Judge The Validity of The Evidence Listened To

JUDGE THE VALIDITY OF THE
EVIDENCE LISTENED TO
Objective:
- Be able to judge the validity of the evidences listened to

Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret
messages in the communication process.

Listening is key to all effective communication. Without the ability to listen effectively,
messages are easily misunderstood. As a result, communication breaks down and the
sender of the message can easily become frustrated or irritated.
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/listening-skills.html
Passive listening is one-way communication where the receiver doesn’t provide feedback or ask
questions and may or may not understand the sender’s message.
Active listening includes responses that demonstrate that you understand what the other person is
trying to tell you about his or her experience. https://www.giftoflifeinstitute.org/the-importance-of-active-
listening/#:~:text=Passive%20listening%20is%20one%2Dway,about%20his%20or%20her%20experience.
What is Evidence? the available body of facts or
information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

Four types of Evidence:
1. Statistical Evidence
Statistical evidence is the kind of data people tend to look for first when
trying to prove a point. That’s not surprising when you consider how
prevalent it is in today’s society. Remember those McDonald’s signs that
said “Over 1 billion served”? How about those Trident chewing gum
commercials that say “4 out of 5 dentists recommend chewing sugarless gum”?
Every time you use numbers to support a main point, you’re relying on
statistical evidence to carry your argument.
2. Testimonial Evidence
Testimonial evidence is another type of evidence that is commonly turned to
by people trying to prove a point. Commercials that use spokespersons to
testify about the quality of a company’s product, lawyers who rely on eye-
witness accounts to win a case, and students who quote an authority in their
essays are all using testimonial evidence.
3. Anecdotal Evidence
Often dismissed as untrustworthy and meaningless, anecdotal evidence is one of the more
underutilized types of evidence. Anecdotal evidence is evidence that is based on a
person’s observations of the world. It can actually be very useful for disproving
generalizations because all you need is one example that contradicts a claim.
Be careful when using this type of evidence to try and support your claims. One example of
a non-native English speaker who has perfect grammar does NOT prove that ALL non-native
English speakers have perfect grammar. All the anecdote can do is disprove the claim that
all immigrants who are non-native English speakers have terrible grammar.
You CAN use this type of evidence to support claims, though, if you use it in conjunction
with other types of evidence. Personal observations can serve as wonderful examples to
introduce a topic and build it up – just make sure you include statistical evidence so the
reader of your paper doesn’t question whether your examples are just isolated incidents.
4. Analogical Evidence
The last type of evidence is called analogical evidence. It is also underutilized, but
this time for a reason. Analogies are mainly useful when dealing with a topic that is
under-researched. If you are on the cutting edge of an issue, you’re the person breaking
new ground. When you don’t have statistics to refer to or other authorities on the matter
to quote, you have to get your evidence from somewhere. Analogical evidence steps in to
save the day.
Take the following example: You work for a company that is considering turning some land
into a theme park. On that land there happens to be a river that your bosses think would
make a great white-water rafting ride. They’ve called on you to assess whether or not that
ride would be a good idea.
home. http://www.writingsimplified.com/2009/10/4-types-of-evidence.html
When reading/listening to others’ arguments as well as planning your own, you must determine if the evidence is
credible, accurate, and reliable. If the evidence does not meet these criteria, then your argument is (more) likely to
fail.
To evaluate evidence for credibility, accuracy, and reliability, consider the following questions:
1. Who/what is the source of the evidence? It is important to determine the credentials of

the person/group responsible for the evidence, and, depending on where the evidence is found,
it may be (fairly) easy to do so.
2. Is the evidence found in a primary or secondary source? A primary source is an original
source, such as a literary work, historical document, photo, etc., whereas a secondary source
provides content that has already been interpreted (and thus is a step or steps removed from
the original). Depending on the scope of the project and the focus of the argument, primary
sources may be needed more so than secondary sources and vice versa.
3. How does the evidence from one source compare and contrast with the evidence from
another source? Particularly for academic writing, arguments are generally supported by
evidence found in multiple sources. It’s important to consider how evidence may or may not
represent a pattern across sources, and the implications of that for the argument being made
4. How current is the evidence? Generally, you will want evidence to be as up-to-date as
possible, particularly in areas such as science, health/medicine, and technology that can evolve
quickly. In some cases, if evidence is from even just two years ago it may be outdated,
whereas in other cases the evidence may have a longer “shelf life.”
5. Is the evidence specific to the reasons for which it is being provided, and does it
ultimately support the claim? Sometimes “tangential” evidence may be all that is available at
the time to back a reason or reasons, but almost always the evidence should be specific to the
reasons and claim, not merely related.
6. Why is the evidence important to the argument? Generally, when making an argument there
are many choices to be made, including what evidence from the range of evidence available is
the best to include. Consider whether and why the evidence that has been provided or that
you are considering using is necessary to the argument.
7. What does the evidence perhaps suggest, but not explicitly show? In order to develop a
strong argument, it’s necessary to consider the possible different interpretations of the
evidence, and address them as needed.
8. What is interesting about the evidence that will make it catch the attention of the
reader and be memorable? In some cases, evidence that states the obvious may be
necessary, but often argument is more complex than that and, therefore, requires more
engaging evidence.https://courses.lumenlearning.com/olemiss-writ250/chapter/evaluating-evidence/
It is important to validate the evidence listened to, to avoid
fallacy.
Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that

will undermine the logic of your argument. Fallacies
can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant
points, and are often identified because they lack
evidence that supports their claim. Avoid these common
fallacies in your own arguments and watch for them in
the arguments of others. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/logic_in_argumentative_writing/fallacies.html

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JUDGE THE VALIDITY OF THE

- Be able to judge the validity of the evidences listened to

messages in the communication process.

What is Evidence? the available body of facts or

information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

1. Who/what is the source of the evidence? It is important to determine the credentials of

Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that

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