TEKNOLOGI ELEKTRIK 1 - Voltage

Voltage, Current & Resistance
In electronics we are dealing with voltage, current and resistance in circuits.
Voltage
Voltage is the electrical force, that causes current to flow in a circuit. It is measured in
VOLTS .
Electrical Current
Current is the movement of electrical charge - the flow of electrons other charged
particles through the electronic circuit. The direction of a current is opposite to electrons
flow direction. Current is measured in AMPERES (AMPS, A ).
Resistance
Resistance causes an opposition to the flow of electricity in a circuit. It is used to control

the amount of voltage and/or amperage in a circuit. It is measured in OHMS.
Electrical symbols
Electronic component are classed into either being Passive devices or Active devices. A
Passive Device is one that contributes no power gain to a circuit or system. Examples are
Resistors, Light Bulb, Electrical Heaters. Active Devices are components that are capable
of generating voltages or currents. Examples are Batteries and other Electrical Curent &
Voltage Sources.
By using schematics symbols we can represent real-life devices.
Resistance -This is a resistance, measured in units ohms ohms, . Most often it will be
a resistor.
This is a source of emf (electromotive force) or voltage source, with a voltage of ,

measured in units of volts, V. The most common source you will see will be a battery.
However, batteries are really not resistance-free. We can model this case by putting a
'resistor' in the circuit which has the same resistance as the batterys would have.
This is a current source, with a current of , measured in units of amperes , A. Current

source is ideal model of electrical power source. The internal current source resistance is
infinity. We can model real life battery by putting a 'resistor' in parallel with curent
source.
Ohm’s law
Ohm's law is the main basic electrical law and defines the resistance of a device to the
flow of electrons.
There are three different notations of Ohm’s law
1. Unknown current
2. Unknown voltage
3. Unknown resistance
(Most people can remember a picture easier than a mathematical formula. By knowing
any two values you can figure out the third. Simply put your finger over the portion of the
symbol you are trying to figure out and you have your formula)
1.
2.
3.
Circuit analysis Tutorial

AKNM Circuit Magic- circuit analysis software
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
KCL states that the algebraic sum of the currents in all the branches which converge in a common node is
equal to zero
ΣIin = ΣIout
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages between successive nodes in a closed
path in the network is equal to zero.
ΣE = ΣIR
Solution using Kirchhoff’s Voltage and current laws
Steps to solve circuit by Kirchhoff’s Laws.
1. Construct circuit with circuit magic schematics editor.
Circuit sample from circuit magic.
2. Construct loops. (See “creating loop” section in user guide) Number of loops (and number of
Kirhhoff’s Voltage laws equations) can be determined using following formula. Loop can not
include branches with current sources. Due current sources resistance equal infinity.
Loop Number = Branch Number –(Nodes Number –1) – Current sources Number
3. Select Analyze->Solve by Kirhhoff’s laws menu item
4. In dialog box press OK button. if no warning shown.

5. Read solution.
Solution example from circuit magic.
Writing Kirchhoff current law for 3-1 nodes
(Note number of Kirchhoff current laws equations equal Nodes Number –1)
(Node 1)J1+I3+I4+I7=0
(Node 2)-J1+I2-I4=0
Wrining Kirchoff voltage law for 5-1-(3-1) loops
(Loop1) I3·R3-I7·R5=-E2
(Loop2) I2·R2-I7·R5+I4·R4=E1-E2
Linear equations
I3+I4+I7=-2
I2-I4=2
10I3-10I7=-10
11I2+10I4-10I7=-7
Equations solution
I1=2
I2=0,692
I3=-0,846
I4=-1,308
I7=0,154
Resistors in Series & Resistors in Parallel
A series circuit is one with all the loads in a row. Like links in a chain. There is only one
path for the electricity to flow.
A parallel circuit is one that has two or more paths for the electricity to flow. In other words, the loads are
parallel to each other.
Kennelly's Star-Delta Transformation
Kennelly's Delta - Star Transformation

Alternating Current (AC), Voltage, sinusoidal Waveform,
Alternating current (AC) unlike Direct current (DC) flows first in one direction then in
the opposite direction. Current amperage The is function of time. Direct current (DC)
amperage is constant.
The most common AC waveform is a sine (or sinusoidal) waveform. See figure 1.
Figure 1.
Instantaneous Current and Voltage
where I = instantaneous current in amperes

Ip = the maximum, or peak, current in amperes
f - Frequency. The frequency is the number of cycles that is completed each
second. Unit of measure: hertz (Hz)
t - time
Other notation
θ = the angular displacement in degrees or radians
The circuits illustrating all folowing electric circuits laws and circuit analysis
techniques are included into Circuit Magic installation Visit main page to learn
about Circuit Magic. (Symbolic electrical circuits simulation software to analyse
circuits using Kirchhoff's Laws & other methods.)
AC Electrical Devices & schematics symblos
Electronic component are classed into either being Passive devices or Active devices.
By using schematics symbols we can represent real-life devices.
Resistance -This is a resistance, measured in units ohms, . Most often it will be a

resistor.
Inductor - A schematics symbol inserted into an electrical circuit to introduce a

specified inductance.. Most often it will be a coil.
Inductance-
The property of a circuit which impedes a change in current. Inductors are the usual
source of inductance. Inductance is measured in henrys. In electronic circuits, the usual
measure of inductance is henrys (H), milihenrys (mH) or microhenrys (µH), 1, 1e-3 or
1e-6 henrys respectively.
or Capacitor - A schematics symbol inserted into an electrical circuit to

introduce a specified capacitance.
Definition: The property of a circuit which impedes a change in voltage. Capacitors are
the usual source of capacitance. Capacitance is measured in farads in honor of Michael
Faraday. In electronic circuits, the usual measure of capacitance is microfarads (µF) or
picofarads (pF), 1e-6 or 1e-12 farads respectively.
This is a AC voltage source, with a voltage of , measured in units of volts, V. The

most common AC Voltage Source you will see will be a home unit. .
A device inserted into an electrical circuit to introduce a specified alternating current

(AC). An AC current has a magnitude, phase and frequency.
Applying AC voltage to capacitor, coil, resistor(Java applet)
A circuit having pure resistance would have the alternating current through it and the
voltage across it rising and failing together. This is illustrated in applet below,which
shows the sine waves for current and voltage in a purely resistive circuit having an ac
source. The current and voltage do not have the same amplitude, but they are in phase
In the case of a circuit having inductance, the opposing force of the counter emf would be
enough to keep the current from remaining in phase with the applied voltage. You learned
that in a dc circuit containing pure inductance the current took time to rise to maximum
even though the full applied voltage was immediately at maximum. Applet below shows
the wave forms for a purely inductive ac circuit in steps of quarter-cycles(90).

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Voltage, Current & Resistance

In electronics we are dealing with voltage, current and resistance in circuits.

Resistance causes an opposition to the flow of electricity in a circuit. It is used to control

By using schematics symbols we can represent real-life devices.

This is a source of emf (electromotive force) or voltage source, with a voltage of ,

This is a current source, with a current of , measured in units of amperes , A. Current

There are three different notations of Ohm’s law

Circuit analysis Tutorial

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

Solution using Kirchhoff’s Voltage and current laws

Steps to solve circuit by Kirchhoff’s Laws.

1. Construct circuit with circuit magic schematics editor.

Circuit sample from circuit magic.

3. Select Analyze->Solve by Kirhhoff’s laws menu item

4. In dialog box press OK button. if no warning shown.

Solution example from circuit magic.

Writing Kirchhoff current law for 3-1 nodes

Wrining Kirchoff voltage law for 5-1-(3-1) loops

Kennelly's Delta - Star Transformation

Instantaneous Current and Voltage

where I = instantaneous current in amperes

By using schematics symbols we can represent real-life devices.

Resistance -This is a resistance, measured in units ohms, . Most often it will be a

Inductor - A schematics symbol inserted into an electrical circuit to introduce a

or Capacitor - A schematics symbol inserted into an electrical circuit to

This is a AC voltage source, with a voltage of , measured in units of volts, V. The

A device inserted into an electrical circuit to introduce a specified alternating current

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