Sathya Vinod: I want to have tuition from Vinod tells her he wants to Vinod told her he wanted
(Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥-·ô-ÚÛ\è[?) Sathya where her father where her father was. him. have tuition from him. to have his tuition from
is. him.
Sathya: Why do you want to know? 3. Visala: Which maths lecturer do Visala asks Vinod which Visala asked Vinod which
Sathya asks in reply why Sathya asked in reply why
you want to go to. maths lecturer he wants to maths lecturer he wanted
(ÓÙë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?) he wants to know. he wanted to know.
go to. to go to.
2. Madhavi: What are your goals? Madhavi asks Prasanth Madhavi asked Prasanth Vinod: Mr. Ganak. He is the best in Vinod says/ replies that he Vinod replied that he want-
what his goals are. what his goals were. the town. wants to go Mr. Ganak ed to go to Mr. Ganak (and
Prasanth: What do you advise? Prasanth questions her Prasanth questioned her (and adds that) he is the added that) he is the best
what she advises. what she advised. best in the town. in the town.

1. They have been

ví£øŒo: áî¦ñª: 1. They have been able to keep their (ôÁè[xFo êŸè…Þ¥ Ñû¦oô³. ô¦vA ÷ô¢{Ù ÚÛªJú‡ ÑÙè¯L– b) The money stolen from the bank.
able to keep their promise = They have kept their promise. ÚÛªJ-ú‡ÙC). (ò°uÙÚ ìªÙ# ë•ÙT-LÙ-àŸñè…ì è[ñªs.)
promise (î¦üŒ‰x êŸ÷ª ÷«åìª Eõ-òµ-åªd-ÚÁ-Þœ-L-Þ¥ô¢ª– Eõ-òµ-åªd-ÚÛª- ví£øŒo: 1. Gup Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ˺ N÷-JÙ#, ë¯EE Ô Past participle, verb Ú¥ë]ª. Be form (am, is,
Structure: have been û¦oô¢ª) NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hôÁ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè…. are, was, shall be, have been, etc.,) + Past
above to + P.V. 2. He might have been able to do the job = 2. Past participle (V3) N÷-JÙ#, Ñë¯--ô¢- participle Íô³ê¶ verb Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Íí£±pè[ª verb,
Perhaps (ñø‹)he did the job/ did not do the passive voice.
2. He might have been
éõª êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè….
job. a) Salaries were paid yesterday.
able to do the job
– þ§ï‡°B Në¯u-÷ªÙ-CôÂ, íÆ£ê¶hí£±ô¢Ù
structure: might have (ÍêŸè[ª Îí£E à¶óŸª-ÞœLT ÑÙè[÷àŸªa, ÞœêŸÙö˺ à¶ú‡ áî¦ñª: 1. Gup Íû¶ ÷«å û¦ÚÛª êµL-ú‡-ìÙ-êŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛ« (@ê¦õª Eìo Ï÷y-ñ-è¯fô³/ àµLxÙ-àŸ-ñ-è¯fô³.)
ö¶ë]ª. Guppy Íû¶C ÖÚÛ ô¢ÚÛ-iì à¶í£. b) The college will be closed from tomorrow
been able to + P.V. ÑÙè[÷àŸªa ö¶ë¯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼ô³ ÑÙè[÷àŸªa ÚÛ«è¯.)
3. She must have been able to persuade him 2. Past participle: Object Ñìo Verb Past par- onwards.
3. She must have been
to marry her. ticiple ÚÛª ‘ñè…ì’ ÍE Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. (Ú¥ö¶@ ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ# ÷´óŸª-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC.)
able to persuade him to Past participle ìª adjective Þ¥ î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÍÙç¶
(êŸììª šíRx-à¶-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷ªE Î ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ìàŸa-âµí‡p a) The man seen here yesterday.
marry her. ë¶ûµj¬oû¦ ÷JgÙ-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ÑÙè¯L– ÍÙë]ª¸Ú ÍêŸè¯îµªìª šíRx à¶ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oè[ª) (Eìo ÏÚÛ\ àŸ«è[-ñ-è…ì ÷uÚ¨h – ú£·ôjì êµõª-Þœªö˺
structure: must have been able to + P.V. šíj a) The murdered man was related to her.
Compare: The roads are
Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ Oªô¢ª/ Ù/ î¦üŒ‰x àŸ«ú‡ì ÷uÚ¨h.)
î¦Ú¥uõ í£²Jh Íô¦nEo, Ñí£-óµ«-Þ¥Eo N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª. (àŸÙí£ñè…ì ÷uÚ¨h ÎÚÛª àŸªådÙ.)
wet. It must have rained Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...
– ÓúÃ. -ìª-DlûËÂ, ÚÛô¢«oõª b) The ruined fort = PCÇ-õ-iì ÚÁå
during the night.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 27 -V-™„j 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Arjun: Hi Nakul, well-met. How busy are you

this evening?
´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC: 'Wh' questions
†’ J§Ú®˝d îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, 'Wh' ûÓ begin îËÆœ, ü∆E
(£æ…ß˝’ †èπ◊™¸, éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ûª®√yûª ´îËa Vb + Sub/ HV + sub + MV order
-ÖçC. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’-¢Ëy-¢Á’i-Ø√ busy Ø√?) †’ Sub + Verb order í¬ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç. Eg:
Well met - Ñ expression conversations ™
a) Arjun (to Nakul): How busy are you this
practice îËߪ’çúÕ– éπ©-®·éπ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ÅØË
evening?
Å®ΩnçûÓ. How busy - ÉC èπÿú≈ Practice DEo report îËߪ’ôç:
îËߪ’çúÕ. i) Arjun is asking/ asks Nakul how busy he
Nakul: Why are you asking?
is this evening. (Reporting verb - Present
(áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) tense)
Arjun: I want to take you to a movie. Feel like it? Arjun: How about 'Sarkar Mogudu - Seema
ii) Arjun asked Nakul how busy Nakul was (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ É≠æd¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ¶«©-´·-®ΩR
(ÆœE´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ®√¢√-©-†’çü∆?) that evening (Reporting verb - Past Pellam'?
feel like - ÅE-°œç-îªúøç
ÆæçUûªç Éçé¬Ææh NØ√L ؈’)
tense) Report: Arjun suggested 'Sarkar Mogudu -
Preethi: Will you wait for some time then?
Nakul: (It) depends on the movie you take ÉC ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’-éπü∆? ´’Sx ÉçéÓ Seema Pellam'
me to conversation at the beginning of the
(Å®·ûË é¬Ææh Çí∫’-û√¢√?)
(ÆœE´÷†’ •öÀd îÁ§ƒh) sample îª÷ü∆lç. N’í∫û√ Sruthi: Have you to search for it?
Arjun: How about 'Sarkar Mogudu - Seema b) Nakul (to Arjun): Why are you asking? lesson exercise practice
í¬ îËߪ’çúÕ.
Pellam'? Now look at the conversation below.
(ÅC ¢Áü¿-鬙« †’´¤y)
Reported speech: Preethi: Yes.
('Ææ®√\®Ω’ ¢Á·í∫’úø’ – Æ‘´’ °∞«}ç—èπ◊ i) Nakul asks Arjun why he is asking. Preethi: Hi Sruthi, do you fancy classical music?
¢Á∞«l´÷?) Sruthi: Go ahead then. Can I have today's
ii) Nakul asked Arjun why he was asking. (¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ ÆæçU-ûª-¢Ë’-´’Ø√o Nçö«¢√?) paper in the mean time?
report (a) & (b) questions fancy = É≠ædç
É°æ¤púø’ °j† îËÆœ† paper
Å®·ûË é¬F. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ®ÓV
†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, Sruthi: Why? Are you going to play any?
É´¤y.
Arjun is asking/ asks Nakul (Present (àç, †’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o NE-°œç-îª-¶ûª’Ø√o¢√?) O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’ There are many
tense), Arjun asked Nakul (Past tense) Play - Two in one O’ü¿-í¬F, CD O’ü¿-í¬F
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 190 ™ questions in the conversation above.
begin î˨»ç éπü∆. NE-°œç-îªôç. There are all non 'Wh' questions.
Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç 'Wh' questions report

Are you going to play any?

îËߪ’ôç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. É°æ¤púø’Non 'Wh'
questions report îËߪ’ôç ᙫíÓ îª÷ü∆lç.
í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆: 'Wh' questions Åçõ‰, What,
which, when, where, etc. ™«çöÀ 'Wh' ûÓ
questions.
¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u ´÷ô©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u
Non 'Wh' questions Åçõ‰ ÅN™‰E v°æ¨¡o©’.
Nakul: How good is it? Sankar: Are you interested in cricket?
(áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿C?)
´’†ç practice îËÆæ’h- Preethi: Do you like to listen to some of MS
Arjun: Why haven't you seen the posters? Sarala: Don't you know?
†oC Spoken English Subbulakshmi's?
(It's) seventy five days gone. É°æ¤púø’ É™«çöÀ Non Wh questions report
(MS Subbulakshmi ÆæçUûªç à´’Ø√o
(Posters áçü¿’èπ◊ îª÷∞Ï}ü¿’? É°æp-öÀéÀ 75 鬕öÀd, É™« ´÷öÀ-´÷- îËߪ’ôç (Indirect Speech ™ îÁ°æpôç) ᙫ?
öÀéà reporting verbs Nçö«¢√?)
1. Reporting Verb, is asking/ asks/ is ques-
®ÓV-™„jçC) tell, ask, question Sruthi: Have you any of Balamuralikrishna's
Nakul: OK. But what's the occasion for your tioning/ questions/ asked if
ûª®√yûª ûÓ é¬F,
etc. bookish latest CDs?
taking me to the movie?
ÅE í¬ Whether Sankar is ask-
ûÓ é¬F v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.
( Ñ´’üµ¿u ´*a† ¶«©-´·-®Ω-S-éπ%≠æg ÆæçUûªç
¢√úË •ü¿’©’ ¢√öÀ ing Sarala if/ whether...
(ÅC-ÆæÍ®. ††’o à Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ ≤ƒn†ç-™ ØË variety M. SURESAN CDs ÖØ√oߪ÷?)
2. Ç ûª®√yûª questions word order (verb + sub-
BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) éÓÆæç wants to know/ wanted to know/ Preethi: Don't you like MS? (MS FéÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü∆?) ject/ helping verb + sub + main verb) †’
Arjun: O Nakul, why do you forget things so wished to know ÅE èπÿú≈ ¢√úÕûË Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Sruthi: Of course I do, I have listened to
statement order (sub + verb) í¬ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.
early? I've got admission in Sanketic plenty of hers. I have yet to hear
Öçô’çC. N’í∫û√ ´÷®Ω’p©’ èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç.See table.
college of Engineering, one of the best Åçõ‰, tell, ask, question ņôç ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. some of Balamurali's
in the state. Correct. é¬F É™« wish to know/ wishes to
(àçôçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ´’Ja-§Ú-û√´¤ †’´¤y? know/ would know/ wants to know É™«ç-öÀN DIRECT REPORT
®√≠æZç™ íÌ°æp-¢√-öÀ™x äéπõ„j† ≤ƒçÍé-Aé˙ Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úÕûË variety í¬ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Reporting verb - present Reporting verb - past
Engineering college ™ Ø√èπ◊ seat Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Sankar (to sarala): Sankar asks Sarala if/ whether Sankar asked Sarala if/ whether
´*açC) See table 1: É™« report îËߪ’ôç î√™« simple Are you interested in she is interested in cricket she was interested in cricket
Nakul: Oh, sorry I forgot it. I will make it. Don't í¬ èπÿú≈ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. O’JC áçûª ¶«í¬ prac- cricket?
worry tice îËÊÆh Åçûª Ææ’©’-´-´¤-ûª’çC.
Sarala: Sarala asks Sankar in return if Sarala asked Sankar in return if/
(´’®Ω-*-§Ú-®·-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’®√. Nakul: (It) depends on the movie you take me
Don't you know? / whether he doesn't know whether he did not know
ûª°æpéπ ´≤ƒh†’. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊) to.
´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Imperatives, statements, Report: i) Nakul said it depended on the Look at the following. We are going to report part of the conversation between Preethi and
'Wh' questions report îËߪ’ôç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. movie he took him to (Reporting Sruthi. Observe how we are going to report non 'wh' questions:
'Wh' questions report ´’J-éÌçûª practice verb - said - Past tense)
îËü∆lç. ii) Nakul says it depends on the movie DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
he (Arjun) takes him to (Reporting Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
TABLE 1: verb - says - present tense) Preethi is asking/ asks Sruthi Preethi asked Sruthi if she fancied
Preethi: Hi Sruthi, do
you fancy if/ whether she fancies classi- classical music
Direct Speech Report
classical cal music
Reporting verb - present Reporting verb - past
music?
Arjun: Hi Nakul, Well- Arjun, happy to meet Nakul Arjun, happy to meet Nakul wanted í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ verb + sub, HV + Sub + MV
met. How busy wants to know how busy he is to know how busy he was that sub + verb í¬ ´÷®Ωôç.
are you this this evening. evening.
Sruthi: Why? Are you Sruthi wants to know (is ask- Sruthi wanted to know (asked •ü¿’©’)
evening?
going to play ing/ asks if Preethi
èπ◊ •ü¿’©’) if Preethi was going to play any.
Nakul: Why are you Nakul wants to know why he Nakul wanted to know why he any? is going to play any
Preethi asked Sruthi if/ whether she
asking? (Arjun) is asking. (Arjun) was asking.
Preethi: Do you like to Preethi asks Sruthi if she likes liked to some of MS Subbulakshmi's
Arjun: I want to take Arjun wants to take him to a Arjun wanted to take Nakul to a listen to some to listen to some of MS
you to a movie. move and asks him if he feels movie and asked him if he felt like it. of MS Subbu Subbulakshmi's
Feel like it? like it. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ straight í¬ he wanted lakshmi's
Ééπ\úø Arjun tells Nakul ņ- ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆, I want èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ he told Sruthi asked Preethi if/ whether she
Sruthi: Have you any Sruthi asks Preethi if/ whether
èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË 'I want' †’ 'he wants' í¬ Nakul ņ-èπ◊çú≈. had any of Balamurali's latest CDs.
of Balamurali she has any of Balamurali's
´÷Í®a¨»ç. É™« ´÷®Ωaôç î√™« Krishna's lat- latest CD's
Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. est CD's?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 30 -V-™„j 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Pramod: (It's) days since I saw you. Where Vinod: Congrats. What prizes did you get?
have you been? Did you participate in debate?
(îª÷Æœ î√™« ®ÓV-™„jçC. ÉEo ®ÓV--©’ (ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’, FÍéç •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’
-á-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?) ´î√a®·?úÕ¶‰ö¸™ §ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o¢√?)
Vinod: I had been away at the NCC camp Pramod: I got prizes in three events - light
and returned only this morning. music, debate and mimicry. Won't
Hasn't anyone told you of it? you see my prizes? Come in.
Haven't you called my home? (´‚úø’ §ÚöÙx prizes ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
(؈’ NCC camp èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}†’. Ñ®ÓV ©Lûª ÆæçU-ûªç, debate, mimicry ™.
Öü¿ßª’ç AJ-íÌ-î√a†’. FûÓ á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp- ؈’ ûÁa-èπ◊†o prizes îª÷úø¢√? É°æ¤púø’ Imperative, statement, 'Wh' question, non 'wh' question éπLÆœ Ö†o passage
™‰ü∆? -†’-´¤y ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’-™‰ü∆?) ™°æ-L-éÀ ®√.) ᙫ report îË≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. The conversation at the beginning of the
Event (É¢Áçö¸) – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – Ææç°∂æ’-ô†. lesson, (between Pramod and Vinod) has mixed sentences (Imperatives, statements,
Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç .. §Úöà Åç¨¡ç – véÃúø©’, éπ∞¡©’ 'wh' and non 'wh' questions)
´çöÀ Å稻™x. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Vinod: Do you want Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 191 me to see
1. Pramod (to Vinod): It's Pramod tells Vinod that it is Pramod told Vinod that it was
them now? days since he saw him and days since he had seen Vinod
days since I saw you.
Mom's calling asks him where he has been. and asked him where he had
Where have you been?
Pramod: Why didn't you tell me before leav- me over been.
ing? Your college and home are so phone. I have (1st sentence - statement, 2nd sentence 'wh' question.
far off that I couldn't get any infor- to be at home
M. SURESAN Åçü¿’-´©x 1st sentence †’ that ûÓ, 2nd sentence †’ where +
mation. Moreover I was busy too, urgently. Show statement word order ûÓ report î˨»ç.)
with our college cultural festivals. them to me when I come tomorrow.
2. Vinod: I had been away Vinod says he had been away Vinod said that he had been
at NCC camp and at NCC camp and returned away at the NCC camp and
returned only this morn- home only that morning. He had returned home only that

It's days since I saw you ing. Hasn't any one told
you of it? Haven't you
called my home?
(statement+non 'wh' question)
asks/ is asking Pramod if any
one hasn't told him of it and if
he hasn't called his home.
morning. He asked Vinod if any
one had not told him of it and if
he had not called his home.

3. Pramod: Why didn't you Pramod asks Vinod why he did- Pramod asked Vinod why he
tell me before leaving? n't tell him before leaving, and had not told him before leaving
(¢Á∞Ï}´·çü¿’ áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿÷? O’ (É°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE îª÷úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? Å´’t Your college and home says that his college and home and said that his college and
college, O’ É©’x î√™« ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçúø- are so far off that I could- home were too far off to get
§∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ÚhçC. ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË ÉçöÀéÀ are too far off to get any infor-
ôç-´©x Ø√Íé N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË- n't get any information. mation. Moreover he was busy any information. Moreover he
é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ college ≤ƒçÆæ \%Aéπ -Öûªq-¢√- ¢Á∞«xL. ¢√öÀE -ØË-†’ Í®§Ò-*a-†-°æ¤púø’
Moreover I was busy too, too with their college cultural had been busy too with their
îª÷°œç.) with our college cultural
©ûÓ Ø√èπ◊ BJé𠙉èπ◊ç-ú≈ -§Ú-®·çC.) festivals. college cultural festivals.
Pramod: Do come down tomorrow. Just not festivals.
Vinod: Did you participate in them? Did you
get any prizes?
to see the prizes but to give me your í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Wh questions, statement combination Ééπ\úø.
company. Don't disappoint me. 4. Vinod: Did you participate Vinod is asking/ asks/ has Vinod asked Pramod if he had
(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o §ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o¢√? FÍé-´’Ø√o
(Í®°æ¤ ûª°æpéπ ®√. Ø√ prizes îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ in them? Did you get any asked Pramod if he participat- participated in any of them and
•£æ›-´’-ûª’-™Ô-î√aߪ÷?)
ÅE é¬ü¿’, é¬Ææh Ø√ûÓ í∫úÕ-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊. ††’o prizes? ed in any of them and if he got if he had got any prizes.
Pramod: I did ofcourse, and won prizes too.
E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ω-îªèπ◊) (Only non wh questions) any prizes.
(§ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o†’. •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’ èπÿú≈ 5. Pramod: I did, of course Pramod replies that he did, Pramod replied that he had, of
Vinod: OK. Bye then.
´î√a®·.) and won prizes too. of course and won prizes too. course and had won prizes too.
(Statement)
6. Vinod: Congrats. What Vinod congratulates Pramod Vinod congratulated Pramod
´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ω π◊ report îËߪ’ôç ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊†o sentences ®Ω鬩’, prizes did you get? Did and asks him what prizes he and asked him what prizes he
¢√öÀE report îËÊÆ °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’: you participate in debate?got, and if he participated in had got and if he had partici-
debates. pated in debates.
Type of sentence Method of Reporting (Reporting °æü¿l¥A) ('Wh' question, non Wh question combination)

1. Imperative (Çïc©÷,
Report îËߪ÷-Lq† ´÷ô-™xE verb ´·çü¿’, to °öÀd infinitive îË≤ƒhç. EXERCISE: Report and practise aloud the rest of the conversation. Use both present and past
Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©÷ Report: tense reporting verbs. Compare your answer with ours:
ûÁLÊ°) sentences ANSWER:
Kamala is asking/ asks/ has asked Neelam to go away.
eg: Kamala: Neelam,
(Ééπ\úø, Kamala asked ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ to go away ÅØË ´Ææ’hçC) DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
go away.
Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
2. Statements

Report
(äéπ N≠æ- that Pramod tells Vinod that he got Pramod told Vinod that he had
îËߪ÷-Lq† ¶µ«í¬Eo ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Pramod: I got prizes in
ߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° sen- light music, debate and prizes in ... , and asks him/ is ask- got prizes in ... , and asked him
Report:
tences)
a) Srikanth tells Rani that his sister has come back mimicry. Won't you see ing him/ has asked him if he won't if he wouldn't see his prizes. He
eg: Srikanth: Rani, my my prizes? Come in. see his prizes. He asks him to asked him to come in.
sister has come back b) Srikanth told Rani that his sister had come back
come in.
3. 'Wh' questions
Report question
îËߪ÷-Lq† 'wh'
¶µ«í¬Eo ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* question Vinod: Do you want me Vinod asks Pramod if he wants Vinod asked Pramod if he want-
word order (vb + sub/ Hv + sub + Mv) †’ statement word order to see them now? him to see them then. He says ed him to see them then. He
eg:
(sub + verb) í¬ ´÷®Ωaôç Mom's calling me over that Mom is calling him over said Mom was calling him over
Sushma: Sumanth, phone. I have to be phone and he has to be urgently phone and he had to be urgent-
where are Report: a) Sushma is asking/ asks/ has asked Sumanth where he is
urgently at home. Show at home. He asks Pramod to ly at home. He asked Pramod to
you? b) Sushma asked Sumanth where he was show them to him tomorrow. show them to him the next day.
them to me tomorrow.
4. Non 'Wh' question
Report îËߪ÷Lq† ¶µ«í∫ç ´·çü¿’, If/ whether é¬F °öÀd °j example ™ Pramod: Do come Pramod tells/ is telling Vinod to Pramod told Vinod to come-
question word order †’ statement word order í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. down tomorrow, just not come down tomorrow, just not to down the next day, just not to
eg: ™«í¬
to see the prizes but to see the prizes but to give him his see the prizes but to give him
Kesav: Kedar, are Report: a) Kesav asks/ is asking/ has asked Kedar if he is coming.
give me your company. company. He asks Vinod not to his company. He asked Vinod
you coming? b) Kesav asked Kedar if he was coming
Don't disappoint me. disappoint him. not to disappoint him.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 1 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleas-
-Nç-ü¿’ îËߪ’ôç, Ö™«xÆæç éπL_ç-îªôç).
ure it is to see you! It's nearly a year
(grove - ûÓô – äÍé ®Ωéπç îÁô’x-†oC)
since we met.
Kundan: Yes, I smell them. How tempting their
(àß˝’, †’¢√y èπ◊çü¿Ø˛. áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ very smell is!
ÖçüÓ E†’o îª÷-úø-ö«-EéÀ! Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω-¢Á’içC (Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ ¢√Ææ† ´≤ÚhçC. áçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-
´’†ç éπ©’q-éÌE) ùí¬ ÖçüÓ ¢√öÀ ¢√Ææ†! tempting =
Kundan: How pleased I am to be with you
Çéπ-J{çîË.)
again!
Ranjan: Here you are. Have it.
(´’Sx FûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ wh word + noun + Sub + verb
ÖçüÓ-)
(ÉCíÓ, BÆæ’éÓ). É°æ¤púø’ Ñ statement †’ report îËߪ÷L. ('that'
Kundan: Haa.... how delicious it is! At my (í¬çDµ áçûª íÌ°æp Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úÓ!) •ü¿’©’, exclaimed ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-L)
Ranjan: What a smart fellow you've grown into How sweet the song is!
place of work, we don't get such fruit. 2.
in just a year! (äéπ\ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ØË áçûª 'wh' word + adjective + Sub + Verb
(-õ‰-•’-™¸ 2 îª÷úøçúÕ.)
How sweet! É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç conversation at the beginning of
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ´÷®√´¤!) (smart = ´’ç* - (Ç §ƒô áçûª ´’üµ¿’-®Ωçí¬ ÖçüÓ!)
(-Å-•s... áçûª ®Ω’*í¬ ÖçüÓ! ؈’ °æE-îËÊÆ the lesson™E exclamations report îËü∆lç:
ü¿’Ææ’h-©ûÓ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´ôç) îÓô É™«çöÀ °æ∞¡Ÿx üÌ®Ω-éπ´¤. áçûª Aߪ’uí¬ 3. How fast he bowls!
(-õ‰-•’-™¸ 3 îª÷úøçúÕ.)
'wh word + adverb + Sub + verb.
ÖçüÓ! The conversation above (table-3) is a mixture
Ranjan: Take some with (Noun: üËE-ÈéjØ√ ´’†ç ÉîËa Ê°®Ω’. Adjective-
of exclamation and statements.
you when you í∫’ù«Eo ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç. Adverb - verb ûÁ™‰p °æE ᙫ (Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ Ö†o Conversation ™
go.
192
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù ïJ-TçüÓ îÁÊ°p ´÷ô) Statements and exclamations éπL-Ææ’-Ø√o®· éπü∆)
(†’¢Áy-∞Ïx-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo BÂÆ\∞¡Ÿx) Ææ÷n©çí¬ exclamation word order: Å™« éπL-Ææ’-†o-°æ¤úø’ report îËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈ ÉçûË.
Kundan: Thank you. wh word + noun/adjective/adverb + subject +
Kundan: My job requires that I appear smart. ¢Á·ü¿ô exclamation †’ statement í¬ ´÷Ja,
´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, impera- verb.
What a bore it is to turn out in these ü∆EûÓ §ƒô’ Éûª®Ω statement †’ èπÿú≈ report
tive sentences, state- What a leader Gandhi was! = ÉC Gandhi was
clothes everyday! You don't know. a very great leader ÅE ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æpôç.
îË≤ƒhç.
ments, 'wh' questions, eg: Direct Speech:
I have to get back again in a week.
'non wh' questions report
M. SURESAN Å™«Íí The Taj Mahal is very beautiful - Ñ Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleas-
(v°æA ®ÓV Ñ -ü¿’Ææ’h™x ûªßª÷-®Ω-´yôç (Indirect statement †’ ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ explanation ®Ω÷°æç™
áçûª NÆæ’íÓ Féπ®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. ´’Sx ¢√®√-E-éÀ ¢ÁRx-
îËߪ’ôç ure it is to see you! It's a year since we met.
speech™ îÁ°æpôç) îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ exclama- îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Report (present tense - reporting verb)
§Ú-¢√L.)
Ranjan: Here's something for a change, don't Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan exclaims
worry. that it is a great pleasure to see him (and
(-É°æ¤p-úø’ é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’p -éπ-L-T-ç-îË-C -Öç-C-™‰. adds/says) that is a year since they met.
¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊) Ç §ƒô áçûª ´’üµ¿’-®Ωçí¬ ÖçüÓ! Report (past tense- Reported verb)
Kundan: What is it? Rajan surprised at seeing Kundans exclaimed
Ranjan: You are here just when I am about to that it was a great pleasure to see him, (and
have a mango. Happy. Let me treat How beautiful the Taj Mahal is! ņ-´îª ’a. added/said) that was a year since they had
tions (Ǩ¡a-®√uEo ûÁ™‰p ¢√é¬u©’/ £æ«®∏√-ûª’hí¬ ´’†èπ◊
you to some wonderful mangoes. (û√ñ¸´’£æ«™¸ áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!– ÉC exclama- met.
éπLÍí ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ûÁ™‰p ¢√é¬u©’)†’ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™
They are from our own groves! fresh, tion- DØËo statementí¬ îÁÊ°h, Exclamation †’ report îËÊÆ full stop -ûÓ ÇÊ°Æœ,
îª÷ü∆lç:
fleshy and juicy. The Taj Mahal is very beautiful Åçö«ç. statement part †’ éÌûªh sentence í¬ èπÿú≈
Let us first study the word order in an excla-
(´’ç* time éÌî√a´¤, ؈’ ´÷N’úÕ °æçúø’ mation. Direct Speech™E exclamation †’ report îËߪ÷- îÁ§Òpa.
A†-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’. ´’ç* ´÷N’úÕ °æ∞¡xûÓ Fèπ◊ (´’†ç ´·çü¿’ exclamation ™ word order- ©çõ‰, ´·çü¿’ ¢√öÀE statement í¬ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊çö«ç. Eg: Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan
Nçü¿’ îËߪ’F. ÅN ´÷ ûÓô-™¢Ë. û√ñ«-N, ´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ îª÷ü∆lç) (-õ‰-•’-™¸ 1 îª÷úøçúÕ.) exclaims that it is a great pleasure to see him.
éπçúø, ®ΩÆæç Ö†oN. treat = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ¢Á·-ü¿ô ´’†ç report îËߪ÷-Lq† exclamation †’ He says that it is a year since they met.
(´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’© °æôx ÖçúË -B®Ω’) doctor, Look at the following exclamations:
É™« statement ™éÀ ´÷Ja, Ç ûª®√yûª statement †’ Exercise: Conversation at the beginning of
patient èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’ôç. Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç– 1. What a leader Gandhi was! the lesson N’í∫û√ ¶µ«í¬Eo ¢Á·ûªhç (StatementsûÓ
report îËÆ œ-†-ô’d that ûÓ begin îËÆ œ report îËߪ÷L.
The Tourist: How beautiful the Scenery is! Ææ£æ…) Present tense and past tense reporting
1 verbs éÓÆæç report îËߪ’çúÕ.
Spoken English -éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ. URL:

EXCLAMATION STATEMENT É°æ¤-úø’- ´’-†ç °j exclamation -†’ report îËߪ÷L.

http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

1. How cold the day is! The day is very cold Åç-ûªèπ◊ ´·ç-üË ´’†ç Ç exclamation †’ statement (-õ‰-•’-™¸ 4 îª÷úøç-úÕ)
(áçûª îªLí¬ ÖçüÓ Ñ ®ÓV) (Ñ¢Ë∞¡ î√™« îªLí¬ ÖçC) í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. (The scenery is very beautiful)
2. What a beautiful Car it is! The car is very beautiful
(Ç car áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!) (Ç Car î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC) ANSWER to the exercise 4
3. How well she sings! She sings very well.
DIRECT SPEECH REPORT
(áçûª ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’hçüÓ!) (Å¢Á’ î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC)
Present tense Reporting verb Past tense Reporting verb
4. What a building it is! It is a very good/beautiful/big building.
(áçûª ´’ç*/Åçü¿-¢Á’i†/°ü¿l éπôd-úø¢Á÷!) Ranjan: Here's something Ranjan tells Kundan that there Ranjan told Kundan that there
(ÅC î√™« ´’ç*/Åçü¿-¢Á’i†/°ü¿l éπôdúøç) for a change. Don't Worry is something for a change and was something for a change
asks him not to worry. and asked him not to worry.
Direct Speech Report
2 Reporting Verb-Present Reporting Verb-Past Kundan: What it is? Kundan asks him what it is. Kundan asked him what it was.
The Tourist: How The tourist exclaims The tourist exclaimed
beautiful the that the scenery is that the scenery Ranjan: You are here just Ranjan tells Kundan that he is Ranjan told Kundan that he was
scenery is ! very beautiful. was very beautiful. when I am about to have a there just when he is about to there just when he (Ranjan) was
mango. Happy. Let me treat have a mango. Ranjan is happy. about to have a mango. He was
you to some wonderful He wishes to treat Kundan to happy. He wished to treat
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH -REPORT mangoes. They are from some wonderful mangoes. They Kundan to some wonderful
3 Reporting verb Present tense Reporting verb Past tense our own groves - fresh, are from their groves - fresh, mangoes - they were from their
Ranjan: What a pleas- Ranjan exclaims (to Kundan/on fleshy and juicy. fleshy and juicy. groves - fresh, fleshy and juicy.
Ranjan exclaimed (to Kundan/on
ure it is to see you! seeing Kundan) that It is a great seeing Kundan) that it was a
Kundan: Yes. I smell them. Kundan (says yes) and that he Kundan (said yes) and that he
pleasure to see him.. great pleasure to see him)
How tempting the smell is! smells them. He exclaims that smelt them. He exclaimed that
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπ-ü∆. What a pleasure it is to see you! ÅØË exclamation†’ ¢Á·ü¿ô statement form™éÀ the smell is very tempting. the smell was very tempting.
´÷®√aç: It is a great pleasure to see him. ü∆Eo report î˨»ç. exclaims/exclaimed ÅØË reporting verb-ûÓ Ranjan: Here you are. Have it. Ranjan offers the mango to Ranjan offered the mango to
Kundan: How pleased Kundan exclaims that he is Kundan exclaimed that he was Kundan Kundan.
I am to be with you very pleased to be with Ranjan very pleased to be with Ranjan Kundan exclaims that it is very Kundan exclaimed that it was
Kundan: Haa... how deli-
again! again. again. delicious. They don't get such very delicious. They didn't get
cious it is! At my place of
Ranjan: What a smart Ranjan exclaims that Kundan has Ranjan exclaimed that Kundan had work we don't get such fruit fruit at his place of work. They such fruit at his place of work.
fellow you've grown into! grown into a very smart fellow. grown into a very smart fellow. how sweet! are/it is very sweet. they were/ it was very sweet.
Kundan: What a bore it Kundan exclaims that it is a big Kundan exclaimed that it was a
big bore to turn out in these Ranjan: Take some with Ranjan asks Kundan to take Ranjan asked Kundan to take
is to turn out in these bore to turn out in these/those
clothes every day. clothes everyday. you when you go. some with him when he goes. some with him when he went
clothes every day!
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 3 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Pratibha: Hi Mahima. How glad I am to see

Å™« report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ N’í∫û√ ÅEo ®Ω鬩
you! How is everybody in your vil-
sentence word order statement word
†’
lage?
order ™éÀ ´÷®Ω’-≤ƒh-´’E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉC î√™«
(áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oØÓ E†’o îª÷úø- ´·êuç report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË î√™«-´’çC
í¬ØË, O’ Ü∞x Åçü¿®Ω÷ ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?) sentences word order
§ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ í∫’Jç*, ¢√öÀE
Mahima: We are all OK. Thank you. How are statement word order ™éÀ ᙫ ´÷®√aL
you? report
ÅE Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ÉC ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË
Pratibha: Fine too. Thank you. What news? îËߪ’ôç Å≤ƒüµ¿uç.
Did the local body elections go off Ñ sentence ®Ω鬩’, Ææç•ç-Cµûª N´-®√-©†’
well in your place? spoken English -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™ î√™« b) They play well -
´’†ç Direct speech report
†’
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’,ques-
(èπ◊™«≤ƒØË. Thank you. àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL§ƒç. î√™«-´’çC Ç lessons miss They (Subject) + play (verb) + ..
tion statement order
†’ ™ report
îË≤ƒhç. Åçõ‰
Statement
subject verb Imperative
≤ƒnEéπ áEo-éπ-™„™« ïJ-í¬®· O’ Ü∞x?) Åߪ·uç-ö«-®ΩØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ É°æ¤púø’ ´’S} N´- îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ †’ ´·çü¿ ®Ω °úøû √ç.
Mahima: Didn't you read about them all in the ´·ç-ü¿’ subject
, ûª®√y-ûªverb ´≤ƒh®·.
J-Ææ’hØ√oç. í∫´’-Eç* í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. sentence to
´·çü¿’ °öÀd v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Exclamation
papers? What did you watch on the 2 a) Non Wh question:
ûÁ©’-í∫’-¢√-éπuç™ à ´÷ô áéπ\-úø’Ø√o Å®Ωnç †’ ´·çü¿’ statement
í¬ ´÷Ja reportîË≤ƒhç.
TV? i) Is he a singer?
´÷®Ωü¿’. ®√´·úø’ ®√´ù’úÕE îªç§ƒúø’– Ñ Method of reporting: 1) statement
[Is (verb) + he (Subject) + ...]
(°ævA-éπ™x îªü¿-´-™‰ü∆ ¢√ô-EoçöÀ í∫’Jç*? ¢√éπu¢Ë’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. DE™ à ´÷ô áéπ\-úø - Kamala to Karuna:
ii) Are they playing- verb, Are play-
TV ™ àç îª÷¨»´¤?)
Éçü¿’™
Öç*Ø√ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’. ®√´ù’úÕE ®√´·úø’ ing-É™« verb
™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’çõ‰ Sita came here yesterday (statement)
Pratibha: I did, of course. But it is different to îªç§ƒúø’/ îªç§ƒúø’ ®√´·úø’ ®√´-ù’-úÕE– ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô†’ helping verb,
N’í∫û√ Report: a) Kamala says to Karuna that Sita
hear about them from one like you on É™« ´÷ô-©†’ ¢√éπuç™ ᙫ ´÷JaØ√ Å®Ωnç ´÷ô-©†’ main verb
Åçö«ç. 鬕öÀd came there yesterday (Reporting
the scene. ´÷®Ωü¿’ éπü∆. Are they playing? Word order: verb - Present tense)
(îªC-¢√†’, îª÷¨»††’éÓ. é¬E Ææç°∂æ’-ô† -É°æ¤p-úø’ English ™ try îËߪ’çúÕ: Are (helping verb) + they (subject)+ playing? b) Kamala told Karuna that Sita had come
Ææn©ç™ Ö†o F™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* Rama killed Ravana- (main verb) yesterday.
N†ôç ¢ËÍ®.) Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Ñ ´÷ô© îÓôx†’ ´÷®ΩaçúÕ– 2 b) Wh questions: 2) 'wh' question report
†’ wh +
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’,
Mahima: Get me some water first. i) Where are they? question word order:
Ñ verb + subject/ wh + helping verb + subject +
Å®Ωnç ᙫ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çüÓ
Where (Wh word) + are (verb) + they (subject) main verb wh word + subject + verb
Pratibha: Have some coffee too. O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. †’,
structure
ii) Where are they going?-
™éÀ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.
( coffee Rama killed Ravana
3) Imperative sentences †’ report îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊,
é¬Ææh èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÓ)
- Where (Wh word) + are (helping verb) +
imperative part
´·çü¿’ °öÀd infinitive îË≤ƒhç.
to
ÉD,
Ravana killed Rama they (subject) + going (main verb)
4) Exclamations †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE
- question π◊ 4 word orders ÖØ√o®·:
äÍé Å®Ωnç É´y-éπ-§Úí¬ Åçõ‰ ´·çü¿’ statement word order™éÀ ´÷Ja,
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 193
´uAÍ®éπ Å®√n-©-E-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· i) Verb + Subject statement ™«í¬ that ûÓ report v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.
M. SURESAN ii) Helping verb + Subject + Main verb
éπü∆. Exclamation: a) How well she sings!
(Ç¢Á’ áçûª ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çüÓ!)
ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ DEo statement í¬ ´÷®Ωaôç:

These politicians, oh, God! She sings very well.

(Ç¢Á’ î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC.)
b) Exclamation: How tall he is!
(ÅûªØÁçûª §Òúø’íÓ!)
ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ DEéÀ statement form:
Mahima: Thank you. Now about the elections. Åçü¿’-éπE English sentences ™ à ´÷ô iii) Wh word + Verb + Subject He is very tall. (Åûªúø’ î√™« §Òúø’í∫’)
I'm happy they are all over. Oh, what Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ÅC Öçú≈L. îÓô’-´÷-JûË Å®Ωnç iv) Wh word+Helping verb+Subject+Main verb Exercise: Report the conversation at the
have we been through! You just can't ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC. Word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) Very important: Wh questions ™í¬F, Non beginning of this lesson.
imagine. î√™« ´·êuç. ÅC îª÷ü∆lç É°æ¤púø’. Wh questions subject
™í¬F á°æ¤púø÷, verb
English ™ 4 ®Ω鬩 sentences ¢√úøû√ç. helping verb
(áEo-éπ-©-®·-§Ú-ߪ÷-ߪ’E ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ûª®√y-ûª-í¬F, ûª®√-ûªy-í¬F ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
´÷N ᙫçöÀ ņ’-¶µº-¢√™ †’´¤y Ü£œ«çîª- 1. Statement (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÊ° sentence)- ´’†ç questions É™«Íí Åúø-í¬L. Å°æ¤púË correct.
™‰´¤) ÉC™« Öçô’çC/ ÅC Å™« îÁߪ÷uL 3) Imperative sentences:
Pratibha: That's why I asked you to tell me
-v°æ-¨¡o:
™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ É´Fo Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷ ûÁL-Ê°N–
2. Questions: ÉN Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’– v°æ¨¡o©’– eg: a) come in ( =you come in) = (Asking)
about them.
b) Please help me (you please come in- request) What is the difference between ..
(Åçü¿’-éπØË éπü∆ E†’o îÁ§ƒp-©çC)
È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’:
a) 'Wh' questions - What, Which, Where, c) Get out (you get out) - order. a) The Eenadu was published first from
Mahima: Many people didnot find their names
When, Why, Who, Whom, Whose and Vizag.
on the voter lists. Liquor flowed (Oô-Eoç-öÀéà subject 'you' ØË. ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬
how Wh
™«çöÀ v°æ¨»o-®Ωnéπ °æü∆©’– É´Fo ûÓ b) The Eenadu was published first in Vizag.
freely. Money- lots of it- passed ´C-™‰≤ƒhç)
'Wh' Words
¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-û√®· 鬕öÀd– OöÀE c) The Eenadu was first published in Vizag.
hands. There were group clashes 4) Exclamations:
Åçö«ç.
and faction fights. We passed a) What a fool you are!
-ï-¢√-•’:
– G. £æ«†’-´’çûª®√´¤, ´÷Ωx.
b) Non 'Wh' questions- 'Wh' words ™‰E
through the worst of the tension. What (Wh word) + a fool (noun) + you
questions.
(î√™«-´’çC Ê°®Ω’x ãô®Ωx ñ«G-û√™ ™‰´¤. (sub) + are (verb) Ç ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x The Eenadu was pub-
3. Imperative sentences: Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, lished from Vizag ÅØËC éπÈ®é˙d. N’í∫û√
b) How good he is! - How (Wh word) + good
sentences.
´’ü¿uç üµ∆®√-∞¡çí¬ §ƒJçC. °-ü¿l-¢Á·-ûªhç™
úø•’s îËûª’©’ ´÷JçC. ´®Ω_-§Ú-®√-ö«©÷
Åúø-í∫-ö«©÷ ûÁLÊ°
(adj) + he (sub) + is (verb) È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. publish Åçõ‰ v°æ-Jç-
4. Exclamations: Ǩ¡a-®√uEo, £æ«®∏√-ü∆s¥-¢√-©†÷
ïJ-í¬®·. î√™« tension ņ’¶µº-Nçî√ç) ûÁL-Ê°N: c) How well he plays!
îªôç – Åçõ‰ °ævA-éπ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢Á©’-´-úøôç
Pratibha: We pride on being a democratic How (Wh word) + well (adv) + he (sub) +
ÅE Å®Ωnç. °ævA-éπ©’ -äéπ-îÓ-ô ´·vü¿ù Å®·-†-
Let us now study the word order in each °æp-öÀéÃ, Åéπ\úÕ †’ç* N’í∫û√îÓôxèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√®·
Country. plays (verb)
of the four types of sentences and how 鬕öÀd published from Åçö«®Ω’.
(´’†ç àüÓ v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u ü˨¡-´’E í∫®Ωy- they can be changed into the statement 4 kinds of sentences word order Ææ÷n©çí¬:
°æ-úøû√ç) word order. (This is very important for
Statement Question Imperative sentence Exclamation
Mahima: These politicians, oh, God! Reporting, direct speech).
(
Ñ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ î√©’. Word Order in .. Subject + Verb 1) Verb + Subject You (subject îÁ°æpç) + Wh word + noun/
2) Helping Verb + Subject + verb. adjective/ adverb +
üË´¤-úÓß˝’!) 1) Statement: Statement word order: Subject +
verb. statement Subject Main Verb verb sub + verb.
´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Imperative structures, Åçõ‰ ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ´·çü¿’
statements, questions ('wh', non-wh), excla- ´·çü¿÷, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª verb ´≤ƒh®·. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ: 3) Wh word + Verb + Subject éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Question ™-™« é¬èπ◊çú≈
mations report îËߪ’ôç (Indirect speech ™ a) He is a singer - word order- 4) Wh word + Helping Verb + You á°æ¤púø÷ subject. Ééπ\úø sentence *´®Ω
îÁ°æpôç) îª÷¨»ç. He (Subject) + is (verb) + ... Subject + Main Verb N†-°æ-úøü¿’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤. verb ¢√úøû√ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 5 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Rohit: It is raining now. How shall I go?

2) ´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’©÷, requests, permis-
(´®Ω{ç ´≤ÚhçC. ᙫ ¢Á∞¡x†’?) sions èπ◊ ÅúÕÍí question form ™ shall ¢√ú≈L.
Rajat: You have to, some how. Otherwise we a) Shall I help you? (ØË-†’ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’Ø√?)
can't get the tickets and we shall be
b) Shall we wait till tomorrow?
missing the movie.
(Í®°æ-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Çí∫-´’ç-ö«®√?)
(ᙫ-ÈíjØ√ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†ç öÀÈéö¸q c) When shall we start?
ûÁa-éÓ™‰ç, ÆœE´÷ miss Å´¤û√ç).
Rohit: You're not ready yet.
(´’´’tLo á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-´’ç-ö«®Ω’?/
¢Ë’ç á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®√L?)
(†’Nyçé¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-™‰ü¿’) First type of questions ™E shall †’ report
Rajat: You have a friend at the theatre, don't
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, reporting verb, present tense ™ DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
you? Take his help to get the tickets Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
Öçõ‰, shall •ü¿’©’ will ´Ææ’hçC.
(Fèπ◊ Theatre ™ friend ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆. a) Pranav: 'Shall I ever become rich?' Rohit: Shall I go now and Rohit asks Rajat if he should go Rohit asked Rajat if he should go
¢√úÕ ≤ƒßª’çûÓ öÀÈéö¸q BÆæ’éÓ) Santhi: You will, of course. wait for you at the at once and wait for him at the at once and wait for him at the
Rohit: Shall I go now and wait for you at the hall? hall. hall.
DEo report îËü∆lç.
hall? Rohit: Shall I take the Rohit is asking Rajat if he can Rohit asked Rajat if he should
Pranav is asking/ has
(É°æ¤púø’ -ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx öÀÈéö¸q BÆæ’-èπ◊E FéÓÆæç bike? take the bike. take the bike.
asked Santhi, if he will
£æ…©’ ü¿í∫_®Ω áü¿’®Ω’îª÷úøØ√?) Rajat: How Shall I come Rajat asks/ is asking Rohit how Rajat asked Rohit how he would
ever become rich.
then? he will come then. come then.
Santhi assured him he
Rohit: Shall I come back Rohit is asking/asks Rajat if he Rohit asked Rajat if he should
will.
and pick you up? should come back and pick him up. come back and pick him up.
ÅüË reported verb past

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 194 tense

•ü¿’©’
™ Öçõ‰
would
shall
´Ææ’hçC. M. SURESAN
Exercise: Report the whole conversation between Rohit and Rajat at the beginning of the lesson -
with the reporting verb both in the present tense and past tense.

It is raining now...
Answer to exercise under lesson 193

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense

Pratibha: Hi Mahima, how Pratibha tells she is very glad to Pratibha told Mahima that she
glad I am to see you! How see mahima and asks her if was very glad to see Mahima and
Pranav asked Santhi if he would ever
Rajat: Do. As soon as I get there, I shall call is everybody in your vil- every body is well in her village. asked her if everybody was well in
become rich. Santhi assured that he would. her village.
you and we can meet each other. lage?
(Å™« -îÁß˝’. ؈’ -C∑µßË’-ô®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√í¬ØË, ÉçéÓ Example: Mahima: We are all OK. Mahima says they are all OK. She Mahima said that they were all
OK. She thanked Pratibha and
Fèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh. ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a.) Sankar: Shall I be happy if I accept the job? Thank you. How are you. thanks Pratibha and asks her how she is. asked her how she was.
Rohit: Shall I take the bike? Ramani: You will be, certainly. Pratibha: Fine too. Thank Pratibha says she is fine too. She Pratibha said that she was fine
(؈’ Bike BÆæ’-éÓØ√?) Reporting Verb Reported Verb you, what news? Did the thanks her and asks her for news. too. She thanked her and asked
Present tense Past tense local body elections in She asks her if the local body elec- her if the local body elections in
Rajat: How shall I come then?
your village go off well? tions in her village went off well. her village had gone off well.
Sankar is asking Sankar asked
Mahima asks Pratibha if she did- Mahima asked Pratibha if she had
(ØËØÁ™« ®√†’?) Mahima: Didn't you read
Ramani if he will be Ramani if he would
Rohit: Shall I come back and pick you up? about them in the papers n't read about them in the not read about them in the papers
happy if he accepts be happy if he
(؈’ AJ-íÌ*a E†’o BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡xØ√?) what did you watch on papers, and what she watched and what she had watched on the
the job. accepted the job.
Rajat: Don't worry. I shall take an auto. the TV? on the TV. TV.
Ramani assures him Ramani assured
Pratibha: I did of course. Pratibha says/replies that she Pratibha replied that she had
(°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ؈’ Çö™ ´≤ƒh.) that he will be, cer- him that he would
Rohit: I shall get going then. But it is different to hear did but it is different to hear about done but it was different to hear
tainly. be, certainly.
about them from one like them from one like her on the about them from one like her on
(Å®·ûË Øˆ’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’û√)
you on the scene. scene. the scene.
Rajat: Do. (é¬F.) É°æ¤púø’ shall -¢√-úË È®çúÓ °æ-ü¿l¥-A:
Mahima: Get me some Mahima wants some water. Mahima asked for some water
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ÅEo ®Ω鬩 sentences Kumar: Shall I help you? water first.
†÷ report îËÊÆ Nüµ∆†ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Å®·ûË ÉC Kumar îËÆæ’h†o offer. Reporting verb
Pratibha: Have some Pratibha offers some coffee too. Pratibha offered some coffee too.
shall ûÓ Ö†o questions †’ report -îËÊÆ N≠æ- present tense Å®·ûË, Kumar is asking her
Coffee too.
if he can help her. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™–
ߪ’ç™ éÌçûª ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Mahima: Thank you. Now Mahima thanks Pratibha. About Mahima thanked Pratibha. About
Present day English usage ™ shall èπÿ (spoken English ™) He is offering to help the elections she (says she) is the election she (said she) was
about the elections. I'm
will èπÿ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ àç ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. her -Å-†-úøç Öûªh´’ç. happy they are all over. She says happy they were all over. She said
happy they are all over.
shall ¢√ú≈-Lq† îÓô™«x, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEo-îÓö«x will ÉüË reported verb past tense ™ Å®·ûË. Oh what we have been Pratibha cannot imagine what Pratibha could not imagine what
¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Shall, will -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈-†’ -É°æ¤p-úø’ Kumar asked Santhi if he should help her through you just can't they have been through. they had been through.
Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç-éÓ-´-úøç-™‰-ü¿’. Å®·ûË I and we ûÓ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx, ´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ imagine.
questions èπ◊ ´÷vûªç Éçé¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ shall °æ†’© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, shall •ü¿’©’ should Pratibha: That's why I Pratibha says that's why she Pratibha said that was why she
¢√úø’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. ´Ææ’hçC. asked you to tell me asked her to tell her all about had asked her to tell her all about
Shall †’ I and we ûÓ question form ™ È®çúø’ Prasad: When shall I see you again? about them. them. them.
®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç: Pramod: You can see me whenever you like. Mahima: Many people did Mahima says that many people Mahima said that many people
1) Indefinite future- ´’†ç éπ*aûªçí¬ Ü£œ«ç-îª-™‰E/ Prasad asked Pramod when he should see not find their names on did not find their names on the had not found their names on the
´’†èπ◊ future ™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çü∆/ ï®Ω-í∫ü∆ ÅE him again. Pramod told him that he could the voter list. Liquor voter list, that liquor flowed voter list that liquor had flowed
ÆæJí¬_ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’Jç* question ™ flowed freely. Money- lots freely, that money- lots of it- freely that money- lots of it- had
see him whenever he liked.
of it changed hands. changed hands and that there changed hands and that there had
´ÊÆh shall ¢√ú≈L. Now look at the following conversation at
There were group clash- were group clashes and faction been group clashes and faction
a) Shall I ever become great? = the beginning of the lesson:
es and faction fights. We fights. They passed through fights. they had passed through
1) Rohit (to Rajat): How shall I go? the worst of tension.
passed through the worst worst of tension.
؈’ àØ√öÀ-ÈéjØ√ íÌ°æp-¢√-úÕ-†-´¤-û√Ø√?
b) Shall I be happy there? = Report: Rohit asked Rajat how he should go. of tension.
؈-éπ\úø ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçö«Ø√? (Reporting verb - past tense). Pratibha: We pride on Pratibha says we pride on being Pratibha said we prided on being
c) Shall We need these books after we com- Rohit asks Rajat how he can go. being a democratic country a democratic country. a democratic country.
plete the course? = (Reporting Verb - present tense - É™«çöÀîÓôx Mahima:These politicians, Mahima expresses her disgust Mahima expressed her disgust of
éÓ®Ω’q °æ‹®Ωh®·-† ûª®√yûª ´’†èπ◊ -Ç •’é˙q Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? can ¢√úø’éπ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç) Oh, God. of politicians.
(üËy≠æç/-Å-Ææ£æ«uç) politicians.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 7 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Darsan: How about eating out today? advice?

(•ßª’-õ„-éπ\-úøØ√o (hotel™) ¶µç-îË-ü∆l´÷?) (†ØËoç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«-N-°æ¤púø’? F Ææ©£æ… à-N’-öÀ?)
Vardhan: That's ok with me. I welcome the Kumar: Buy it if you like. What can I say?
change. (FéÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’iûË é̆’éÓ\. ØËØËç îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’?)
(Ø√èπ◊ Ææ´’t-ûª¢Ë’. é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’p Ø√èπÿ ÆæçûÓ- Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ Kumar report îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ È®çúø’
≠æ¢Ë’) Nüµ∆-©’í¬ îËߪ’-´îª’a–
Darsan: Which restaurant shall we go to? 1) Åçû√ rules v°æ鬮Ωç.
(à restaurant Èé∞«lç?) 2) Spoken form of English (´÷´‚©’ English
Vardhan: Let's try 'Vindu Vilas' today. Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™) informalí¬ report îËߪ’ôç..
(Ñ¢√∞¡ Nçü¿’ -N-™«Æˇ èπ◊ -§Ú-ü∆ç) Compare the following Table -3
Darsan: Isn't that a long way off? Moreover it's REPORT
DIRECT SPEECH
(--õ‰-•’-™¸ -1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)
threatening to rain. I am afraid we
Formal (According to rules) Informal (Spoken Form)
might get drenched on our way back. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Informal í¬ (´÷´‚©’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù Darsan: How about a) Present Tense Present Tense
(ÅC ü¿÷®Ωç éπü∆? ´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’dí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC. AJ-íÌ- ®Ω÷°æç™) report îËߪ’ôç áçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçüÓ. eating out today Darsan asks Vardhan how about eat- Darsan suggests that they eat
îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’ ûª-úø’≤ƒh-¢Ë’-¢Á÷). threatening to rain - ´®Ω{- Å®·ûË §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-©-éÌéπ Ææ÷: ¢Á·ü¿ô ¶«í¬ rules
Ææ÷- ¶«í¬ Öçúøôç. Å®·ûË threaten èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ ing out that day. out that day.
v°æ鬮Ωç report îËߪ’ôç practice îËÆœ† ûª®Ω-¢√-ûË spo-
Å®Ωnç – ¶„C-Jç-îªôç. Don't try to threaten me = ken form™ informal í¬ b) Past Tense:
Darsan suggested that they eat
††’o ¶„C-Jç-îª-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îÌü¿’l. report îËߪ’ôç practice Darsan asked Vardhan how about
Vardhan: Why don't we go to Eat 'n' joy? It's out that day.
îËߪ’çúÕ: É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ- eating out that day.
not far off. ùØË past tense ™ report Vardhan is for it and welcomes
(Eat'nJoy Èéçü¿’-Èé-∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å-üË-´ ’ç-ûª a) Vardhan says it is OK with him and
Vardhan: That's OK
îËü∆lç: that he welcomes the change the change.
ü¿÷®Ωç é¬ü¿’.) with me. I welcome
Darsan: If I were you, I wouldn't even think of
(--õ‰-•’-™¸ 2 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) Vardhan said it was OK with him and Vardhan was for it/ agreed to it
the change
it. The food there is rotten. ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’- that he welcomed the change. and welcomed the change.
†o-°æ¤púø’ report îËߪ’ôç Darsan: Which a) Darsan asks which restaurant a) Darsan asks about the restau-
M. SURESAN
(؈’ †’-¢Áj yûË, ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* Ç™-*ç-’.
restaurant shall we go they will go to. rant they will go to.
to? b) Darsan asked which restaurant b) Darsan asked about the
that would go to. restaurant they would go to

If I were you... Vardhan: Let's try

Vindu Vilas today

Darsan: Isn't it a long

a) Vardhan suggest that they try
Vindu Vilas that day.
b) Vardhan suggested that they
try Vindu Vilas that day
a) Vardhan suggests trying
Vindu Vilas that day/suggests
Vindu Vilas
b) Vardhan suggested trying
Vindu Vilas.
a) Darsan asks Vardhan if it is not a a) Darsan feels it is long way off.
Åéπ\úø food îÁûªh-™«í¬ -Öç-ôç--C). way off? Moreover it's long way off, and says that it's threat- Moreover it is threatening to rain
(rotten - ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç ´·J-T-§Ú-®·†. threatening to rain. I ening to rain and adds that he is and is afraid they might get
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
é¬E
am afraid we might afraid they might get drenched on drenched on their way back
Aô’d °æü¿çí¬ áèπ◊\´ ¢√ú≈h®Ω’.) 195
Vardhan: You say, 'Vindu Vilas' is a long way get drenched on our their way back
off. Eat 'n' Joy doesn't serve good way back. b) Darsan felt it was a long way
b) Darsan asked if it was not a long
food. So where shall we go now? î√™« Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ simple í¬ Öçô’çC éπü∆. Å™« Öçú≈- way off, and said that it was threat- off. Moreover it was threatening
('Nçü¿’— ü¿÷®Ω-´’ç-ö«´¤. Eat'n'Joy ™ ©çõ‰ ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéà told, asked ™«çöÀ reporting ening to rain and added that he was to rain and feared (that) they
food ¶«í∫’ç-úø-ü¿ç-ö«´¤ -´’-È®éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«lç) verbs, he added, he further said ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©÷ afraid that they might get drenched... might..
Darsan: Why not the restaurant at Hotel ¢√úøôç é¬Ææh ᶄsô’dí¬ Öçô’çC. ÅüË °æK-éπ~™x (X Vardhan: Why don't a) Vardhan asks why they don't go to a) Vardhan proposes/ suggests
Manpreet? (Manpreet Èé∞Ïh?) Class, Inter, Degree) reported speech -†’ direct we go to Eat 'n'joy? Eat 'n'Joy and adds that it is not far off. Eat 'n' Joy. it is not far off.
Vardhan: That's ok for me. Let's start then. speech™éÀ ´÷Ja-†-°æ¤púø’ Å™« ®√ߪ’ôç correct. It's not far off.
b) Vardhan asked why they b) Vardhan proposed/suggested
(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. °æü¿ •ßª’-™‰l®√lç.) É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç -îÁ°æ¤pèπ◊ç-ô’-†o-C Spoken English é¬E,
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ÅEo ®Ω鬩 sentences †’ written English é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. Practice îËÆæ’h-†oD didn't go to Eat 'n' Joy and adds Eat 'n' Joy. It was not
report îËߪ ’ôç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Å®·ûË Columns ™. Åçü¿’-éπE natural í¬ NEpçîË spoken that it is not far off far off.
Spoken English ™ Éûª®Ω’-© ´÷ô-©†’ report forms ØË practice îËü∆lç. Let us now try to report
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo ≤ƒ®Ω’x strictly grammatical í¬ the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. Table -4
report îËߪ’ôç éÌçîÁç ví¬ç-C∑-éπçí¬ éπ-E°œç-îª-úø¢Ë’ strictly according to the rules and informally, DIRECT SPEECH
REPORT
é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬ èπÿú≈ -Öç-ô’ç-C. éÀçC Ææ綵«- with the reporting verb in the present form and according to rules Informal (Spoken Form)
≠æù report îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ: the past form as well. (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 3 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) Darsan: If I were you, a) Darsan tells vardhan that if he Darsan Says if he were Vardhan
I Wouldn't even think were he, he wouldn't think of it and he wouldn't think of it and calls
Samir: What shall I do now? What's your Spoken form ™ informal í¬ report of it. The food there is
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. that the food there is rotten. the food there rotten. He has no
îËߪ’ôç áçûª simple rotten.
Table -1 b) Darsan told vardhan that if he good word for the food there.
Kumar's Report In present Tense
í¬, natural í¬ éπEp- b) Darsan said that if he had been
Direct Speech had been he, he woudn't have even
According to Rules Informal (Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù®Ω÷°æç) vardhan he wouldn't have even
≤ÚhçüÓ. Å®·ûË Å™«
Direct thought of it and that the food there
thought of it and called the food
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’
Samir: What shall Speech ™E ¶µ«´ç was rotten.
Samir is asking me what Samir is unable to there rotten / he had no good
I do now? What's
Vardhan: You say
àO’ îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ -ñ«-ví∫-ûªh °æ-
your advice?
he should do now and decide and is asking for a) Vardhan Observes that Darsan word for the food there.
'Vindu Vilas' is a long
my advice.
ú≈-L.-Å™« ÖçúË Nüµ¿çí¬
what my advice is.
informal í¬ report says that Vindu Vilas is a long way a) Darsan feels Vindu Vilas is a
way off. Eat'n'Joy
I am telling him to buy it off and Eat'n'Joy doesn't serve good long way off, and Eat 'n' Joy
Kumar: Buy it if I am telling him to buy it îËߪ÷-©çõ‰ éÌçîÁç doesn't serve good doesn't serve good food, so
if he likes and that
you like. What can I if he likes and am asking vocabulary
food. So where shall
food. He asks where they will go
where will they go now.
him what I can say. there is nothing I can
say? (°æü¿Ææç°æü¿) Å´-Ææ®Ωç. now.
say / for me to say. we go now?
ÅC Öçõ‰ informal b) Vardhan observed that Darsan b) Vardhan Felt that Vindu Vilas
report î√™« Ææ’©¶µºç.
said that Vindu Vilas was long way was a long way off, Eat 'n'Joy did-
Table -2 Exercise: Report off and Eat 'n' Joy didn't serve good n't serve good food, so where
Kumar's Report (Past Tense) aloud the rest of the would they go Now?.
Direct Speech food. He Asked him, where they
According to Rules Informal (Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù ®Ω÷°æç) conversation at the
would go.
beginning of the les- a) Darsan asks why they spend not a) Darsan suggests the restau-
Samir: What shall I Samir asked me what he Samir was unable to Darsan: Why not the
son. both a) accord- go to the restaurant at Hotel rant at Hotel Manpreet.
do now? What's should do then and what decide and asked for/ restaurant at Hotel Manpreet?
ing to rules b) in the
your advice? my advice was wanted my advice Manpreet? b) Darsan asked why they shouldn't'
informal (spoken) b) Darsan suggested the restau-
form, and also a) in go to the restaurant... rant...
Kumar: Buy it if I told him to buy it if he I told him to buy it if he the present form and Vardhan: That's Ok a) Vardhan says that it is ok for him a) Darsan says OK and suggests
you like what can I liked and asked him liked and that there was b) past form and suggests they start. that they start.
for me Let's start them
say? what I could say nothing for I could say b) Vardhan said that is was ok for b) Vardhan said OK and suggest-
/ for me to say. (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 4 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) him, and suggested that they start. ed that they start.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 10 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

1) Hemanth: Sarath, you are late again. Malli?

(¨¡®Ωû˝, ´’Sx †’´¤y Ç©Ææuçí¬ -´-î √a-´¤) (؈’ -E-†’o '´’Lx— ÅE °œ©-´úøç -É-≠d-¢æ Ë’Ø√?)
Sarath: But I'm not. You wanted me here at 5, Malini: Nothing of the sort, Call me Malini.
and here I am at 5. That is how I like it.
( ØËØËç Ç©Ææuçí¬ ®√-™‰-ü¿’. †’´¤y -Å®·Cç-öÀéÀ (ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. ††’o ´÷LE ÅØË- °œ-©’-. ÅüË
®Ω-´’t-Ø√o-´¤. Å®·Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o†’) Ø√éÀ≠dçæ )
Hemanth: Didn't you promise to be here 4.30 Nothing of the sort= ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’– Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ DEo
itself? -à Ææç-ü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Purely conversa-
(4.30 èπ◊ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«-†E ´÷öÀ-´y-™‰ü∆?) tional. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTING
5) Subba Rao: How about Rs 500/- for the Formal (According to rules) Informal (Spoken Form)
Sarath: I did, but then you said it was enough
If I was here by 5. whole job? Reporting Verb Past tense
(Eï¢Ë’ é¬E †’¢Ëy ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆ ØËE-éπ\úø - (Ñ ¢Á·ûªhç °æEéÀ ®Ω÷. 500 É≤ƒh-†’. à´’ç-ö«´¤?) 1) Hemanth: Sarath, Hemanth observed that Sarath was Hemanth complained that Sarath
Å®·Cç-öÀ-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©E) Apparao: That's too little for such a lot of work. you are late again. late again. was late again.
I don't like the amount at all, but I Sarath: But I'm not.
2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, would you like to have Sarath said he was, however, not Sarath protested and asserted
some coffee? need money now, so I agree to do it. You wanted me here at late, and that Hemant had wanted that he was there at 5, as
(é¬Ææh coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?) (Åçûª °æEéÀ -Éçûª ûªèπ◊\¢√? 5, and here I am at 5. him there at 5, and there he was at 5. Hemanth had wanted him.
Neeraj: I don't feel like it I've just had coffee. Ø√èπ◊ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ Ø√éÀ- Hemanth: Didn't you Hemanth asked sarath if he hadn't Hemanth reminded sarath of his
(BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-E°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púË coffee °æ¤púø’ úø•’s Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Åçü¿’-éπE promise to be here at promised to be there at 4.30 itself. promise to be there at 4.30 itself.
BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o) ä°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) 4.30 itself?.
Dheeraj: But you must take some thing. Shall I éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ Direct Sarath: I did but then Sarath told Hemanth that he had Sarath agreed but reminded
get you a drink, perhaps some orange speech -†’ strictly accord-
you said that it was said so, but that Hemanth had said Hemanth that he had told him
juice? ing to rules, formal (Ææ÷vû√©
enough if I was here that it would be enough if he was that it was enough if he was there
(†’¢Ëy-ü¿-®·Ø√ -BÆæ’éÓ¢√-LqçüË. orange v°æ鬮Ωç, ví¬ç--C∑éπç) í¬ report by 5. there by 5. by 5.
M. SURESAN .
Ééπ\úø Informal reporting ™ complained, protested, reminded, agreed ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©

I don't feel like.. ¢√úø’éπ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Å™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ reporting †’ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x -îË≤ƒh®·

2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, Dheeraj asked Neeraj if he would

Dheeraj offered coffee to Neeraj.
Neeraj refused Has he had just
would you like to have like to have some coffee.
had some coffee.
some coffee?
juice ™«çöÀ-üË-¢Á’iØ√ É´yØ√?)
Neeraj: I don't feel Neeraj replied he didn't feel like it Neeraj didn't feel like it as he had
Neeraj: Not n ow, please. Thank you, just the
like it, I've just had
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
same . and added that he had just had some just had some coffee.
196 some coffee. coffee.
(É°æ¤púø’ -´-ü¿’l™‰ Å®·Ø√ thank you.)
just the same = Å®·Ø√ Dheeraj: But you Dheeraj said that Neeraj had to take Dheeraj insisted that Neeraj take
3) komala: Shall we go to the exhibition this must take something. something. He asked him if he something. He offered to get
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, ordinary spoken form (´÷´‚©’ ¢√u´- Shall I get you a drink, should get some drink, perhaps drink, perhaps some orange
evening?
perhaps some orange some orange juice. juice.
(Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´’†ç exhibition £æ…-Jé𠶵«≠æ)™ îËߪ’-ú≈Eéà ÖçúË ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eçî√ç.
insist = °æô’d-°æ-ôdúøç
Èé∞«l´÷?) É°æ¤púø’, -§ƒ-®∏√uç-¨¡ç -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™ -Ö-†o Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-†’ juice.
Vimala: Sure; I like to, very much. í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ. OöÀ-™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅFo èπÿú≈ strictly Neeraj: Not now, Neeraj politely said that he wouldn't Neeraj wouldn't have any thing
(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Ø√èπ◊ î√-™« É≠ædç) according to rules report îËÊÆh î√-™« ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, please. Thank you just have anything then. He thanked then and thanked Neeraj just the
the same. Neeraj, just the same. same.
Komala: Then shall we start at 6.30? Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç é¬Ææh É•sç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-©-†’ ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ report îËÆœØ√ 3) Komala: Shall we Komala suggested that they go to Komala suggested that they go to
(Å®·ûË 6.30èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ü∆´÷?)
go to the exhibition the exhibition that evening/ Komala the exhibition that evening/
Vimala: That's OK for me. I'll be here exactly °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Å´-ûª-L-¢√--JéÀ Ææ-Jí¬_ -Å®Ωn-¢Á’i-ûË -î√-©’.
this evening? suggested their going to the exhibi- Komala suggested their going to
at 6.30. Let's try to report this conversation
tion that evening. the exhibition that evening.
(-Å-™«Íí. ØËE-éπ\úø correct í¬ 6.30 èπ◊çö«)
Vimala: Sure, I like Vimala agreed and said she liked to, Vimala readily agreed and liked
(°æéπ\ -õ‰-•’-™¸ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)
4) Hema: How do you like my calling you
to, very much. very much. to go very much.
Now practise the following marks.
Komala: Then shall Komala asked Vimala if they would Komala proposed then they start
Report the direct speech both Kalyan: You haven't done the homework. we start at 6.30. start at 6.30. at 6.30.
in the Formal and Spoken form. Won't the teacher punish you?
Komala: That's OK Komala said that it was OK for her It was OK for Komala. She would
Prameela: Let's show our teacher we are Pavan: What do I care? Let her. for me. I'll be here at and that she would be there at 6.30. be there at 6.30.
clever students. Sangeeta: Let there be no delay, please. 6.30.
Vineela: That is the thing we have to do. Vignata: Be sure I'll be prompt. 4) Hema: How do you Hema asked Malli how she liked her Hema wanted to know how she
Let's work hard and get good like my calling you calling her Malli. like her calling Malli/ Hema would
Malli?. call her Malli. How would she like
ACCORDING TO RULES INFORMAL it?.
Malini: Nothing of the Malini said nothing of the sort. She Malini wouldn't have anything of
Prameela suggested that they show their Prameela wanted to show their teacher that
sort. Call me Malini. asked Hema to call her Malini and the sort. She asked Hema to call
teacher that they were clever students. that they were clever students.
That's how I like it. added that that was how she liked it. her Malini. That was how she
Vineela said that that was the thing they had to liked it.
Vineela agreed and suggested their working
do, and suggested that they work hard and get 5) Subbarao: How Subbarao asked Apparao if he would Subbarao proposed Rs. 500/- for
hard and getting good marks.
good marks. about Rs. 500/- for the do the whole job for Rs. 500/-. the whole job.
Kalyan said that Pavan had not done his Kalyan observed Pavan had not done his whole job?.
homework and asked him if the teacher would- homework and warned him that the teacher Apparao: That's too Apparao complained that it was
Apparao said that it was too little for
n't punish him. would punish him. little for such a lot of too little for such a lot of work. He
such a lot of work, and added that he
Pavan said that he did not care, and did not work. I don't like the grumbled that he didn't like the
Pavan said he didn't care. didn't like the amount at all, but that
mind her punishing him. amount at all, but I money at all but to do it as he
he needed money then and that he
Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay. Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay. need money now and would do it. needed the money, he would do it.
urge = Strong request (í∫öÀd Nïc°œh). (formal & Spoken form - same). I'll do it.
grumble = Ææù-í∫ôç.
Vignata told Sangeeta to be sure that she Vignata assured Sangeeta that she would be
would be prompt. prompt.
Prompt = Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ Öçúøôç.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 12 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Prabhakar: Hi Divakar, when did you come?
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? ÅFo-é¬-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√,
(£æ…ß˝’ C¢√-éπ®˝! á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√a´¤?) áèπ◊\-´í¬ short sentences, exclamations
Divakar: Hardly a few hours ago, by the ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. ´’†ç OöÀE spoken English ™
Howrah Express. report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, Ç ´÷ô-éÌÊÆh formal í¬ report
(É°æ¤púË éÌEo-í∫ç-ô© éÀçü¿ô, £æ«˜®√ îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ´’éÃ\éÀ -´’-éÀ\í¬ rules v°æ鬮Ωç
áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ™ ´î√a†’.) report îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. äéπJ ´÷ô-™ xE ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-
Prabhakar: Back home after a long time, you èπ◊çú≈, Ææ£æ«-ïûªyç éπE-°œç-îË-ôô’x report îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË
feel happy, don't you? But why
î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ:
Kumar: I am taking the exam next week.
are you out so soon?
Kesav: Wish you the best of luck.
(î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤. ÆæçûÓ- 4) Ashok: Why did you drive so fast? Study this table carefully and practise the
Report: Kumar told Kesav that he was taking
≠æçí¬ ÖçC éπü∆? Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púË ´’S} spoken form well.
the exam next week, and Kesav
(áçü¿’-éπçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úÕ-§ƒ´¤?)
•ßª’-öÀ-éÌ-î√a-¢ËçöÀ?) Amar: I was late for class. Now look at the following expressions &
wished him the best of luck.
Divakar: Oh, just think of it. What do I find (class èπ◊ Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC) sentences.
as I step into home? Mom down Ashok: I wouldn't do it if I were you. Isn't Prabhakar: What train did you say you came by?
with a fever. dangerous? D†®Ωnç: †’´¤y à train ™ ´î√a-†-Ø√o¢˛?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 197
(îª÷úø’. Éçöx Cí∫-í¬ØË Øˆ’ îª÷Æœç (ØËØË †’´y-®·ûË Å™« îËߪ’†’. v°æ´÷ü¿ç äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§ÚûË, ´’S} îÁ°æp-
-üË-N’öÀ? Å´’tèπ◊ ïy®Ωç.) éπü∆?) ´’-†ôç É™«.
a) O’ Ê°Í®-N’-ô-Ø√o®Ω’, ´’S} ã≤ƒJ îÁ°æpçúÕ.
What did you say your name was?

You are welcome

b) Srinath: You kept it where?
Sumanth: I kept it on the table.
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË,Where did you keep
it? spoken form
Åçö«ç éπü∆. ™ you kept it
where ÅØËC common. DØËo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬–
Prabhakar: What train did you say you came Kesav's words ᙫ Report: Where did you say you kept it?
by? report î˨»¢Á÷ (Indirect a) Present tense: Ashok wonders why (áéπ\úø °ö«d-†-Ø√o´¤ ü∆Eo?)
(à train ™ ´î√a†Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y?) speech ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp¢Á÷) Amar drive so fast. Amar says he was
2) Mom must be wondering where I am.
Didn't you say the Howrah í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ late for class. Ashok advises him not to
Express? Å®·ûË, Kesav said that do it and warns him it is dangerous.
ØËØÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oØ√ ÅE Å´’t -Ç-™-îª-†-™ °æ-úÕ -Öç-ô’ç-C.
(£æ«˜®√ áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆?) he wished him the best b) Past tense: Ashok wondered why Amar
´÷´‚-©’í¬ wonder Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÀ
of luck
My uncle must have come by the had driven so fast. Amar said he was late
ûÁ©’Ææ’– Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ÅE. Å®·ûË
M. SURESAN
ÅE ÅØ√Lq
same train. ´Ææ’hçC. Å™« Åçõ‰ for- for class. Ashok advised him not to do it
Ééπ\úø, Mom must be wondering/ I wonder-
mal spoken form ™ í¬F, (formal í¬ and warned him against it/ of the danger/
É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx wonder èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– 'à´’-ߪ·uç-ô’çD,
(´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u èπÿú≈ ÅüË train ™ í¬ í¬F,
´îª’aç-ú≈L). éπçõ‰ spoken form ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬) î√™« ÅÆæ-£æ«- that it was dangerous.
à´’-´îª’a— ÅE. àüÁjØ√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´’†ç
Ç™-îª-†™ °æúøôç ÅE.
But why are you out? ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE Å™«çöÀ ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ Now look at the following part of conver-
°j† ûÁL-°œ-†ô’x report îËߪ’ôç better. a) I wonder if he knows this =
Divakar: I told you. Mom has a fever and I sation at the beginning of the lesson:
am going to get some medicines. 1) Abhishek: Thanks a lot for your help. Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it is just an
¢√úÕ-éÀC ûÁ©’≤Ú ûÁL-ߪ’üÓ? (Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’)
Anamika: You are welcome. b) Suneetha: Will Suguna come now?
What a bother? ordinary fever.
(îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆. Å´’tèπ◊ ïy®Ωçí¬ thanks
(á´-È®jØ√ ´’†èπ◊ you are
îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, Divakar: (I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's
(Ææ’í∫’ù É°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçü∆?)
welcome/ you are most welcome/ welcome Supriya: I wonder.
Öçü¿E, ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ- some viral fever.
ûª’Ø√o. àç ¶«üµÓ! – NÆæ’í∫’ – What a Åçö«ç) Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.
(´Ææ’hçüÓ ®√üÓ, Ø√éπ-†’-´÷-†¢Ë’)
bother) Report: Exercise: Report aloud the whole conversa-
Suppose we want to report the conversation
Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it's just an a) Present tense: Abhishek thanks tion at the beginning of the lesson, both
above. How do we go about it?
ordinary fever Anamika a lot for her help. Anamika according to rules and informally.
(´’†ç °j Ææ綵«-≠æù ᙫ report îË≤ƒhç?)
(Eïçí¬ ü¿’®Ωü¿%≠æd¢Ë’. ´÷´‚©’ appreciates his thanks.
ïy®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?) b) Past tense: Abhishek thanked Anamika Reporting - Present Reporting - Past
Divakar: (I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's a lot for her help. Anamika appreciated Formal (acc. to rules) Informal (spoken) Formal (acc. to rules) Informal (spoken)
some viral fever. it. Prabhakar says it is really Prabhakar is disap- Prabhakar said it was real- Prabhakar was dis-
(´÷´‚©’ ïy®Ωç Å®·ûË ¶«í¬ØË 2) Pradhan: Congratulations on your getting a pity and that he hopes it pointed and hopes it ly a pity and that he hoped appointed and hoped
Öç-úË-C. àüÓ viral fever ÅE ņ’-´÷- the top grade. Keep it up. is ordinary fever is ordinary fever. it was ordinary fever. it was ordinary fever.
Prakash: Thank you. Divakar says he wishes it Divakar wishes it Divakar expressed a wish
†çí¬ ÖçC Ø√èπ◊.) Divakar wished it
Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that. a) Reporting verb - Present tense: were, but that he suspects were, but suspects that it had been, but that had been, but sus-
(ÅÈ®, §ƒ°æç) Pradhan congratulates Prakash on his it is some viral fever. it is a viral fever. he suspected it was some pected it to be a viral
getting the top grade and adds a word viral fever. fever.
Divakar: Damn these heavy rains! They are
of encouragement. Prakash thanks him.
the cause of all these.
b) Reporting verb - Past tense: 1. Make †’, Do †’ àN-üµ¿çí¬ b) Do= àüÁjØ√ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç/ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªôç
(Ñ ¢Áüµ¿´ ´®√{©’. OöÀ-´™‰x É´Fo.)
Pradhan congratulated Prakash on his i) What is he doing? =
Prabhakar: Oh, curse my memory! I forgot to -Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L?
getting the top grade and added a word 2. Xerox , photocopy ©
congratulate you on your getting ÅûªØËç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’ (àüÁjØ√ °æE)
of encouragement. Prakash thanked him. He is studying= Åûªúø’ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
a new and better job. ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.
3) Susanth: This bike often gives me trouble. – ñ„.®√V, ÇC-™«-¶«ü˛ ii) You do your duty = F NCµ †’´¤y- îÁ®·u (E®Ωy-£œ«ç)
(Ø√ ´’A-´’-®Ω-°æ¤-´©x ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
What a bother! 1. a) Make means to produce / manu-
Fèπ◊ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ éπçõ‰ ´’ç*, éÌûªh Do work, harm, homework, business, a course,
job ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπçví¬ö¸q. (What a bother= áçûª *é¬èπ◊) facture. Make Åçõ‰ üËØÁj oØ√ one's best, etc.
Divakar: Thank you. But I must rush. I've Report: ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’úøç, ÖûªpAh îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Make a cake, money, a speech, fun etc.,
been too long with you. Mom must a) Susanth is vexed that this/ that bike Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. 2. Photocopy Photostat
, photo
Åçõ‰ üËE-ÈéjØ√ BÆœ†-ô’xí¬
be wondering where I am. See often gives him trouble. i) Mother is making coffee = ´îËa copy ÅE.Xerox company machine
¢√∞¡x O’ü¿
you later. Bye. b) Susanth was vexed that that bike often Å´’t 鬰∂‘ ûªßª÷®Ω’îË≤ÚhçC. BÊÆ photocopy Å®·ûË Xerox copy photo-
Åçö«®Ω’.
(Thanks. é¬F ؈’ ¢Á∞«}L. FûÓ ´’K gave him trouble. ii) The student is making an stat machines †’ ¢Á·ü¿ô v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-öÀdçD, É°æp-öÀéà Åûªuçûª
áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o†’. OúÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oú≈ ÅE É™« ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ He said that, attempt to understand the sub- °ü¿l company ÅüË. ÅÆæ©’ ÅØ√-LqçC photocopy ÅØË.
Å´’t ņ’-éÌç-ô’ç-ô’çC. ûª®√yûª etc., ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ ¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©’°æ-í∫-L-TûË ject = Nü∆uJn Æ涄-bèπ◊d†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’- Xerox copy Xerox brand machine O’ü¿ -BÊÆ copy
éπ©’ü∆lç.) î√©’. éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. photocopy correct.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 14 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 1

Naresh: Where are you coming from?

versation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Nabh: That makes us equally tall.
(†’¢Áy-éπ\-úø’oç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Ramesh: From my uncle's.
(Åçõ‰ ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç äÍé áûªh-†o-´÷ô)
Sekhar: You're wrong, my friend. I am still
(´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ÉçöÀ †’ç* -´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†’)
Naresh: You go there quite frequently, don't
taller than you by half an inch.
you?
(§Ò®Ω•- ú- ’ø û- ª’Ø- √o-´¤ N’vû´ª ÷, Féπçõ‰ Ø- †-Ë ’ É°æp-
(†’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢Á∞¡-û√´¤ éπü∆?) öÀéà 1/2 Åçí∫’∞- ¡ç áèπ◊\-´ áûª’h Ö- Ø- √o-†’)
Ramesh: I do. He asks me to eat there quite REPORTING (Only Spoken Form)
Nabh: If that makes you happy, have it so. DIRECT SPEECH
often. Reporting Verb Present Reporting Verb Past
(Å™« ņ’-éÓôç Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-¢Á’iûË, Å-™«Íí
(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† ††’o ûª®Ω-îª÷ ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ ņ’éÓ.) Naresh: Where are Naresh wants to know where Ramesh Naresh Wanted to know where
3) Nagaraj: Let me finish this chapter. I'll come
°œ©’-≤ƒhúø’.)
you coming from? is coming from. Ramesh was coming from.
Naresh: Hasn't he a daughter?
with you wherever you want. Ramesh is coming from his uncle's Ramesh was coming from his
Ramesh: from my
(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ èπÿûª’-®Ω’çC éπü∆?) (Ñ chapter °æ‹Jh îËÆœ-† -ûª®√y-ûª uncle's place. uncle's place.
Ramesh: What're you driving at?
†’¢Áy-éπ\-úÕ-éÀ-®Ω-´’tçõ‰ Åéπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒh†’) Naresh: You go there, Naresh observes that Ramesh goes Naresh observed that Ramesh
Prakash: Murthy will complain we went there frequently, and asks
(àN’öÀ †’´yç-öçC?)
frequently, don't you? there frequently and asks him if he
drive at = ÉçÍéüÓ ÖüËP-l ç* îÁ°pæ ôç. I still don't
are late. (´’†ç late ÅE doesn't? him if he didn't.
understand what she was driving at = Ç¢Á’
´‚Jh ûª°æ¤p°æ-úø-û√-úø’) Ramesh: I do. He asks Ramesh agrees that he goes there Ramesh agreed that he went
Nagaraj: Let him. My test tomor- there often as his uncle asked
Å™« ņ-ôç™ Ö- †- o Öü˨l ¡ç àN’ö É°æpöÀ Ø- √èπ◊ me to eat there quite often as his uncle asks him to eat there
Å- ®Ωç¥l 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. 'drive at' ¢- √-ú’ø éπ†- ’ O- ’ con- row is more important often. him to eat there quite often.
quite often.
versation ™ practice îËߪ’ç-ú.Õ
than this outing. Naresh wondered if he hadn't
Naresh: I've been wondering all these Naresh: Hasn't he a Naresh wonders if he hasn't a daugh-
(ûª°æp-ôdF. Ñ ≠œé¬®Ω’ éπçõ‰ Í®°æ-öÀ Ø√ daughter? ter. a daughter
days why you go there so
M. SURESAN test Ø√èπ◊ -î √-™« ´·êuç) Ramesh wants to know /wonders what Ramesh wanted to know/ won-
often. Now I know. Ramesh: What are
Prakash: you're right Let him Naresh is driving at. dered at What Naresh was
you driving at?
understand that.
( †’´¤y áçü¿’èπ◊ Åéπ\úÕ-éÀ ûª®Ωîª÷
driving at.
Naresh: I've been Naresh has been wondering all these Naresh had been wondering
wondering all these days why Ramesh went there so often. why Ramesh went there so
days why you go there Now he knows. often. Now he knew.

I'm sorry I'm going ... so often. Now know.

Ramesh: What
you know?
do Ramesh is asking Naresh what he
knows.
Naresh: A Marriage in Naresh hopes for a marriage in the off-
Ramesh asked Naresh what
he knew.
Naresh hoped for a marriage in
the offing. ing. the offing.
Ramesh: I'm sorry I am
Ramesh was sorry to disap-
¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ -ÉEo ®ÓV©÷ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’. going to disappoint you. Ramesh is sorry to disappoint Naresh.
My uncle does have Ramesh's uncle does have a daughter point Naresh. Ramesh's uncle
É°æ¤púø’ ûÁL-ÆœçC)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù daughter, but she is but she is already the mother of two did have a daughter but she
Wonder = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-úøôç – É™«çöÀ 198 already the mother of babes. was already the mother of two
Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ôç/- two babes. babes.
Å®Ωnç é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç) Answers to the exercise under lesson no: 197
Ramesh: What do you know?
(†’´¤y ÅØËC Æ敶‰. ÅC ¢√úø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.)
Reporting Verb Past tence
(àçöÀ Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC?) ´’†ç direct speech report È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ îË-ߪ’-´-îªa- DIRECT SPEECH
Naresh: A marriage in the offing. According to rules Spoken Form
E í∫-ûª lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. 1) î√-™« formal
(°Rx ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓç-ü¿E) (In the offing = ï®Ω’-í∫-†’†o) í¬ (rule v°æ鬮Ωç) 2) Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ (informal í¬) Prabhakar wanted to know
Ramesh: I'm sorry I'm going to disappoint Prabhakar: Hi Divakar Prabhakar asked Divakar when he
spoken form ™ (Åçõ‰ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬). Ñ had came. when Divakar had come.
you. My uncle does have a daugh- When did you come?
columns ™ ´’† ÖüËl¨¡ç spoken English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-
ter, but she is already the mother of Divakar: Hardly a few hours Divakar Replied that he had come Divakar had come hardly a
´ôç 鬕öÀd, ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË English Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«- ago, by Howrah Express hardly a few hours ago by the few hours ago by the Howrah
two babes.
ïçí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰, spoken form ™ report îËߪ’úøç-ûÓ Howrah Express. Express
(E†’o E®Ω’-û√q£æ«°æ-®Ω’Ææ’h-†-oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿í¬ -§ƒ-ô’, -v§ƒéÃdÆˇ èπÿ-ú≈ -Å-ûªuç-ûª éÃ-©éπç. Prabhakar: Back home after Prabhakar asked observed that Prabhakar said that Divakar
ÖçC. ´÷ ´÷´’-ߪ’uèπ◊ èπÿûª’-®Ω’çC, é¬F °j passage ™ áèπ◊\´ ¶µ«í∫ç Spoken form™ report a long time, you feel happy, back home after a long time, he felt must be feeling happy to be
îËߪ’ö- «-EÍé ņ’-´¤í¬ Ö-çú- ö-ø «-Eo í∫´’-Eç-îçª úÕ. According don't you? But why are you happy and asked him if he didn't. back home after a long time,
Ç¢Á’ Éü¿l®Ω’ °œ©x© ûªLx)
2) Sekhar: Hi Nabh, how tall you have grown out so soon?
to rules practice îËߪ’ú - çø Å- ç-ûª ¶«í∫’ç-úü-ø ¿’. -É-C í∫´’- He asked him however why he was but wondered why he was out
since I saw you last a year ago !.
Eç-îªçúÕ. out so soon. so soon.
(Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éÀçü¿ô E†’o îª÷Æœ-†-°æpöÀéÀ... Let us see two or three samples: Practise them Divakar: Oh, Just think of it Divakar disappointed asked
what do I find as I step into Divakar was disappointed that
with the reporting verb in the Present Tense Prabhakar to think of what he
-É°æp-öÀéÀ áçûª áC-í¬´¤!)
Nabh: So have you. True; I certainly am 2 home? Mom down with a as he stepped into home he
and in the Past Tense as well. found just as he stepped into
inches taller than I was a year ago. fever. found mom down with a fever.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç* ´’†ç reporting verb present tense home- mom down with a fever
What about you. Prabhakar: What train did Prabhakar wanted to be sure
™ èπÿú≈ practise îËߪ’ôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Prabhakar asked Divakar what
(Eï¢Ë’ éÀçü¿õ‰-ú≈C éπçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ È®çúøç-í∫’-∞«©’ DEéÀ ´·êu-é¬-®Ωùç ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x î√™« - You say you came by? Didn't what train Divakar had come
train he had said he came by, and
°-Jí¬-†’. -´’-J F Ææçí∫A?) ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ØË ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô©’ report you say Howrah Express? by and if it wasn't Howrah
if he hadn't said Howrah Express.
Sekhar: Just two inches. That's all. But why are you out? He asked him why he was out. Express. He wanted to know
îËÊÆ Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-
(È®çúøç-í∫’-∞«™‰ ÅçûË. That's all = ÅçûË ®√s¥™x present tense ™ØË report îË≤ƒhç éπü∆? why he was out.
Is this all? = ÉçûËØ√? That's all = ÅçûË. O’ con- Divakar: I told you. mom has Divakar said that he had told him Divakar had already told him
a fever and I'm going to get that mom has a fever and he was to his mom's fever and was
É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ÅüË îËü∆lç:
Q) Year by year, Year after year, Every other Every other year he goes to the US = some medicines What a going to get some medicines. He very unhappy he was going to
year Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? üËEo á°æ¤púø’ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç NúÕ* Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Åûªúø’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ bother! was not at all happy about it. get some medicines.
Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’.
üµ¿†, £j«-ü¿®√--¶«-ü˛. Q) a, e, i, o, u©ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u °æü∆©
Divakar: Damn these heavy Divakar cursed the rains, and said Divakar cursed the rains for
i) Year by year = Every year. ´·çü¿’ An ®√¢√L éπü∆! Å®·ûË University, rains! They are the cause of they were the cause of all those. being the cause of all these.
v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÅE. Year by year, he is grow- European ™«çöÀ °æü∆© ´·çü¿’ 'A' áçü¿’èπ◊
all these.
ing richer and richer. (Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ææç´-û√q-®√-EéÃ, ÅûªúÕ
Prabhakar: Oh curse my Prabhakar cursed his memory, as Prabhakar cursed his memory,
¢√úøû√ç?
memory. I forgot to congratu- he forgot to congratulate Divakar on as he forgot to congratulate
Ææç°æü¿ °J-T-§Ú-ûÓçC). N. í¬çDµ §ƒ-´’®˝, éÌ-ûªhí∫÷-úÁç.
ii) Year after year = continuously, without brake. ï¢√•’: a/ an Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç – Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, à, â, late on your getting new and his getting a new and better job . Divakar on his getting a new
Year after year passed, he continued to work ä, ã, å – Ñ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u English ´÷ô© better Job. and better job .
hard, though he was getting older and older
´·çü¿’ 'an' ¢√úøû√ç. N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀ ´·çü¿’ 'a' ¢√úøû√ç. Divakar: Thank you, but I Divakar, thanking Prabhakar said Divakar thanked Prabhakar
he had to rush and that he had and wanted to rush. He had
Ææçûªq-®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ, ´ßª’Ææ’ Â°j°æúø’ûª’Ø√o, Åûªúø’ éπ≠d°æ æúÕ University, European, Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷ô©÷, °j†
must rush. I've been long
been with him long. Mom must be been with him long and his
°æE-îË-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’.
Year after year his study continued =
îÁ°œp† ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE with you. Mom must be won-
an ¢√úøç (European= ߪ‚®Ω-°œ-ߪ’Ø˛; University = dering where I am. See you wondering where he was. He mom must be wondering
would see him later. He said bye to where he was. He would see
Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©’í¬ ÅûªúÕ Åüµ¿u-ߪ’†ç ≤ƒTçC.
Every other year = alternate year
ߪ‚E-´-JqöÀ – 'ߪ‚— ÅØË ¨¡•lç Å †’ç* å ´®Ωèπ◊ ÖçúË later Bye.
ûÁ©’í∫’ ¨¡¶«l™x ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.) him. him later and bade him bye.
Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´÷Ja (NúÕ*) Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 18 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

•öÀd, ü∆Eo report îËߪ’ôç

´÷®Ω’ûª÷ Öçô’çC.
Spoken English ™ let
¢√úøéπç î√™«áèπ◊\´. ûª®Ωí¬
¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE ÅC
Ö†o sentences †’ ᙫ
report îËߪ ÷™ ûÁ© ’-Ææ ’-éÓ-
´ôç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
ÅÆæ©’ let ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC ᙫ report
Lecturer: Let all the students take the test
Kamal: Let's first finish the assignment (´’†ç
without fail.
îËߪ÷™ Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç Å´¤- ¢Á·ü¿ô Ñ assignment °æ‹Jh-îËü∆lç.
Report: (Reporting Verb - Past)
ûª’çC. (Åçü¿®Ω’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ÷L – ÉC
1) Let = allow (Ææ´’t-Aç- command éπü∆)
Vimal suggested that they (should) go to a
îªôç/ã °æE îÁߪ’u-E-´yôç) Report:
a) Let him go = Allow him a) The lecturer orders that all the students take
to go = ¢√úÕ-E ¢Á∞¡xF. the test without fail. (Reporting Verb-
Vinamra: Are you sure which train we are trav-
b) Let the milk boil = Allow the milk to boil = Present)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
elling by and on which date?
§ƒ©’ ´’®Ω-í∫-F/-é¬-í∫F. b) The lecturer ordered all the students to take
(´’†ç à -võ„®·-Ø˛™ , à ûËD ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢Á÷
c) Let her come in = Allow her to come in = the test without fail. (Reporting Verb - Past)
Fèπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Vismaya: Of course I am. We are going by the
2)
Ç¢Á’†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®√F (®Ω´’t†’).
us ´·çü¿’ let (let us...) ¢√úÕûË ÅC v°æA-§ƒ-
200
Sub - inspector: Let him not do it again
(Åûª-EC ´’S} îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’– warning)
AP Express on the 30th. Let there be
ü¿†/Ææ÷ (proposal/ suggestion) Å´¤-ûª’çC. movie./ Vimal suggested going to a movie.
Report: a) The sub - inspector warns him not
no doubt about it.
a) Let us go now = ´’†ç ¢Á-∞¡-ü∆ç °æü¿. do it again. (Reporting Verb - Present)
/ Suggested to a movie.
b) Let us (Let's) have some thing to eat b) The sub - inspector warned him not to do it
(áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’?´’†ç 30-† -á.°œ. áé˙q-
Kamal then suggested that they finish the
= é¬Ææh àüÁjØ√ Açü∆ç. again (Reporting Verb - Past)
vÂ°Æˇ™ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç.)
(Of course I am – ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç assignment first/ suggested finishing the
àçöÃ? ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE.)

Let us not trouble him

Vinamra: Then what about the reservation.
(´’J- -J-ïÍ®y-≠æ-Ø˛ Ææçí∫-ûËç-öÀ?)
Vismaya: That's the travel dept's business. Let
them do it.
(ÅC v°æߪ÷ùN¶µ«í∫ç ¢√-∞¡x ¶«üµ¿uûª. -Ç °æE
¢√∞¡Ÿx îËߪ÷-L.)
Vinamra: What about the director's travel
c) Let us not trouble him let †’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†ç Reporting
assignment.
É™«
arrangements?
verb áç°œéπ îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L ÅE Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC éπü∆.
(Observe the use of suggest in the sentences
-Å-ûª-úÕ-E ´’†ç ¶«üµ¿-°-öÔdü¿’l.
3) Let †’ Warning É´y-ú≈-EéÀ (£«îªa-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ) èπÿú≈ Let's now try to report a part of the conversation
(-´’-J -úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ -v°æ-ߪ÷-ù -à®√p-ôx Ææçí∫-A?)
Vismaya: It's not our business. Let his PA (per- above)
at the beginning of the lesson.
sonal assistant) take care of them.
¢√úøû√ç. É™«Íí Let †’ Warning èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË Warn/ Warns/
a) Let him not come here again Exercise: Report the rest of the conversation at
Warned, Command èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË Command/
the beginning of the lesson with the reporting
(´’†èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’† °œ.-á.
Commands/ Commanded ÅF Spoken English
-Å-ûª-úÕ-E ´’S} Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√F-ߪ’èπ◊/ ®√´-ü¿lE îÁ°æ¤p/
verb in the present and the past tense.
îª÷Ææ’éÓ-¢√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç ÅC.)
Vinamra: How long are we to be in Delhi
®√èπÿ-úøü¿’. ™ report begin îË≤ƒhç.
b) Let him understand we are not afraid of him
(´’†ç -úµÕ-Mx-™ áEo ®ÓV-©’ç-ú≈L?) Åûª-†çõ‰ ´’†Íéç ¶µºßª’癉ü¿E -Å-ûª-úÕ-E Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’-éÓF.
Vismaya: Let's make the best of the trip. Let's REPORT (Spoken Form)
c) Let her know her limits DIRECT SPEECH
stay there for two or three days after Reporting Verb Present tense Reporting Verb Past tense
Ç¢Á’ £æ«ü¿’l©’ Ç¢Á’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C.
the conference. We can do a bit of Vinamra asked Vismaya if she
d) Let †’ order/ command èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Vinamra: Are you sure Vinamra asks Vismaya if she is sure
shopping and sight seeing too. was sure which train they were
a) Let him finish the work in an hour which train we are which train they are travelling by and
(Ñ v°æߪ÷-ù«Eo ´’†ç ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫çô-™ °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L. travelling by, and on on which date. travelling by and on which
îËÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç ûª®√yûª Åéπ\úø b) Let them clear all this mess - which date? date.
È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’çü∆ç. é¬Ææh -≥ƒ°œçí˚, Ñ éπçí¬S Åçû√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¨¡Ÿv¶µº-°æ-®Ω-î√L. Vismaya: Of course I Vismaya is of course sure that they Vismaya was of course sure
let
ÂÆj-ö¸Æ‘-®·çí˚ èπÿú≈ îËü∆lç.) 5) ´’† E®Ωx-é¬~ uEo ûÁ©°æú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ am. We are going by are going by the AP Express on the they were going by the AP
Make the best of = üË-E-ØÁj-Ø√
¢√úøû√ç. the AP Express on the 30th. She assures Vinamra that there Express on the 30th. She
a) Let him complain to the police.
ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç.
30th. Let there be no need not be any doubt about it. assured Vinamra that there
Sight seeing =
What do I care = Police èπ◊ com- doubt about it. need not be any doubt about it.
plaint îËÆæ ’éÓ-´ ’†’/îËÆæ ’éÓF.
°æ®√u-ôéπ Ææn©ç îª÷úøôç. Ø√Íéç
Vinamra: Won't the director object? Vinamra: Then what Vinamra wants to know about the Vinamra wanted to know about
¶µºßª’ç ™‰ü¿’. about the reservation? reservation. the reservation.
b) Let the government do it =
(´’J úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç-
îÁ-G-ûË-ØÓ?/ úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ Ŷµºu-ûª®Ωç ÅC v°æ¶µº’ûªyç îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE. Vismaya: That's the Vismaya points out that that's the trav- Vismaya pointed out that that
îÁ°æpú≈?) M. SURESAN ÉN let èπ◊†o Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. ´’†ç travel dept's business. el dept's business and that they must was the travel dept's business
Vismaya: Let him. But why should he? Let them do it. take care of it. and they had to take care of it.
let ûÓ Ö†o sentences †’ report îËÊÆ--
We are going to stay there for the
ô°æ¤púø’ ü∆E Å®√nEo, ¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd reporting Vinamra: What about Vinamra likes to know/ would like to Vinamra liked to know/ would
extra days, at our expense.
verbs, order, warn, request, ask ™«çöÀN ¢√ú≈L. the director's travel know about the director's travel know about the director's travel
I. ´·êuçí¬ let Ö†o sentence ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ arrangements? arrangements. arrangements.
(îÁ°æpF. ÅÆæ©’ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç áçü¿’èπ◊
Imperative í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd ü∆Eo imperative
îÁ§ƒpL? Ç È®çvúÓ-V©’ ´’†ç ´’† ê®Ω’a©
Vismaya: It's not our Vismaya dismisses it as not their busi- Vismaya dismissed it as not
sentence †’ report îËÆ œ-†ô’x, Åçõ‰ let ´·çü¿’
O’ü¿ Öçö«ç.)
business. Let his PA ness and says that, his PA must take their business and said that the
Vinamra: Let's tell him of it in advance. Getting
to let °öÀd v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπü∆. take care of it. care of it/ it is for his PA to take care of PA had to take care of it/ it was
leave for the two days will be easy.
Prasad: Let me go. I have work to do. it. for his PA to take care of it.
Pramod: Let me know first when we have to
(Å®·ûË ÑN≠æߪ’ç Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ´·ç-üË
(dismiss = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ÖüÓu-í∫ç-™ -†’ç-* -Ö-üÓu-T-E-/ Ææ÷\-™¸, é¬-™‰-ñ ¸-™ -†’ç* Nü∆u-JnE BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç.
start.
îÁ-•’--ü∆ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ç È®ç-úø’®Ó-V-©èπ◊ ÂÆ©´¤
BÆæ’éÓ-´úøç -Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ Öçô’çC.) Report (Reporting Verb - Past)
Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç = ûÓÆœ-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’-ôç/- éÌ-öÀd-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’ôç).
Vismaya: Why are you so worried about it? Let It is for him to do it = ÅC Åûª-úø’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE. It is for the teacher to say if a student is clever or
Prasad asked Pramod to let him go as he had
him not grant leave. He will see what not = -N-ü∆u-Jn ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√ú≈ é¬ü∆ ÅE îÁ§ƒp-LqçC -öÃ-˝.
work to do.
happens. Vinamra: How long Vinamra wants to know how long they Vinamra wanted to know how
Pramod in reply asked Prasad to let him know
(àçôçûª éπçí¬®Ω’ °æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? ÂÆ©-N-´y- first when they had to start. are we to be in Delhi? are to be in Delhi. long they were to be in Delhi.
èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúøF îª÷ü∆lç. Çߪ’-†Íé II. Let, suggestion èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË, suggest ÅE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç- Vismaya: Let's make Vismaya suggests that they (should) Vismaya suggested that they
ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.) îª-´îª’a. the best of the trip. make the best of their trip and that (should) make the best of their
°j Conversation ™ let î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´*açC. Let Vimal: Let's go to a movie Let's stay there for two they (should) stay there for two or trip and that they (should) stay
Ö†o sentences †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ (ÆœE´÷Èé∞«lç °æü¿/ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?) or three days after the three days after the Conference. there for two or three days after
îËߪ÷L. Let †’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, ü∆E-èπ◊†o Å®√nEo (Let's - Let us) Conference. the Conference.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë -1
Pramila: Please remember that the party is at Kumar: Why should I do it? Let the company
7. Let's start here at 6. Let there be do it.
no delay. (û¶ûµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª à¶óŸ«L? ÚÛÙšíF à¶óŸ«L.)
(ð§Kd Ôè[ª-ÞœÙ-å-õ¸Ú. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁ. ÎJÙæ¨Ú¨ a) Kumar asks why he should do it and says
ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ë¯Ù. Îõú£uÙ àµóµ³uë]ªl.) that the company has to do it/ must do it (It is
Lakshmi: Let us remind Sneha of it too. Let's for the company to do it.).
call her and tell her that she need b) Kumar asked why he should do it and said
not worry about conveyance. We'll that the company had to do it.
pick her up on our way to the party. Kumar said it wasn't his business and that it
(›úoÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìÙ Ð Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªh was for the company to do it.
à¶ë¯lÙ. êŸìÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óö° 4) ÖÚÁ\-þ§J let ìª command (Îác)ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯
îµü‹xö° ÍE ÎÙëÁ-üŒì í£è•-ë]lE àµñªë¯Ù. î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ should/ must/ have
÷ªìÙ ð§KdÚ¨ îµü™xå-í£±pè[ª ë¯Jö˺ êŸììª to/ has to/ had to ÷ú£ªhÙC.
ÚÛ«è¯ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒë¯Ù.) Rajesh: Let them finish the work by 10. with him. Íû¶ Íô¢n ÑÙC.
conveyance = ÚÛû¶y-óŸªûËÂq = ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ (í£C ÚÛö°x î¦üŒ‰x í£E í£²Jh à¶óŸ«L.) Syam said he would n't as he must not Need I do it now itself? = Must I do it now
car, bike, scooter, cycle ö°Ùæ¨N. a) Rajesh orders that they should finish the leave office then/ as he was not to leave itself? = û¶ìC Ïí£±pè¶ àµóŸ«uö°?
The company provides conveyance to the work by 10. office then. Need ìª report ö˺ past formö˺ must ö°Þ¥û¶
manager. b) Rajesh ordered that they should/ must/ had 2) Ramesh: May I know why you stopped had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ.
(û¶-á-ôÂÚÛª ÚÛÙšíF ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ ÚÛLp-ú£ªhÙC– me? Naresh: Need I do it now? DEÚ¨ report:
ÍÙç¶ ÚÛÙšíF Ú¥ô¢ª Ïú£ªhÙC.) Naresh asked if he had to do it then.
Pramila: OK. We must, not waste any more ★ Need not (need ìª not êÁ– à¶óŸ«Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù
time now. We must buy some pre-
sent for the bride and the groom. We
must have our faces done up too.
(ÏÙ¸ÚÙ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
÷ªìÙ ÚÛ«è¯ šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.)
Have our faces done up = ٠ìªìoÞ¥
Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET? ö¶ë]ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª), report ö˺ past
tense reporting verb Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© need not Íû¶
ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ would-
n't have to (would not
have to) ÍE ÷«ô¢a-÷àŸªa.
ö¶ë¯ did not have to ÚÛ«è¯
Ú¥ÙA-÷Ù-êŸÙÞ¥ ÚÛEí‡Ù-à¶-ö°Þ¥ ඛú facial. to finish the work by 10. (ììªo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Îð§ôÁ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷à¦a?) î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
facial - šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ – šíÆ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù. 5) Let ìª ÖÚÛ ÍòÅ¡u-ô¢nì (request) ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Policeman: You must not cross the road a) Ganesh: How long
Lakshmi: I need not have the facial. I had it Prasad: Vinod let me have some money against the red light. have I to wait?
just yesterday. please. (·ôèÂ-öµjæËÀ îµõª-Þœª-꟪-ìo-í£±pè[ª ôÁè ë¯å- (ÓÙêŸ ›úí£± ÑÙè¯L?)
(û¦Ú¨-í£±pè[ª šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ ÍÚÛ\-¸ôxë]ª. Eìoû¶ (NûËÁë û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ú£h è[ñªs Ï÷±y.) ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – Eù‡ë]lÄÙ.) M. SURESAN Mahesh: You need
à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÛªû¦o.) Prasad requested Vinod to let him have Report (Past reporting verb): not wait.
Pramila: We have go to the bank or the ATM some money/ requested Vinod for some Report: Ganesh wanted to know how long he
too. We have to draw some money. money. had to wait.
(÷ªìÙ ò°uÙÚÂ-ÚÛª-Þ¥F, Ôæ©-Ó-îªڨޥF îµü‹xL. 6) Let êÁ Eô¢x¤ÛuÙ êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hÙ. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ Mahesh told him he need not wait/ Would
è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÁ-î¦L.) not care, not mind ÷ú£ªhÙC. not have to wait/ did not have to wait.
ATM ÍÙç¶ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯ – Automated Teller ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 201 b) Sridhar: Need I pay any money now?
Machine - Bank card Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# è[ñªs Bú£ª- (Ïí£±pè[ª è[ñªs àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯?)
ÚÛª-û¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª Ñìo machine. Ramesh wanted to know why the policeman Sri Ram: You need not pay a single paisa
draw money = Banks ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ ìªÙ# è[ñªs had stopped him. now.
Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù = withdraw. The policeman said that he must not cross/ (ìª÷±y ÖÚÛ šíjú£ ÚÛ«è¯ àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.)
Lakshmi: We need not. I've enough cash. was not to cross the road against the red Report:
(ÍÚÛ\¸ôxë]ª. û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙC è[ñªs.) light. Sridhar wanted to know if he had to pay any
Pramila: Then we had better hurry up. 3) Principal: Students must not be late to money then. Sri Ram told him that need not
Lakshmi: Need I get money now or do you classes. pay a single paisa then/ did not have/ did not
have it? Report: (Past reporting verb)- The Principal need to pay a single paisa then.
(û¶E-í£±pè[ª è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-î¦-Lqì Í÷- said/ ruled that the students must not be/ were ÏO must not, need, need not ìª reporting
ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯? ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs not to be late to classes. verb past tense êÁ report ඛúåí£±pè[ª Þœªô¢ªhÙ-
ú£J-ð¼-꟪Ù-ë]Ù-æ°î¦?) ÍÙç¶ ÖÚÛ E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-⶛ú Íô¢nÙêÁ must not àŸªÚÁî¦Lqì Nù£-óŸ«õª.
Pramila: I think the money I've should be î¦è…ê¶, ÍC report ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ must not Þ¥û¶ Now let us try to report a part of the con-
enough. You needn't bring any. versation at the beginning of the lesson (see
Let us remind Sneha of it too...
ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ÷«ô¢aÙ.
(û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs ú£J-ð¼-î¦L. F÷± ÏÚÛ need Nù£óŸªÙ àŸ«ë¯lÙ. Need ÚÛª ë¯ë¯í£± must table)...
Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-ì-÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ªö¶!) Satish: He may report to the police.
Report (Spoken form)
Lakshmi: We must not spend much time Rajesh: Let him. Direct Speech
there. We have to get back to make When Satish said he might report to the Reporting Verb (Present) Reporting Verb (Past)
other arrangements. police, Rajesh said he didn't mind/ he didn't Pramila: Let's remember that the Pramila reminds Lakshmi Pramila reminded Lakshmi
(÷ªìÙ ÍÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ÏêŸô¢ care. party is at 7. Let's start by that the party is at 7 and that the party was at 7 and
í£ìªõª àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ êŸyô¢Þ¥ AJT ô¦î¦L.) Let ìª ÷ªìÙ conversation ö˺ î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª 6. Let there be no delay. suggests that they (should) suggested that they
I. ÷ªìÙ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛ« let ÚÛª Ñìo NNëÅ] Íô¦nõª, Ñí£- ÏN. start by 6. She wants no (should) start by 6. She
óµ«Þ¥õêÁ Ñìo sentences ìª Óö° report II. ÷ªìÙ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ÙC: Must, delay. wanted no delay.
à¶óŸ«ö˺ àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. î¦æ¨E ÷ªôÁ-þ§J ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ Þœªô¢ªh should, have to, has to Ñìo direct speech (suggest/ sugested êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« should + 1st RDW
à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù. report à¶ú‡ì-í£±pè[ª past tense reporting verb Þ¥E/ ÖÚÛ\ 1st RDW Þ¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC.)
1) Let ÍÙç¶ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ôëµjû¦ ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨/ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. ÏC NCÅÞ¥, Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù
ú£«àŸì à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨/ ví£A-ð§-ë]-ìÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– Íí£±pè[ª ÷õxûËÁ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. Lakshmi: Let's remind Sneha of it Lakshmi suggests they Lakshmi suggested that
report ö˺ suggest î¦è[ê¦Ù. Kesav: I must go now - Direct speech. too. Let's call her and tell (should) remind Sneha of it they (should) remind
Hema: Let's go home. Kesav said he had to go then - Report her that she need not too. She suggests that they Sneha of it too. She sug-
Report: Hema suggests/ suggested that we (Reporting verb- past). worry about conveyance. (should) call her and tell gested that they (should)
(should) go home. Íô³ê¶ must not ÍE direct speech ö˺ ÖÚÛ í£E We'll pick her up on our her that she need not call her and tell her that
2) Let ìª Ôëµjû¦ àŸô¢uÚÛª í‡õªí£± Ï÷yè¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«è[ë]E ø‹øŒyêŸ E›ùëÅ]Ù Ñìo-í£±pè[ª report ö˺, way to the party. worry about conveyance. she need not/ did not have
Íí£±pè[ª call/ urge êÁ report - à¶þ§hÙ. reported verb past tense Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© must not They will pick her up on to worry about con-
Leader: Let's all be united. ìª must not Þ¥û¶ ÑÙàŸªê¦Ù. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ wasn't/ their way to the party. veyance. They would pick
(÷ªìÙ ÍÙê¦ ÔÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°Ù.) weren't to + 1st RDW î¦è[ê¦Ù. Reporting verb her up on their way to the
The leader called/ urged the followers to present tense Íô³ê¶ ú£÷ª›úu ö¶ë]ª. Verb formìª party.
be united. ÷«ô¢aÙ. Pramila: OK. We must not waste any Pramila agrees and says Pramila agreed and said
Reporting verb calls/ urges ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ present 1) Pran: Why don't you come with me? more time now. We must they must not waste any that they must not waste/
tense ÑÙè•àŸªa. Syam: No. I must not leave office now. buy some present for the more time then. They must were not to waste any
3) ÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a ÖÚÛ Îác. ë¯E Í÷ªõª ÷ªì à¶êŸªö˺x (û¶E-í£±pè[ª Îíƈú£ª ÷CL ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – ÏÚÛ\è[ bride and the groom. We buy some present for the more time then. They had
ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷àŸªa. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ must ÷ú£ªhÙC. ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª Íû¶C E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ¼hÙC.) must have our faces done bride and the groom. They to buy some present for
Report: Reporting verb - up too. must have their faces done the bride and the groom.
Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…... past tense. up too. They had to have their
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm Pran wanted syam to go faces done up too.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë II

GENERAL INTELLIGENCE west. In what direction was he actually

1. If PALAM could be given the code no 43, travelling?
what code no can be given to SAN- A) South B) North
TACRUZ ? C) East D) West
A) 123 B) 120 C) 85 D) 75 12. One evening before sunset two friends
2. If diamond is called gold, gold is called Sham and Ram were talking to each
silver, silver is called ruby and ruby is other face to face. If Ram's shadow was
called emerald, which is the cheapest exactly to his right side which direction
jewel ? was Sham facing ?
A) Diamond B) Silver A) West B) North
C) Ruby D) Gold C) South D) Data in adequate 21. 3,10,29,74, ? Psychologist, Manager lawyer, Jeweller,
3. If water is called blue, blue is called red, 13. Abdul ranked ninth from the top and A) 128 B) 120 C) 1270 D) 173 Doctor and Engineer.
red is called white, white is called sky, thirty eighth from the bottom in a class. 22. 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ? 2. The doctor is the grandfather of F, who is
sky is called rain, rain is called green and How many students are there in the A) 42 B) 40 C) 36 D) 44 a Psychologist .
green is called air, which of the following class 23. If 123 stands for 987, than 234 stands 3. The Manager 'D' is married to A
is the colour milk? A) 46 B) 47 C) 48 D) 45 for ? 4. C, the jeweller is married to the lawyer.
A) White B) Sky 14. In a class of 60, where girls are twice A) 876 B) 786 C) 785 D) 867 5. B is the mother of F and E ,
C) Air D) Green that of boys, Kunal ranked seventeenth 24. If LADY is coded as 11-0-3-24, how will 32. what is the profession of the E
4. Find the missing number ? from the top. If there are 9 girls ahead of MAN be coded ? A) Doctor B) Manager
kunal, how many boys are after him in
A) 13-1-14 B) 12-0-13 C) Psychologist D) None of these
the rank ?
5 7 C) 12-0-14 D) 13-0-14 33. How is A related to E
A) 5 B) 7 C) 9 D) 12
6 ? 15 9 89 5 15. A bus for Pune leaves for every 30 min-
25. If I am sixth in the queue from either and A) Brother B) Uncle
how many persons are in the queue? C) Father D) Grandfather
3 3 utes from a bustand in Mumbai. Enquiry
A) 12 B) 10 C) 13 D) 11
clerk told a passenger that the bus had 34. How many male members are there in
already left 10 minutes ago and the next 26. If 10th of a month falls three days pre- the family
18 bus will leave at 9.35 am. At what time ceding Sunday on what day will 22nd of A) One B) Three
did the enquiry clerk give this informa- the month fall? C) Four D) Can't determined
4 50 1 tion to the passenger ? A) Tuesday B) Friday 35. what is the profession of A
8 A) 8.55 am B) 9.05 am C) Wednesday D) Thursday A) Doctor B) Lawyer
C) 9.10 am D) 9.15am 27. Raju's Birthday is on the third Thursday C) Manager D) None of these
16. A monkey climbs 30 feet at the begin- of the month which begins on Monday
A) 69 B) 93 C) 99 D) none of these 36. Which of the following is one of the
ning of each hour and rests for a while what is the birth date of Raju ?
5. Find the missing number ? pairs of coupe in the family
when, he slips back 20 feet before he A) 15 B) 16 C)25 D) Non of these
A) AB B) AC
3 5 4 again starts climbing at the beginning 28. If Rahul finds that he is 12th from the
C) AD D) None of these
6 10 8 of the next hour. If he begins at 9.00 am, right in a line of boys and 14th from the
. DIRECTIONS (37-41) : Notice carefully
12 20 16 at what time will he first touch a flag at left, how many boys should be added to
the following series and answer the ques-
120 feet from the ground ? the lines so that there are 28 boys in the
9 15 ? tions based on them.
A) 5.00pm B) 6.00pm line ?
A G L 2 0 K WC 3 R M N P D 4 H S T Y OE
A) 8 B) 10 C) 12 D) 20 C) 7.00pm D) None of A) 12 B) 13 C) 14
6QUNFBKV8
(Directions 6 to 7) choose the best alterna- these D) 20
37. Which is the seventh letter from your
tive as the answer. 17. Find the missing number ? 29. A bus for Delhi leaves every
right ?
6. A hospital always has a thirty minutes from a bus
4 9 9 16 stand. An enquiry clerk told a A) H B) Q C) T D) None of the above
A) Nurse B) Bed
passenger that the bus had 38. If the first half is written in the reverse
C) Doctor D) Telephone
already left ten minutes ago order then which number / letter will be
7. A hill always has KASEEM JAGATI
and the next bus will third from the right to the 21st letter
A) Trees B) Animals from your right ?

R R B
6 12 leave at 9.35a.m. At what
C) Snow D) Height time did the enquiry A) P B) U C) L D) W
8. Five boys took part in race. Rakesh fin- 16 ? clerk give the informa- 39. Which amongst the following will be 5th
ished before Manoj but behind Gajanan. tion to the passenger ? from the 12th from the left if every sec-
Ashok finished before Sanjeev but A) 9.10 a.m B) 8.55 a.m ond position is removed beginning
behind Manoj. Who won the race ? C) 9.08 a.m D) 9.15 a. m from 2 ?
A) Rakesh B) Gajanan 20 30. One morning after sunrise, Gangadar A) M B) V C) S
C) Manoj D) Ashok was standing facing a pole. The shadow D) 3 E) None of these
o
A) 60 B) 50
9. Gopal is facing east. He turns 100 in the of the pole fell exactly to his right, which 40. One day immediately after sunrise,
o C) 25 D) None of these
clock wise direction and then 145 in the direction was he facing? Gandadhar was standing in front of a
18. I was born August 11. Mohan is younger
anti clock wise direction. Which direction A) East B) South pole. The shadow of the pole was falling
then me by 11 days. This year, indepen-
is he facing now ? C) West D) Data inadequate exactly to his right. Which direction was
dence day falls on Monday. On what day
A) East B) North 31. In an examination Raj got more marks he facing ?
will Mohan's birthday fall this year ?
C) North to East D) South to West than Moti but not as many as meena. A) East B) South
A) Monday B) Wednesday
10. Rahul goes to 30 meters North, then Meena got more marks than Ganesh C) West D) Date inadequate
C) Sunday D) Can't say
turns right and walks 40 meters then and Rupali, Ganesh got less marks than E) None of these
19. If Ram is richer then Shyam but not so
again turns right and walks 20 meters, Moti but his marks are not the lowest in
rich as mohan then Sham is ?
than again turns right and walks 40 the group. Who is second in ascending
A) Poorer than Ram order of marks ? 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) D
meters. How many meters is he from his
original position ? B) Richer than Mohan A) Meena B) Ganesh
K 8) B 9) C 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A
A) 0 B) 10 C) 20 D) 40
11. A direction pole was situated on the
C) Poorer than Mohan
D) Richer than Ram
C) Raj D) Cannot be determined E 14) D
20) C
15) D 16) C 17) C 18) A 19) C
21) D 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) D

crossing. Due to an accident the pole 20. 5 bags A, B, C, D and E are Lying in pile
(Directions 32-36) Read the following
information carefully and answer the ques-
Y 26)C
32) D
27) D 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) B
33) D 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) C
turns in such a manner that the pointer one above the other if A is above B, C is
tions given below: 38) C 39) E 40) A .
which was showing east, started show- above D but below E and D is above A,
ing south. One traveller went to the which bag is in middle ? 1. There is a group of six persons A, B, C,
wrong direction thinking it to be the D, E and F from a family. They are
A) A B) B C) D D) E (ô¢àŸô³êŸ šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺E Ú¥úˆîªq ú£dè†ú£J\öËÀ èµj·ôÚÛdôÂ)
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Vikas: (Do you) fancy eating something? trip to Tirupathi and other places in
(àüÁjØ√ AØ√-©-†’çü∆?) South India? (Do you) Know any thing
fancy = É≠ædç/É≠æd-°æ-úøôç. about what he is doing about it?
Conversational English ™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË ¢√∞¡x†’ (ÅC ÆæÍ®. ´’†ç A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ Éûª®Ω îÓôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈
v°æ¨¡o-©-úÕ-Íí-ô°æ¤p-úø’ Do you/ would you- (question ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. -Ç -N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* -E-"-
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’) ´C-™‰-ߪ’-´îª’a. °j† ™¸ à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* àç îËÆæ’h-
brackets ™ (Do you) îª÷°œ† Nüµ¿çí¬. Ø√oúø’?)
eg: Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he
a) Mind waiting for sometime = says. He is in touch, he has told me,
Do/Would you mind waiting for sometime? with the travel agency which his uncle ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Å™«Íí Nikhil í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æߪ’ç Vikas ᙫ
Mind = Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç runs. Sumanth: He does (ûÁ©’Ææ’.) report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?
b) Like some coffee = (ÅüËç Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’. ¢√∞¡x -Åçèπ◊-™¸- Sundar: What does he say about it? It is not going to be a problem at all, he says.
Do/would you like some coffee? †úÕÊ° -vö«-¢Á-™ ¸ -à-ï-FqûÓ Ææçv°æ-C-Ææ’h- †o-ô’x (-ü∆-Eí∫’-Jç-* -Ç-ߪ’-† à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) Says- present tense ™ report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.
(´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xûÓí¬F, îÁ§ƒpúø’.) ÅçûË-é¬ü¿’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ He says ûÓ
Åçûª serious conversation é¬-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬F, É™« Do Be in touch - Ææç•çüµ¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-´ôç/ ´÷ö«x- v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ééπ\úø he says, reported part *´®Ω
you/ would you ´C-™‰Æ œ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçúø- úø’ûª÷ Öçúøôç/ Contact ™ Öçúøôç. ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡xûÓ -´’-† ≤ƒEo-£œ«-û√uEo
èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.)
Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
things?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 202 Å™«Íí, He is in touch, he has told me, with the
travel agency which his uncle runs. ÅØË sen-
Suhas: Yea. I do feel like it. You do too, don't (ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-© í∫’-Jç-* éπ*aûªçí¬ -á°æ¤p-úø’ - tence ™ èπÿ-ú≈ ´÷´‚©’í¬ Å®·ûË he has told me
you? And how about some real good -îÁ-•’-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’.) Sumanth: He has given us permission but -¢√éπuç ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L. é¬F Ééπ\úø ´’üµ¿u™ ´*açC
coffee to go with it? Confirm - éπØ˛°∂æ¢˛’ – °∂æ-¢˛’ – bird ™ ™«í¬.- wants us to be careful during the éπü∆. ÉC èπÿú≈ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™ ÆæÈ®j-†-üË.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ AØ√-©ØË -ÖçC. Fèπÿ\ú≈ éπü∆? Vikas: He expects to have everything planned journeys. a) The exams won't be postponed, the princi-
ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’ç* 鬰∂‘ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?) by this weekend, he says. That'll give us ( Çߪ’† ´÷èπ◊ -Å-†’-´’-A Éî√aúø’. é¬-F pal says.
´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ do, does and did †’ í∫’-Jç-* enough time for preparation.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-©-†’ -´’®Ó≤ƒ-J -ØÁ-´’®Ω’-¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç.
1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc)†’
not ûÓí¬F, question ûÓé¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ do ´Ææ’hçü¿F,
II Regular Doing Word (goes, comes, sings,
etc) †’ not ûÓé¬F question -ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ 'Íé-°∂ˇ— é¬-ü¿’ ... 'éπu°∂-ß˝’—
does ´Ææ’hç-ü¿F, Past Doing Word (came, went,
sang) †’ not ûÓ é¬F question ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’
did ´Ææ’hç-C -Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. Å®·ûË do, does, did (Ñ ¢√®√çû√EéÀ -§ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’ôç °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E v°æߪ÷-ù«™x ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçúø-´’-Ø√oúø’). b) The students answer was wrong, the
†’ not ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, question 鬆-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’- ÅØ√oúø’. ´’†èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´y-ö«-EéÀ Ææ-J-°æ-ú≈ (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) teacher says.
ûª’çö«ç – ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Æ洒ߪ’ç Öçô’çC.) Ñ conversation ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆ-üËçöÀ? ´’†ç Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ω’
I do know him well - Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’. ÉC ques- Suhas: What were the places we would be vis- Principal -à´’-Ø√o®Ω’– í∫ûªç– Å®·Ø√ English ™ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ îÁ°æp-´’çö«ç. -D-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿-ô-îÁ-°œp-
tion é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ do know Åçô’Ø√oç. ÉC ûª°æ¤p iting, did he say? What does he say - Present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí †-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§Ú-´ôç -™‰-ü∆ NE ´’J-*-§Ú-´ôç ´-
é¬ü¿’– Ø√éπ-ûª†’ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (-ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú--´ô-¢Ë’çöÀ?) ÅØË (´’†ç ¢Á∞Ï} -v°æ-üË-¨»--© -N-´®√--™‰¢Á’i-Ø√ îÁ§ƒp-ú≈?) He wants us ÅE ´’S} present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. É-C ©x. Å°æ¤púË´’çö«ç. O’ Ê°Í®-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? / O’J-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-
N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫öÀdí¬ ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. I know him well Vikas: I don't exactly remember. Any way, he ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Spoken *aç-üÁ-°æ¤p-úø-Ø√o®Ω’? É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o©’ Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ.
ņôç éπØ√o I do know him well Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ will be meeting us this evening. English™ É™« past conversation report îËÊÆ-ô- a) What did you say your name was?
¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç. (Ø√èπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ í∫’®Ω’h ™‰ü¿’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ¢√úø’ °æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ present tense ¢√úË≤ƒhç. ÉC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Look at the following words of Suhas from
She does sing well (She sings well) ´’†Lo ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) practice îËÊÆh ´’† English Åçü¿çí¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ the conversation at the beginning of the les-
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ She does sing well Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ Direct Speech -†’ report Öçô’çC. son.
éπ*aûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. îËߪ’ôç îª÷-¨»ç.– Reporting verb †’ present C) Kumar: I (have) asked my mother to come, i) Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
Å™«Íí I did see him yesterday Åçõ‰ (I saw him tense, past tense -™  -á-™« -J-§Ú®˝d -îË-ߪ÷-™  -îª÷-¨»ç but she says she will not come. things?
yesterday) ؈’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-úÕ-E îª÷¨»-†E í∫öÀdí¬ éπ-ü∆.
É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îªü¿-´-¶-ßË’-N ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ
(-ØË-†’ ´÷ Å´’t-†’ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’. é¬F (Åûª†’ ´’†-èπ◊ -Å-Eo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ éπ*aûªçí¬
(Emphasis ûÓ) îÁ°æpôç. ÉN O’ conversation ™ ®√†-çC (®√†ç-öçC– ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ á°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’?)
practice îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. -É-™«-îËÊÆh a) Nagesh: So, you are going to do É™«Íí Åçö«ç éπü∆) ii) Suhas: What were the places we would be
O’ ¶µ«≠æ effectiveí¬ Öçô’çC. MBA. Ñ sentence 'I have asked my mother... not visiting, did he say?
Vikas: Sure. Suggest a good place (Å®·ûË †’´¤y -áç-G-à îËߪ’- come; Kumar ¢√∞¡x´’tûÓ á°æ¤púÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ-† ûª®Ω-¢√ûª (´’†ç ¢Á∞Ïx Ü∞¡Ÿ} à´E îÁ§ƒpúø’?)
where we get real good stuff ¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´-†o-´÷ô). ¢√∞¡x´’t ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ report îËÆæ’hØ√o, she says ņôç Å™«Íí When did you say the meeting would
(éπ*aûªçí¬. ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘ Rajesh: Yes. I am (Å´¤†’.) í∫´’-Eç-î√L. ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ É™« îÁ§Òpa be? (Meeting á°æ¤p-úø’ç-ô’ç-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?) (´’S} îÁ°æ¤p
üÌJÍé àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* îÓô’ îÁ°æ¤p) Nagesh: Have you talked to your dad Kesav: I asked my mother to come. But she ÅE)
(Real good stuff- Eïçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ about it? (Ç N≠æߪ’ç O’ said she would not come. Ñ ´‚úø’ Å稻©÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
†îËaô’x ´’ç*í¬ ÖçúË ´Ææ’h´¤.) M. SURESAN Ø√†oí¬JûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈¢√?) d) Sampath: Did you see the doctor? 1) ´÷´‚©’ Spoken English form ™ äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J
(Ééπ\úø °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘. ´’S} í∫’®Ω’h Rajesh: Yes. I have (´÷ö«x-ú≈†’.) (ú≈éπd-Jo Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-¢√?) í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-† -Åç-¨»-©-†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈
îËÆæ’hØ√oç. öÀ°∂œØ˛ English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç/Ö§ƒ- Nagesh: What does he say? Shanmukh: I did. He says the disease is not Present reporting verbs – He/she says,
£æ…®√-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô– Snack/ refreshment. (Çߪ’-ØË-´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) serious. They feel; they want; he/she wants ™«çöÀ
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Some thing to eat; Any thing Rajesh: He says he prefers my doing MCA to (éπ-L¨»†’. ÉC Åçûª Bv´-¢Á’iç-üËO’ é¬ü¿ç- ¢√öÀE ¢√úÕûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
to eat? Åçö«®Ω’. Any eats? Let's have some doing MBA. ô’-Ø√oúø’ / é¬ü¿-Ø√oúø’.) 2) Conversation ™ ´’†ç report îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË
eats ÅE èπÿú≈ informal í¬ Åçö«®Ω’. ( ؈’ MBA éπØ√o MCA îËߪ’ôç better ÉC (Past event †’ Present ™ report îËߪ’ôç) He says, they said, he/she told (some one)
Suhas: Nikhil often says that Cafe 'Shadruchi' ÅE -Ç-ߪ’-†ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. ™«çöÀN sentence ´·ç-ü¿’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ sentence
is the place for good eats and coffee. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Rajesh ûª† Course N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x- Now look at the following part of the con- *´®Ω, ´’üµ¿u™ é¬F ®√´îª’a.
Shall we go there? úø-ôç í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç. Å®·Ø√ Nagesh Åûª- versation at the beginning of the passage. 3) ´’†ç á´-J-ØÁjØ√ à-üÁjØ√ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-
(Cafe 'Shadruchi' ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…-®√-©èπÿ, -úÕ-E -à-´’-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’? What does he say? ÅE. Suhas: Well, what does Nikhil say about our °æ¤púø’
coffee éÀ ÆæÈ®j† îÓô’ (The place) ÅE (Ééπ\úø does say ) (=says) present tense ™ trip to Tirupathi and other places in What did he say his name was?
E"™¸ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åçô’ç-ö«úø’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí Rajesh ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o South India? What is he doing about it? ™«çöÀ sentence pattern ¢√-úøû√ç.
¢Á∞«l´÷? Cafe' - pronunciation - í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ He says ÅE pres- Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he Exercise: Report (aloud) the whole conversa-
éπu°∂ß˝’ – éπu bank ™ ba ™«í∫ = °∂æ©-£æ…- ent tense ™ îÁ°æpôç -O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC says. He is in touch, he has told with the tion at the beginning of this lesson, with the
®Ω-¨»©. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Íé°∂ˇ ÅE pronounce English ™ î√™« Ææ®Ωy≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. -É-™« -Å-†-ôç ûª°æ¤p travel agency which his uncle runs. reporting verb in the present as well as in the
îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’ – ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.) é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. past tense.
Vikas: That suits me fine. Let's go B) Sunder: Does the Principal know about a) Nikhil ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ E"™¸ à´’-†oD, Suhas ᙫ
(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.) your excursion programme? Åçô’-Ø√oúø’?
Suhas: Well, What does Nikhil say about our (O’ N£æ…-®Ω-ߪ÷vûª í∫’-Jç-* O’ -v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸èπ◊ What does Nikhil say about...?
-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 24 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Sravya: You look gorgeous today. What a

ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ ´uèπ◊h-©†’ §ÚLa
beautiful dress you are in! Who select-
ûª®Ω-ûª´’ -¶µ‰-ü∆©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç.
ed it for you?
These are the comparisons made in the con-
versation at the beginning of this lesson.
(-Ñ®Ó-V †’´¤y î√™« Åçü¿çí¬
1) This (Lasya's today's dress) is more beauti-
éπ-E-°œÆæ’hØ√o--´¤-. F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!
ful than the one you wore for Kavya's birth
á´®Ω’ ÂÆ-™„é˙d î˨»®Ω’ -DEo?)
gorgeous (Pronunciation: 'í¬ïÆˇ– 'í¬— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊-
day party.(ÉC – †’Oy-®ÓV ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o dress
Kavya birthday party
û√ç) = î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Ö†o. áèπ◊\- éÀ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o -vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o
´í¬ American usage.) Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.)
Lasya: That's my own selection.
2) But Navya's dress was the most beautiful Superlative tallest highest
est *´®Ω ´îËa superlative degree forms.
that day=
(ÅC Ø√ áç°œÍé.) Å®·ûË Ç®ÓV Åçü¿J -vúÁÆˇ™x -†-´u -vúÁÆˇ Comparative taller higher
Sravya: This is more beautiful than the one you b) finest, simplest, nicest, etc- 'st'
ÉN *´®Ω ´îËa
Åûªuçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. b) 'st' superlative form
superlative degree forms.
wore for Kavya's birthday party.
éπL°œ îËÊÆ ´÷ô-©-Eo-çöÀéÃ,
3) ... She is the tallest of all of us too. '-r ' comparative form
c) Y Y
( é¬-´u °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -§ƒ-KdéÀ †’-´¤y -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o - ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ *´®Ω éπ-L°œ îË≤ƒhç.
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Òúø-´¤.) Superlative finest simplest nicest
4) That made her lovelier than any other girl
vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.) Comparative simpler finer nicer
Lasya: But Navya's dress was the most beauti-
ÅC -Ç-¢Á’-†’ Éûª-®Ω’© éπØ√o Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúË™« îËÆœçC. c) YûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, Y BÊÆÆœ
ful that day.
5) She is the cleverest girl among our friends iest
ûÓ superlative form îËÊÆ ™«í¬ØË, ier éπL°œ
who took the test.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
(é¬F Ç®ÓV †´u-vúÁÆˇ ÅEoöx Åçü¿çí¬ comparative form
203
(Ç -õ„-Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† -v°∂ç-ú˛q îË≤ƒhç.
ÖçC.) Åçü¿-J™ Ç¢Á’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢ÁjçC). Superlative healthiest costliest
Sravya: And you know she is the tallest of all of
6) Her Brother is even cleverer than she. Comparative healthier costlier
us too. That made her the lovelier than
Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁL¢Áj†¢√úø’. d) -ful ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’ °æü∆-©èπÿ, most ´·ç-ü¿’°öÀd
any other girl there. BÊÆÆœ, iest superlative form
éπL°œûË Å´¤-ûª’çC.
7) No other candidate's rank in the town is so superlative form more
îËÊÆ °æü∆-©-Eoç-öÀéÃ, ´·ç-ü¿’
healthiest (healthy); wealthiest,(wealthy)
(as) good as his. comparative form
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûª†’ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ §Òúø-´¤ ¢√úÕûË, Å´¤-ûª’çC.
costliest (costly) etc.
Superlative Comparative
éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x -Ç®Ó-V Éûª-®Ω’©çü¿J-éπçõ‰ Ü®Óx à Éûª®Ω ŶµºuJn ®√uçé˙ èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕ ®√uçéπçûª d) ful
most beautiful more beautiful
Åçü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿éπ\-úø.) ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’. ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀéÀ, ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿®Ω
Lovely= beautiful= Åçü¿-¢Á’i†.
most interested more interested
Lasya: We have another party coming.
î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.
(´’†èπ◊ ûªy®Ω-™-ØË ÉçéÓ §ƒKd ÖçC.) ´’†ç à degree ¢√úÕ-Ø√ äéπõ‰ Å®Ωnç ®√¢√L.
Sravya: Who is giving that and what's the occa-
Positive Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ ÅE, comparative Åçõ‰
sion?
îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’...ÅçûË! é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ÅF, superlative Åçõ‰ ÅEoç-öÀ-éπØ√o
(á´-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç àçöÀ?) áèπ◊\´ ÅF ņ’-éÓ-´ôç î√-™« °ü¿l -§Ò-®Ω-§ƒô’.
Lasya: Divya is giving it. She has got the 25th
Ñ degrees of comparison ´‚úÕçöx, degree
rank in CAT.
- positive Å®·Ø√, comparative Å®·Ø√, superla-
Common Admission Test tive Å®·Ø√ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å™« äéπõ‰ Å®·-†-°æ¤púË
8) Few Parents are as lucky as they.
(C´u É≤ÚhçC.
–(CAT) most superlative form
™ 25´ ®√uçé˙ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Öçúø®Ω’. îËJÊÆh Å´¤-ûª’çC. ´’†ç correct í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†ô’d. Å®·ûË ´’†ç posi-
Sravya: I'm not at all surprised. She is the i) beautiful - most beautiful (superlative)
9) Her elder sister is brighter than all of them tive degree™ îÁ§ƒp™, comparative ™ îÁ§ƒp™,
cleverest girl among our friends who ii) skilful - most skilful (superlative)
but not so hard working. superlative™ îÁ§ƒp™ ´’† áç°œ-éπ†’ •öÀd, Ææçü¿-
took the test. iii) pitiful - most pitiful ( superlative ) ®√s¥Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ:
¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢ÁjçC é¬F Åçûª e) most
(-Åç-ü¿’-™ -Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ™‰ü¿’. Ç -õ„Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† v¨¡´’-°æ-úËC é¬ü¿’. éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈, ´·çü¿’ îË®Ωaôç a) He is the tallest boy in the class (Superlative)
´©x superlative
´Ææ’hçC.( Interested - most inter- =
v°∂ç-ú˛q Åçü¿-®Óx†÷ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢Áj-çC.) îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ Comparisons: §Ú©aôç English™ ested; jealous - most jealous)
- é¬xÆˇ Åçü¿-J-™ Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.
Lasya: Her brother is even clever than she b) He is taller than any other boy/ all other boys,
´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’. -Åç-õ‰ ´‚úø’ degrees ™ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. COMPARATIVE DEGREE
(her). Last year he got the 18th rank in in the class (comparative) =
1) Positive degree 2) Comparative degree
é¬xÆˇ™ à Éûª®Ω/
the IIT entrance test. *´®Ω, -er -r -ier
, , í¬F ´·çü¿’ more í¬F ´ÊÆh ÅC boys
3) Superlative degree
Éûª®Ω Åçü¿-J éπØ√o Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.
(Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úø’. comparative Å´¤-ûª’çC. c) No other boy in the class as so as tall as he
í∫-ûËú≈C -â-â-öà -áç-võ„-Ø˛q -õ„Æˇd™ Åûª-úÕéÀ 18´ (Degrees of comparison adjectives adverbs èπ◊, i) Superlative form 'est'
(positive) =
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ éπLÊ° ´÷ô-©-
Adjectives –
é¬xÆˇ™ ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ Åûª-†çûª
®√uçé˙ ´*açC.) èπÿ Öçö«®·. ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’, ´uèπ◊-©’, v°æüË- Eoç-öÀéÃ, comparative form 'er'
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.
Sravya: Yea. No other candidate's rank in the ¨»-©’, ïçûª’-´¤-©’, -¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©†’ ûÁLÊ° éπ©’°æ¤û√ç. ÅEo degrees Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’.ÅçûË.
town is so good as his. ´÷ô©’.)
eg: Tall, short, fine, beautiful, good, bad etc.
Answer to Exercise under lesson No 201
(Å´¤†’. Ñ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á·ûªhç™ á´Jéà -Åç-ûª -
O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®·†, Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ ÅE,
REPORT (Spoken )
´’ç-* ®√uçé˙ ®√-™‰-ü¿’.)
Lasya: All of them are quite smart. Ö†o ÅE, Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. tall = §Òúø-¢Áj†, DIRECT SPEECH
á-ûÁkh-†, short = §ÒöÀdí¬ Ö†o, fine = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ- Reporting Verb Present tense Reporting Verb Past tense
Few parents are as lucky as
they, in having such children. ߪ’-¢Á’i†, etc) Lakshmi: I need not Lakshmi says she need not have the Lakshmi said she need not/ did not

(¢√Rxçöx Åçü¿®Ω÷ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√∞Ïx. Adverbs Åçõ‰, verb -îËÊÆ °æ†’©’ ᙫ ïJ- have the facial. I had it facial. She had it done the day before. need to have the facial. She had
í¬®· ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç- ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ – äéπ done just yesterday. had it done the day before.
Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’
ü∆ü∆-°æ¤ -Öç-úø®Ω’.) í∫’ùç à¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ ÖçC ÅE ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ Pramila: We have to Pramila says they have to go to the Pramila said they had to go to
smart= ≤ƒtö¸– ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– Åçü¿-¢Á’i† M. SURESAN èπÿú≈ adverbs.) go to the bank or the bank or the ATM too as they have to the bank or the ATM as they
Look at the following. had to draw some money.
-ü¿’Ææ’h-™x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç. Ééπ\úÕ ATM too. we have to draw some money.
a) No other actor is so tall as Amitabh
Å®Ωnç– ûÁL-N-í∫©. draw some money.
Sravya: Her elder sister is brighter than all of Bachchan. (à Éûª®Ω †ô’úø÷ ÅN’-û√-•-îªaØ˛ Åçûª
Lakshmi: We need Lakshmi says that they need not, as Lakshmi said that they need
them but no so hardworking, We are comparing all
§Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.) Ééπ\úø
not. I have enough she has enough cash. not/ did not need to, as she had
other actors with Amitabh - §ÚLa á´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈
(¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ߪ’u -Åç-ü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ûÁL-N-í∫©C. cash. enough cash.
Amitabh Not
Åçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬-ü¿’ ÅE Åçô’Ø√oç –
Pramila suggested they had
é¬F Åçûª éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆC é¬ü¿’.)
Lasya: They're all sure of good careers. That's so tall as ÅE – Ééπ\úøtall positive degree. Pramila: Then we had Pramila suggests they had better hurry
b) Amitabh is taller than any other actor/all better hurry up. up. better hurry up.
a thing to be happy about.
other actors. (ÅN’-û√¶¸ à Éûª®Ω †ô’-úÕ/-N’-í∫û√ Lakshmi: Need I get Lakshmi wants to know if she has to Lakshmi wanted to know if she
(¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’ç* Nü∆u, ÖüÓu-í¬©’ ûªü∑¿uç. -
Åçü¿®Ω’ †ô’-©-éπØ√o §Ò-úø-´¤.) money now or do you get the money now or if she has it. had to get the money then or if
Å-C ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.)
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ we are comparing all other actors have it? she had it.
í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’: °j conversation Åçû√ §ÚLéπ with Amitabh. ¢√∞¡}-éπØ√o Éûª†’ §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç.
Pramila: I think the Pramila says she thinks the money she Pramila said she thought the
(comparison)© v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË éπü∆. -E-ûªu -@-N-ûªç-™  ´’†ç
– Amitabh is taller than - Ééπ\úø taller, compar- money I have should has should be enough and that money she had should be
ative degree.
§Ú©a-èπ◊çú≈ à Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ Öçúø-üË¢Á÷ éπü∆. äéπ enough and that Lakshmi need
be enough. You need Lakshmi need not get any.
1) Amitabh is the tallest of all actors -
´Ææ’h´¤ Ø√ùuûª, üµ¿®Ω†’, ÅüË ûª®Ω-í∫AéÀ -îÁç-C-† Éûª®Ω not/ did not need to get any
not get any.
Åçü¿®Ω’
Amitabh we are
´Ææ’h´¤© Ø√ùu-ûª, -üµ¿®ΩûÓ, äéπ ´uéÀhí∫’ù«-©’, Ç鬮Ωç, †ô’--™x Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤. Ééπ\úø money.
comparing all other actors with Amitabh -
íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, Éûª®Ω ´uèπ◊h© Ç鬮Ωç, íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, í∫’ù«-©ûÓ
Lakshmi said that they must
¢√∞¡xç-
§ÚLa à-C, á´®Ω’ áèπ◊\¢Ó E®√l¥-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ®√´-ô¢Á÷, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Lakshmi: We must not Lakshmi says that they must not spend
ü¿J™ Éûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø
spend much time much time there as they have to get not spend much time there as
tallest superlative degree. ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
í∫öÀdí¬ ¢√Cç--éÓ-´-ô¢Á÷ îËÆæ’hçö«ç éπü∆.
Spoken English ™ Ñ §ÚL-éπ©-†’ -á-™« ´uéπh°æ®Ω’- there. We have to get back to make other arrangements. they had to get back to make
1) *´®Ω +est, +st í¬F´ÊÆh ÅCsuperlative degree. other arrangements.
≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Grammar ™ Å®·ûË a) tallest, highest, shortest, slightest, etc. ÉN
back to make other
DEo Degrees of comparisons Åçö«-®ΩE ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà arrangements.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë -2
Sundar: I feel that the food here is better than Madan: My grand father reads these novels,
that in any other restaurant in this a lot of them.
area. What do you think? (÷« ê¦êŸÞ¥ô¢ª Ð ì÷õõª à¦ö° àŸë]ª-÷±-
(Ð vð§ÙêŸÙö˺ Ñìo ÏêŸô¢ ·ôþ§d-·ôÙåx ÚÛÙç¶ ê¦ô¢ª.)
ÏÚÛ\è[ íÆ£õô¢Ù ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. Sundar: I remember your telling me that he
ìªî¶y÷ªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦oîËÂ?) was ill. How is he? Any improve-
Madan: You're right. This is the best eatery ment?
around here. (ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙë]E ìª÷±y àµí‡pìåªx
(ìª÷±y àµí‡pÙC Eá! Ð àŸªåªd-í£-ÚÛ\õ Ïë¶ ÷ªÙ#C.) Þœªô¢ªh. Ïí£±p-èµö° Ñû¦oô¢ª? Ôiû¦
Sundar: The worst of all is the eatery next to ô¢ª·ÞjÙë¯?)
the post office. You get sick once Madan: No, unfortunately. He is worse than
you eat any thing there. before.
worse than that one. (worse - comparative
(Î ð¼þ§d-íƈú£ª í£ÚÛ\ì ÑìoC ÍEoÙæ¨ (ö¶ë]ª, ë]ªô¢-ë]'-ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª
SUPERLATIVE: -ier à¶Ja comparative form
of bad).
ÚÛÙç¶ ÍëÅ]-÷ª-iÙC. ÖÚÛ-þ§J ÍÚÛ\è[ Ôëµjû¦ ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ ÑÙC.)
Sundar: I'm sorry to hear that. Hope he will
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – iest , – er à¶Ja comparative form
5) Is it better than the one I gave you last
AÙç¶ î¦Ù꟪ö¶!)
sick = áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù – ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ Ð Íô¢nÙêÁ recover soon.
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – est , –r à¶Ja comparative form
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª -st, more ÷³Ùë]ª à¶Ja compara- week? (better - comparative of good).
î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ sick = î¦ÙA Íó¶ªuåªxÞ¥ (Nì-æ°-EÚ¨ ò°ëÅ]Þ¥ ÑÙC. êŸyô¢ö˺ 6) Unfortunately he is worse than before.
tive form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª most à¶Ja superlative
ÑÙè[è[Ù ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC. ÚÁõªÚÛªÙæ°ô¢E ÎPþ§h!) (worse - comparative of ill).
I am sick of these movies.
(Ð ú‡E-÷«-õÙ-ç¶û¶ û¦ÚÛª î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªuåªx ÑÙC.)
Once you eat there you get sick.
(ÍÚÛ\è[ AÙç¶ î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªu-åªxÙ-åªÙC.)
Madan: No, I don't agree there. There are
other restaurants which are worse
than that one.
(Î Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ û¶ìª Öí£±p-ÚÁìª. ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñìo
ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëůyìÙ!
ÏÙÚ•Eo íÆ£õ-ô¢-ø‹-õõª ë¯E-ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ Madan: So do we. (÷´ Íö°¸Þ ÎP-ú£ªhû¦oÙ.)
degree form ill = áñªsÞ¥ Ñìo.
Sundar: OK. See you. Time that I were at
Ñû¦oô³.) à¶þ§h-÷ªF êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ ÚÛë¯.
Sundar: But I can tell you this. As no other home.
Íô³ê¶ Ð êµÞœ-õÚÛª àµÙë]E adjectives ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo worse - áñªs/ î¦uCÅ ÓÚÛª\îµjì, ÷³C-Jì)
place are idlis so (as) bad as at that (ÚÛõªë¯lÙ! Ïí£p-æ¨¸Ú ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè¯-Lqì Ñû¦oô³. î¦æ¨Ú¨ comparatives, superlatives 7) His condition was the worst the day before
form à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Ô EñÙëÅ]ìõ« í£E-Ú¨-ô¦÷±. î¦æ¨ yesterday.
place. î¦è…E.)(Îõ-ú£u-iÙC)
comparatives, superlatives irregular Þ¥ form
(Ú¥F ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷«vêŸÙ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª. ÏÚÛ\-è[ª- OK. See you = ÚÛõªë¯lÙ. (ÎóŸªì í£J-ú‡nA îµ³ìo ò°Þ¥ ¤©é¨Ù-#ÙC.)
ìoÙêŸ àµêŸhÞ¥ Ïè†xõª ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è¯ ÑÙè[÷±.) Madan: Bye
Í÷±-ê¦ô³. ÍN– worst - superlative of ill.
Madan: That is true, perhaps. OK. How good Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC sentences àŸ«è[Ùè….
is the novel which you finished yes- a) India is the largest democracy in the world.
terday? Ð î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ largest - superlative degree Íô¢nÙ:
(ÍC Eá! ú£¸ô! Eìo ìª÷±y í£²Jh à¶ú‡ì ví£í£ÙàŸÙ îµ³êŸhÙö˺ òÅ°ô¢ê ÍA-šíë]l ví£â°-þ§y÷ªuÙ.
ì÷õ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?) ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 204 Ïë¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÏÙÚÁ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥:
Sundar: It's easily the best I have read in a) India is the largest of all democracies in the
years. ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ world/ India is the largest democracy of all in
(Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC-Nì ì÷- adjectives adverbs
ÚÛª, the world ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íì-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ ÍEoæ¨ ÚÛû¦o
õö˺x Ïë¶ Þ•í£pC.) ÚÛª comparative, simplest form, India is the largest democracy
Madan: Is it better than the one I gave you superlative Óö° form in the world Íû¶C.
last week? à¶þ§h àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸ- Superlative degree ö˺ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª sentence
(û¶ìª FÚÛª ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù Ï#aì ì÷õ ÚÛû¦o ÷-ô¢ÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìoC– structure.
India is the largest democracy in the world.
M. SURESAN COMPARATIVE: Ú•Eo
ÚÛ«è¯ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)
Sundar: I told you, no other novel I have read í£ë¯õ #÷ô¢ – ier à¶Ja, a) India (subject) + is (verb) + the + largest
in years is so good as this one. ÷ªJ-Ú•-Eo-æ¨Ú¨ – er à¶Ja, y êÁ ÍÙêŸ-÷ªó¶ªu ÷«å-õÚÛª, (superlative) + democracy.
(àµð§pìªÞ¥! Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC- y ñë]ªõª – ier à¶Ja, ÏÙÚ•Eo ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª more b) The Elephant is the strongest animal in the
Nì Ô ì÷õ ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙêŸ Þ•í£pÞ¥ ö¶ë]E.) à¶Ja comparative degree form à¶þ§hÙ. world.
(subject + is (verb) + the + strongest
Etymological Dictionary 2) Cambridge (superlative) + animal).
ví£øŒo: 1. An unused old temple was given to Publications öËºì« ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-꟪ÙC. Superlative ö˺ sentence structure à¦ö° sim-
Mother Theresa ÍE IX Class English text ple. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁî¦LqÙ-ë]ö°x superlative ÷³Ùë]ª the
book (page no. 45) ö˺ àŸC-î¦ìª. ÏÚÛ\è[ unused
ví£øŒo: Ð ÷´è[ª î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª êµõªÞœª Íô¢nÙ àµí£pÙè….
1. For that to happen.
ô¦î¦õE..
ÚÛª ñë]ªõª disused ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè…. Comparative degree ö˺ Íë¶ meaning êÁ–
2. Idioms with backgrounds book Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶ 2. Planning Commission deputy chair- The worst of all is the eatery next to a) India is larger than any other democracy in
man Monteksingh Ahluwalia on satur-
ú£«#ÙàŸÙè…. the post office. the world.
day regretted that poverty reduction
– ÷ªëÅ]ª-ÚÛôÂ, êµû¦L comparative ö˺ structure
1. à¦ö° ÷ªÙ# ví£øŒo. Íô³ê¶ disused was not achieved to the desired extent
áî¦ñª: a) India (subject) + is (verb) + larger (compar-
during the years of planned develop- Positive Comparative Superlative
Íû¶ë¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ correct. ative) + than any other + democracy in the
ment. Good, Well better best
Unused ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ/ world.
3. Pointing out that the growth process Bad, ill worse worst
Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Íú£õª î¦è[E evil worse worst b) The Elephant is stronger than any other
ÍE Íô¢nÙ. An unused should have been more inclusive.
much, many more most animal in the world.
old temple ÍÙç¶ Ïí£pæ¨ – ÖÚÛ ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªè[ª Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ
,
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ šíj structure ö˺û¶ ÑÙè¯L.
1. for that to happen = ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶. You can see these irregular comparatives and
Positive:
÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Ïí£±pè[« î¦è[E áî¦ñª:
e.g. I want to buy a car. For that to happen I superlatives in the conversation at the begin-
í£±ô¦-êŸì ë¶î¦-õóŸªÙ ÍE No other animal in the world is so (as) strong
need money. ning of this lesson: Oå-Eoæ¨ Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª Ð les-
Íô¢nÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè… ÍÙå« as the Elephant.
son vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡Ùö˺ àŸ«è[-÷àŸªa.
ÑÙè[ë]ª ÚÛë¯. Íö° Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ (û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦õE ÑÙC. ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶ Structure - ÏÚÛ\è[ No other êÁ begin Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-
è[ñªs-Ú¥-î¦L.) 1) I feel that the food here is better that in any
Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ î¦è[-ÚÛÙö˺ ÑÙè…, EÙ-àŸÙè… –
2. ...that poverty reduction was not achieved other restaurant (better - comparative of
Î êŸô¦yêŸ Ô Ú¥ô¢éÙêÁ No other (sub) + verb + so + (positive degree)
to the desired extent during the years good)
Íô³û¦ ð§è[ªñè[f Þœªè… ÍE + as the Elephant.
planned development. 2) This is the best eatery around here. (best -
Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì sentence ö˺ b) No other democracy in the world is as (so)
superlative of good).
òÅ°÷Ù. Íö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°÷Ù Ïà¶aC disused. Ú¥ñæ¨d (ví£é°RÚ¥ñë]lÄ ÍÙç¶ ÷ªì í£ÙàŸ-÷ô¢{ ví£é°-RÚÛ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù large as India.
3) The worst of all is the eaterie next to the
unused Íû¶C ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. Disused ÍÙç¶ ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¦ö˺x ›íë]JÚÛÙ êŸÞœª_-ë]õ ÷ªìÙ ÎPÙ- No other + subject + is (verb) + as (so) + (pos-
post office. (worst - superlative of bad).
Ïí£±pè[ª î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺-ö¶E, ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª (ÞœêŸÙö˺) Ñìo ÍE. #-ìÙêŸ áô¢-Þœ-ö¶ë]ª.) itive degree) + as India.
3. Pointing out that the growth rate should 4) There are other restaurants which are
Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè…û¶ Mother Theresa Ú¨à¦aô¢ª ÍE
Íô¢nÙ. have been more inclusive.
Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...
2. Idioms with background book - 1) Oxford (ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ví£vÚ¨óŸª ÏÙÚ¥ú£h Nú£h'-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¯-LqÙC.)
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 1

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-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 29 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Nagesh: Hi Mangesh, what are you doing in adjective (larger)+than any other (singular) /
this Travel kit shop? (Are you) buying than all other (plural)+...
a bag? c) Positive: No other land animal is so (as) large
( Ñ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ éÀ-ö¸ -≥ƒ°ˇ™ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? as the elephant
¶«uí˚ à´’Ø√o éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√?) (à Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’´‹ à†’-í∫çûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’)
Mangesh: That's right Word order: No other+Subject (animal) +verb
(Å´¤†’) +so/as + positive adjective+as+the (subject)
Nagesh: You've bags and suitcases of all ÉO ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Å®·ûË ´’†ç îËÊÆ §ÚLéπ -
sizes, shapes and colours here. (Is) ©’ -á°æ¤p-úø’ èπÿú≈ Éçûª simple (Ææ®Ω-∞¡ç)í¬, direct í¬
none to your liking? Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Éçé¬ ÆæçéÀx-≠dæ (complex ) -¢Á’i-† §Ú-L- 2) Kashmir - cold - state in India (Positive)
Pacific
(Ééπ\úø ÅEo ÂÆj-V©÷, Çé¬-®√©’, ®Ωçí∫’©÷ éπ©’ èπÿú≈ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Ñ lesson (Éûª®Ω ´’£æ…Ææ´·-vü∆© éπç-õ‰ ™-ûÁj-†C)
3) This - good song - the movie (superlative)
c) He is older than any other members / all
Ö†o -¶«uí∫’-©’, Ææ÷-ö¸ÍéÆæ’-©’ ÖØ√o®· éπ∫ü∆. ¢Á·ü¿öx Nagesh, Mangesh conversation îª÷ü∆lç. 4) Rentachintala - hot place- A.P. (comparative)
other members of the family.
FÍéO †îªa-™‰ü∆?) a) Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. 5) December - cold month. (Positive)
(To your liking = Fèπ◊ †*açC)
(èπ◊ô’ç-•- Ææ-¶µº’u-©ç-ü¿-J-™-†÷ -Å-ûª-úø’ -´-ߪ’Ææ’-™
(ÉC- Ø√-é¬\-´-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC) 6) Andhra Pradesh- big state South India
Look at this one = ÉC îª÷úø’ Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Mangesh (comparative)
Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. I §Ú©’Ææ’h†oC È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ -Å-N ûª†-é¬\-´- Answers:
want a smaller bag than this. ©-Æœ† bag, ûª†’ îª÷Ææ’h†o bag. 1) This diamond necklace is the costliest jewel
( Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† -¶«uí˚ éπØ√o ÉC °ü¿lC. b) Mangesh: That's
want.
smaller than the one I
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 205 in the shop.
Ø√èπ◊ Éçûªéπçõ‰ *†oC 鬢√L ) (Ñ ≥ƒ°ˇ™ Ñ ´vñ«© necklace Åûªuçûª
Nagesh: That One may be the size you want. (Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπç-õ‰ ÅC *†oC) êK-üÁj-†C) (Superlative degree)
(ÅC Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† -ÂÆj-ñ ¸ Å-¢Ìy-a) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆? È®çöÀ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLéπ. 2) No other state in India is as (so) cold as
Mangesh: No that's smaller than the one I
°-ü¿l)
ûª†-é¬\-´-LqçC. ûª†èπ◊ -Å-éπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’-†oC. Kashmir.
Positive: Positive degree No
want. c) Mangesh: Oh, my! That's more than its
™ ´÷-ö«xúË-ô°æ¤púø’
other Positive adjec-
(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æçZ - é¬Qt®˝ Åçûª îªL-í¬ Öç-úø-
worth.
ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ç ûª®Ω-¢√ûª
(™‰ü¿’. ÅC Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰
tive ´·çü¿’ so/as positive adjective
é¬F, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª ü¿’) (positive degree)
*†oC)
Nagesh: See if this suits you?
( -ÉC Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-üË-¢Á÷ -îª÷-úø’)
Mangesh: Yes. That's exactly what I want.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ é¬¢√-Lqç-ü¿üË.)
Nagesh: This looks fine, but look at the price
tag here. It says it is Rs. 500/-
that's more than its worth
(î√© ¶«í∫’ç-CC é¬-F üµ¿®Ω îª÷-úø’ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-
ߪ’©’) 3) This is the best song in the movie.
as
Mangesh: Oh, my! that's more than its worth. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bag üµ¿®Ωèπ◊, ü∆E N©’-´èπ◊ ´≤ƒh®·.
superlative
a) No other tree here is so (as) tall as the
(Ç *vûªç™ ÉC Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp §ƒô–
(Ŷs! -Éü¿çûª îËߪ’ü¿’.) Åçõ‰ È®çöÀ ´’üµËu §ÚLéπ. degree.)
coconut tree there.
(More than its worth = ü∆E N©’´ d) Mangesh: It is not worth more than that. 4) Rentachintala is hotter than any other place /
bag
(Ééπ\-úø’†o à îÁô’d èπÿú≈ Ç éÌ•s-J-îÁôdç-ûª §Òúø’-í∫’-
Åçûª îËߪ’ü¿’.) ÉC èπÿú≈ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ, N©’-´èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u all other places in A.P.
Nagesh: Let's look for something less expen- Ö†o §ÚLéπ - ûÁ-LÊ° ¢√éπuç. é¬ü¿’)
b) No other metal is so (as) bright as gold.
(Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ È®çô-*ç-ûª© Éûª®Ω à v°æüË-¨»-E-éπç-õ‰/
sive. e) Nagesh: Let's look for something less Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o ¢ËúÕ v°æü˨¡ç)
expensive.
(à Éûª®Ω ™£æ«´‚ •çí¬-®Ω-´’çûª v°æé¬-¨¡-´çûªç
(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω’†oüË´’Ø√o ÖçüË¢Á÷ 5) No other month is so (as) cold as December.
bag
é¬ü¿’)
îª÷ü∆lç.) Ééπ\-úø èπÿ-ú≈ Ñ èπÿ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ( December
c) No other student in the class is as (so) good
à (Éûª®Ω) ØÁ™« Åçûª îªL-é¬ü¿’)
Mangesh: This is the least expensive of all the ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ §ÚLéπ. 6) Andhra Pradesh is bigger than any other
at the subject as Janaki
bags this size here. Let's bargain. É™« ´’†ç È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §Ú- state/ all other states in South India.
(class subject
See if we can get it for Rs 400. It is ©’Ææ’hçö«ç. Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ degree of comparison ™ Éûª®Ω Nü∆u-®Ω’n-™„-´®Ω÷ Ç ™ ñ«†-
(ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™ Éûª®Ω à ®√≠æZç/Éûª®Ω ®√≥ƒZ-©-éπç-õ‰
not worth more than that. †’ •öÀd word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) èπÿú≈ éπçûª ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬-ü¿’.)
(Ééπ\-úø’†o Ç ÂÆj-ñ ¸ -¶«uí˚-™x ÉüË Åûªuçûª ´÷®Ω’ûª’çô’çC. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çöÀ éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ñ patterns (¢√é¬u© †´‚-Ø√©’) Ñ ´‚úø’ -Çç-vüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸ °ü¿lC)
degrees ™ °j† îª÷°œ†õ‰x Öçú≈L. É™« È®çúÕ-öÀ-éπç-
ûªèπ◊\´. 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ -´Ææ’hç-üË-¢Á÷ - §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ÖçúË sentence word order èπÿ, È®çöÀE 1. How to pronounce the words? Is there
îª÷-ü∆lç. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ -áèπ◊\-´ îËߪ’-ü¿’) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ compare îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Öç-úË sentence word õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-
any rule please.
Nagesh: You are right. Let's ask if for order èπÿ î√-™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC.
Lq† ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç– superlative, comparative. Ñ
È®çúø’ degrees ™ sentences ™ not ®√ü¿’. pos- b) Occasion, situation - what is the differ-
Rs 400.
ence between these words? ( give some
1) È®çöÀéπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
itive degree ™ sentence – no other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-
400
(†’-´y-†o-C -¶«í∫’ç-C. ®Ω÷§ƒ- superlative degree ™E adjective
examples). öÀ. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, Í®°æ™„x
ߪ’-©-éÀ≤ƒhúË¢Á÷ Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç) ´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ®√¢√L. ´’-´¤-ûª’çC.
i) Any good English - English dictionary will
Mangesh: Let's try eg: a) The elephant is the biggest of
(Å®·ûË, ÅEo-öÀ-éπØ√o... é¬ü¿’, ÅØË superlative
give you the symbols of pronunciation -
all land animals / the biggest
(-v°æ-ߪ’-ûªoç -îË-ü∆lç.) Öçô’çC. ü∆E Ææçí∫A ûªy®Ω-™ØË îª÷≤ƒhç.)
É°æ¤púø’ in the conversation at the beginning of refer to it.
-í∫-ûª lesson ™ adjectives of compari- land animal.
ii) Situation =
son í∫’-J-ç-* éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç
M. SURESAN b) Hyderabad is the largest city in
the lesson -™« È®çöÀ-F §Ú™«aç ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ °æJ-Æ œnA.
éπü∆? ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ A.P.
î√© ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç. È®çöÀ-ØË/-É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©ØË §ÚLa- äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ äéπ Ææ´’-
ûª®Ω’-í∫’©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA-éπ~ùç @Nûªç™ (A.P. ™ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ÅA-°ü¿l †í∫®Ωç)
†-°æ¤úø’ superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. Positive, ߪ’ç™ Ö-†o /-ï-®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-
Comparative ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçö«®·.
îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«ç. -ü∆-EéÀ ´’† conversation (Spoken C) He is the most popular actor on the
†o Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†© éπ©-
1) This is bigger than the one I want.
English) ™ v§ƒüµ∆†uç î√™« áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç Telugu screen.
®·éπ.
A difficult situation = éÀx-≠dæ
îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo correct í¬ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ, 3 (ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω O’ü¿ Åûª-úø’ Åûªuçûª v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç (Ø√é¬\-´-Lq-† -ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ÉC °ü¿lC)
degrees of comparison ™ ¢√éπuE®√tùç ᙫ - Ö-†o †ô’úø’) – Comparative (bigger) °æJ-ÆœnA; financial situation
Öçô’çüÓ í∫-ûª lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ü∆Eo ´’®Ó ≤ƒJ 鬕öÀd superlative adjective ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ the DEéÀ positive degree: The one I want is not as = ÇJnéπ °æJ-Æ œnA political sit-
(so) big as this. uation = ®√ï-éÃߪ’ °æJ-Æ œnA.
èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç: ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ.
superlative Occasion = Ææçü¿®Ωs ¥ç –
a) Superlative: 2) Å™«Íí È®çöÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ com- DEéÀ Öçúøü¿’. -Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ´îËa
lesson
The Elephant is the largest land animal. parative adjective -ûª®Ω-¢√ûª than any other / than
™ îª÷ü∆lç. Ééπ\úø Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©’, °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© éπç-õ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ
Exercise: Practise the following aloud. Make v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´. °j† situation ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x
¶µº÷îª-®Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ ÅA-°-ü¿lC. all other ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈ ®√-¢√L. than any other Å®·ûË
sentences using the following words, using the occasion ¢√úøôç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ éπü∆.
ÉC superlative. Éçü¿’™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’- Ç ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, singular number; Than all
degree given in brackets. I have met him on two or three occasions =
Jéπ) î√-™« simple. other Å®·ûË -Ç -ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, plural number
eg: Mt Everest - high peak in the world.
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+the+superlative Å´¤-û√®·. ÅûªEo ؈’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
(comparative) (Mt-Mount- a) On the last occasion that I met him, he
adjective+... a) The Prime Minister is more powerful than
°æ®Ωy-û√© Ê°®Ωx-´·çü¿’
(Peak- was in a difficult situation =
b) The elephant is larger than any other land any other minister / all other ministers.
¢√úøû√ç) Pê®Ωç) ÅûªEo ؈’ -Éç-
Ans: Mt Everest is higher than any other peak
animal / all other land animals. (-É-ûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©ç-ü¿-J éπç-õ‰ èπÿú≈ -v°æ-üµ∆-†-´’ç-vAéÀ ûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Åûª†’ î√-™« éÀx-≠dæ
in the world. °æJ-Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o-úø’.
(¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ N’í∫û√ à ïçûª’´¤-© ÇCµ-鬮Ωç -áèπ◊\-´)
1) This diamond necklace - costly jewel in the b) She was able to manage the situation
éπç-õ‰ /- ÅEo Éûª®Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ °ü¿lC). b) The Pacific is deeper than any other ocean /
shop - (superlative)
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+comparative all other oceans in the world. = Ç °æJ-Æœn-AE Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ -îªéπ\-C-ü¿lí∫-©’í∫’-ûª’ç-C.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 31 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Laxman: Hi Suman, do you know Bhavan is in

áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’çô’çC.)
town?
Laxman: OK. A happy time in Delhi to you and
your mom.
(¶µº´Ø˛ Ü-∞x-éÌ-î√aúø’ (ÖØ√oúø’) ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Suman: Oh, is he? when did he come?
(†’´¤y, O’ Å´÷t Åéπ\úø Ææ®Ωü∆í¬ í∫úø-§ƒ-
(Å´¤Ø√? á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√aúø’?) ©E Ø√ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o.)
Laxman: Yesterday. He won the first round of
Suman: Thank you.
the badminton match.
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. È®ç-úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´
(E†o -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛ -´÷u-î˝™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ -®ıç-ú˛ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ´‚úø’ degrees
(positive, comparative and superlative)
ÈíL-î√úø’.)
Suman: That's no surprise to me. I knew he Amar is not so (as) short as Anand. Let's now try to change the comparative degree
Öçö«®·. Ç degrees ™E sentences ™, Word
would win. He is certainly a better (Å-´’®˝, -Ç-†ç-ü˛ Åçûª §ÒöÀdé¬ü¿’.) statements in the conversion between Laxman
order ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈,
player than his rival in this round. comparative ™, positive ™ Amar, Anand posi- and Suman, at the beginning of this lesson into
È®ç-úÕçöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa†°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’
(ÅüËç Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Èí©’- tion ´÷®Ωôç, comparative ™ ™‰E not – positive positive degree statements:
ÅE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
≤ƒh-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ ®ıç-ú˛™ -ûª-† v°æûªu- Now look at the following sentences from the
™ ®√´ôç îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. positive ™ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Exercise:
Practise the following aloud in English:
conversation between Laxman and Suman at
Jn-éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Çô-í¬úø’)
(rival=È®j´™¸= v°æûªuJn, §ÚöÃ-ü∆-®Ω’) Sankar: ´’† question papers ÅEoöx ÉC -
the beginning of the lesson:
Laxman: I was sure of that too. Mind you, Å-A éπ-≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC éπü∆?
1) He is certainly a better player than his rival.
Bhavan is taller than Sravan, that
rival of his. That certainly is an advan-
(Åûª-úÕ v°æûªuJn éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 206
(éπ≠dçæ = tough) - superlative ¢√úøçúÕ)
Omkar: é¬ü¿’ ÉC §Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper Åçûª éπ≠dç æ
(better- comparative degree of good- Ééπ\úø
tage in badminton é¬ü¿’.
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’– Bhavan, Sravan ´’üµ¿u)
´·çü¿’ so (as), ûª®√yûª as ´≤ƒh®·. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ (§Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper=the paper last time/
(Better- comparative degree)
(؈÷ Å™«ØË -Å-†’èπ◊-Ø√o. ÉçéÓöÀ í∫’®Ω’hç-
éÓ. ¶µº-´-Ø˛, ûª†- v°æûªuJn -v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ §Ò-úø- Éçé¬: the last exam paper.)
2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan =
´¤. -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛™ ÅC (§Ò-úø-´¤) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫- Hema is taller than Kshema. (Íé~´’- éπç-õ‰ Ê£«´’ Sankar: Å®·Ø√ éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J Ø√ marks éπç-õ‰ F
v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ §Ò-úø-´¤.
°æúË N≠æߪ’ç.) §Ò-úø-´¤) (Taller - comparative degree) - Ééπ\úø marks- áèπ◊\-´ . (éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J–last time )

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’

Advantage = Åú≈y-Ed-ñ ¸–'ú≈y— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ææ£æ…-
ߪ’-é¬J. ´’†èπ◊ ¢Ë’©’ éπ-L-Tç-îËC.
Mind you = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁaéÓ/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ, (ñ«ví∫ûªh ÅE
èπÿú≈)
Suman: Moreover, Bhavan's movements are
quicker than Sravan's.
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Sravan éπü¿-L-éπ-© -éπç-õ‰
Bhavan éπü¿-L-éπ©’ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ Öçö«®·.)
(comparison only between two) (taller- compar-
Laxman: Let's see how he is going to fare in
ative degree)
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË, É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ superlative ª Omkar: Å®·Ø√, -Ñ≤ƒJ Ø√ marks , í∫-ûª≤ƒ-J
the next match. (ûª®√y--ûª -´÷u-î˝™ ᙫ 3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
Öçúøü¿’. DEéÀ positive degree: Kshema is not so -Åç-ûª ¶«í¬ Öç-ö«-ߪ’-†o †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’.
(as) tall as Hema. (†´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’ =I am not sure).
Sravan's.
îË≤ƒhúÓ îª÷ü∆lç.)
fare = îËߪ’-ôç/-Ç-úøôç ™«çöÀN. (Kshema, Ê£«-´’ -Åç-ûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’) comparison Sankar: -Ñ college ¢Á·ûªhç ™„éπa®Ω®˝q-™  -O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝-
(v¨¡´ù˝ éπü¿-L-éπ-© éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ éπü¿-L-éπ©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬
How did you fare in the exam yesterday? only between two (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’ íÌ°æp.-
Öçö«®·) (quicker - comparative)
( exam §ÚLéπ): Omkar:- O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝ èπÿú≈ íÌÊ°p, é¬F †’´y-†oô’d ´÷
4) That (AP Express) is faster than the special
E†o †’´¤y ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?)
How did he fare in the debate contest last Comparative: ™„éπa®Ω®˝ Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬úø’.
train. (special train éπç-õ‰ AP Express ¢Ëí∫-´ç-ûª-
week? Sunder is cleverer than Sukumar Sankar: ؈ ’ Tuition -BÆæ ’éÓ-¢√-©-† ’èπ◊ç-ô ’-Ø√o-† ’.
¢Á’içC– comparison only between two) (faster-
( debate ( Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝ éπç-õ‰ Ææ’çü¿®˝ ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’) á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡x-´’ç-ö«´¤?
comparative)
Åûª†’ (´éπh %ûªy) §ÚöÙ ᙫ î˨»úø’?)
Suman: He has good chances of winning that Positive: Omkar: O’ lecturer ü¿í∫_®ΩÍé ¢Á∞¡Ÿx.
5) This is certainly better than that = ÉC ü∆E-
too. Sukumar is not so (as) clever as Sundar Answer:
(comparison only between two)
Sankar: Isn't this the toughest of all our ques-
éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’
(Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝, Ææ’çü¿-®Ωçûª ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’ é¬úø’.)
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.
(ÅC èπÿú≈ ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ¶«í¬ØË
tion papers?
com-
ÖØ√o®·.) Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´·êu -N-≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
(-Ø√éπç-õ‰, ´÷ Å´’t áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV-©’ç-ô’çC– Omkar: No. This is not as (so) tough as the
Laxman: OK. When are you taking your mom 1) Comparative ™, Sundar ´·çü¿’, Sukumar
parison only between two. paper last time.
to Delhi?
Longer - comparative)
*´®√ ÖØ√o®·. ÅüË positive™, ¢√öÀ ≤ƒnØ√©’ Sankar: But your marks were higher than mine
(O’ Å´’t†’ -úµÕ-Mx á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’-Èé- È®ç-úÕçöÀ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†- û√®Ω’-´÷-È®j, Sukumar ´·çü¿÷, Sundar *´-®Ω - last time.
°æ¤púø’, superlative, comparative, posi- Omkar: But I am not sure that my marks this
∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?) ´-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆.
Suman: This Wednesday. 2) Comparative ™ not ™‰ü¿’, positive ™ not ÖçC time will be as good as my marks last
tive ™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ)
(Ñ •’üµ¿-¢√®Ωç) ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. éπü∆. time.
Laxman: Have you booked the tick-
Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ ÉçéÓ example îª÷ü∆lç: Sankar: Your lecturer is the best/greatest (of
ets? Comparative: all) in the college.
M. SURESAN
§ÚLéπ È®ç--úÕç-öÀ ´’üµ¿uØË.
(-öÀÈé-ô’x -•’é˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?) Vijayawada is hotter than Hyderabad . Omkar: Your lecturer is good too, but not so
1) §ÚLéπ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿uØË Å®·-†-
Suman: Yes, by the AP Express. (as) good as our lecturer.
°æ¤púø’, superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ -éπç-õ‰, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢ËúÁ-èπ◊\´)
Sankar: I want to take tution. who do you want
Not
(Å´¤†’. à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ™) 2) È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ comparative (Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ´·çü¿÷, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ *´®Ω. ™‰ü¿’)
me/to go to/suggest that I go to?
Laxman: That's good. That's faster than the Positive:
degree, positive degree word order èπÿ È®ç- Omkar: Go to your lecturer.
special train you thought of going by. Hyderabad is not so (as) hot as Vijayawada.
úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
comparative, superlative word order èπÿ
(´’ç* °æEî˨»´¤. †’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊†o (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’)
ÂÆp-≠æ-™ ¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛ éπç-õ‰ ÉC ¢Ëí∫-çí¬ (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ´·ç-ü¿’, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø *´®Ω; Not ÖçC)
î√™«ûËú≈ -Öçô’çC.
-¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-C.) džçü˛, Å´’®˝ ÅØË Éü¿l-JE §Ú™«a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ.
Suman: It is. This is more comfortable than that COMPARATIVE POSITIVE
1) Å°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’.
too.
2) Comparative ™ sentence èπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’ džçü˛, 1) He is certainly a better player than his His rival is not so (as) good a player as he (is)
sentence èπ◊ *´®Ω Å´’®˝ ´ÊÆh, positive degree
(ÉC ü∆E éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ææ’êçí¬ Öçô’çC)
Laxman:This is certainly better than that in rival.
™ Ñ ´®ΩÆæ ´÷J Å´’®˝ sentenceèπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’,
every respect. When are you return- 2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan. Sravan is not so (as) tall as Bhavan
džçü˛ sentence èπ◊ *´-®Ω- -´≤ƒh®·.
ing? Sravan's movements are not so (as) quick as
3) Comparative ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, positive ™ not 3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
(à Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÆœØ√, Ç ÂÆp-≠æ-™¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛ ´Ææ’hçC. comparative ™ not Öçõ‰ positive ™ Sravan's. Bhavan's
not ®√ü¿’.
éπçõ‰- à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ´’ç*C. á°æ¤púø’ AJ-
4) AP Express is faster than the special train. The special train is not so (as) fast as the AP
Comparative:
íÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Suman: I will return in a week. My mother's Express.
Anand is shorter than Amar.
stay there will be longer. 5) This certainly is better than that. That certainly is not so (as) good as this.
(
Å-´’®˝ éπç-õ‰ -Ç-†ç-ü˛ §ÒöÀd)
Positive:
(؈’ ¢√®√-E-éπ-™«x AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh†’. Å´’t Åéπ\úø
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine. Mine (Ø√C) will not be so (as) long as mother's stay.
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 2 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Vasanth: Hi Hemanth, how was the match yes-

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË (´‚úø’ N≠æ-
terday?
ߪ÷©’ é¬èπ◊çú≈) §Ú©aôç ᙫíÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
(E†oöÀ ´÷u-î˝ à-¢Á’iç-C?)- È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
Hemanth: We did play well. We did win too, but
1) Superlative Öçúøü¿’.
our game was not better than last
2) Comparative ™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ positive ™ not
sunday's game.
´Ææ’hçC.
3) compare îËÆæ’h†o ´Ææ’h-´¤© positions ´·çü¿’èπÿ
(¢Ë’ç ¶«í¬ØË Çú≈ç, ÈíLî√ç èπÿú≈.
Å®·ûË E†o ´÷ Çô §Ú®·† ÇC-¢√®Ωç ¢Á†éπèπÿ û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ last
lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆!
Çô-éπç-õ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ™‰ü¿’.)
Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ äéπ-≤ƒJ îÁ§ƒpç. ´’Sx îÁ°æ¤hØ√oç. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ: last time. Positive: I am not so (as) confident as our
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Not ™‰†-°æ¤púø÷, question 鬆-°æ¤púø÷ a) Ooty is not cooler than Kodaikanal. (not + comparative - Ñ ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ captain.
èπÿú≈, did ¢√úøû√ç, °j¢√-é¬u-™x-™«. Å™« ¢√úÕûË N≠æ- (-Ü-öÃ, éÌ-úÁjÈé-Ø√-™¸ éπçõ‰ xE v°æü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’) éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’) (؈’ ´÷ captain Åçûª N¨»y-Ææç-í¬-™‰†’.)
ߪ÷Eo é¬Ææh í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œp-†ôx-´¤-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø 1) adjective cooler - degree - compara- Positive: Our score last time was (at least) as Exercise: Practise the following aloud in
I did meet him yesterday = high as our score this time. English
tive.
-ØË-†’ -E-†o -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. 2) comparison (§ÚLéπ) È®ç-úÕçöÀéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 鬕öÀd (éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝, Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ Pramada: F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª ¶«´¤ç-üÓ!
(É™«çöÀ expressions O’ conversation ™ superlative Öçúøü¿’. ÅçûË.) Vasudha: F -vúÁÆˇ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l -àç ¶«í¬-™‰-ü¿’™‰.
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.) 3) The wickets we took this time were not Pramada: éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ø√ -vúÁÆˇ F -vúÁÆˇ Åçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-
Å®·ûË í∫-ûª lessons ™-E examples ™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, °j
Vasanth: Why do you say so? more than the wickets we took last time.
sentences ™ comparative ´·çü¿’ not ®√´ôç ߪ’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛ F ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛
(áçü¿’-éπ™« Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰, Ñ ¶µ«¢√Eo, positive ™ îÁÊ°p-ô- (not more - not + more (comparative))
Hemanth: Our score this time were not more
°æ¤púø’ not ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç-- BÆæ’èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ NÈé-ôx
than that last time. Moreover the
positive îª÷ü∆lç. éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç 鬴¤.
wickets we took are not more than Many (positive) - more (comparative) -
Kodaikanal is at least as cool as Ooty =
those we took last time.
éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπFÆæç (at least) Ü-öà Åçûª- xí¬ most (superlative) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 207
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ - Öçô’çC. Positive: The wickets we took last time were
≤Ú\®˝ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’.-Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç -BÆæ’èπ◊-†o
N-Èé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J N-Èé-ôx éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´
é¬ü¿’)
Vasanth: Why so?
(áçü¿’-´©x Å™«?)
Hemanth: We made a few changes in the
team. We had Kiran and Charan in
I appreciate your confidence
place of Mahesh and Satish, but
they were no (at least) as many as we took this
Study this:
greater than time. Åçûª-Ææ-Jí¬_ (proper) ™‰ü¿’. é¬E Ø√ -
Comparative
Mahesh and (¢Ë’ç éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x, éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J vúÁÆˇ F ü∆-E éπçõ‰ êK-üÁ-èπ◊\-´. Åçü¿’Íé
Ü-öÃ, éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπç-õ‰ x-EC é¬ü¿’.
Satish.
Positive BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-ØËo – áèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’.) ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.
(¢Ë’ç öÃç ™ éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ (éπFÆæç) Ü--öà Åçûª x-í¬ Öçô’çC. 4) They were no greater than Kiran and Vasudha: Å™«çöÀN ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√-®·™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊.
éÌEo ´÷®Ω’p©’- A, B éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’, Åçõ‰ B (éπFÆæç) A ûÓ Ææ´÷- Charan. Å®·ûË, Ééπ\-úø’†o ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J -vúÁÆæ’-™x FüË
î˨»ç. -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, †-´’E éπü∆?– É™« comparative †’ç* positive éÀ
Ææ-B-≠ˇ •ü¿’©’, - M. SURESAN
(¢√∞¡Ÿx – ¢Ë’ç éÌûªhí¬ BÆæ’èπ◊-†o¢√∞¡Ÿx, éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ î√-™«- Åç-ü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿-E ØËE-°æp-öÀéà ņ’-
´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø comparative ™ not Öç-C, éπç-õ‰ íÌ°æp Çô-í¬∞Ïxç 鬮Ω’). èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ -©- 鬕öÀd positive ™ not ®√ü¿’. Ééπ\úø äéπ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a – -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, Ææ-B-≠ˇ, -éÀ®Ω- Pramada: N†-ö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. é¬E ÅC
†’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ O∞¡Ÿx íÌ°æpí¬ b) Comparative: ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – Éçûª ´’çCE îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, ÉC È®çúø’ Eïç é¬ü¿’.
™‰®Ω’) Vasudha: Éçûª- E-ñ«-®·--Bí¬ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ™‰†’.
Chandra is not taller than Tara = N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u §ÚLéπ ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’-çü¿-E.
Vasanth: What about the pitch?
û√®Ω éπçõ‰ îªçvü¿ §Ò-úø-´¤-é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-LqçC– Ééπ\úø à äéπ\- Answer:
(
°œ-î˝ á™« ÖçC?) Pramada: How beautiful your dress is!
Positive: JØÓ, N’í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JûÓ §Ú©aôç ™‰ü¿’. ´’Ê£«-≠ˇ,
(Pitch= È®çúø’ -¢Áj°æ¤-™« NÈé-ôx ´’üµ¿u -°æ*aéπ Åçûªí¬ Ææ-B-≠ˇ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω’ 1st set. -éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω÷ Vasudha: (It is) not more beautiful than yours.
Tara is (at least) as tall as Chandra.
™‰E ¶µ«í∫ç) 2nd set. Ééπ\úø comparison Ñ È®çúø’ sets of Pramada: Certainly my dress is not as/so
At least î√-™« ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´C-™‰-Ææ’hçö«ç– ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
Hemanth: The pitch this time was not faster players èπ◊. 鬕öÀd, DEo È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u attractive as yours. My selection is
than the pitch last time. That's why
´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: Positive degree adjective
not so as proper as yours, but my
we took a spinner in place of a pace
´·çü¿’ so/as, positive degree ûª®√yûª as ®√´ôç §ÚL-éπ-í¬ØË BÆæ’éÓ¢√L.
Positive: Kiran and Charan were (atleast) as dress is more expensive than yours.
bowler.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆?
great as they. That makes me sad.
(°œ-î˝ Ñ≤ƒJ fast bowling èπ◊ Åçûª ņ’-
Å®·ûË, positive degree ™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púË, ü∆-E
Vasudha: Such things happen. Don't worry.
í∫’ùçí¬ -™‰-ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé ¢Ë’ç, ã fast ´·çü¿’ so é¬E,/as é¬E- ¢√úøû√ç. positive degree (éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝-©’ éπ-FÆæç -¢√-∞¡xç-ûª íÌ°æp-¢√-∞Ïx)
5) The pitch this time was not faster than the But I still feel that yours is the best
bowler •ü¿’©’. ã spin bowler †’
™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ü∆-E ´·çü¿’, as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.
pitch last time (not faster - not + compara- of the dresses of all those/ the peo-
So ¢√úøç.
BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç) tive) ple here.
a) He is not so/as tall as his brother-
(pace bowler = fast bowler. Positive: The pitch last time was (at least) as Pramada: Good to hear that, but it is not true.
ÉC positive degree. Éçü¿’™ not ÖçC. 鬕öÀd
In place of = •ü¿’-©’í¬/≤ƒn†ç™. fast as the pitch this time Vasudha: I have never been so (as) truthful /
tall so
´·çü¿’, asé¬F é¬F ¢√úøû√ç.
In place of Suresh we have Harish = Ææ’Í®-≠ˇ honest as I am now.
b) He is as clever as his brother-
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J °œ-î˝ èπÿú≈ Ñ≤ƒJ °œ-î˝ Åçûª
≤ƒn†ç™ £æ«K≠ˇ ÖØ√oúø’) ÉD positive degree. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ not é¬F, no ¢Ëí∫-¢Á’içüË)
Vasanth: What about the next match? The Warangal team is no more a problem
(
é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-´©x clever ´·çü¿’ as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 6) v°æ¨¡o. 'Æœçõ„é˙q— Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å©ç-é¬-®√-™‰Ø√?
ûª®√y-ûª -Ç-ô Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?-) for us than yesterday's team.
Hemanth: We may play the team from
¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç, so ¢√úø-ôç- ™‰ü¿’. ÉC î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ç-úÕ.
(no more a problem - no + comparative) à¢Á’iØ√ v°æûËuéπ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√oߪ÷?
Warangal, but we take it easy. The
N≠æߪ’ç.
Much (positive) - more (comparative) - most
Now let us study the following sentences
èπ~◊ùoçí¬, Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’
Warangal team is no more a prob- (superlative)
from the conversation between Vasanth and
(´÷èπ◊ ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç E†oöÀ -öÃç éπçõ‰ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.
lem for us than yesterday's team.
Hemanth at the beginning of this lesson.
áèπ◊\´ Ææ´’Ææu- é¬ü¿’) – áÆˇ. ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝,
(´îËa-≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç- ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç ûÓ ÇúÌa. Positive: Yesterday's team was (at least) as
1) Hemanth: Our game yesterday was no bet-
£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü.˛
Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç ü∆Eo ûËL-í¬_ØË BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’- much a problem for us as the waran- Syntax Åçõ‰ Å©ç-é¬-®√©’ é¬ü¿’.
ter than last sunday's
Ø√oç. E†oöÀ öÃç éπç-õ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç gal team Syntax Åçõ‰ English ™E ¢√é¬u-
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô éπçõ‰ E†o
°ü¿l Ææ´’ÊÆuç é¬ü¿’.) ´÷ Çõ‰ç ¢Á’®Ω’-í¬_-™‰ü¿’.) (E†oöÀ -öÃç, ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç Åçûª Ææ´’ÊÆu ™xE ´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ (order of words - à ´÷ô
Vasanth: I appreciate your confidence.
(no better - no + comparative)
´÷èπ◊ = ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’) – Åçõ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ ´·çü¿÷, à ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ®√¢√L)†’ í∫’-Jç-*-†
(F N¨»y-≤ƒEo -Å-Gµ-†ç-CÆæ’h-Ø√o.) Positive: Last Sunday's game was (at least) as
áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’ ÅE. E•ç-üµ¿-†©’. É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπÿ ÉEo lessons ™†÷ -ûÁ-L-
Hemanth: Our Captain is more confident than I Our captain is more confident than I (am) - °œç-C ÉüËéπü∆? OöÀE í∫’Jç-* English story books,
good as our game yesterday =
7)
(am)= Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷captain áèπ◊\´ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ -ÖØ√oúø’ – Magazines ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, Newspapers
( captain
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô èπÿú≈ E†o ´÷
Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ Éçé¬ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ comparative, not Positive
™‰èπ◊çú≈, 鬕öÀd ™ (English), °ü¿l †´-©©’ ™«çöÀN îªü¿-´ôç ´©x
Çôçûª ¶«í¬ ÖçC (éπFÆæç)
ÖØ√oúø’.) not English ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC.
2) Our score this time was not higher than that
´Ææ’hçC.
Vasanth: Best of luck then. Bye.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Dhananjai: So, which school did you put your Dhananjai: Tomorrow? I should very much
son in, finally? like to, but tomorrow is a friday.
(*´-®Ωèπ◊ O’ ¢√-úÕ-E -à school ™ - On fridays, I am busier than most
îË-Jpç-î√-´¤?) other days. I'll try to come, but
Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School. don't look for me. Anyway, many
Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever happy returns of the day.
get him admission in that school? (Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-©ØË ÖçC, é¬F Í®°æ¤ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç. -N’-T-L-†
It is one of the best schools in the ®Ó-V-©-ûÓ -§Ú-LÊÆ-h ؈’ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√©’ î√™«- G-@. Å®·-
state.
(Ç Ææ÷\--™x -Å-úÕt-≠æ-Ø˛ ᙫ Ææ秃-Cç--î√-
´¤? ®√≠æçZ -™ -Ö-†o -Ö-ûªh-´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x -

What do you think?

Å-üÌéπ-öÀ.)
Lokeswar: And one of the most expensive
too. My son has been selected in
the selection test. Very few admis-
sion tests he has taken are as
tough as this.
than that in most other recent movies.
(Å´¤†’. Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Ø√ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. - é¬-F -Ø√éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’- ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -™‰-´¤. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ -Ççí∫x¶µ«-≠æ-
èπÿú≈ -Å-üÌéπöÀ. ´÷¢√úø’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~™ îª÷-úÌü¿’l. É™«çöÀ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V-©’ î√-™« -ï®Ω’°æ¤éÓ-¢√©E ™ î√™« -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©’ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’- Naresh: But the songs in the movie
áç°œ-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’. -¢√úø’ ®√Æœ† °æK-éπ~™x éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) éπE à ®Ωéπç §ÚL-éπ†’ à degree ™ are not sweeter than the
éÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Éçûª éπ-≠d-¢æ Á’i-†N.) Lokeswar: Thank you. ᙫ îÁ§ƒp-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´- songs in 'Kalalu'.
Dhananjai: (Do) you mean he has taken as Compare sentences (a) and (b) below: Ææ®Ωç. Satish: (Do) you mean that songs in
number of admission tests? a) Kolkata is the largest city in India Now look at the following sen-
'Kalalu' are sweeter than the
tences from the conversation at
(Åçõ‰ -O’ -Å-¶«s®· î√-™« v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~©’ ( ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-†-í∫®Ωç éÓ™¸-éπû√) M. SURESAN songs in the movie.
®√¨»-úøØ√ -F -Ö-üËl-¨¡uç?) - superlative degree. the beginning of the lesson
Lokeswar: What do you think? I have had five b) Bangalore is one of the largest cities in 1) It is one of the best schools in the state. Naresh: I Don't mean that. The songs in
transfers in the past nine years. India. (®√≠æZç™E Öûªh´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x ÉC äéπöÀ)– 'Kalalu' are as sweet as the songs in
With every transfer he had to be (¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x- ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ) superlative this.
put in a new school, and that – superlative. 2) And one of the most expensive too.
Satish: You are one of the best singers in our
meant an admission test. a), b) È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ superlative ™ ÖØ√o®·. Å®·ûË (Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x èπÿú≈ äéπöÀ)
3) Very few admission tests... are as tough as College. I do not have the knowledge
(à-´’-†’èπ◊ç-ô’--Ø√o-´¤? Ñ -ûÌ-N’t-üË∞¡x-™ (a) ™ the largest Åçô’Ø√oç – Åçõ‰ éÓ™¸-éπû√ ÅEo
Ø√èπ◊ -Å®·-ü¿’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x •CM Å®·çC. this (positive) of music you have / my knowledge of
†í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC -Å-E -Å®Ωnç.
v°æA≤ƒ-K éÌûªh -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™ îË®√aLq ´îËaC. (b) ™ Bangalore is one of the largest Åçô’Ø√oç 4) He is certainly brighter than most other stu- music is not so (as) good as yours.
– Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™E (Åûªuçûª) °ü¿l-†-í∫-®√™x -¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ dents of his class or age (comparative) Naresh: Very few songs are as good as
5) ... I am busier tomorrow than on most other
äéπöÀ Åçô’Ø√oç. 'Vasantaragam' in 'Kalalu' It is a mov-
✓ The best, the largest, the tallest, etc. days. (comparative).
ing song.
comparatives, positive É°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 §ÚLéπ© -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç:
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
É™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ ᙫ
Satish: True. I like it too.
208 ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. (-õ‰-•’-™¸ 1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)
One of the best (Åûªuçûª ¢Ë’-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ-™  äéπöÀ), É°æ¤púø’ ´’† Ææ-ç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù™E degrees transfor-
One of the largest (Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-¢√-öÀ™  äéπöÀ), mation to other degrees îª÷ü∆lç.
Åçõ‰ v°æA-≤ƒK ã v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-Kéπ~ ®√ÊÆ-¢√-úø’) ņo-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀéÀ Positive, Comparative ᙫ
Dhananjai: How good is he at studies? Öçö«ßÁ÷ É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ü∆lç. é¬F äéπ ´·êu Positive Comparative Superlative
(O’ ¢√úø’ á--™« îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’?) N≠æߪ’ç–
Very few schools in the It is better than most other It is one of the best schools in the
Lokeswar: Quite bright, I must say. Certainly ✓ §ÚL-éπ©’ °æJQ- L - ç-îôª ç, îÁ°pæ ôç (´Ææ’h´- ¤©÷, ´uèπ◊h© 1)
brighter than most other students state are as good as this. schools in the state. state. lesson sentence)
ûª®Ωû- ´ª ’ ¶µü‰ ∆©’)- Éç-T≠-x flæ ™ ÆæçéÀ≠-x çdæ (Complex)í¬ - ( ™ É*a†
his age or class. He has had no Öç-ô’ç-C. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Å-™« Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç 2) Very few schools are as ... and more expensive than and one of the most expensive
...
difficulty getting admission in the ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xú,Ë ®√ÊÆ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Superlative, expensive as this. most other schools. too. (lesson sentence) ™ É*a†
best schools. Comparatives èπ◊ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ °æü∆©’ ™‰´¤ éπü∆.
3) Very few admission tests This is tougher than most other This is one of the toughest tests.
(ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úøØË ÅØ√L. ¢√úÕ- ûª®Ωí∫-A,
are as tough as this. (les- tests.
Öü∆: Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸™ -Ö-†o †í∫-®√™x £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
¢√-úÕ ´ßª’-Ææ’q- ¢√-∞¡x™ î√-™« -´’çCéπçõ‰ °ü¿lC (Superlative), N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√© éπçõ‰ £j«ü¿-®√- son ™Esentence)
ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úË. -Ñ é¬®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª’u-ûªh´’ ¶«ü˛ °ü¿lC (Comparative), à †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ £j«ü¿-
§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç §Òçü¿-í∫- ®√-¶«ü˛ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’. ÅE ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 4) Very few students are as He is certainly brighter than most He is certainly one of the brightest
Lí¬úø’) -Åç-ö«ç. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. bright as he (is). other students. (lesson sen- students.
™E
Dhananjai: I see that. That he got a seat in ✓ Three degrees ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç '°ü¿lC— -Å-ØË - tence)
Ambit school shows that. Wish ´÷-ô-ØË Åçô’Ø√oç. -Éç-Tx-≠æfl™™«, big, bigger, 5) On very few days am I as I am busier tomorrow than on Tomorrow is one of the days I am
him all the best. biggest ÅE äÍé ´÷ôèπ◊ degree E •öÀd ´‚úø’ busy as I am tomorrow. most other days. (lesson the busiest on.
™E
(Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª÷ØË ÖçC. Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Öç-úø-´¤ éπü∆. Åûªuçûª °ü¿lC, ÅA sentence)
Æ‘-ô’ ®√´-ô¢Ë’ -Å-ûª-ØËç-ö ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C). °ü¿l ÅØË ´÷ô© ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç
Lokeswar: Tomorrow is his birthday. How é¬ü¿’. ÅD é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -áEo ®Ω鬩 §ÚL-éπ- É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC... This diversity is seen not only
about attending it? ©’Ø√o, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÓ ´÷ô éπ-*a-ûªçí¬ -¢√- -v°æ-¨¡o-:
a) The + superlative ÅE ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ compara- among the plants belonging to dif-
( Í®°æ¤ ¢√úÕ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -´≤ƒh´¤ éπü∆.) úø’û√ç. é¬F ¢√éπuç É™« Öçú≈L ÅØË E•ç-üµ¿-†©’
tive ™ than any other / all other ´Ææ’hçC. ferent groups but also those
Table- 1 belonging to the same group.
Positive ™ No other ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’´¤-ûª’çC.-
I Type II Type is
°j ¢√éπuç™ ûª®√yûª seen Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-
b) One of the + superlative ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ compar- present continuous
Bangalore is one of the largest cities in
Superlative: Kolkata is the largest
Tç-î √®Ω’. ™
ative ™ than most other ´Ææ’hçC. Very few verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷-§ƒEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-
city in India. India.
ûÓ Positive v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’´¤-ûª’çC. very few ûÓ ´î√a?-ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’?
Comparative: Kolkata is larger than Bangalore is larger than most other v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u positive- ™ as + positive + as áç. ü∆L-Ø√-ߪ·úø’, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç
any other city / all other cities in India. cities in India. ´÷vûª-¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. so + positive + as ®√ü¿’. ï-¢√-•’: Ééπ\úø seen ÅØËC present continuous
tense é¬ü¿’. present simple / present indefinite.
Positive: No other city in India is Very few cities in India are Carefully observe the following conver- present continuous tense ™ verb form-
so (as) large as Kolkata. as large as Bangalore. sation between Satish and Naresh am seeing / is seeing / are seeing.
Superlative: éÓ™¸éπû√ ÅEo †í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC -Å-ûªuç-ûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ Satish: This is one of the greatest movies I've is seen- ÉCpresent simple, passive voice-

Comparative: N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√-©- éπçõ‰ seen recently. îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûÓçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç™.

This diversity is seen = Ñ
î√™« †í∫-®√-©- éπç-õ‰ ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ °ü¿lC ¢ÁjNüµ¿uç
éÓ™¸éπû√ °ü¿lC (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™) Naresh: I agree. Very few recent movies are îª÷úø•úø’ûª’çC (Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îª÷≤ƒhç ÅE)
Positive: à Éûª®Ω †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ éÓ™¸éπû√ à éÌCl †í∫-®√-™ ¶„çí∫∞¡⁄®Ωçûª °ü¿lN as great as this. is seen- is (be form) + seen ( verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷°æç
Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬-ü¿’. (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™) Satish: The photography in the movie is better Åçõ‰ past participle) - voice, passive.
-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 6 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Tarun: Hi Saran, you are not the earliest to a) Madanapalle is not the coolest place in A.P
class, are you? = Adjective - the coolest - degree superla-
(Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ class èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´*açC tive - Å®·ûË Ñ sentence superlative
™
†’´¤y é¬ü¿’-í∫ü∆?) ´·çü¿’ not sentence
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ñ Å®Ωnç:
Saran: Sarika and some others were earlier Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x Åûªuçûª xE v°æü˨¡ç
than me. I was not later than they é¬ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆.
(were)/them by more than ten min- Åçõ‰, ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x éÌEo Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o x-E-C-
utes. é¬ü¿’ ÅE– ÉC comparative.
(≤ƒJéπ, ÉçéÌç-ü¿®Ω’ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’ Madanapalle is not cooler than some other
´î√a®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ؈’ °æC EN’-≥ƒ© places in A.P.
éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ç©Ææuç é¬ü¿’.) DEéÀ positive: positive comparative superlative
Tarun: Sarika isn't always the earliest to Some other places in A.P. are as cool as 1. Some others are as early You are not earlier than some You are not the earliest to
come ? Madanpalle = -á.°œ.™ éÌEoîÓô’x ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x to class as you. others to class. class. sentence)
(É*a†
(á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿®Ω ´îËa ¢√∞¡x™ ≤ƒJéπ Åçûª x-EN. 2. I was not early as Sarika Sarika and some others were I was not the earliest.
Öçô’ç-C-éπü∆?) b) That is not the tallest tree in the garden. and some others. earlier than me. sentence)
(É*a†
Saran: No, she isn't. In fact, she is not (Ç ûÓô™-E ÅEo îÁôx™ ÅC áèπ◊\´ §Òúø-¢ÁjçC 3. It was not as cheap before It is cheaper than before (É*a† No superlative.
among those who are the earliest. é¬ü¿’) as it is now. sentence)
(é¬ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ ´îËa-¢√-∞¡x™ x ÅÆæ-™«¢Á’ – not the tallest (not + superlative) 4. Some others are always Sarika is not always earlier than Sarika is not always the ear-
Öçúøü¿’.)
The tree is not taller than some other trees as early as Sarika. some others. liest.(É*a† sentence)
Tarun: You were thinking of buying a bike. in the garden. 5. It is not as cheap as it was It is not cheaper now than before. It is not the cheapest now.
You had better buy now. It is on sale (Ç ûÓô™ N’í∫û√ éÌEo îÁôx-éπØ√o ÉC §Òúø-¢ÁjçC earlier. (É*a† sentence)
at a discount é¬ü¿’) 6. Some other brands are This is not going to be cheaper This is not going to be the
and is cheaper not taller than some going to be as cheap as than some other brands. cheapest of brands.
than before. other - comparative. this. sentence)
(É*a†
(†’¢ËyüÓ bike 7. The bike is not as impor- Some other matters are more The bike is not among/ not
éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 209
Some other trees in
the garden are as tall
tant for me as some other important for me than the bike one of the most important
Ø√o´¤ éπü∆. matters. now. sentence)
(É*a† matters for me.
as the tree.
É°æ¤púË é̆ôç 8. No other matter has as lit- The bike has less priority than The bike has the least prior-
´’ç*C. Discount ™ Å´·t- (ûÓô-™E éÌEo îÁô’x, Ç îÁôdçûª tle priority as the bike. any other matter ity now. (É*a†sentence)
ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰ §Òúø´¤Ø√o®·.)
[little (positive) - less (comparative) - least (superlative)]
É°æ¤púø’ éπ.) c) Some other novels are as good as
Saran: It is not the cheapest now. 'You only live Twice' 9. Some other matters are as There are other more important This is not the most impor-
It is going to be cheaper (éÌEo Éûª®Ω novels, 'you only live important as this. matters than this. sen-
(É*a† tant matter.
still. I'll wait for another Twice' Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·) tence)
month. M. SURESAN As good as - degree - positive
Rahul: That's true. But once he regains form,
äéπ ´·êu-N-≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: É™« äéπ very few of us can play as well as he.

It is cheaper than before

degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç ã
exercise í¬ practice îËߪ’ôç ´©x confusion (Eï¢Ë’. é¬E ´’Sx form ™ éÌî√a-úøçõ‰
ûª°æp Spoken English improve é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’ ´÷vûªç ´÷™ à éÌCl-´’çüÓ Åûª-†çûª
regular í¬ Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫©ç)
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-®Ω-†’-éÓçúÕ, Å°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’- Sindhu: Wish him the best.
èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÃd, à degree ™ Look at the following sentences from the
(É°æ¤púø’ Åçûª ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’. Éçé¬ îª´-éπ-´- DEéÀ comparative ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. English Å´- conversation above:
1) You played the best of all.
"you only live Twice" is not better than some
¶-ûÓçC. ÉçéÓ ØÁ™«-í∫’û√.) 鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø™«x ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´·êuç. É´Fo
Tarun: Yes. Some other brands will then be ¢√ôçûªô Å¢Ë ûÁL-Æœ-§Ú-û√®·. îªü¿-´ôç ´©x 2) You scored more runs than any other mem-
other novels ('You only live Twice' éÌEo Éûª®Ω
as cheap as this or even cheaper. èπÿú≈ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´Ææ’hçC. ber of your team.
novels
Now study the following conversation:
(Å´¤ØËx. ´’J-éÌEo company © bikes éπçõ‰ Åçûª ¶«Ííç Öçúøü¿’). 3) ... I could not bowl as well as Ganesh.
Éçûª -í¬_†÷ Öçö«®·, Éçé¬ îª´-í¬_†÷ superlative Sindhu: Congrats Rahul, your team won the 4) He took more wickets than I did.
Öçö«®·.) 'You only live Twice' is not the best novels. match yesterday. You played the 5) Your captain played the worst of all.
Saran: Moreover some other matters are (You only live Twice' ÅEo-öÀ™ Öûªh-´’-¢Á’i† best of all. You scored more runs 6) ... he plays better than most of us.
more important for me than the bike than any other member of your team.
novel é¬ü¿’) 7) But he didn't play so well in the earlier
now. (-E-†o O’ team ÈíL-*çC. Åçü¿-J™ match either.
Now look at the following sentences from
(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ bike éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i† †’´¤y ¶«í¬ Çú≈´¤. N’í∫-û√-¢√-∞¡x-éπØ√o 8) ... very few of us can play as well as he.
the conversation at the beginning of the
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®· Ø√èπ◊.)
lesson.
†’¢Áy-èπ◊\´ °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’ B¨»´¤.) °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈ §ÚL-éπ-©’-Ø√o®·
Tarun: (So) you mean a bike has the least Rahul: Unfortunately, I could not bowl as
éπü∆– ÅFo ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©†’ í∫’JçîË. Å®·ûË Ñ
priority now. 1) You are not the earliest to the class. well as Ganesh. He took more wick-
sentences ™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©/ ´uèπ◊h© í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†÷,
bike ets than I did.
(Åçõ‰ F v§ƒ´·-ë«u稻™x *´-J- 2) Sarika and some others were earlier than ≤ƒ´’-®√n u-©†÷ é¬éπ ´uèπ◊h© °æEB®Ω’†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-
ü¿ç-ö«¢√?) me.
(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Ganesh Åçûª ¶«í¬ ´’E í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. äÍé °æEE Éü¿l®Ω÷,
Saran: There are other more important mat- bowl îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ø√éπçõ‰ Åûª-ØÁ- Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´uèπ◊h©’, äéπ-J-éπçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’
3) It is cheaper than before. èπ◊\´ wickets BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)
ters. ¶«í¬ î˨»®√, ûªèπ◊\´ î˨»®√ ÅØËC §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç.
(ÅE é¬ü¿’. é¬E Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N 4) Sarika is not always the earliest to come. Sindhu: Your captain played the worst of all. Åçõ‰ ÉC comparison of adverbs, compari-
´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.) 5) It is not the cheapest now. His single digit score shows that. son of adjectives é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ degrees of
Tarun: When you decide to buy just let me 6) Some other brands are going to be as
(Åçü¿®Óx Åüµ∆y-†çí¬ ÇúÕçC O’ Èé°dØË. comparison, adjectives Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈, adverbs
know. I know the dealer. We can get
cheap as this or even cheaper.
ÅûªE äéπ ÅçÈé score ü∆EéÀ û√®√\ùç) èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç
some concession. Rahul: He hasn't been in form of late. study îËÆ œçC comparison of adjectives.Ééπ
7) Moreover some other matters are more Otherwise he plays better than most ´·çü¿’ ´’†ç °æJ-Q-Lç-îËC, degrees of com-
(†’´¤y éÌØ√-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊
ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰®·. Ø√éÓ dealer ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’†èπ◊ important for me than the bike now. of us. parison of adverbs.
é¬Ææh ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω-éÌ-Ææ’hçC.) 8) ... the bike has the least priority now? (Åûª-F-´’üµ¿u Åçûª form ™ ™‰úø’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ (adverb Åçõ‰, verb ûÁLÊ° °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC
Saran: Thank you. 9) there are other more important matters.
´÷™ î√™«-´’çC éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ Çúø- ÅE ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç)
You observe that the conversation above û√úø’.) You played the best of all - Ééπ\úø verb,
All the sentences above are more or less
has mostly negative sentences. There are, Sindhu: But he didn't play so well in the earli- played = Çú≈´¤. Ç Çúøôç ᙫ ïJ-TçC?
the same pattern. er match either. Answer: the best. 鬕öÀd best ÅØËC Ééπ\úø
among them, superlatives, comparatives
Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç
and positives too. Now before we study îª÷Æœ† not the best/ greatest, etc èπ◊ Ææç•ç- (é¬F Åûª†’ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ match adverb.
them look at the following sentences. Cµç-*-†N. OöÀéÀ other degrees îª÷ü∆lç. ™†÷ Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 8 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak English Komal: He certainly works harder than any of
the best of all of us in the class? us. At the same time he plays games
(Class™ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ English ¶«í¬ better than us too. Remember he
Ramana éπü∆)
´÷ö«x-úËC scored higher than any other member
Vishal: Yes; he does. (Å´¤†’) of our team in the last match.
Komal: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?) (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åûªúø’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’-
Why so = áçü¿’-éπ™«?; Why not? = áçü¿’èπ◊ °æ-úø-û√úø’. Å™«Íí games ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†-
é¬ü¿’? Ñ expressions conversation ™ éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’Íí. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ match ™
î√™« common. O’®Ω÷ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. ´’† team ™ Éûª®Ω players éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬
Vishal: From the beginning he has studied in score î˨»úø’).
English medium, that too, in very Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some time Adjective Å®·Ø√, adverb Å®·Ø√, äéπ degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A äéπõ‰.
good schools. Moreover, he reads with him. positive comparative superlative
more than any one of us. (ÉCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Åûª-úÕûÓ 1. Adjective Australia is better than any Australia is the best team
(¢Á·ü¿-öÀ†’ç* Åûªúø’ îªC-NçC English í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç) No other team in the world is (all) other team (teams) in in the world.
medium ™, ÅD ´’ç* English medi-
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ so/ as good as Australia. the world.
um schools ™, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-éπçõ‰
Adverb Australia plays better than Australia plays best of all
Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) lesson ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, degrees of any other team/ all other teams in the world.
í∫-ûª No other team in the world
That too = ÅC èπÿú≈. comparison äéπ\ adjectives Íé é¬ü¿’, adverbs plays so/ as well as Australia. teams in the world.
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E. Adverbs Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- 2. Adjective Australia is one of the best
Australia is better than most
èπ◊Ø√oç. verb, subject îËÊÆ °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ç Very few teams in the world other teams in the world. teams in the world.
verb îËÊÆ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ™«çöÀ N´-®√-©†’
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 210
are as good as Australia.
ûÁLÊ°-´÷ô adverb. Adverb
Australia plays better than No proper superlative.
He plays well. Ééπ\úø verb - plays. ᙫ Very few teams in the world most other teams in the
Komal: What does he Çúø-û√úø’? ÅØË verb (ûÁLÊ° °æE)éÀ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÊÆh, play as well as Australia. world.
read? How Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç well éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE well, adverb
much does he Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéπ sentence ™ äéπ ´÷ô îËÊÆ °æEE îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A Adjective Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰, – ÉC Comparative. verb - reads. DEo pos-
read? •öÀd, ÅC noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., OöÀ™x adverb Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰. itive èπ◊ ´÷JÊÆh, not ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--
(àç îªü¿’-´¤- àC ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq Öçô’çC. 1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag. éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – reads + not = does not
û√úø’? áçûª This is a fast train. (ÉC Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË §ÚLéπ – Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’– ÉC read.
îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úøç- Ééπ\úø ᙫçöÀ train? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, fast train ÅØËC comparative degree) DEéÀ superlative Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ as
ö«´¤?) M. SURESAN ï¢√•’. 鬕öÀd fast, adjective. Öçúø-ü¿’-éπü∆. Positive ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, fast as Krishna. (Krishna Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ®ΩN
Tendulkar, Sehwag Ê°®Ω’x û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·; îªü¿-´úø’)
not ´Ææ’hçC. 3) Kites fly faster than crows.

Why so? Sehwag does not bat (bats + not = does

not bat) so (as) well as Tendulkar
2) Bret Lee does not bowl faster than Shoaib
Akthar- comparative degree. (Bret Lee,
(é¬èπ◊© éπçõ‰ í∫ü¿l©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ áí∫’-®Ω’-û√®·)
Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative
not Positive
™‰ü¿’.
+ not = do not fly.
verb - fly. fly
™ ´Ææ’hçC.
™

Shoaib Akthar bowl

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îËߪ’úø’) – Positive: Crows do not fly so/ as fast as
Vishal: For one thing, he reads the English A Cheetah runs fast. kites.
not
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµËu, ÖçC. DEéÀ superlative
news paper daily. He reads too, a lot Now look at the following sentences from the
(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûª’h-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø runs, ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.Positive not
™ subjects
®√ü¿’,
of fiction in English. He reads quite conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
verb. How does it run? question
ÅØË èπ◊ fast, Lee, Akthar positions
© û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·.
often English news magazines too. 1) Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of
answer fast
鬕öÀd adverb.
ÅØËC Åçõ‰ – Positive: Shoaib Akthar bowls (at least) as
(äéπ-õ‰-N’-ôçõ‰ ®ÓW English newspaper 1) ᙫçöÀ, ᙫç-öÀC (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ) ÅØË fast as Bret Lee. (Shoaib Akthar Bret éπFÆæç all of us in the class? (superlative degree of
îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. Éçé¬ English †´-©©’, éπü∑∆-E- v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ ´îËa-´÷ô Adjective. Lee Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ bowl îË≤ƒhúø’) the adverb)
éπ©÷ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. ûª®Ωîª÷ English news 2) °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ answer í¬ ´îËa Adverb degree ´îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’, do, does, did 2) He reads more than any of us.
magazines èπÿú≈ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.)
©
´÷ô Adverb. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. (comparative degree)
fiction = °∂œéπ{Ø˛ – '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç – 3) Reading English helps you more than a
Ñ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ Eg: 1) Steve played more matches than Mark.
éπ©p†– éπLpç-*† éπü∑¿©’ – novels (†´-©©’), degrees of comparison á°æ¤púø’ Adjectives èπÿ, study of grammar (comparative)
(Mark éπçõ‰ Steve áèπ◊\´ matches Çú≈úø’)
short stories (éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’) ™«çöÀN. 4) He certainly works harder than any of us.
á°æ¤púø’ adverbs èπÿ ÅØËC Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. – ÉC comparative. verb - played. DEo pos-
Komal: (Do) you mean he speaks English so (comparative)
a) Australia plays best of all teams in the world. itive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, played + not = did not
well because of his reading? 5) At the same time, he plays games better
(v°æ°æç-îªç-™E ÅEo ïôx™ ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ïô’d play Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ positive.
(Åçõ‰ †’´y-ØËC Å™« îªü¿-´ôç ´©xØË than us too. (comparative)
Åûªuçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø’-ûª’çC.) Mark did not play as/ so many games as
English Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøç-ö«¢√?) 6) He scored higher than any other member of
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– Ééπ\úø 'best'- adverb, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, Steve. (Steve games Mark
ÇúÕ-†Eo Çúø-™‰ü¿’)
Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps you our team. (comparative)
plays ÅØË verb °æEE ᙫíÓ N´-J-≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd. 2) Krishna reads faster than Ravi
more than a thorough study of gram- Exercise: OöÀéÀ Éûª®Ω degrees practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
(Note: Superlative degree of the adjective (
mar. ®Ω-N éπçõ‰ éπ%≠æg ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’) Answer:
´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈-©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ví¬´’®˝ superlative degree of the adverb
èπ~◊ùoçí¬ Å¶µºu-Æœç-îªôç éπçõ‰, îªü¿-´ôç Å®·ûË superlative comparative positive
the 1. Doesn't Ramana speak Does any of us speak
Doesn't Ramana speak
áèπ◊\´í¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) ´·çü¿’ Åçûª °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕûË ´’ç*üË,
¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.) English the best of all of us? English better than any of English so well as
thorough = ü∑¿®Ó = èπ~◊ùo-¢Á’i†
°j sentence ™ adverb, superlative degree (É*a† sentence) us? Ramana?
Komal: The language of the English newspa- ™ ÖçC éπü∆? ÉC superlative of 'well'. É°æ¤úø’ 2. Of all of us he reads the most. He reads more than any of None of us reads as much
pers is difficult to understand, isn't it? ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. us. sentence) as he (reads/ does)
How then does it help?
(É*a†
b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all Reading helps us more than A study of grammar doesn't
3. No superlative.
(English newspapers English Å®Ωnç other players = player/
õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ à Éûª®Ω a study of grammar. (É*a† help us so much as/ as
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-ô- N’í∫û√players éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Çúø-û√úø’. sentence) much as reading.
°æ¤púø’ ÅüÁ™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC?) Ééπ\úø better, comparative degree of well 4. He certainly works hardest of He certainly works harder than None of us work as/ so
Vishal: Ramana says he began with short
c) No other player hits the ball so/ as well as any of us. sentence) hard as he, certainly.
news items, and then went on to all of us. (É*a†
Dhoni= player
He plays games better than We don't play games so
ÉçÍé Éûª®Ω èπÿú≈ üµÓE Åçûª 5. Of all of us, he plays games
news stories.
ball adverb, well-
best. us too. sentence) well as/ as well as he.
¶«í¬ †’ éÌôdúø’. Ééπ\úø (É*a†
(¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô *†o ¢√®√hç-¨»-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç- positive.
Gµç*, Ç ûª®√yûª °ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√®Ωh© reports 6. He scored highest of all of us. He scored higher than any No other member of our
good= ´’ç* (adjective) better (comparative)
other member of our team. team scored so/ as high as
well= ¶«í¬ (adverb) best (superlative)
îªC-¢√-†E ®Ω´’ù ÅØ√oúø’) he.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 10 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Chandan: Of the two who do you find the Santhan: We're going to appoint him. Better
better- Sekhar or Srikar? sooner than later. I'll send the
(Ç Éü¿l-J™, Åçõ‰ ¨Ïê®˝, Xéπ-®˝™ á´®Ω’ appointment order today itself.
¢Á’®Ω’-í∫ç-ö«´¤?/ á´®Ω’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-E- (ÅûªEo appoint îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ç îËÊÆ-üËüÓ
°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh †ßª’ç. Ñ®Óñ‰ appoint-
Santhan: Difficult to say. Each has his ment order °æç°æ¤û√)
virtues and defects. Srikar is the Chandan: O.K. Go ahead. (ÆæÍ®, é¬F.)
more intelligent but Sekhar is the Go ahead = é¬F/ é¬E´¤y/ Ææ´’t-Aç-îªôç.
more industrious. Ram: I want to tell you something.
(îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ . Éü¿l-J™ éÌEo ´’ç* (Fèπ◊ ØËØÓ-N-≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) 2) Between Bangalore and Hyderabad, 2) Who is the more suitable for this job?
í∫’ù«©÷ ÖØ√o®·, éÌEo üÓ≥ƒ©÷ Sam: Go ahead. (é¬F/ îÁ°æp-®·ûË). Bangalore is the cooler = 3) The sooner, the better =
ÖØ√o®·.) ÉC English ™ common. O’®Ω÷ practice Bangalore is cooler than Hyderabad. áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË Åçûª ´’ç*C.
Virtue = ´îª÷u– '´— bird ™ '•— ™« ØÌéÀ\- 3) Of (between) his two sons, the elder is the
îËߪ’çúÕ. É°æ¤púø’ sentence 3) ™«çöÀ comparative
°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç– Å®Ωnç – Ææ’í∫’ùç. Gandhi was a ☯ ☯ ☯
stronger = ÅûªE éÌúø’èπ◊Lü¿l®Óx °ü¿l-¢√úø’ •©- sentences îª÷ü∆lç: Ééπ\úø, È®çúø’ compar-
man of virtue = í¬çDµ Ææ’í∫’-ù«©’ éπL-T† ´uéÀh. (The elder is the stronger of his
atives °æéπ\ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. È®çúÕçöÀ
Comparative degree (adjective/ adverb)
´ç-ûª’úø’.
Chandan: And who is the more suitable for two sons
Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ¢√úÕûË ´’† con-
ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa). ´·çü¿÷ the ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ.
this job then? 4) Pranav: How does he compare with his
versation î√™« Åçü¿çí¬, effective (v°æ¶µ«´ç a) The taller a player is, the better can he
father?
(Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† °æEéÀ éπ©’-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆ-C)í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd Comparative play =
ÅûªE ûªçvúÕûÓ Åûª-ØÁoç-ûª-´®Ωèπÿ §Ú©a-
á´®Ω’ ûªT-†-¢√®Ω’?) degree ¢√úø-ôç™ ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ´’† véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’úø’ áçûª §Òúø’-ÈíjûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-
Santhan: Certainly Sekhar. He doesn't com-
´îª’a? (Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ ûª† ûªçvúøçûª
Spoken English ™ ¢√úøü∆ç: íÌ°æp-¢√ú≈? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.) í∫-©úø’.
plain about the work. É™«çöÀ sentences, conversation ™
Sourav: The father is certainly the better.
(¨ÏêÍ®. °æE N≠æߪ’ç™ complain practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ûªçvúÕ éÌúø’-éπ\çõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.
îËߪ’úø’.) (Ééπ\úø - better - comparative. b) Prasad: How did our team play yester-
Chandan: Has he to be
trained? -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 211
Better ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’† better
´·çü¿’ the.)
day?
(E†o ´’† team ᙫ ÇúÕçC?)
(ÅûªEÍé´’Ø√o

He is as good as ..
Péπ~ù
É¢√y™«?)
Santhan: I don't think
so. He has M. SURESAN
two years' experience in the field.
(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ņ’-éÓ†’. Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ a) The Giraffe is taller than any other land Pramod: The less we talk about it, the
compare
animal. Giraffe
Ééπ\úø ¢√úÕ† B®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Åûª-EéÀ È®çúË∞¡x ņ’-¶µº´ç ÖçC.) Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ better.
How does this car compare with imported
Chandan: How good is he at the job? §Òúø’í∫’.
cars? = cars (ü∆E í∫’Jç* áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬
Giraffe =
NüËQ ûÓ DØÁoç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-
(Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç áçûª ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’?) 'ï—®√°∂ˇ – 'ï— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
Compare
´îª’a? Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª-´’ç-*C – less -
Santhan: He is as good as or even better comparative of little)
Ééπ\úø §ÚLéπ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u. É™« ¢√úøôç practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
taller - comparative. taller ûª®√yûª than any
than any employee we have. How does this CM compare with his pred- c) The higher a place, the colder it is
other (singular)/ than all other (plural) é¬E
=
(É°æ¤púø’ ´’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o ÖüÓu-í∫’-©ç-ûª-é¬F, ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. ecessor? = Ñ ´·êu-´’ç-vAE ûª†èπ◊ ´·çü¿’†o äéπ v°æü˨¡ç áçûª á-ûÁj h-†-üÁjûË (Ææ´·-vü¿-´’ôdç
b) The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant =
Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-é¬F ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-´îª’a? †’ç*) Åçûª xí¬ Öçô’çC.
Giraffe predecessor (v°‘úø-ÂÆÆæ/ v°úÕ-ÂÆÆæ. 'v°‘—E/ 'v°—E
Ö†o-¢√úø’.) à†’í∫’ éπç-õ‰ §Òúø’í∫’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ d) The longer you walk, the healthier you
Good = ´’ç* – Éü¿-Ææ©’ Å®Ωnç. é¬F ûÁ©’-í∫’™ taller (comparative) than
ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) = äéπ °æü¿N/ ≤ƒn†ç™ äéπ-JéÀ become =
'´’ç*—-™«-í¬ØË, 'good' èπÿú≈ î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x èπÿú≈ comparative. Å®·ûË §ÚLéπ È®çúÕçöÀ ´·çü¿’†o ¢√∞¡x†’ predecessor Åçö«ç.
eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the prede-
†’´¤y áçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ †úÕÊÆh, Åçûª Ç®Ó-í∫u-
àü¿-®·Ø√ ã N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ íÌ°æp/ Ææ´’-®Ω’n-™„j†/ sentences (a), (b)
´’üµËu. °j i) compar-
©™
cessor of Rajasekhara Reddy =
ative than
ûª®√yûª ii) comparative
´≤ÚhçC. ®√ï-¨Ï-ê-®˝-È®úÕf ´ç-ûª’-úÕ-´-´¤-û√´¤. =
≤ƒ´’®Ωn u-´·-†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
the ´·çü¿J ´·êu-´’çvA îªçvü¿-¶«-•’-Ø√-ߪ·úø’. †úÕ-*-†-éÌDl Ç®Óí∫uç áèπ◊\´.
good actor = ´’ç* †ô’úø’– DE Å®Ωnç íÌ°æp
´·çü¿’ ™‰ü¿’.
†ô’-úøE. ÅçûË-í¬F ´’ç* í∫’ùçí∫© †ô’úø’ ÅE Now compare sentences (A) and (B) below: Predecessor X Successor (ûª®√yûª ´*a† Ñ English proverbs (≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª©’) îª÷úøçúÕ:
Sentence A Sentence B
¢√∞¡Ÿx – °æü¿-N™/ ≤ƒn†ç™) a) The nearer the temple, the farther
é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. eg: YSR is the successor of Chandrababu
The Giraffe is taller Of (between) the Giraffe from god.
good at something = àüÁjØ√ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫©/