Jeni’s you can come 8jsjsjhd di sir tahil about na na na na na na na na na song I sent 📤 3Steel is an

alloy of iron and carbon with improved strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of
iron. Many other elements may be present

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with improved strength and fracture

resistance compared to other forms of iron. Many other elements may be present or
added. Stainless steels that are corrosion- and oxidation-resistant typically need an
additional 11% chromium. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used
in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances,
and weapons.
Iron is the base metal of steel. Depending on the temperature, it can take two crystalline
forms (allotropic forms): body-centred cubic and face-centred cubic. The interaction of
the allotropes of iron with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, gives steel and cast
iron their range of unique properties. In pure iron, the crystal structure has relatively little
resistance to the iron atoms slipping past one another, and so pure iron is quite ductile,
or soft and easily formed. In steel, small amounts of carbon, other elements, and
inclusions within the iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement
of dislocations.
The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.14% of its weight. Varying the
amount of carbon and many other alloying elements, as well as controlling their
chemical and physical makeup in the final steel (either as solute elements, or as
precipitated phases), impedes the movement of the dislocations that make pure iron
ductile, and thus controls and enhances its qualities. These qualities include
the hardness, quenching behaviour, need for annealing, tempering behaviour, yield strength,
and tensile strength of the resulting steel. The increase in steel's strength compared to
pure iron is possible only by reducing iron's ductility.
Steel was produced in bloomery furnaces for thousands of years, but its large-scale,
industrial use began only after more efficient production methods were devised in the
17th century, with the introduction of the blast furnace and production of crucible steel.
This was followed by the open-hearth furnace and then the Bessemer process in England in
the mid-19th century. With the invention of the Bessemer process, a new era of mass-
produced steel began. Mild steel replaced wrought iron. The German states saw major steel
prowess over Europe in the 19th century.[1]
Further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS), largely
replaced earlier methods by further lowering the cost of production and increasing the
quality of the final product. Today, steel is one of the most commonly manufactured
materials in the world, with more than 1.6 billion tons produced annually. Modern steel
is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organisations. The
modern steel industry is one of the largest manufacturing industries in the world, but is
one of the most energy and greenhouse gas emission intense industries, contributing 8%
of global emissions.[2] However, steel is also very reusable: it is one of the world's most-
recycled materials, with a recycling rate of over 60% globally.[3]