Class 11 - Biology - Respiration in Plants
Class 11 - Biology - Respiration in Plants
Class 11 - Biology - Respiration in Plants
Biology
Chapter 14 – Respiration in Plants
1. Differentiate between
Respiration Combustion
Chemical bonds are broken down into All chemical steps occur
steps, as a result, energy is released in simultaneously, as a result, energy is
stages. released in a single step.
Oxidation occurs at the end of the reaction During combustion, the substrate is
(terminal oxidation) between reduced oxidized directly.
coenzymes and oxygen.
Several enzymes are needed, one for each Burning is a non-enzymatic process.
step or reaction.
One glucose molecule yields four ATP Two acetyl residues in the Krebs cycle
molecules in glycolysis through liberate two ATP or GTP molecules
The net gain of energy during In krebs' cycle, the net gain of energy is
glycolysis is equal to 8 ATP equal to 24 ATP molecules. Six
molecules. molecules of ATP can be produced from
2 molecules of NADH2 formed during the
dehydrogenation of 2 pyruvates.
It uses oxygen for breaking the Oxygen is not used in the breakdown of
respiratory material into simpler the respiratory substrate.
substances.
The end products are inorganic i.e., Small, reduced organic molecules
(ethanol or lactic acid) are produced as
Aerobic respiration is known for the It occurs in yeast cells, bacteria and in the
normal mode of respiration in both muscle cells of animals during vigorous
plants and animals. exercise.
4. What are the main steps in aerobic respiration? Where does it take place?
Ans: The main steps of aerobic respiration are as follows: - Glycolysis, link
reaction, Krebs cycle and terminal oxidation.
6. Explain ETS.
Ans: The electron transport system (ETS) is also called Oxidative
Phosphorylation. It is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It's a metabolic
pathway that allows electrons to go from one carrier to the next. The passes of
electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen ( O 2 ) is facilitated by five
multiprotein complexes in the ETS. The complexes are:
5. When electrons travel from one carrier to another in the electron transport
chain via complex I to IV, they are connected to ATP Synthase (complex V).
Glycolysis Fermentation
Glycolysis is the first step of The citric acid cycle (Krebs’ cycle or
respiration. TCA Cycle) is the second step of
respiration.
This process happens in the cytoplasm. This process occurs in the matrix of
Two ATPs are consumed during this No consumption of ATP in the citric acid
process. cycle.
The total gain of ATP is 8 (which The net gain of ATP is 24.
includes NADH).
8. What are the assumptions made during the calculation of net gain of ATP?
Ans: Calculating the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule oxidised is
doable, but it could only be a theoretical exercise in practise. These calculations
can only be made based on the following assumptions:
i. There is a sequential, orderly pathway is in function, with one substrate
forming the next and glycolysis, TCA cycle, and ETS pathway occurring
one after the other.
ii. The NADH produced during glycolysis is transferred to the mitochondria
and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation. None of the intermediates in
the pathway is used to make another compound.
iii. Only glucose is respired. No other alternative substrates enter the
pathway at any of the intermediate stages.
These kinds of assumptions, however, are not valid in a living system. All
pathways occur simultaneously and do not occur one after the other. Substrates
enter the pathways and are withdrawn from them as needed. ATP is used as
When fatty acids are used as a substrate, they are broken down to acetyl CoA before
entering the respiratory pathway. acetyl CoA is withdrawn from the respiratory
pathway when the organism needs to synthesize fatty acids.
Ans: The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O 2 consumed in
respiration over a given period is known as a respiratory quotient (RQ) or
respiratory ratio. Its value can be equal to one, zero, more than one or less than
one.
When fat or protein is used as a respiratory substrate, the respiratory quotient (RQ)
is less than one.
C57 H104O6 80O2 57CO2 52H2O
57CO2
RQ
80O2
0.71
The respiratory quotient (RQ) is about 0.7 for most of the common fats.