DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

LABORATORY MANUAL (ECE - 417)

IV/IV ECE SEM - I

Prepared by:
Dr. B. Somasekhar
Ms. P. Chaya Devi
Mr. R. Chandra Sekhar Dr. V. Rajya Lakshmi
Ms. CH. Padmasree Professor & HOD, ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (A)

(Affiliated to AU, Approved by AICTE & Accredited by NBA) Sangivalasa-
531 162, Visakhapatnam District, Phone: 08933-225083/84/87
 VISION OF INSTITUTE

ANITS envisions to emerge as a world-class technical institution whose products represent a

good blend of technological excellence and the best of human values.

MISSION OF INSTITUTE

To train young men and women into competent and confident engineers with excellent
communicational skills, to face the challenges of future technology changes, by imparting
holistic technical education using the best of infrastructure, outstanding technical and teaching
expertise and an exemplary work culture, besides molding them into good citizens.
VISION OF DEPARTMENT

To become a centre of excellence in Education and Research and produce high quality
engineers in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering toface the challenges of
future technology changes.
MISSION OF DEPARTMENT
To achieve vision department will

 Transform students into valuable resources for industry and society by imparting
contemporary technical education.

 Develop interpersonal skills and leadership qualities among students by creating an

ambience of academic integrity to participate in various professional activities.

 Create a suitable academic environment to promote research attitude among students.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1: Graduates excel in their career in the domains of Electronics, Communication and
Information Technology
PEO2: Graduates will practice professional ethics and excel in professional career through
interpersonal skills and leadership qualities
PEO3: Graduates demonstrate passion for competence in higher education, research and
participate in various professional activities
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

PO-1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization for the solution of
complex engineering problems.
PO-2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO-3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs.
PO-4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: An ability to design and conduct
scientific and engineering experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data to
provide valid conclusions

2
PO-5 Modern tool usage: Ability to apply appropriate techniques, modern engineering
and IT tools, to engineering problems.
PO-6 The engineer and society: An ability to apply reasoning to assess societal, safety,
health and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice
PO-7 Environment and sustainability: An ability to understand the impact of
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts
PO-8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
PO-9 Individual and team work: Ability to function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in a team, and in multidisciplinary tasks.
PO-10 Communication: Ability to communicate effectively on engineering activities with
the engineering community such as, being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations.
PO-11 Project management and finance: An ability to apply knowledge, skills, tools, and
techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements with the aim of
managing project resources properly and achieving the project’s objectives.
PO-12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: Implement Signal & Image Processing techniques using modern tools.

PSO2: Design and analyze Communication systems using emerging techniques.

PSO3: Solve real time problems with expertise in Embedded Systems.

3
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, BheemunipatnamMandal, Visakhapatnam District

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

ECE 417 Credits:2
Instruction: 3 Practical Sessional Marks:50
End Exam: 3 Hours End Exam Marks:50
Prerequisites: Communication Systems Engineering, Digital Communications,Signals and
Systems.
Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to:
1. Evaluate the performance of PCM, DPCM and Delta modulation schemes.
2. Implement different digital modulation schemes like FSK, PSK, and DPSK.
3. Analyze source/channel encoding & decoding methods.
4. Simulate Pulse Digital Modulation & demodulation using MATLAB.
5. Simulate digital communication techniques like ASK, FSK & PSK.
CO-PO-PSO Mapping:

PO PSO PIs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
PI: 1,3,1,1.4.1,3.1.1,3.1.6, 3.2.1, 4.1.1,
1 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 4.1.3,4.3.1,8.1.1,9.1.1,9.2.2,10.1.1,10.1.2
PI: 1.1.1,1.3.1,1.4.1, 3.1.1,3.1.6,
3.2.1,3.2.3,3.3.1,3.4.1, 4.1.1,
2 3 3 2 1 1 1 3
4.1.3,4.3.1,8.1.1,9.2.1,9.2.2,
10.1.1,10.1.2
PI: 1.3.3,1.4.1, 3.1.1,3.1.6, 3.2.1,
CO 3.2.3,3.3.1,3.4.1,4.1.1,
3 2 3 3 1 1 1 3
4.1.3,4.1.4,4.2.1,4.3.1,8.1.1,9.2.1,9.2.2,
10.1.1,10.1.2
PI: 1.3.1,1.4.1, 3.1.1,3.1.6, 3.2.1, 4.1.1,
4 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 4.1.3,4.3.1,5.1.1,5.1.2,5.2.2,8.1.1,9.2.1,9.
2.2, 10.1.1, 10.1.2
PI: 1.3.1,1.4.1,3.1.1, 3.1.6, 3.2.1, 4.1.1,
5 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 4.1.3,4.3.1,5.1.15.1.2,5.2.2,,8.1.1,9.2.1,9.
2.2, 10.1.1, 10.1.2
Justification of Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes:

For PO1 – PO5

If percentage of PIs related to CO >40% Level 3
If percentage of PIs related to CO 21% to 40% Level 2
If percentage of PIs related to CO ≤20% Level 1
For PO6 – PO12
If percentage of PIs related to CO >51% Level 2
If percentage of PIs related to CO ≤50% Level 1
 CO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO1 40% 23% 30% 33% 28% 28%
CO2 60% 46% 30% 33% 28% 28%
CO3 40% 46% 50% 33% 28% 28%
CO4 40% 23% 30% 50% 33% 28% 28%
CO5 40% 23% 30% 50% 33% 28% 28%

CO1- Students are expected to

CO5 P1.1.1 Apply mathematical techniques such as Probability theory and Random process,
Fourier series, Fourier Transform, Laplace Transform, and Z-Transform to solve problems.
P1.3.1 Apply fundamental engineering concepts to solve engineering problems
P1.4.1 Apply Electronics and Communication engineering concepts to solve engineering problems.
P3.1.1 Recognize that need analysis is key to good problem definition
P3.1.6 Determine design objectives, functional requirements and arrive at specifications
P3.2.1 Apply formal idea generation tools to develop multiple engineering design solutions
P3.2.3 Identify suitable criteria forthe evaluation of alternate design solutions
P3.3.1 Apply formal decision-making tools to select optimal engineering design solutions
for further development
P3.4.1 Refine a conceptual design into a detailed design within the existing constraints (of
the resources)
P4.1.1 Define a problem,its scope and importance for purposes of investigation
P4.1.3 Apply appropriate instrumentation and/or software tools to make measurements of physical
quantities
P4.1.4 Establish a relationship between measured data and underlying physical principles.
P4.2.1 Design and develop an experimental approach, specify appropriate equipment and
procedures
P4.3.1 Use appropriate procedures, tools and techniques to conduct experiments and collect data
P5.1.1 Identify modern engineering tools and techniques and resources for engineering activities.
P5.1.2 Create/adapt/modify/extend tools and techniques to solve engineering problems
P5.2.2 Demonstrate proficiency in using discipline-specific tools
P8.1.1 Identify situations of unethical professional conduct and propose ethical alternatives
P9.1.1 Recognize a variety of working and learning preferences; appreciate the value of
diversity on a team
P9.2.2 Treat other team members respectfully
P10.1.1 Read, understandandinterprettechnicalandnon-technicalinformation.
P10.1.2 Produce clear, well-constructed, and well-supported written engineering documents
Justification of Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Specific Outcomes:
CO1- Students are expected to use Pulse Digital Modulation, Digital modulation & channel coding
CO3 techniques in Communication systems design. Hence CO1-CO3 are mapped with PSO2
CO4- Students are expected to use MATLAB Programming language for the given specification in
CO5 Communication systems. Hence CO4-CO5 are mapped with PSO2.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

A student has to perform minimum of 10 experiments.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S.No. Name of the Experiment CO Page No
TRAINER KIT BASED EXPERIMENTS
Generation and Detection of Pulse Code Modulation for
1. CO1 9
both A.C and D.C signals
Generation and Detection of Differential Pulse Code
2. CO1 17
Modulation
3. Generation and Detection of Delta Modulation CO1 24

4. Generation and Detection of PSK. CO2 32

5. Generation and Detection of FSK. CO2 36

6. Generation and Detection of DPSK. CO2 41

7. Generation and Detection of QPSK. CO2 45

8. Linear Block code-Encoder and Decoder CO3 53

9. Convolution code-Encoder and Decoder CO3 58

SIMULATION BASED EXPERIMENTS (Open source/Matlab/Multisim)
1. Amplitude Shift Keying CO5 66

2. Phase Shift keying CO5 70

3. Time Division Multiplexing CO4 75

4. Pulse Code Modulation CO4 77

5. Companding CO4 80

5
 ABOUT digital COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

In DC lab students will be able to understand

the basic theories of digital communication
system, working of digital modulators and de
modulators, Time division multiplexing system.
With this knowledge of hardware &
simulation students can design basic digital
systems to solve a given communications
problem
 SCHEME OF EVALUATION

SNO. Student Continuous Internal exam External Exam:50M

evaluation: Max Marks: 25M
Max.Marks:25M
1. Student performance End Exam
during every lab session / Internal exam Max Marks: Marks: 50
Observation book: 10M 25M 1. Procedure: 10M
1. Observation &
2. Circuit/Block
performance: 5M 1. Procedure:5M
diagrams/
2. Viva-voce: 5M 2. Circuit/Block diagrams/
MATLAB
MATLAB program:5M
2. Record marks (Avg. of all Program:10M
experiments) :10M 3. Graphs/plots: 5M
3. Observations /
1. Aim, Apparatus, 4. Result & observations: Tabular forms/:10M
Theory and Procedure:
3M 5M 4. Results: 5M
2. Circuit/Block 5. Viva-voce: 5M 5. Graphs/plots:5M
diagrams/ MATLAB 6. Viva-voce:10M
program, Model
Graph, Observations:
3M
3. Result:2M
4. Graphs/plots: 2M
3. Attendance:5Marks
Depends on percentage of
LAB attendance 66% to
100%
1. >90= 5M
2. >80-90=4M
3. >75-80=3M
4. >=66-75=2M
5. <66% =0M

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam District

RUBRICS
DC Laboratory

S.No Performance Excellent Good Average Poor performance

Indicator >80% to ≤ 100% >60% to ≤ 80% >40% to ≤ 60% ≤ 40%

1. An ability to identify, Able to apply the concepts of Shows nearly complete Does not Poor knowledge
formulate and solve electronics and understanding of understand the on communication
Communication System communication engineering concepts of concept of engineering
problems with to solve the given problems. communication Communication concept.
communication engineering in problem engineering for
engineering knowledge Able to Develop a design solving. solving the given Unable to Develop
and to conduct Strategy, analyze and problems. a design Strategy.
experiments as well as decompose work into sub Able to Develop a design
design, analyse and tasks. Strategy, analyze and Uses a design Unable to
interpret data as an decompose work into strategy with handling of
individual or with a Able to conduct the sub tasks with the Guidance and not hardware/softwar
team. experiment using the modern guidance. able to analyze and e for producing
An Ability to use the simulation tools and/or decompose work desired results.
technical skills and available hardware resource Knowledge on modern into sub tasks.
modern simulation effectively and able to simulation
tools (5M) correlate the theoretical tool/available hardware Unable to use the
(PO1, PO3, PO4, PO5 & concepts with the concerned resource usage is less modern simulation
PO9) lab results with appropriate and there are minor tool/available
reasons. problem with the hardware to
implementation part produce desired
and able to correlate output and not able
the theoretical concepts to correlate the
with the concerned lab theoretical
results with some concepts with the
difficulties. concerned lab
results.
2. An ability to Able to describe the purpose Presents key elements Less knowledge on Unable to
communicate effectively of doing experiment, its scope, of oral presentation on purpose of doing describe the
when employing oral and related theoretical purpose of doing experiments and its purpose of doing
communications. concept effectively. experiment and its scope. Need experiment and
(Based on viva) (5M). scope and few desired improvement in relevant
(PO10) information is missing. effective theoretical
communication. information
clearly.

3. An ability to Report is well organized with Report is well organized Report is somewhat Report contains
communicate effectively very good professional with the professional code organized with many errors and
when employing writing skills and followed the of ethics but very few missing of some inadequate
written professional code of ethics. useful information information.
desired information’s are
Communications by The report contains all the and unable to apply
following the ethical desired information related to missing. the professional
principle of report the experiment. code of ethics. Need
writing. (10M) improvement in the
(PO8, PO10) report writing.
LIST OF MAJOR EQUIPMENT IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING LABORATORY

8
 1.PULSE CODE MODULATION

1. To Generate Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation

9
10
Circuit Diagram:

11
12
13
14
MODEL WAVEFORMS:

V
t

V
t
V
t

V
t

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Readings should be noted without parallax error.

RESULT:
Thus Pulse Code Modulation signal is generated for both AC and DC input signals
and it is Demodulated.

15
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What do you mean by quantizing process?

2. What will happen when sampling rate is greater than Nyquist rate ?
3. What will happen when sampling rate is less than Nyquist rate ?
4. Find the A/D Converter output for input DC voltage of 3.6V.
5. Fig shown below shows a PCM wave in which the amplitude levels of +1 volt and -1 volt are
used to represent binary symbols 1 and 0 respectively. The code word used consists of three
bits.Find the sampled version of an analog signal from which this PCM wave is derived.
6. Mention some applications of PCM.
7. What is the function of Sample and Hold circuit?

16
2. DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

17
18
19
Circuit Diagram:

20
21
Model waveforms:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Readings should be noted without parallax error.

RESULT:
Thus Differential Pulse Code Modulated signal is generated for given input signal and
it is Demodulated.

22
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. For data compression says whether ADPCM or DPCM is better. Justify.

2. What is the need for compression? Mention the types of compression.
3. List the communication standards which use DPCM.
4. Based upon the knowledge that you have gained after doing the experiment write
theFunctions of sample and hold circuit.
5. Name the circuit used to achieve synchronization between transmitter and receiver.

23
3. DELTA MODULATION

24
25
Circuit Diagram:

26
27
V

t t

28
29
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Readings should be noted without parallax error.

RESULT:
Thus Delta Modulated signal is generated for given input signal and it is
Demodulated

30
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Compare DPCM ,PCM& Delta modulation.

2. How to reduce the quantization noise that occurs in DM?
3. A band pass signal has a spectral range that extends from 20 to 82 KHz.Find the
acceptablesampling frequency.
4. Find the fourier series expansion of an Impulse train.
5. Mention the applications of DM

31
4. PHASE SHIFT KEYING

32
Circuit Diagram:

33
Model waveforms
V

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Readings should be noted without parallax error.
RESULT:
Thus the PSK modulation signal is generated for a given input data signal and it is
demodulated.
34
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Compare FSK and PSK.

2. List the Characteristics of TL084 op-amp.
3. Compare TL084 op amp with IC 741 op amp.
4. What do we infer from constellation diagrams of various modulation schemes?

35
5. DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING
MODULATION & DEMODULATION

36
Circuit diagram:

37
38
Model waveforms:
V

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Readings should be noted without parallax error.
Result:
Thus the DPSK modulation and demodulation is performed and graphs were plotted.

39
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define DPSK?
2. Mention the Advantages of DPSK?
3. Mention the Disadvantages of DPSK?
4. Draw the waveforms of DPSK?
5. Compare ASK, PSK, FSK& DPSK?
6. What are the Applications of DPSK?

40
6. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

41
Circuit Diagram:

42
43
Model Waveforms:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Readings should be noted without parallax error.

RESULT:
Thus the FSK modulation and demodulation is performed and graphs are plotted

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is MSK?
2. For the given 8 bit data 10111010 draw the FSK output waveform.
3. Draw the constellation diagram of FSK.
4. What will happen if the same frequency is used for both the carriers?

44
 7. QPSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM:
To generate a QPSK modulated signal for the given input data and its demodulated signal

45
46
47
48
49
50
V

51
 t

Result :
Thus the QPSK modulated signal is generated and it is demodulated.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Draw the constellation diagram of QPSK.
2. Give some applications of QPSK modulation scheme
3. Find the output of the following command. 5^ (2/3) – 25/ (2*3)
4. what is the relationship between 4 QAM and QPSK?
5. Design a simulink model for QPSK.

52
 8. LINEAR BLOCK CODE - ENCODER & DECODER

AIM:
To Study the Hamming Code 7-bit Generation.

APPARATUS:

1. Linear Block Code- Encoder & Decoder Trainer Kit (Scientech 2121A &
2121B)
2. 2 mm Banana Cable
3. Regulated Power Supply

THEORY:

Error Detection and Correction:

Error detection is the ability to detect the presence of errors caused by noise or other
impairments during transmission from the transmitter to the receiver. Error correction is
the additional ability to reconstruct the original, error-free data. There are two basic ways
to design the channel code and protocol for an error correcting system.

Linear block codes:

Linear block codes are conceptually simple codes that are basically an extension of
single-bit parity check codes for error detection. A single-bit parity check code is one of
the most common forms of detecting transmission errors. This code uses one extra bit in
a block of n data bits to indicate whether the number of 1s in a block is odd or even.
Thus, if a single error occurs, either the parity bit is corrupted or the number of detected
1s in the information bit sequence will be different from the number used to compute the
parity bit: in either case the parity bit will not correspond to the number of detected 1s in
the information bit sequence, so the single error is detected. Linear block codes extend
this notion by using a larger number of parity bits to either detect more than one error or
correct for one or more errors. Unfortunately linear block codes, along with
convolutional codes, trade their error detection or correction capability for either
andwidth expansion or a lower data rate, as will be discussed in more detail below. We
will estrict our attention to binary codes, where both the original information and the
corresponding code consist of bits taking a value of either 0 or 1.

53
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the power supply mains cord to the Scientech 2121A and
Scientech 2121B but do not turn ON the power supply until connections are made
for this experiment.

2.Keep default/manual switch in Manual mode.

3.There are some conditions regarding H-Matrix selection manually which are:
Any row should not be identically selected like there should not all 1’s or all 0’s.

Each row selection should be different from other row.

The matrix should be so chosen that all the rows are distinct and consist of at least
three 1’s in them.

4.Switch ‘On’ the power supply and press reset button.

5.Check the clock pulse of 2 KHz on Oscilloscope at given test point.

6. At Scientech 2121A Block Code Encoder unit now select the data at seven
Segment display with the help of BCD (binary coded decimal) switch.

7. Check the data at seven segment display and its binary equivalent (d3, d2,
d1, d0), in the Code Word Generator block T where bit pattern is selected in the
form of 8, 4, 2, 1 format.

8. Now set the H matrix are per the condition given in step 3. In Observation
Table 3.1, some example sets are given (Set 1, Set2, Set3 and Set4). You can set
your own matrix or you can choose any set from example sets and select the H
Matrix as per the table.

54
6. After that check the H matrix in the form of H= [Ik] [P]; Identity matrix and Parity
matrix corresponding to the selected set as given in the Observation Table 3.1.

7. Check the massage signal in the form of (d3, d2, d1, d0, p3, p2, p1) and verify the
status of ‘Parity Bits’ (p3, p2, p1) as per the equations given for parity generation (see
bservation Table 3.1).

8. Connect 2mm patch cords between horizontal bit stream and p/s block as per the
connections diagram.

9. Observe the bit pattern output of codeword Generator at vertical 7-bit stream.

10. Now connect the Data output to the Data In of 2121B which is block code decoder.

11. Now connect the clock and ground of 2121A to 2121B via a 2mm patch cord.

12. Now set the H-Matrix section of 2121B Block code Decoder unit as per the same
set what you have chose for 2121A Encoder unit. Refer the Observation Table 3.1.

13. Now first set Data ‘0’ at Encoder unit and press reset switch until you get same
decoded data on LED display and as well as at the seven segment display in numeric
form. Once you get the same data 0 at decoder unit you can vary BCD switch to get
the sequential data from 0-9.

14. For any selected data from 0-9, check the H matrix in the form of H= [P] [Ik];
Parity matrix and Identity matrix as given in the Observation Table 3.1

15. Also check the massage signal in vertical matrix ‘R’ in the form of (d3, d2, d1, d0,
p3, p2, p1) and check the status of Syndrome Em. As there is no error in the bits it will
show (0 0 0).

16. Check the corrected code word and match it with the code word of Encoder unit.

17. Also check the Decode Bits (d3, d2, d1, d0) and match with the data at Encoder
unit.

55
Equations for Parity Generation:

Code Word Generator:

Observation Table:

RESULT:
Linear Block Code encoding and decoding are verified.

56
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1 WHAT ARE THE BLOCK CODES EXPLAIN THE MECHANISM OF ENCODING AND
DECODING IN LINEAR BLOCK?
2 WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF LINEAR BLOCK CODE?
3 WHAT IS MEANT BY LINEAR BLOCK CODES?
4 HOW IS LINEAR BLOCK CODE CALCULATED?

57
9.

58
59
60
61
62
63
64
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1 Which of them is not a convolution decoding method ?

2 Which of the following are method used for representing convolution encoder ?

3 Where are convolution codes used ?

4 Which decoding method involves ?

65
SOFTWARE EXPERIMENTS:
1. AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

66
67
 V

Result: t
The program for ASK modulation and demodulation has been simulated in MATLAB and
necessary graphs are plotted

68
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Compare ASK and PSK.

2. List the advantages of ASK.

3. Applications of ASK.

69
2. PHASE SHIFT KEYING

70
71
72
 V

Result
The program for PSK modulation and demodulation has been simulated in MATLAB and
necessary graphs are plotted.

73
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Compare FSK and PSK.

2. List the Characteristics of TL084 op-amp.

3. Compare TL084 op amp with IC 741 op amp.

4. What do we infer from constellation diagrams of various modulation schemes?

74
3. TIME DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING

75
RESULT:
Thus the two signals are transmitted using TDM and they are demultiplexed.

76
 4. PULSE CODE MODULATION
AIM:
Write a MATLAB program to generate PCM signal
PROGRAM:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
n=input('Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : ');
n1=input('Enter number of samples in a period : ');
L=2^n;

% % Signal Generation
% x=0:1/100:4*pi;
% y=8*sin(x);
% subplot(2,2,1);
% plot(x,y);grid on;
% Sampling Operation
x=0:2*pi/n1:4*pi;
s=8*sin(x);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(s);
title('Analog Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(s);grid on; title('Sampled Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
vmax=8;
vmin=-vmax;
del=(vmax-vmin)/L;
part=vmin:del:vmax;
code=vmin-(del/2):del:vmax+(del/2);
[ind,q]=quantiz(s,part,code);
l1=length(ind);
l2=length(q);
for i=1:l1
if(ind(i)~=0)
ind(i)=ind(i)-1;
end
% i=i+1;
end
for i=1:l2
if(q(i)==vmin-(del/2))

77
 q(i)=vmin+(del/2);
end
end
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(q);grid on;
title('Quantized Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
% Encoding Process
figure
code=de2bi(ind,'left-msb');
k=1;
for i=1:l1
for j=1:n
coded(k)=code(i,j);
j=j+1;
k=k+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
subplot(2,1,1); grid on;
stairs(coded);
axis([0 100 -2 3]); title('Encoded Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

procedure:
1. Run MATLAB
2. Open a new script file
3. Write the code for mu-law Companding technique.
4. Run the code for execution and obtain the necessary results

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 Observations:

Result:
pulse code modulation is performed using MATLAB
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by multiplexing technique and what are the different types of Multiplexers?
2. Briefly explain about TDM&FDM?
3. What is the transmission band width of a PAM/TDM signal?
4. Define crosstalk effect in PAM/TDM system?
5. What are the advantages of TDM system?
6. What are major differences between TDM&FDM?
7. Give the value of Ts in TDM system?
8. What are the applications of TDM system and give some example?
9. What is meant by signal overlapping?
10. Which type of modulation technique will be used in TDM?
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 5. COMPANDING

Program:
clc
clear
close all
fm=1;
A1=8;
A2=0.5;
Ts=1/(1000*fm);
t=0:Ts:1;
Signal1=A1*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
Signal2=A2*sin(2*pi*2*fm*t);
Signal=[Signal1 Signal2];
t1=0:Ts:2+Ts;
plot(t1,Signal)
title('original Signal')
mu=100;
Norm_Signal=(1/max(Signal))*Signal;
Signal_compress=(log(1+mu*abs(Signal))./log(1+mu)).*sign(Signal);
figure, plot(t1,Signal_compress);
title('Compressed Signal')
Signal_Expand=(1/mu)*(((1+mu).^abs(Signal_compress))-1).*sign(Signal_compress);
figure,plot(t1,Signal_Expand)
title('Expanded Signal')

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mu=[0 5 50 100];
Rand_signal=0:0.01:1;
figure,
for i=1:length(mu)
if mu(i)==0
Rand_Signal_compress=Rand_signal;
plot(Rand_signal,Rand_Signal_compress)
hold on
else

Rand_Signal_compress=((log(1+(mu(i)*abs(Rand_signal))))./(log(1+mu(i)))).*sign(Rand_si
gnal);
plot(Rand_signal,Rand_Signal_compress)
hold on
end
end
legend('mu=0','mu=5','mu=50','mu=100');
title('mu Law Compander Charecyeristics')
a=max(abs(Rand_Signal_compress));

Observations:
V

RESULT:
Companding is performed using MATLAB
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Companding?
2. What is the principle of companding?
3. What is the main advantage of companding?
4. Explain µ-law and A-law companding characteristics?

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