Independent Learning Book Medicine
Independent Learning Book Medicine
Independent Learning Book Medicine
Example-
How useful is Source A to an historian studying
vaccination? (8)
Cartoon by James
Gillray called ‘The
wonderful effects of
the new inoculation.
Tip
CONTENT: Source A is (say how useful you think it is – very, partially, quite) l to an historian studying
…………… because it tells them about… (summarise the content of the source to finish off the opening
sentence. Then explain the content of the source, with own knowledge)
ORIGIN and PURPOSE. This source comes from ………… This means that it is…
(explain reliability of the source – is a medical journal reliable?) (Put the source in context)
Is the source representative? (again think about the date)
Overall, the source is… (give final judgement on usefulness which is the same as the opening
sentence.)
2- Compare X with Y. In what ways were they similar?
Explain your answer with reference to both.
Example_
Compare surgery in the Middle Ages with surgery at the time of John Hunter.(8)
Tips
In this answer you need:
Two examples that are described AND explained
Two paragraphs
Descriptions should include specific detail i.e. Theodoric of Lucca tried to deal with infection in
the Middle Ages with wine
Explanations should discuss similarities i.e. examining why barber surgeons were used in both
periods
A direct comparison of both periods MUST be made i.e. examining the importance of religion in
both periods e.g. discussing how religion prevented dissections in either period
Tips
Three examples that are described AND explained
Three/Four factors are discussed i.e. Science and technology AND government, individuals,
religion, war, communication or education.
A conclusion is reached
Descriptions should include specific detail i.e. Pasteur moved ideas forward by publishing the
Germ Theory
Explanations should discuss development of understanding i.e. examining how improving
technology like the microscope allowed Koch to identify the tuberculosis germ.
Consequences of the factors are discussed in their historical context e.g. Consequence of
religion in the Middle Ages and Renaissance was that little understanding of disease developed.
2) On which Ancient Greek theory did Medieval doctors base their treatments?
_______________________________
4) Why did Medieval Christian hospitals prefer to look after patients rather than treat them?
_____________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
5) Explain three reasons why the Christian Church held back medical progress in the Medieval period.
____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
6) Which two Muslim doctors had a great influence on medicine in Western Europe?
__________________________
10) Who was the most famous surgeon in Medieval England, and how did he improve surgery?
__________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
11) Why did the increase in public dissections not improve anatomical understanding?
_________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
12) Explain three reasons why public health was so poor in Medieval towns.
_________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
13) Why were the laws passed by some Medieval town councils to improve public health not
successful? __________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
14) Explain two reasons why health was often better in Medieval monasteries than it was in towns.
_______________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
15) Name the two different types of plague that came to England in 1348.
___________________________________
16) Why did the Black Death spread so quickly, and what were two of the things people thought
caused it? _________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
17) What proportion of the English population was killed by the Black Death?
________________________________
18) Why did life get worse as a result of the Black Death?
_______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________
19) Why did life soon get better for Medieval peasants?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
21) The ‘Renaissance’ began in _____ and was a period in which people no longer __________ what
they were told but instead ____________ existing views. The _______ lost much of its influence.
Artists used new methods to make their paintings more _________ and the invention of the
_________ _______ in 1451 allowed knowledge to be spread more quickly throughout Europe. This
meant that ordinary people could learn about new ____________. New technology such as
_____________ meant that injured soldiers got new types of wounds, forcing surgeons to find new
ways of coping. The discovery of the _____________ in the late 1400s brought new foods and
medicines.
22) Answer these questions about the work of Andreas Vesalius in improving anatomical
understanding.
a) How did Vesalius realise that Galen had made mistakes?
_______________________________________
b) Why were Galen’s findings not as accurate as Vesalius’s?
______________________________________
c) What was the name of Vesalius’s illustrated textbook (1543)?
____________________________________
d) What was the response to Vesalius’s work (short-term impact)?
__________________________________
23) Explain why Vesalius’s work had a more significant long-term impact.
___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
24) How did Henry VIII improve the work of barber-surgeons in 1540?
______________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
25) Answer these questions about the work of Ambroise Paré in improving surgery.
a) Why was war an important factor in the work of Paré?
__________________________________________
b) How were gunshot wounds treated before Paré’s discovery?
_____________________________________
c) Why and how did this change because of Paré?
_______________________________________________
d) How did Paré improve the practice of amputation?
_____________________________________________
e) How did Paré improve post-surgery life for wounded soldiers?
___________________________________
27) Explain two ways in which Paré’s work improved surgery in England in the long-term.
______________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
29) Answer these questions about the work of William Harvey in understanding how blood circulates
around the body.
a) How did Harvey discover how blood circulated?
_______________________________________________
b) Why did Harvey take 12 years to publish his ideas?
____________________________________________
c) What could Harvey not provide an answer for?
________________________________________________
d) Which popular medical treatment did this challenge?
___________________________________________
30) Explain (with specific detail) how significant Harvey’s discovery was in the short-term and the
long-term.
Short-term)
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
Long-term)
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
31) Which invention proved that Harvey was correct, four years after his death?
______________________________
32) Which four sources of medical advice were available to people in the 1600s and 1700s who could
not afford to see a doctor?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____
33) Which Medieval treatment was still used in 1685 to treat King Charles II?
________________________________
34) Which other superstitious treatment did 3000 people per year come to London for?
________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
e) How many Londoners did the plague kill?
____________________________________________________
36) How did beliefs about what hospitals were for change in the 1700s?
____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
38) Answer these questions about the work of John Hunter in improving anatomical understanding in
the 1700s.
a) Describe one occasion on which John Hunter tried a radical experiment.
___________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
b) Which important organisation, in charge of training surgeons, was Hunter part of?
____________________
c) Which mistaken idea about gunshot wounds did Hunter prove wrong?
_____________________________
d) How was Hunter’s work significant in the short-term?
___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
e) For long-term significance, which historically important doctor did Hunter train?
______________________
39) What is the difference between inoculation and vaccination?
__________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________
40) Answer these questions about the work of Edward Jenner in discovering vaccination and
defeating smallpox.
a) Explain two problems with inoculation.
______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
b) Which milder disease did Jenner inject an 8-year-old boy with?
___________________________________
c) Why was it difficult for others to accept vaccination in the short-term?
______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
d) In the long-term, what did the British government do in 1853?
____________________________________
e) In the long-term, which two famous rival doctors built on Jenner’s work?
____________________________
41) Which two anaesthetics were used before the discovery of chloroform in 1847?
___________________________
42) After the microscope was invented in 1677, allowing scientists to see microbes, how did they
believe they got inside the body?
________________________________________________________________________________
43) What did Louis Pasteur discover in 1861 that disproved this?
__________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
44) What was the difference between the beliefs of contagionists and anti-contagionists, and who was
right? _______
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
45) Answer these questions about the work of Joseph Lister in developing antiseptic surgery.
a) How is Lister’s work related to Pasteur’s?
____________________________________________________
b) How did Lister stop infections getting in during surgery?
________________________________________
c) What did Lister not do?
__________________________________________________________________
d) In the short-term, how did many doctors respond to Lister’s results?
_______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
46) Which disease led many British doctors to accept Pasteur’s Germ Theory?
_______________________________
47) Which method of surgery developed in the 1890s, 30 years after Pasteur published his Germ
Theory, and what did this method involve?
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
48) Answer these questions about the work of Robert Koch in applying Pasteur’s theories to human
diseases.
a) Koch first become famous for identifying which disease?
________________________________________
b) How did Koch prove specific bacteria were responsible for specific diseases?
_______________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
c) Which British doctor promoted the work of Pasteur and Koch, even when it was unpopular?
____________
d) What did Koch’s work allow he and Pasteur to create?
_________________________________________
49) Answer these questions about the discoveries of Pasteur and Koch in the 1880s and 1890s.
a) Why was war an important factor in the work of both men?
______________________________________
b) After Koch identified the germ in Q48a, which two animal diseases did Pasteur’s team
create vaccines for?
__________________________________________________________________________
_____________
c) Which two germs did Koch’s team identify in the 1880s?
________________________________________
d) What did Pasteur prove about vaccines in 1885?
______________________________________________
50) Explain three reasons why Britain’s towns and cities were so dirty in the early 1800s.
_______________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
51) What did people think caused the 1800s cholera outbreaks, and what really did?
__________________________
52) What did Edwin Chadwick’s report say caused cholera, and what did it say needed to be done?
______________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
53) Why did the government not do anything despite Chadwick’s report?
____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
54) What changed the government’s minds and what did the 1848 Public Health Act do?
_______________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
55) Why was this Act ineffective?
___________________________________________________________________
56) What did Dr John Snow discover, and how did he discover it?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
58) What did Parliament do about this and who did they ask?
_____________________________________________
59) Why did the government begin to take more responsibility for public health after 1867?
_____________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
60) Explain two ways the Second Public Health Act of 1875 improved public health.
___________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
61) What is a ‘magic bullet’ and who discovered one for syphilis in 1909?
___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
62) Answer these questions on the work of Alexander Fleming in discovering penicillin, the world’s
first antibiotic.
a) Which nasty germ remained undefeated by the 1920s?
_________________________________________
b) Why was Fleming studying this germ?
______________________________________________________
c) How did he accidentally discover in 1928 that penicillin could kill germs?
___________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
63) Why was Fleming’s discovery of penicillin not very significant in the short-term?
___________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
64) What made penicillin more significant in the long-term and why were the factors of government
and war vital?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
65) What were the names of the British scientists who first used penicillin to treat infection?
_____________________
66) Complete this table to outline post-1945 developments in the human body and our understanding
of disease.
Scientists Francis Crick and James Watson discover ______. The understanding of this leads to such
1953 developments as gene _________, genetic _____________ and genetic engineering.
Geoff Hounsfield invents the ______ scanner, which uses __________ images from many angles to
1973 build a 3D image of the inside of the body.
Endoscopes are developed. These are _________-_________ cables allowing doctors to go under the
1975 _____ to see inside the body.
1980 The disease of ____________ is officially eradicated after a global ________________ campaign.
The __________ ___________ ___________ successfully identified the roles of all the _________ in
1990-2003 the human body. Ongoing research into genetics and treating diseases comes from this research.
69) Explain five ways in which governments now get involved more in public health.
___________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
71) Which mental condition, previously called ‘shell shock’, was not recognised until after WW1?
_________________
72) Answer these questions about the role of World War One in improving surgery and health.
a) Which 1900 discovery allowed wartime surgeons to carry out blood transfusions?
____________________
b) Which 1895 discovery was used near battlefields to examine wounded soldiers?
_____________________
c) How did army doctor Harold Gillies dramatically improve post-wound care?
_________________________
d) Which lethal infection did surgeons work out how best to prevent?
________________________________
73) Answer these questions about the role of World War Two in improving surgery and health.
a) Which important service opened in 1938?
___________________________________________________
b) What progressed greatly during the war thanks to US surgeon Dwight Harken?
______________________
c) What was created in 1948 as a result of the public wanting the government to take a
greater role? _______
d) Why did the war improve people’s diets?
____________________________________________________
e) Which ‘wonder drug’ was mass produced in order to treat the Allied forces?
_________________________
f) How did the evacuation of children change public health?
________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______
74) Why did the 1899-1902 Boer War force the government to improve public health?
_________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
75) Explain three improvements to public health as a result of the social reforms of the Liberal Party
after 1906.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
76) What was the drawback to this system for the unemployed?
___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________
77) What is the name for the system by which the government aims to help those in need – mainly the
old, the sick, the unemployed and children?
_____________________________________________________________________
78) Who wrote a report upon in 1942 which the Labour Party based its post-war promises of a health
service and social security providing ‘from the cradle to the grave’ insurance for all?
_____________________________________
79) Answer these questions about the post-war Labour government’s reforms.
a) What was the name of the Labour Prime Minister from 1945 to 1951?
_____________________________
b) What was the school leaving age raised to?
__________________________________________________
c) What was introduced to help with childcare costs?
_____________________________________________
d) What was the name of the Minister of Health who introduced the NHS in the face of
opposition from political opponents and from doctors?
______________________________________________________________________
e) In which two areas did the NHS not stay free for long?
__________________________________________
80) What is the name of the ‘superbug’ that is resistant to antibiotics?
______________________________________
2- 4 humours-
3- Monasteries-
4- Dissection-
5- Public Health-
6- Cauterizing-
7- Ligatures-
8- Antibiotics
9- Inoculation
10- Magic bullet-
11- Galen-
13- Vesalius-
14- Harvey-
15- Jenner-
16- Rhazes-
17- Avicenna-
20-Pasteurisation-
22- DNA-
36-Christian Barnard-
39- Anaesthetics-
40- Antiseptic-
41- NHS-
42- Cholera-
43- Latrine-
45- Sanitation-
50-Keyhole surgery-
51- Reform-
53- Contaminated-
54- Epidemic
55- Black Death-
56- Plague-
57- Flagellants-