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Settling Properties of Activated Sludge from a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)

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Polish Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 10, No. 1 (2001), 15-20

Settling Properties of Activated Sludge from a

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)

W. Janczukowicz, M. Szewczyk, M. Krzemieniewski, J. Pesta

Department of Environment Protection Engineering, Warmia and Mazury University,

Prawochenskiego 1, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland.

Received: July 12, 2000

Accepted: October 6, 2000

Abstract
The purpose of this work was to examine the settling properties of activated sludge from a sequencing
batch reactor (SBR). The experiments were carried out in a bench-scale reactor, fed with wastewater from
the University of Olsztyn treatment plant.
Concentrations of the examined activated sludge varied between 2.5 and 6.0 kg SS m-3. Laboratory
analyses of the sludge comprised: sludge concentration, settleability, sedimentation velocity and sludge
volume index (SVI).
The study revealed very good settling properties of the sludge. Low SVI (30 - 60 ml g-1 SS) was
responsible for an intensive and quick sedimentation which shortened the settle phase to less than one hour.
Moreover, low SVI prevented the sludge from bulking.
High dissolved oxygen concentrations in the aeration tank during the react phase resulted in little sludge
biomass growth, which is very important from the viewpoint of sludge disposal at a wastewater treatment
plant.

Keywords: sequencing batch reactor (SBR), sludge properties, settleability, sludge volume index (SVI).

Introduction The most problematic is excessive hydration of ac-

tivated sludge, called sludge bulking. It may be caused by
In the activated sludge method, separation of sludge sludge overloading, lack of nutrients in wastewater,
from the effluent is a supplementary process to aeration. a deficit or too high dissolved oxygen concentration, low
During sedimentation, concentration of suspended solids pH value, or finally also by technical reasons (e.g. inap-
reaching a few thousand milligrams per litre must be propriate reactor shape). As a result, unwanted activated
lowered to less than 50 mg 1-1. Therefore, it is very im- sludge microorganisms appear, especially the filamentous
portant to maintain the right parameters of activated bacteria. These bacteria cause a distinct increase of the
sludge, allowing for its easy separation from the purified active surface of floes which in turn significantly slows
wastewater. down the sludge settling.
In practice, operation of a wastewater treatment plant Although the problem of sludge bulking has been re-
with the activated sludge is related to a number of dis- ported by numerous authors, its scale and arduousness
turbances. Especially unfavourable are the processes call for further study. The current trend is to design treat-
causing turbid effluent, foaming in the aeration tank and ment systems that will not be subject to this phenom-
secondary settling tank, and excessive hydration of ac- enon.
tivated sludge [11, 17]. Sludge bulking can be avoided in a sequencing batch
reactor [2, 25]. In the SBR method, the fill phase is com-
menced without wastewater aeration. The basic par-
Correspondence to: Prof, dr hab. M. Krzemieniewski ameters of the technological process, such as
16 Janczukowicz W. et al.

dissolved oxygen and organic compounds concentration, with a mechanical stirrer and a compressor with dome
are a function of time. diffuser for the wastewater aeration. Fig. 2 shows the
SBRs are known not only for ease in sludge manipula- scheme of the experimental model.
tion but also for other properties, such as high removal
rate of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater, and overflow tank
considerable simplification of a treatment plant techno-
logical arrangement.
Having the above in mind, the authors of this paper
decided to examine quality and quantity of the activated
sludge from an SBR in order to verify its good settling
Imhoff tank
properties. motor

Methods
SBR tank

Experimental model control system

effluent
The experiments were conducted in a bench-scale
SBR, shown in Fig. 1. The reactor diameter was 60 cm,
total height 125 cm, and total volume 318 litres. compressor

The reactor was fed with wastewater from the treat-

ment plant at the University in Olsztyn. The treatment Fig. 2. Scheme of experimental model.
system with the SBR model was designed in the first row
for high-rate nitrogen and phosphorus removal (Jan-
czukowicz, 1995). Before the wastewater was pumped to After the start of the fill phase (wastewater pumped
the reactor, it was introduced in the raw-wastewater, to the reactor tank), the control system was turning on
overflow tank. The volume of 218 litres of wastewater the mechanical stirrer. Next was the mix phase, lasting
was dosed in a single batch. The reactor was equipped 2 h 20 min. Mixing was followed by aeration (react
phase) when compressed air was introduced in the reac-
tor for 2 h 40 min. Finally, during the settle phase, the
tank content was subjected to sedimentation for 1 h. De-
cantation (draw phase) was performed until wastewater
reached the minimum level (35 cm), closing the whole
cycle. The full treatment cycle lasted approximately
6 h 20 min.

Analytical Procedures
Analyses of the physico-chemical parameters of the
wastewater and sludge parameters were performed ac-
cording to Hermanowicz et al. [12]. Wastewater examin-
ations comprised of dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD5 at 20°C), chemical oxygen de-
mand (COD), ammonia, nitrates, total nitrogen, phos-
phates, total phosphorus, pH, temperature, suspended
solids (SS). DO was measured with a dissolved oxygen
probe HI 9143. To determine the settling properties of
sludge, concentration, settleability and sludge volume in-
dex (SVI) were analysed. Additionally, to illustrate the
course of sedimentation process, total suspended solids
(TSS) in the effluent were measured. Effluent turbidity
was not measured because it is excluded from the Polish
effluent quality standards and is not required by waste-
water discharge permits.
D = 60 cm Hmin = 35 cm . Samples for wastewater and sludge analyses were
taken once a month for the period of 1.5 years (Jan. 1995
Vi = 218 litres Hmax = 112 cm through April 1996). Wastewater for analyses was sam-
pled from the overflow tank. Samples for sludge and SS
V2 = 100 litres Ht = 125 cm analyses were taken from three depths in the reactor i.e.
maximum level (liquid surface), middle of the reactor
height and minimum level, five minutes after the start of
Fig. 1. Experimental reactor dimensions. sedimentation and ten minutes before its termination.
Settling Properties of Activated ... 17

Results of the wastewater and sludge analyses presented Results and Discussion
in Tables 1 and 2 are the averages from the experimental
period. Sludge Volume Index (SVI)
The measured values of SVI, (Table 2) reveal little
Table 1. Raw wastewater quality characteristics. variability and are mainly in the range from 30 to 60 ml
g-1 SS. A break-down of the stirrer and the aeration sys-
Contaminant Min Mean Max tem was the reason for the very high SVI value of 96.8 ml
Unit
value value value g-1 (Feb. 1996). No correlation was observed between
BOD5 mg O21-1 31 72 88 sludge concentration and SVI.
COD mg O21 -1
68 135 152 Many authors recognise SVI as the parameter best
characterising sludge settling properties. SVI is also
Ammonia mg N-NH41-1 56.8 a good indicator of sludge bulking. In practice, SVI can
14.6 17.6
nitrogen
vary from 30 to 400 ml g-1 [10, 17]. However, it usually
Nitrates mg N-NO31-1 0.007 0.1 0.36 does not exceed the value of 150 ml g-1 which is an indi-
Total nitrogen mg N 1 -1 17.6 25.3 29.1 cator of good settling properties of the sludge. Palm and
-1 Jenkins [23] reported that sludge of the SVI over 150 ml
Phosphates mg P-PO41 1.02 6.1 13.5
g1 is often classified as bulking sludge. The same authors
Total mg P I-1 1.3 6.2
also pointed out the dangers associated with too low SVI
15.7
phosphorus in the conventional wastewater treatment systems. They
DO mg O21-1 1.6 4.2 6.6 have found out that quickly settling sludge (SVI below 70
ml g-1) can be the reason for turbid effluent, caused by
PH 7.52 7.75 8.08 weakly structured and small floes.
Temperature °C 8.2 9.8 15.5 A proper SVI value, especially below 100 ml g-1, is of
mgl -1
109.5 245.5
major importance in the activated sludge method. Al-
TSS 202.8
though Rensink and Donker [24] have demonstrated that
organic compounds are better removed by well-settling
sludge (of low SVI), a high SVI sludge can work effec-
tively. However, in the conventional sedimentation time,
Table 2. Activated sludge characteristics. activated sludge with low SVI does 1 and can be carried
over to the effluent [6]. This tendency has not been ob-
Sludge served in SBRs; the current study also confirms that.
Settling Sludge
Sample No. concentra- SVI
velocity
The SVI values obtained in the experiment are rather
tion age low, compared to the results reported by other authors.
Malej [21] obtained in two aeration tanks at the waste-
(kg m-3) (ml g-1) (m h-1) (d)
water treatment plant in Koszalin the SVI of 87-148 ml
1 4.59 34.8 10.90 10.7 g-1 and 92-157 ml g-1, regarded by him as optimal in the
2 4.29 43.6 10.27 19.5 conventional activated sludge system. Klimiuk and Jan-
3 3.45 40.6 10.46 18.3 czukowicz [18] observed at the wastewater treatment
4 3.49 57.3 9.55 24.2 plant in Olsztynek that sludge of the SVI 127-258 ml g-1
5 3.26 36.8 10.74 16.6
had a tendency to bulk. Albertson [2] obtained in four
6 4.82 31.1 11.23 13.8
tanks working in a row: 517 ml g-1 in the first tank, 300 ml
7 5.02 35.1 10.88 15.8
8 20.5
g-1 in the second, 91 ml g-1 in the third, and 51 ml g-1 in
5.08 46.0 10.12
9 16.1 the fourth. Similar results were reported by Daigger and
6.20 35.5 10.80
10 4.53 60.9 25.3 Roper [7], Daigger [8], Lee et al. [20], Chang et al [5],
9.39
11 3.87 76.5 8.84 29.2 and Eliosov et al [9].
12 5.71 49.8 9.91 21.8
13 4.31 37.1 10.72 16.8
14 2.67 96.8 8.30 33.2
15 Sedimentation Velocity
5.51 45.4 10.16 20.2
16 4.54 61.6 9.36 25.5
Sedimentation velocity was calculated based on the
mathematical formula by Akca [1]:

The sequence and duration of phases during the Vo = 28.1 (SVI) -02667
whole experiment were the same but the wastewater
loadings varied, depending on the season, day of the Results of the calculations are shown in Table 2. Al-
week and time of the day. though the obtained values are approximations, due to
The laboratory analyses were carried out for the certain simplifications in the mathematical model,
sludge concentrations between 2.5 and 6.0 kg SS mg-3. a strong dependence between the SVI reduction and the
Sludge loading varied from 0.0015 to 0.05 kg BOD5 kg-1 increase of sedimentation velocity can be observed (cor-
SS d-1. relation factor R2 = 0.953). The formula does not incor-
 18 Janczukowicz W. et al.

porate the influence of sludge concentration, although Table 3. Relation between SVI and reactor type.
according to Daigger and Roper [7] and Daigger [8] an
increase of sludge concentration decreases sedimentation Reactor type SVI (ml g-1)
velocity because settling is hindered by the high quantity Continuous flow 20 - 600
of floes. The mean value of sedimentation velocity in the
Discontinuous flow 100 - 500
experimental SBR was 10.5 m h-1, and was similar to ob-
tained by Akca et al. [1] who reported the value of 9.9 Continuous flow with mixing tank before the
70
m h-1. Also Wahlberg and Keinath [26] obtained similar reactor
settling velocity; the value they reported was 12.2 m h-1 SBR 40-60
(In both cases the SVI amounted to 50 ml g1). Daigger
Experimental SBR 30-50
and Roper [7] in their study observed the settling velocity
of 7.8 m h-1. acc. [27, 19, 8].

Low SVI values in SBRs seem to be strongly related

Dissolved Oxygen Concentration (DO) to duration of the treatment cycle phases, especially mix
phase and react phase. A substantial increase of the in-
Researchers who have analysed factors influencing itial substrate concentration during mixing phase and
SVI and sedimentation velocity emphasise the import- prolonged starvation period with very high DO concen-
ance of quantity of filamentous forms in sludge, especial- tration, may have an effect on sludge settleability [15].
ly bacteria. Palm and Jenkins [23] demonstrated that if Results obtained in the experiment have confirmed this
the number of filamentous forms in a floe is about 104 per thesis. In the mix phase, lasting 2 h, the SVI was 30 ml g-1.
millilitre of sludge, the SVI is lower than 100 ml g-1. How- After 2.8 h of aeration it reached 50 ml g-1. Irvine et al.
ever, if the number raises to 105, the SVI increases to [14, 15] in two SBRs at the treatment plant in Culver
300-800 ml g-1. obtained: 110-200 ml g-1 in the first reactor, and 90-150
ml g -1 in the second. Mix and react phases lasted 0.2
The same authors reported also that high DO concen-
h and 2.2 h in the first, and 0.4 h and 2.1 h in the second.
tration in wastewater has a positive impact on reduction
of the number of filamentous forms in floes. This phe-
nomenon, observed also by other authors [2, 28, 17]
allows to prevent the sludge from bulking in well-aerated Sludge Settleability
treatment systems.
Oxygen concentrations obtained during the aeration
phase indicate very good oxygen conditions in the experi- This parameter was analysed based on the settling
mental SBR. At the end of this phase it was recorded curves [29]. The curves present sludge volume decrease
in time. In the experiment, the curves were prepared for
that the oxygen concentration reached 8-9 mg O2 1-1
the concentrations: 2.5 kg m-3, 3 kg m-3, 3.5 kg m-3, 4 kg
which should be regarded as very high. Authors of this
m-3, 4.5 kg m-3, 5.5 kg m-3 and 6 kg m-3.
study assume that this was the reason for the low SVI For the sludge concentrations between 2.5 and 4 kg
obtained in the experiment. m-3, the free settling phase was clearly shown by the
Akca et al. [1] related the presence of filamentous curves. The phase lasted till the so-called compression
forms in sludge floes to the sludge age. They formulated point, which in the experiment was reached after about
a term "critical DO concentration". In aeration tank, de- 10 minutes of the sludge sedimentation. Free settling was
pending on the sludge age, it is the concentration below followed by the compression settling which resulted in
which the most favourable conditions for sludge bulking deterioration of the macro structure of floes. The sludge
are created. Sludge age in this study was calculated based concentration increased significantly, up to 20 kg m-3.
on the mathematical model derived by Akca et al. The Hanel [11] reported that in well settling sludge, at very
results are shown in Table 2. The "critical DO concentra- long sedimentation time, sludge concentration can rise
tion" for the min calculated sludge age of 10.7 d was 0.4 even to 25 kg m-3. However, it can only reach 1-2 kg m-3 in
mg 1-1 and for the max sludge age of 33.2 d it was 0.008 bulking sludge.
mg 1-1, and was many times lower than the actual values In the sludge concentrations over 4 kg m-3 it was hard,
observed in the experimental SBR. or even impossible, to distinguish the compression point.
Many researchers [28, 4, 3, 20] are of the opinion that Increase of sludge quantity per volume unit decreases
temporary anaerobic conditions have a positive influence sedimentation velocity through the mutual impediment
on SVI. Anaerobic conditions increase the aggregation of of settling floes. This phenomenon is called "hindrance
floes which prevents turbidity in the effluent, provided effect".
the SVI is below 70 ml g-1 (which was the case in the In the sludge concentrations of 4.5 kg m-3 and 5 kg m-3
experimental SBR). In the conventional activated sludge settling was strongly hindered. For most of the 1-hour
method aerobic and anaerobic conditions are hard to ob- test the compression settling took place, and in the con-
tain in one reactor. In the SBR oxic and anoxic condi- centration over 5 kg m-3 only compression was observed.
tions are secured sequentially in the same tank. As a re- Generally, it was observed that with the sludge con-
sult, sludge has very low volume index and separates very centration increase, settling velocity decreased, and also
well from purified wastewater. Relation between SVI the "steepness" of the settling curves. However, this ten-
and the reactor type is shown in Table 3 [27, 19, 8]. dency was not so clearly visible as in the case of activated
Settling Properties of Activated... 19

sludge from the conventional systems [11, 29]. Shape of Conclusions

a settling curve (and thus the sludge settleability) is more
determined by technological parameters, such as loading, The results of the experiment allow the authors to
wastewater temperature and DO concentration, than by make the following conclusions:
sludge concentration. The ratio of SVI after 15-minute 1. Proper oxygen conditions i.e. anaerobic stress, ap
sedimentation to SVI after 30-minute sedimentation con- plied in succession with highly aerobic conditions, result
firms that. As shown in Table 4, the ratio is optimal in ed in very good settling qualities of the sludge biomass.
low sludge concentrations, then gradually rises with the 2. Low SVI and high settling velocity were responsible
concentration increase, but again reaches the optimum for an intense and short sedimentation, and at the same
value at the highest sludge concentration. In the experi- time prevented the sludge from bulking.
ment, the optimal ratio of 1.21 was observed at the sludge 3. High velocity of sludge settling allows a shortening
concentration of 6 kg m m -1 . The obtained ratio values of the settle phase to less than one hour and still to as
ranged between 1.21 and 1.34 which means that irrespec- sure good separation of the sludge from the treated
tive of the sludge concentration in the examined range, wastewater.
the sludge settleability in the experimental SBR was 4. Despite very low SVI, there is no threat of turbid
good. In consequence, it is possible to shorten the settle effluent from the SBR, so typical for the conventional
phase and to prolong the mix and react phases, within the treatment methods.
same length of the whole cycle. Such modification should 5. A high concentration of DO during aeration com
increase the treatment efficiency. bined with low sludge loadings resulted in a small sludge
biomass growth. It may be of key importance for sludge
disposal due to small surplus sludge production and its
Table 4. Ratio of sludge volume after 15-min settlement to preliminary stabilisation in the reactor.
30-min settlement.

Sludge
concentration References
(kgm 3 ) 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
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