Bhārat Ga Arājya: Republic of India

This article is about the Republic of India.
For other uses, see India (disambiguation).
Republic of India
Bhārat Gaṇarājya
(see other local names)
Flag
State emblem
Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]
Anthem: "Jana Gana Mana"[2][3]

"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"[4][2]
1:04
National song
"Vande Mataram" (Sanskrit)
"I Bow to Thee, Mother"[a][1][2]
Territory controlled by India shown in dark green; territory
claimed but not controlled shown in light green
Capital New Delhi

28°36′50″N 77°12′30″E
Mumbai (city proper)
Largest city
Delhi (metropolitan area)
Official languag Hindi
es English[b][8]
Recognised None[9][10][11]
national language
s
Recognised show
regional languag
State level and Eighth Schedule[12]
es
Native 447 languages[c]

languages
Religion 79.8% Hinduism
(2011) 14.2% Islam
2.3% Christianity
1.7% Sikhism
0.7% Buddhism
0.4% Jainism
0.23% Unaffiliated
0.65% Others[15]
Demonym(s) Indian
Government Federal parliamentary constitutional repu
blic
• President Droupadi Murmu

• Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi
• Chief Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud
• Lok Sabha Om Birla
Speaker
Legislature Parliament
• Upper house Rajya Sabha

• Lower house Lok Sabha
Independence
from the United Kingdom
• Dominion 15 August 1947
• Republic 26 January 1950
Area
• Total 3,287,263[2] km2 (1,269,219 sq mi)[d] (7th)
• Water (%) 9.6
Population
• 2022 estimate 1,375,586,000[17] (2nd)
• 2011 census 1,210,854,977[18][19] (2nd)
• Density 418.9/km2 (1,084.9/sq mi) (30th)
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
• Total $11.665 trillion[20] (3rd)
• Per capita $8,293[20] (127th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
• Total $3.469 trillion[20] (5th)
• Per capita $2,466[20] (139th)
Gini (2011) 35.7[21][22]
medium
HDI (2021) 0.633[23]
medium · 132nd
Currency Indian rupee (₹) (INR)
Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)

DST is not observed
Date format dd-mm-yyyy[e]
Driving side left[24]
Calling code +91
ISO 3166 code IN
Internet TLD .in (others)
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: Bhārat Gaṇarājya),[25] is a country in South Asia. It is

the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most
populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian
Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land
borders with Pakistan to the west;[f] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north;
and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri
Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime
border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.
Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago.[26]
[27][28]
Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the
region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity.[29] Settled life emerged on
the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving
gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE.[30] By 1200 BCE,
an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the
northwest.[31][32] Its evidence today is found in the hymns of the Rigveda. Preserved by a resolutely
vigilant oral tradition, the Rigveda records the dawning of Hinduism in India.[33] The Dravidian
languages of India were supplanted in the northern and western regions.[34] By
400 BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism,
[35]
and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity.[36] Early
political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in
the Ganges Basin.[37] Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity,[38] but also
marked by the declining status of women,[39] and the incorporation of untouchability into an
organised system of belief.[g][40] In South India, the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian-
languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of Southeast Asia.[41]
In the early medieval era, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism became established
on India's southern and western coasts.[42] Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently overran
India's northern plains,[43] eventually founding the Delhi Sultanate, and drawing northern India into
the cosmopolitan networks of medieval Islam.[44] In the 15th century, the Vijayanagara
Empire created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture in south India.[45] In
the Punjab, Sikhism emerged, rejecting institutionalised religion.[46] The Mughal Empire, in 1526,
ushered in two centuries of relative peace,[47] leaving a legacy of luminous architecture.[h]
[48]
Gradually expanding rule of the British East India Company followed, turning India into a
colonial economy, but also consolidating its sovereignty.[49] British Crown rule began in 1858. The
rights promised to Indians were granted slowly,[50][51] but technological changes were introduced,
and modern ideas of education and the public life took root.[52] A pioneering and influential
nationalist movement emerged, which was noted for nonviolent resistance and became the major
factor in ending British rule.[53][54] In 1947 the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two
independent dominions,[55][56][57][58] a Hindu-majority Dominion of India and a Muslim-
majority Dominion of Pakistan, amid large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration.[59]

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This article is about the Republic of India.

For other uses, see India (disambiguation).

"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]

Anthem: "Jana Gana Mana"[2][3]

Capital New Delhi

Native 447 languages[c]

• President Droupadi Murmu

• Upper house Rajya Sabha

• Per capita $8,293[20] (127th)

• Per capita $2,466[20] (139th)

Currency Indian rupee (₹) (INR)

Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)

Date format dd-mm-yyyy[e]

Driving side left[24]

Calling code +91

ISO 3166 code IN

Internet TLD .in (others)

India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: Bhārat Gaṇarājya),[25] is a country in South Asia. It is

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