TRANSFORMER PRO TECTION USING NUMERICAL RELAY

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this project is to analyze and upgrade existing transformer protection system in

BPCL Kochi Refinery. Transformers are static devices totally enclosed and generally oil immersed.

Therefore, chances of faults occurring on them are very rare." However the consequences of even a rare

fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This

necessitates providing adequate automatic protection for transformer against possible faults.

Small distribution transformers are usually connected to the supply system through series fuses

instead of circuit breakers. Consequently, no automatic protective relay equipment is required.

However, the probability of faults on power transformers is undoubtedly more and hence protection is

absolutely necessary.

The transformer is major and very important equipment in power system. It requires highly

reliable protective devices. The protective scheme depends on the size of the transformer. The rating of

transformers used in transmission and distribution system range from a few kVA to several hundred

MVA . For small transformers of medium size ■over current relays are used. For large transformers

differential protection is recommended.

We analyzed and studied the existing transformer protection relays used in BPCL. [There

different types of protection employ different types of relays.

With the technological advances being made in generation protection section, the [generator

protection using new methods have gathered momentum. Here we have studied about functioning of

transformer protection using numerical relays.

BPCL KOCHI REFINERY

AMBALAMUGAL, ERNAKULAM

BPCL Kochi Refinery, formerly known as Cochin Refineries Limited is a public sector

enterprise which came into being as a result of a three party agreement among the Government of India,

Philips Petroleum Company of the United States of America and the Duncan Brothers of Calcutta.
 The formation agreement provided for the construction of a petroleum refinery in South India

Petroleum and for continuing technical collaboration with Philips during a number of years.

Government was to see to the marketing of all domestic products and exercise control over the

company.

MILESTONES OF GROWTH

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

* 1966 Unit commissioned with Crude Oil Refining capacity

of 2.5 MMPTA

* 1973 Capacity expanded from 2.5 to 3.3 MMPTA

* 1984 Capacity expanded from 3.3 to 4.5 MMPTA

* 1989 Aromatic production commenced

* 1990 Captive power plant (26.3 MW) commissioned

* 1994 Capacity expanded to 7.5 MMPTA

❖ 1998 Steam turbine generator (17.8) commissioned
i

❖ 1999 DHDS commissioned

❖ 2000 Company renamed as Kochi Refineries Limited

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd acquired the Govt's share in KRL in March 2001. With this

KRL became a subsidiary of BPCL. In 2005 KRL modified its DHDS and FCCU unit to meet the

EURO specifications. In 2006 KRL merged with BPCL and became a SBU viz. BPCL KR.

PRODUCTS OF BPCL

❖ Natural Rubber Modified Bitumen (Rubberized Bitumen) NRMB

 ❖ Liquefied Petroleum Gas & Kerosene for households and industrial uses

❖ Petrol & Diesel for automobiles

❖ Naphtha, the major raw material for fertilizer and petrochemical industries

❖ Benzene for manufacture of caprolactum, phenol, insecticides and other chemicals

❖ Furnace oil and low sulphur heavy stock for fuel in industries

❖ Aviation turbine fuel (ATF) for aircrafts

❖ Special boiling point spirit used as a solvent in tyre industry

❖ Toluene for the manufacture of solvents and insecticides, pharmaceuticals & paints

❖ MTO (Textile grade) and MTO (Paint grade) for use in textile and paint industiy

❖ Poly isobutene for the manufacture of lubricants

❖ Sulphur for use in fertilizer, sugar, chemical and tyre industry

CAPTIVE POWER PLANT (CPP)

A captive power plant of 26.3 MW was commissioned in 1991. An additional captive power

plant of 17.8 MW was commissioned in 1998.

Captive Power Plant (CPP) is the heart of BPCL. It has a gas turbine generator (GTG) and a

steam turbine generator (STG) which caters the electrical load of entire refinery. The captive power

plant generates about 7 lakhs units of electrical energy on an average day in which the contribution of

GTG is about 65% and STG about 30%. The remaining 5% is contributed by TG, which generates at

3.3KV level. BPCL also have 66KV feeders for KSEB substations, which are normally kept as

emergency stand of source central maximum demand of 20 MVA. The 66KV feeder's line 1 and line 2

are tapped from (Kalamassery-Vyttila) No.l feeder and (Kalamassery-Vyttila) No.2 feeder respectively.

The 66KV/11KV transformer TR-1 & TR-2 primary windings (66KV side) are kept energized always,

synchronizing with state grid. This is done to draw power when required.
 Power is distributed to plants through XLPE cables both buried underground and on GRP trays.
Primary process substation, FCCU substation, CDUI substation, ACTP substation, PIBU substation,
CPP offsite substation, Crude booster substation and P1BL substation receive 11KV supply directly
from CPP. The electrical system & BPCL also consists of about 80 transformers.
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

66KV, 25/35MVA POWER TRANSFORMER

SPECIFICATIONS

MVA 25/35
Type of cooling ONAN/ONAF
Voltaf ie Ratio (no load)

Dept. ofEEE 5 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

HV LV 70KV
Phase 11KV
3

Dept. of EEE 6 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 Normal Current

HV 206.2/288.7 Amps
LV 1312.1/1837.0 Amps

Tap changer OLTC (BHEL)

Frequency 50Hz
Temperature rise 50/55c
Connections

HV star
LV delta

Insulation level

HV 325KVp/140KVrms
HVN 170KVp/75KVrms
LV 75KVp/28Kvrms
Make GEC (tr 1), Volt amp (tr 2)
66KV CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)

SPECIFICATIONS

Made to BIS 2705/1981

Max system voltage 76.5KV
Rated STC 25KA for 1 sec
Rated primary 600/450/300 Amp
Secondary 1 A/1A
Rated burden Nil/30VA
Accuracy class Core 1 PS
Min knee point volt 800/1200V
Max RCT at 75C 2.5/5ohms
Insulation level 140/325KV
Frequency 50Hz
Make Automatic Electric Ltd

66KV POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

SPECIFICATIONS

Made to ISS 3156/1978

Phase One
Service Volt 72.5KV
Frequency 50Hz
Ratio 66/root 3Kv
Core 1 110/root 3v
Core 2 110/root3v
Core 3 110/root3v
Burden Core 1 Core 2 Core 3 100VA
100VA 50VA Class 0.5 3P 3P 3P
Type Earthed
Make Automatic Electric Ltd
NEED FOR PROTECTION

Protection is installed to detect the fault occurrences and to isolate the faulty equipments. So

that the damage to the faulty equipment is limited and disruption of supplies to the adjacent unaffected

equipment is minimized.

In a power system consisting of generators, motors, transformers etc. it is inevitable that sooner

or later when a fault occurs it must be quickly detected and the faulty equipment must be disconnected

from the system. If the faults are not detected quickly it causes unnecessary interruption of service to

the customers.

Generally fuse performs the function of detection and interruption. But it is limited only to low

voltage circuits. For high voltage circuits relays and circuit breakers are used.

So in brief: - Protection must detect faults and abnormal working conditions and ■isolates

faulty equipments so as to limit damage caused by fault energy and to limit effect on rest of the system.
COMMON TRANSFORMER FAULTS

Transformer may suffer only from:

i. Open circuit

ii. Over heating

iii. Winding short circuits (eg: earth- faults, phase to phase faults & inter-turn

faults)

Open circuit fault

An open circuit in one phase of a three-phase transformer may cause undesirable heating. In

practice, relay protection is not provided against open circuits because this condition is relatively

harmless. On the occurrence of such a fault, the transformer can be disconnected manually from the

system

Over heating fault

Over heating of the transformer is usually caused by sustained overloads or short circuits &
very occasionally by the failure of the cooling system. The relay protection is :also not provided against
this contingency and thermal accessories are generally used to sound an alarm or control the banks of
fans.

Winding short- circuit fault

Winding short-circuits (also called internal faults) on the transformer arise from deterioration
of winding insulation due to over heating or mechanical injury. When an [internal fault occurs, the
transformer must be disconnected quickly from the system [because a prolonged arc in the transformer
may cause oil fire. Therefore, relay protection is absolutely necessary for internal faults.
PROTECTIVE RELAYS

"Protective relay is a device that detects the faults and initiates the operation of the circuit

breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system."

High-performance protective relaying comes into its own when it's a question of minimizing
power system operating costs. Uncomplicated operation, convenient commissioning tools and flexible
communication are all important elements when service and maintenance costs have to be reduced.

These relays not only handle fault detection and location tasks but also control, metering and

monitoring functions. And it is these additional functions - impossible before the advent of numerical

technology - which offer major cost-cutting potential.

The relays detect the abnormal conditions in the electric circuits by constantly measuring the

electrical quantities which are different under normal and fault conditions. The electrical quantities

which may change under fault conditions are voltage, current, frequency and phase angle. Through the

changes in one or more of these quantities, the faults signal their presence, type and location to the

protective relays. Having detected the fault, the relay operates to close the trip circuit of the breaker.

This results in the opening of breaker and disconnection of faulty circuit.

i

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

• Selectivity i

• Speed

• Sensitivity I

• Reliability

• Simplicity

• Economy

Protection relays can be classified in various ways depending on their construction, functions and are

discussed below.

CLASSIFICAION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS BASED ON TECHNOLOGY

Protective relays can be broadly classified into the following categories depending on the technology

used for their construction and operation.

1. Electromagnetic relays
2. Static relays
3. Microprocessor-based relays
Electromagnetic relays:' It includes attracted armature, moving coil and induction disc and induction
cup type relays. Electromagnetic relays contain an electromagnet (or permanent magnet) and a moving
part. When the actuating quantity exceeds a certain predetermined value, an operating torque is
developed which is applied on the moving part. This causes the moving part to travel and to finally
close a contact to energize the trip coil of the breaker.

Static relays:-
Static relays contains electronic circuits which may contain transistors, ICs, diodes and other
electronic components. There is a comparator circuit in the relay, which compares two or more voltages
and gives an output, which is applied to either a slave ■ready or a thyristor circuit. The slave ready is an
electromagnetic relay which finally ;closes the contact. A static relay containing a slave ready is semi-
static relay. A relay kising thyristor circuit is a wholly static relay. Static relay possess the advantage of
having ilow burden on CT and PT, fast operation, absence of mechanical inertia and contact trouble,
long life and less maintenance. Static relays have proved to be superior to electromagnetic relays and
they are being used for the protection of important lines, power stations and substations. Yet they have
not completely replaced electromagnetic relays. Static relays are treated as an addition to family of
relays. Electromagnetic relays continue to be in use because of their simplicity and low cost. Their
maintenance can be done by less qualified personal, where as the maintenance and repair of static relays
requires personnel's trained in solid-state device.

Microprocessor-based protective relays;-

Microprocessor-based protective relays are the latest development in this area.

With the development in VLSI Technology, Sophisticated and fast microprocessor are
coming up. Their applications to the problems of protective relaying schemes are of
current interests to power engineers. The inherit advantages of microprocessor-based
relays over static relays with or a very limited range of applications, are attractive,
flexibility due to their programmable approach. Microprocessor-based protective
relays can provide protection at low cost and compete with conventional relays. The
present downward trend in the cost of large-scale integrated circuit will encourage
wide applications of microprocessor-based applications of microprocessor-based
relays for the protection modem complex power network.
TECHNOLOGY COMPARISON FOR PROTECTIVE RELAYS
SI. SUBJECT ELECTRO STATIC/ NUMERICAL
No MECHANICAL ELECTRONIC
1 Measuring Induction disc, Discrete R, L, C Microprocessor s,
elements/ Electromagnets, Induction Transistors, Analogue Digital ICs, Digital
Hardware cup, Balance Beam ICs comparators signal
processors
2 Measuring method Electrical Qtys Level detectors, A/D conversion,
converted into comparison with Numerical
mechanical force, reference value in algorithm
torque analogue comparator techniques
 evaluate trip
criteria
Timing function Mechanical clock Static timers Counters
works, dashpot
4 Sequence of Not possible Not possible Provided
events
5 Visual indication Flags, targets LEDs LEDs, LCD
Display
6 Trip command Additional trip duty relay Additional trip duty Trip ■ duty
required relay required contact inbuilt
7 Construction size Bulky Modular, compact Most compact
8 Self monitoring No Yes Yes
• Hardware • Hardwar e
Partly • Power supply
• Power supply • O/P
relays
• Firm ware
CT, PT ckts
9 Temp. Stability Yes No Yes
10 Vibration proof No Yes Yes
11 Contacts Fixed Fixed Freely
assignments marshable
12 Parameter setting *Plug setting, dial Thumb wheel, Keypad for
setting potentiometers, dual numeric values,
in line switches through computer/
laptop
13 Binary inputs for Not available Not available Freely marshable
adaptive relaying from 24V to 250V
14 CT loading/' 8 to 10 VA 1 VA < 0.5 VA
Burden
15 CT offset No No Yes
adjustment
16 Harmonic immunity No Possible through Yes, digital
analogue fdtering fdtering
incorporated
17 Calibration Frequently required as Frequently required as Not required as
settings drift due to aging settings drift due to setting are
aging stopped in
memory in digital
forma T
18 Auxiliary supply Required Required Required
19 Electromagnetic/ Immune Susceptible Immune
electrostatic/ high
frequency
disturbances
20 Multiple Not possible Not possible Possible
characteristic
21 Integrated Not possible Not possible Possible
protective functions
■22 Range of Limited Wide Wide
settings
23 Operational value Not possible Possible Possible
indication
24 'Fault Not possible Not possible Possible
disturbance
recording
25 Digital Not possible Not available Available
communication port
26 Commissioning No No Yes
support from
relay
VARIOUS PROTECTION SCHEMES

PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Percentage differential protection is used for the protection of large power transformers having

ratings of 5MVA and above. This scheme is employed for the protection of transformers against

internal short circuits. It is not capable of detecting incipient faults. Figure shows schematic diagram of

percentage differential protection for a Y-A transformer. The direction of current and the polarity of the

CT voltage shown in fig are for s particular instant. The convention for making the polarity for upper

and lower CT is the same. The current entering end has been marked as positive. The end at which

current is leaving has been marked negative.

CT
7

Secondare
Primary

Relay Coils
 The connections are made in such a way that under normal conditions or in case of external

faults the current flowing in the operating coil of the relay due to CTs of the primary side is in

opposition to the current flowing due to the CTs of secondary side. Consequently, the relay does not

operate under such conditions. If a fault occurs on the winding, the polarity of the induced voltage of

the CT of the secondary side is reversed. Now the currents in the operating coil from CTs of both

primary and secondary side are in the same direction and cause the operation of the relay. To supply the

matching current in the operating winding of the relay, the CT which are on the star side of the

transformer are connected in delta. The CTs which are on the delta side of the transformer are

connected in star. In case of Y- A connected transformer there is a phase shift of 30 degree in line

currents. Also the above mentioned CTs connections also correct this phase shift. Moreover, zero

sequence current flowing on the star side of the transformers does not produce current outside the delta

on the other side. Therefore, the zero sequence ;current should be eliminated from the star side. This

condition is also fulfilled by CTs in delta on the star side of the transformer.

In case of star/star connected transformer CTs on both sides should be connected [in delta. In

case of star/star connected transformer, if star point is not earthed, CTs may [be connected in star on

both sides. If the star point is earthed and CTs are connected in [star, the relay will also operate for

external faults. Therefore, it is better to follow the rule

that CTs associated with star connected transformer windings should be connected in I delta and those

associated with delta windings in star.

The relay settings for transformer protection are kept higher than those for [alternators. The typical
value of alternator is 10% for operating coil and 5% for bias. The corresponding values for transformer
may be 40% and 10% respectively. The reasons for a higher setting in the case of transformer
protection are, 1. A transformer is provided with on-load tap changing gear. The CT ratio cannot be
changed with varying transformation ratio of the power transformer. The CT ratio

is fixed and it is kept to suit the nominal ratio of the power transformer. Therefore, for taps other

than nominal, an out of balance current flows through the operating coil of the relay during load and

external fault conditions. 2. When a transformer is on no-load, there is no-load current in the relay.

Therefore, its setting should be greater than no-load current.

OVERHEATING PROTECTION

The rating of a transformer depends on the temperature rise above an assumed maximum

ambient temperature. Sustained overload is not allowed if the ambient temperature is equal to the
assumed ambient temperature. At lower ambient temperature some over loading is permissible. The

over loading will depend on the ambient temperature prevailing at the time of operation. The maximum

safe over loading is that it does not over heat the winding. The maximum allowed temperature is about

95 degree Celsius. Thus the protection against over load depends on the winding temperature which is

usually measured by thermal image technique.

In the thermal image technique, the temperature sensing device is placed in the transformer oil

near the top of the transformer tank. A CT is employed on LV side to supply current to a small heater.

Both the temperature sensing device and the heater are

placed in a small pocket. The heater produces a local temperature rise similar to that of the main

winding. The temperature of the sensing element is similar to that of the [winding under all conditions.

In a typical modern system the heat sensitive element is a [silicon resistor or silistor. It is incorporated

with the heating element and kept in a [thermal moulded material. The whole unit forms a thermal

replica of the transformer Ivinding. It is in the shape of a small cylinder and is placed in the pocket in

the transformer tank about 25cm below the tank top, which is supposed to be the hottest layer [in the

oil. The silistor is used as an arm of a resistance bridge supplied from a stabilized fc)C source. An

indicating instrument is energized from the out of balance voltage of the bridge. Also the voltage across

the silistor is applied to a static control circuit which controls cooling pumps and fans, gives warning of

over heating, and ultimately trips the transformer circuit breaker.

OIL PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES

An oil pressure relief device is fitted at the top of the transformer tank. In its simplest form, it

is a frangible disc located at the end of a relief pipe protruding from the top of the transformer tank. In

case of a serious fault, a surge in the oil is developed, which bursts the disc, thereby allowing the oil to

discharge rapidly. This avoids the explosive rapture of the tank and the risk of lire.

The drawback of the frangible disc is that the oil which remains in the tank after rupture is left

exposed to the atmosphere. This drawback can be overcome by employing a more effective device: a

spring controlled pressure relief valve. It operates when the pressure exceeds 10 psi but closes

automatically when the pressure falls below the critical level. The discharged oil can be ducted to a

catchments pit where random discharge of oil is to be avoided. The device is commonly employed for

large power transformers of the rating 2MVA and above but it can also be used for distribution

transformers of 200kVA and above.

OVERFLUXING PROTECTION

The magnetic flux increases when voltage increases. This results, in increased iron [loss and

magnetizing current. The core and core bolts get heated and the lamination [insulation is affected.

Protection against over fluxing is required where over fluxing due [to sustained over voltage can occur.

The reduction in frequency also increases the flux [density and consequently it has similar affects as

those due to over voltage. The expression of flux in a transformer is given by

<j> =kE/f

Where <j)=flux, f=

frequency, E=applied

voltage and k=constant

Therefore, to control flux, the ratio E/f is controlled. When E/f exceeds unity, it has to be

detected. Electronic circuits with suitable relays are available to measure the E/f ratio. Usually 10% of

over fluxing can allowed without damage. If E/f exceeds 1.1 overfluxing protections operates.

Overfluxing does not require high speed tripping and hence instantaneous operation is undesirable

when momentary disturbance occur. But the transformer should be isolated in one or two minutes at the

most if overfluxing persists.

BUCHHOLZ RELAY

Buchholz relay is gas-actuated relay installed in oil-immersed transformer for protection

against all kind of faults. It is used to give alarm in case of slow-developing faults in transformer and to

disconnect from the supply in event of severe internal faults. It is usually installed in the pipe

connecting the conservator to the main tank as shown in fig. It is a universal practice to use Buchholz

relays on all such oil-immersed transformers having rating in excess of 750kVA.

\
K

Transformer
main tank
OPERATION

The operation is as follows.

1. In case of incipient faults within the transformers, the heat due to fault causes the

decomposition of some transformer oil in the main tank. The product of decomposition

contains more than 75% of Hydrogen gas. The Hydrogen gas being light tries to go into the

conservative and in the process gets entrapped in the upper part of relay chamber. When a

predetermined amount of gas gets accumulated, it exerts sufficient pressure on the float to

cause it to tilt and close contacts of Mercury switch attached to it. This completes the alarm

circuits to sound an alarm.

2. If serious faults occur in the transformer, an enormous amount of gas is generated in

the main tank. The oil in the main tank rushes towards the conservator via the Buchholz relay

and in doing so tilts to close the contacts of Mercury switch. This completes the trip circuit to

open the circuit breaker controlling the transformer.

ADVANTAGES

1. It is the simplest form of transformer protection.

2. It detects the incipient faults at a stage much earlier than is possible with other forms of
protection.

DISADVANTAGES

1. It can only be the used with oil immersed transformer equipped with conservator tanks.
2. The device can detect only faults below oil level in the transformer. Therefore, separate
protection is needed for connecting cables.
EARTH-FAULT OR LEAKAGE PROTECTION

An earth-fault usually involves a partial a partial breakdown of winding insulator jto earth. The

resulting leakage current is considerably less than the short circuit current. [The earth-fault may

continue for a long time and cause considerable damage before if ultimately develops into a short

circuit and removed from the system under these circumstances, it is profitable to employ earth fault

relay is essentially an over current relay of low setting and operates as soon as an earth-fault or leak

develops.

Restricted earth fault protection

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

Restricted earth fault protection as shown in the fig provides better protection. This scheme is
used for the winding of the transformer connected in star where the |neutral point is either solidly
earthed or earthed through impedance. The relay used is of high impedance type to meet the scheme
stable for external fault

Dept. ofEEE 19 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

' supply
load
M
7^ :ffj1n_
l

Dept. of EEE 20 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

Residual oveiciuient
Relay
Res tiic fe A E ai th
fault Relay

Dept. ofEEE 21 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 The residual over current relay operates only for ground fault in the transformer. The
differential protection is supplemented by restricted earth fault protection in case of transformer with its

neutral grounded through resistance. For such a case only about 40% of the winding is protected with a

differential relay pick up setting as low as 20% of the CT winding.

OVERCURRENT RELAYS
Over current relays are used for the protection of transformers of rating lOOkVA *and below

5MVA. An earth fault tripping element is also provided in addition to the over (current feature. Such

relays are used as primary protection for transformers which are not (provided with differential

protection. Over current relays are also used as back-up protection where differential protection is used

as primary protection.

For small transformers, over current relays are used for both overload and fault [protection. An

extremely inverse relay is desirable for overload and light faults, with [instantaneous over current relay

for heavy faults. A very inverse residual current relay with instantaneous relay is suitable for ground

faults.

TIME-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS

A wide variety of time-current characteristics is available for over current relays. [The name

assigned to an over current relay indicates its time-current characteristics as [described below

DEFINITE TIME OVER CURRENT RELAY:-

It operates after a predetermined time when the current exceeds its pick up value. [The

operating time is constant, irrespective of the magnitude of the current above the pick up value. The

desired definite operating time can be set with the help of an [intentional time delay mechanism

provided in the relaying unit.

The residual over current relay operates only for ground fault in the transformer. The

differential protection is supplemented by restricted earth fault protection in case of transformer with its

neutral grounded through resistance. For such a case only about 40% of the winding is protected with a

differential relay pick up setting as low as 20% of the CT winding.

OVERCURRENT RELAYS
 Over current relays are used for the protection of transformers of rating 100kVA and below

5MVA. An earth fault tripping element is also provided in addition to the over current feature. Such

relays are used as primary protection for transformers which are not provided with differential

protection. Over current relays are also used as back-up protection where differential protection is used

as primary protection.

For small transformers, over current relays are used for both overload and fault protection. An
extremely inverse relay is desirable for overload and light faults, with instantaneous over current relay
for heavy faults. A very inverse residual current relay with instantaneous relay is suitable for ground
faults.

TIME-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS

A wide variety of time-current characteristics is available for over current relays. The name

assigned to an over current relay indicates its time-current characteristics as [described below

DEFINITE TIME OVER CURRENT RELAY:-

It operates after a predetermined time when the current exceeds its pick up value.

The operating time is constant, irrespective of the magnitude of the current above the

pick up value. The desired definite operating time can be set with the help of an

Intentional time delay mechanism provided in the relaying unit. ,

INSTANTANEOUS OVER CURRENT RELAY:-

It operates in definite time when the current exceeds its pick up value. The operating time is

constant, irrespective of the magnitude of the current. There is no intentional time delay. It operates in

zero seconds or less.

Sometime a term like "high set" or "high speed" is used for very fast relays having operating times less

than 0.1 sec.

INVERSE TIME OVER CURRENT RELAY:-

It operates when the current exceeds its pick up value. The operating point depends upon the

magnitude of the operating current. The operating time decreases as the current increases.

INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME (IDMT) LAG RELAY:-

In these relays the time of operation is approximately inversely proportional to the smaller

values of current or other quantity causing operation and tends to be definite minimum time as the value

increases without limit.

DEFINITION & BLOCK DIAGRAM OF NUMERICAL RELAY

Numerical relays are those in which measured ac quantities are sequentially converted into

numeric data form. A microprocessor performs mathematical and/or operation on the data to make

decision. In numerical relay there is an additional entity, the software, which runs in the background

and which actually run in the relay. With the advent of numerical relay the emphasis has shifted from

hardware to software. What distinguishes numerical relay from the other is software.
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

st fiit -TS'T^N
toveision ;
Multiple xei
command jMiaopioce | hip
sso:

Analogue to
jligit.il
conveiter

Dept. ofEEE 25 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 End of reversion

Figure shows the block diagram of a numerical relay. The signals from the CTs and PTs cannot

be sampled directly and converted to the digital form. This is to make sure that the signal does not

contain frequency components having a frequency greater than one half of the sampling frequency.

This limit is enforced by the sampling theorem. Therefore, the signals are first passed through a low-

pass filter, which has to be an analogue type of filter because digital pressing can only take place after

the frequency spectrum of the signal is properly shaped.

Next the analogue signal is sampled and held constant during the time the value is converted to
digital form. The sample and hold circuit is an absolute must.

The sampled and hold value is passed on to the ADC through a multiplier so as to

accommodate a large number of input signals. The sample and hold circuit and the ADC work under

the control of the microprocessor and communicate with it with the help of control signal such as the

end-of -conversion signals issued by the ADC. The ADC-passes on the digital representation of the

instantaneous value of the signal to the microprocessor via as input port. The output ports of the ADC

may be 4, 8, 12, 16, Or 32 bits wide or even wider. The wider the output of the ADC, the greater its

resolution.

The incoming digital values from the ADC are stored in the RAM of the microprocessor and

processed by the relay software in accordance with an underlying relaying algorithm. The

microprocessor issues the trip signal on one of the bits of its output port which is then suitably

processed so as to make it compatible with the trip coil of the CB. The microprocessor can also be used

to communicate with other relays or another supervisory computer, if so desired. The relaying program

or the relay software, which resides in the EPROM, can only be upgraded or modified by authorized

personnel. Thus new features and functionalities can be added to an existing relay by upgrading its

software.

A numerical relay can be made to run a program which periodically performs a self diagnostic

test and issues an alarm signal if any discrepancy is noticed. Other features like a watch-doze timer can

also be implemented, which issues an alarm if the [microprocessor does not reset it, periodically within

a stipulated time and a few milliseconds. This gives an increased user confidence and improves the

reliability and the relay.

Relay Setting Types
The relay requires three types of settings. The settings, described below, determine how the relay

recognizes and responds to adverse operating conditions to protect your power apparatus equipment.

Each relay is delivered with a set of parameters that are preprogrammed at the factory.
 System settings inform the relay what it is protecting (transformer or generator/motor) and

provide system information such as CT ratios and MVA ratings. The relay's differential protection

function and overload function use this information to compute the system's protection requirements.

Protection settings, such as the differential current pickup and thermal overload condition, are

also required. The protection functions must be set either to operate and automatically trip (ON), to

operate but not trip (BLOCKED), or to not operate (OFF).

Relay configuration settings tell the relay how to process the input information land to

logically associate it with the output devices. If desired, you can reassign the [binary inputs,

annunciations, and the function of the relay's output signals, trip relays, [and LEDs. Configuration also

is referred to in this manual as programming or marshalling the relay.

Each relay input and output setting is assigned to an address number that you [must access to

display or to change the setting. Address numbers are grouped typically in blocks according to their

function.
7UT61 SERIES NUMERICAL RELAY

The numerical differential protection 7UT61 is a fast and selective short-circuit protection for

transformers of all voltage levels, for rotating machines, for series and ^shunt reactors, or for short lines

and mini-bus bars.

Two models are available. They are

1. 7UT612
2. 7UT613

7UT612 NUMERICAL RELAY

 The SIPROTEC 7UT612 differential protection relay is used for fast and selective fault

clearing of short-circuits in two winding transformers of all voltage levels and also in rotating electric

machines like motors and generators, for short two terminal lines and busbars up to 7 feeders.
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

The specific application can be chosen by parameterization. In this way an optimal adaption of

the relay to the protected object can be achieved

In addition to the differential function a backup over current protection for 1 winding / star

point is integrated in the relay. Optionally, a low or high-impedance restricted earth-fault protection, a

negative sequence protection and a breaker failure protection can be used. With external temperature

monitoring boxes (RTD-boxes) a maximum of 12 temperatures can be measured and supervised in the

relay. Therefore, complete thermal supervision of a transformer is possible.

The protection relay can be parameterized for use with three-phase and single-phase

transformers. In addition to this, a thermal replica is integrated for the supervision of the ohmic losses

in the plant.

FUNCTION OVERVIEW

♦ Differential protection for 2 winding transformers (3-/1-phase)

♦ Differential protection for motors and generators
♦ Differential protection for short two terminal lines
♦ Differential protection for busbars up to 7 feeders (phase-segregated or with summation CT)

PROTECTION FUNCTIONS
♦ Differential protection with phase-segregated measurement
♦ Sensitive measuring stage for low-fault currents
♦ Restraint against inrush of transformer
♦ Phase-/earth overcurrent protection
[♦ Overload protection with or without temperature measurement

t♦ Negative-sequence protection

♦ Breaker failure protection

Dept. ofEEE 29 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

♦ Low-or high-impedance restricted earth fault (REF)

♦ Over excitation protection
4 Thermal monitoring of transformer via temperature measurement with external thermo-box up

to 12 measuring points

CONTROL FUNCTIONS

♦ Commands for. Ctrl, of CB and isolators

MONITORING FUNCTIONS

♦ Self-supervision of the relay

♦ Trip circuit supervision
♦ Oscillographic fault recording
♦ Permanent differential and restraint current measurement

COMMUNICATION INTERFACES

♦ PC front port for setting with DIGSI 4

♦ System interface protocols -IEC
60870-5-103

- PROFIBUS-FMS/-DP
- MODBUS
- DNP 3.0

♦ Service interface for DIGSI 4 (modem)/temperature monitoring (thermo-box)

♦ Time synchronization via IRIG-B/DCF 77

Dept. of EEE 30 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

7UT613 NUMERICAL RELAY

The SIPROTEC 7UT613 differential protection relays

are used for fast and selective fauld clearing of short-

circuits in transformers of allj voltage levels and also in

rotating electric^ machines like motors and generators,

for short lines and bus bars.

The specific application can be chosen by

parameterization. In this way an optimal adaptation

of the relay to the protected object can be achieved.

Dept. of EEE 31 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 In addition to the differential function, a backup overcurrent protection for 1 winding/ star

point is integrated in the relay. Optionally, a low or high-impedance restricted earth-fault protection, a

negative-sequence protection and a breaker failure protection can be used. With external temperature

monitoring boxes a maximum of 12 temperatures can be measured and monitored in the relay.

Therefore, complete thermal monitoring of a transformer is possible, e.g. hot-spot calculation of the oil

temperature.

The protection relay can be parameterized for use with three-phase and single-phase
transformers.

The integrated programmable logic (CFC) allows the users to implement their iown functions,

e.g. for the automation of switchgear (interlocking). User-defined messages can be generated as well.

The flexible communication interfaces are open for Imodem communication architectures with control

system. Alternatively to the conventional overload protection, the relay can also provide a hot spot

calculation acc. to J1EC60435

FUNCTION OVERVIEW

♦ Differential protection for 2 or 3 winding transformers (3-/1-phase)

♦ Differential protection for motors and generators
♦ Differential protection for short 2 up to 3 terminal lines
♦ Differential protection for busbars up to 9 feeders (phase-segregated or with summation CT)

PROTECTION FUNCTIONS

♦ Differential protection with phase-segregated measurement

4 Sensitive measuring stage for low-fault currents

♦ Fast tripping for high-fault currents

♦ Restraint against inrush of transformer
♦ Phase-/earth overcurrent protection
♦ Overload protection with or without temperature measurement
♦ Negative-sequence protection
♦ Breaker failure protection
♦ Low-or high-impedance restricted earth fault (REF)

OVER EXCITATION PROTECTION

 ♦ Thermal monitoring of transformer via temperature measurement with external thermo-box up
to 12 measuring points

CONTROL FUNCTIONS

♦ Commands for. Ctrl, of CB and isolators

♦ Control via keyboard, binary inputs, DIGSI 4 or SCADA system
♦ User-defined logic with CFC
MONITORING FUNCTIONS

♦ Self-supervision of the relay

♦ Extensive number of operational values (I, V, P, f, coscj) etc.)
♦ Trip circuit supervision
♦ Oscillographic fault recording
♦ Permanent differential and restraint current measurement

COMMUNICATION INTERFACES

♦ PC front port for setting with DIGSI 4

♦ System interface protocols

- IEC 60870-5-103
- PROFIBUS-FMS/-DP -
MODBUS

- DNP 3.0

♦ Service interface for DIGSI 4 (modem)/temperature monitoring (thermo-box)

♦ Time synchronization via IRIG-B/DCF 77
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

Overall Operation

The numerical differential protection device SIPROTEC® 7UT612 is equipped with a

powerful microcomputer system. This provides fully numerical processing of all functions in the

device, from the acquisition of the measured values up to the output of commands to the circuit

breakers. Figure 1-1 shows the basic structure of the device.

1
■ERRO

44-RUN

0 Output relays I
user-
programmable '

rj
to-

i
LEDs

Display on
the front panel

_____I Front serial i ______•LioPC

operating interface * |

Time 1
radio
synchronization 1
clock

Rear ssrial PC/modem/

service interface thermobox

to
Serial system
' SCADA
interface

I_____________________________________________________ I
Figure 1-1 Hardware structure of the numerical differential protection
7UT612 —example for a two-winding transformer with sides S1
and S2

Dept. of EEE 34 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Analog Inputs

The measuring inputs "MI" transform the currents derived from the instrument transformers

and match them to the internal signal levels for processing in the device. The device includes 8 current

inputs. Three current inputs are provided for the input of the phase currents at each end of the protected

zone, a further measuring input (I7) may be used for any desired current, e.g. the earth current measured

between the starpoint of a transformer winding and ground. The input Ig is designed for highly

sensitive current detection thus allowing, for example, the detection of small tank leakage currents of

power transformers or reactors, or — with an external series resistor — processing of a voltage (e.g. for

high impedance unit protection). The analog signals are then routed to the input amplifier group "IA".

The input amplifier group "IA" ensures a high impedance termination for the measured signals. It

contains filters which are optimized in terms of band width and speed with regard to the signal

processing. The analog/digital converter group "AD" has a multiplexer, analog/digital converters and

memory modules for the data transfer to the microcomputer system "pC".

Microcomputer System

Apart from processing the measured values, the microcomputer system "pC" also executes the

actual protection and control functions. In particular, the following are included:

> Filtering and conditioning of measured signals.

> Continuous supervision of measured signals.
> Monitoring of the pickup conditions of each protection function.
> Conditioning of the measured signals, i.e. conversion of currents according to the

connection group of the protected transformer (when used for transformer differential

protection) and matching of the current amplitudes.

> Formation of the differential and restraint quantities.

> Frequency analysis of the phase currents and restraint quantities.
> Calculation of the RMS-values of the currents for thermal replica and scanning of the

temperature rise of the protected object.

> Interrogation of threshold values and time sequences.

> Processing of signals for the logic functions.
> Reaching trip command decisions.
> Storage of fault messages, fault annunciations as well as oscillographic fault data for

system fault analysis.

> Operating system and related function management such as e.g. data recording, real

time clock, communication, interfaces etc.

> The information is provided via output amplifier "OA".

Binary Inputs and Outputs

The microcomputer system obtains external information through binary inputs such as remote

resetting or blocking commands for protective elements. The "pC" issues information to external

equipment via the output contacts. These outputs include, in ■particular, trip commands to circuit

breakers and signals for remote annunciation of important events and conditions.

Front Elements

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and a display screen (LCD) on the front panel provide
information such as targets, measured values, messages related to events or faults, status, and functional
status of the 7UT612. Integrated control and numeric keys in conjunction with the LCD facilitate local
interaction with the 7UT612. All information of jthe device can be accessed using the integrated control
and numeric keys. The. information includes protective and control settings, operating and fault
messages, and measured values (see also SIPROTEC® System Manual, order-no. E50417-H1176-
C151). If the device incorporates switchgear control functions, the control of circuit ibreakers and other
equipment is possible from the 7UT612 front panel.

Serial Interfaces

A serial operating interface on the front panel is provided for local communications with the

7UT612 through a personal computer. Convenient operation of all functions of the device is possible

using the SIPROTEC® 4 operating program DIGSI® 4. A separate serial service interface is provided

for remote communications via a modem, or local communications via a substation master computer

that is permanently connected to the 7UT612. DIGSI® 4 is required. All 7UT612 data can be

transferred to a central master or main control system through the serial system (SCADA) interface.

Various protocols and physical arrangements are available for this interface to suit the particular

application. Another interface is provided for the time synchronization of the internal clock via

external synchronization sources. Via additional interface modules further communication protocols

may be created. The service interface may be used, alternatively, for connection of a thermobox in

order to process external temperatures, e.g. in overload protection.

Power Supply

The 7UT612 can be supplied with any of the common power supply voltages. Transient dips

of the supply voltage which may occur during short-circuit in the power supply system, are bridged by

a capacitor.
Applications

The numerical differential protection 7UT612 is a fast and selective short-circuit protection for

transformers of all voltage levels, for rotating machines, for series and shunt reactors, or for short lines
and mini-busbars with two feeders.

It can also be used as a single-phase protection for busbars with up to seven feeders. The

individual application can be configured, which ensures optimum matching to the protected object.

The device is also suited for two-phase connection for use in systems with 162/3 Hz rated

frequency.

A major advantage of the differential protection principle is the instantaneous tripping in the

event of a short-circuit at any point within the entire protected zone. The current transformers limit the

protected zone at the ends towards the network. This rigid limit is the reason why the differential

protection scheme shows such an ideal selectivity.

For use as transformer protection, the device is normally connected to the current transformer

sets at the higher voltage side and the lower voltage side of the power transformer. The phase

displacement and the interlinkage of the currents due to the winding connection of the transformer is

matched in the device by calculation algorithms. The earthing conditions of the star point(s) can be

adapted to the user's requirements and are automatically considered in the matching algorithms.

For use as generator or motor protection, the current in the starpoint leads of the machine and

at its terminals are compared. Similar applies for series reactors. Short lines tor mini-busbars with two

feeders can be protected either. "Short" means that the [connections from the CTs to the device do not

cause an impermissible burden for the current transformers.

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays

Project Report '07

----------------
1
For transformers, generators, motors, or shunt reactors with earthed starpoint, the current

between the starpoint and earth can be measured and used for highly sensitive earth fault protection. The

seven measured current inputs of the device allow for a single-phase protection for busbars with up to

seven feeders. One 7UT612 is used per phase in this case. Alternatively, (external) summation

transformers can be installed in order to allow a busbar protection for up to seven feeders with one single

7UT612 relay. An additional current input 18 is designed for very high sensitivity. This may be used e.g.

for detection of small leakage currents between the tank of transformers or reactors and earth thus

recognizing even high-resistance faults.

For transformers (including auto-transformers), generators, and shunt reactors, a high-impedance

unit protection system can be formed using 7UT612. In this case, the currents of all current transformers

(of equal design) at the ends of the protected zone feed a common (external) high-ohmic resistor the

current of which is measured using the high-sensitive current input 18 of 7UT612.

The device provides backup time overcurrent protection functions for all types of protected

objects. The functions can be enabled for any side. A thermal overload protection is available for any

type of machine. This can be complemented by the evaluation of the hot-spot temperature and ageing

rate, using an external thermobox to allow for the inclusion of the oil temperature. An unbalanced load

protection enables the detection of unsymmetrical currents. Phase failures and unbalanced loads which

are especially dangerous for rotating machines can thus be detected.

A version for 162/3 Hz two-phase application is available for traction supply (transformers or
generators) which provides all functions suited for this application (differential protection, restricted earth
fault protection, overcurrent protection, overload protection).A circuit breaker failure protection checks
the reaction of one circuit breaker after a trip command. It can be assigned to any of the sides of the
protected object.

Dept. ofEEE 38 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Features

*t* Powerful 32-bit microprocessor system

♦J*. Complete numerical processing of measured values and control, from sampling and digitizing

of the analog input values up to tripping commands to the circuit breakers.

♦>. Complete galvanic and reliable separation between internal processing circuits of the 7UT612

and external measurement, control, and power supply circuits because of the design of the

analog input transducers, binary inputs and outputs, and the DC/DC or AC/DC converters.

❖ . Suited for power transformers, generators, motors, branch-points, or smaller busbar

arrangements.

♦J*. Simple device operation using the integrated operator panel or a connected Personal computer

running DIGSI® 4.

Differential Protection for Transformers

❖ . Current restraint tripping characteristic.

❖ . Stabilized against in-rush currents using the second harmonic.
❖. Stabilized against transient and steady-state fault currents caused e.g. by over excitation of

transformers, using a further harmonic: optionally the third or fifth harmonic.

❖ . Insensitive against DC offset currents and current transformer saturation.

❖ High stability also for different current transformer saturation.

♦>. High-speed instantaneous trip on high-current transformer faults.

❖ Independent of the conditioning of the starpoint(s) of the power transformer.

❖ High earth-fault sensitivity by detection of the starpoint current of an earthed

transformer winding.

❖ Integrated matching of the transformer connection group.

❖ Integrated matching of the transformation ratio including different rated currents of
the transformer windings.

Differential Protection for Generators and Motors

♦> Current restraint tripping characteristic.

❖ High sensitivity.
❖ Short tripping time.
♦> Insensitive against DC offset currents and current transformer saturation.

❖ High stability also for different current transformer saturation.

❖ Independent of the conditioning of the starpoint.

Differential Protection for Mini-Busbars and Short Lines

 ❖ Current restraint tripping characteristic.
❖ Short tripping time.
❖ Insensitive against DC offset currents and current transformer saturation.

♦> High stability also for different current transformer saturation.

♦> Monitoring of the current connections with operation currents

Bus-Bar Protection

*> Single-phase differential protection for up to seven feeders of a busbar.

Either one relay per phase or one relay connected via interposed summation current

transformers.

❖ Current restraint tripping characteristic.

❖ Short tripping time.
❖ Insensitive against DC offset currents and current transformer saturation. High stability also
for different current transformer saturation.

❖ Monitoring of the current connections with operation currents

Restricted Earth Fault Protection

❖ Earth fault protection for earthed transformer windings, generators, motors, shunts

reactors, or starpoint formers.

❖ Short tripping time.

♦> . High sensitivity for earth faults within the protected zone.

❖ High stability against external earth faults using the magnitude and phase relationship of

through-flowing earth current

High-Impedance Unit Protection

♦>. Highly sensitive fault current detection using a common (external) burden

resistor. ♦t». Short

tripping time.

❖ . Insensitive against DC offset currents and current transformer saturation. *l*. high stability

with optimum matching.

*l*. Suitable for earth fault detection on earthed generators, motors, shunt reactors, and

transformers, including auto-transformers.

❖ . Suitable for any voltage measurement (via the resistor current) for application of

high-impedance unit protection.

Tank Leakage Protection

 ❖ For transformers or reactors the tank of which is installed isolated or high resistive

against ground.

❖ Monitoring of the leakage current flowing between the tank and ground.
❖ . Can be connected via a "normal" current input of the device or the special highly

sensitive current input (3 mA smallest setting).

Time Overcurrent Protection for Phase Currents and Residual Current

♦>. Two definite time delayed overcurrent stages for each of the phase currents and the residual

(threefold zero sequence) current, can be assigned to any of the sides of the protected object.

❖ Additionally, one inverse time delayed overcurrent stage for each of the phase currents and the

residual current.

♦♦♦ Selection of various inverse time characteristics of different standards is possible, alternatively

a user defined characteristic can be specified.

❖ . All stages can be combined as desired; different characteristics can be selected for

phase currents on the one hand and the residual current on the other.

❖ . External blocking facility for any desired stage (e.g. for reverse interlocking). .

Instantaneous trip when switching on a dead fault with any desired stage.

❖ . Inrush restraint using the second harmonic of the measured currents.

♦>. Dynamic switchover of the time overcurrent parameters, e.g. during cold-load startup of the

power plant.

Time Overcurrent Protection for Earth Current

❖ Two definite time delayed overcurrent stages for the earth current connected at current input
17 (e.g. current between starpoint and earth).

❖ Additionally, one inverse time delayed overcurrent stage for the earth current.
❖ . Selection of various inverse time characteristics of different standards is possible,

alternatively a user defined characteristic can be specified. ♦♦♦ The

stages can be combined as desired.

♦J*. External blocking facility for any desired stage (e.g. for reverse interlocking). . Instantaneous

trip when switching on a dead fault with any desired stage.

❖ . Inrush restraint using the second harmonic of the measured current.

❖. Dynamic switchover of the time overcurrent parameters, e.g. during cold-load startup of the

power plant.
Single-Phase Time Overcurrent Protection

♦.♦ Two definite time delayed overcurrent stages can be combined as desired. *l* . For any desired

single-phase overcurrent detection.

 ❖ . Can be assigned to the current input 17 or the highly sensitive current input 18. ❖. Suitable

for detection of very small current (e.g. for high-impedance unit

protection or tank leakage protection, see above). ♦> . Suitable for detection of any desired AC

voltage using an external series resistor

(e.g. for high-impedance unit protection, see above). ❖.

External blocking facility for any desired stage.

Unbalanced Load Protection

❖ . Processing of the negative sequence current of any desired side of the protected
object.
♦♦♦. Two definite time delayed negative sequence current stages and one additional inverse time
delayed negative sequence current stage.
❖ . Selection of various inverse time characteristics of different standards is possible,
alternatively a user defined characteristic can be specified. *l*. The
stages can be combined as desired.

Thermal Overload Protection

♦J*. Thermal replica of current-initiated heat losses. ♦♦♦.

True RMS current calculation.

❖ . Can be assigned to any desired side of the protected object. ♦♦•.

Adjustable thermal warning stage.

❖. Adjustable current warning stage.

❖ . Alternatively evaluation of the hot-spot temperature according to IEC 60354 with

❖ calculation of the reserve power and ageing rate (by means of external temperature sensors via

thermo box).
Circuit Breaker Failure Protection

❖ With monitoring of current flow through each breaker pole of the assigned side of the

protected object.

❖. Supervision of the breaker position possible (if breaker auxiliary contacts available).

<♦. Initiation by each of the internal protection functions.

❖ . Initiation by external trip functions possible via binary input.

External Direct Trip

❖ Tripping of either circuit breaker by an external device via binary inputs.

 ❖ Inclusion of external commands into the internal processing of information and trip
commands.

❖ With or without trip time delay.

Processing of External Information

❖. Combining of external signals (user defined information) into the internal

information processing. ❖ Pre-defined transformer annunciations for Buchholz protection and

oil gassing. ❖. Connection to output relays, LEDs, and via the serial system interface to a central

computer station.

User Defined Logic Functions (CFC)

❖. Freely programmable linkage between internal and external signals for the

implementation of user defined logic functions. ♦♦♦. All

usual logic functions.

❖. Time delays and measured value set point interrogation.

Commissioning Operation

❖ . Comprehensive support facilities for operation and commissioning.

❖ . Indication of all measured values, amplitudes and phase relation.
❖ . Indication of the calculated differential and restraint currents.
♦J*. Integrated help tools can be visualized by means of a standard browser: Phasor diagrams of all

currents at all ends of the protected object are displayed as a graph.

♦> . Connection and direction checks as well as interface check.

Monitoring Functions

❖ . Monitoring of the internal measuring circuits, the auxiliary voltage supply, as well

as the hard- and software, resulting in increased reliability. *l* Supervision of the current

transformer secondary circuits by means of symmetry checks.

❖ . Check of the consistency of protection settings as to the protected object and the

assignment of the current inputs: blocking of the differential protection system in case of

inconsistent settings which could lead to a malfunction. Trip circuit supervision is possible.

Further Functions
 ❖. Battery buffered real time clock, which may be synchronized via a
synchronization signal (e.g. DCF77, IRIG B via satellite receiver), binary
input or system interface. ❖ . Continuous calculation and display of measured
quantities on the front of
the device. Indication of measured quantities of all sides of the protected
object.

❖. Fault event memory (trip log) for the last 8 network faults (faults in the power
system), with real time stamps (ms-resolution).
 ❖ Fault recording memory and data transfer for analog and user configurable binary
signal traces with a maximum time range of 5 s.

❖ Switching statistics: counter with the trip commands issued by the device, as well as
record of the fault current and accumulation of the interrupted fault currents;

❖ Communication with central control and data storage equipment via serial interfaces
through the choice of data cable, modem, or optical fibers, as an option.
PROTECION SCHEME USING NUMERICAL RELAY

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION FOR TRANSFORMERS

Matching of the Measured Values

In power transformers, generally, the secondary currents of the current transformers are not

equal when a current flows through the power transformer, but depend on the transformation ratio and

the connection group of the protected power transformer, and the rated currents of the current

transformers at both sides of the power transformer. The currents must, therefore, be matched in order

to become comparable. Matching to the various power transformer and current transformer ratios and

of the phase displacement according to the vector group of the protected transformer is performed

purely mathematically. As a rule, external matching transformers are not required. The input currents

are converted in relation to the power transformer rated current. This is achieved by entering the rated

transformer data, such as rated power, rated voltage and rated primary current of the current

transformers, into the protection device. Once the vector group has been entered, the protection is

capable of performing the current comparison according to fixed formulae. Conversion of the currents

is performed by programmed coefficient matrices which simulate the difference currents in the

transformer windings. All conceivable vector groups (including phase exchange) are possible. In this

aspect, the conditioning of the starpoint(s) of the power transformer is essential, too.

Isolated Starpoint
Figure 2-15 illustrates an example for a power transformer Yd5 (wye-delta with 150 ° phase
displacement) without any earthed starpoint. The figure shows the windings and the phasor diagrams of
symmetrical currents and, at the bottom, the matrix equations. The general form of these equations is
Im = k.(K).In,

Where
(Im) - Matrix of the matched currents IA, IB. IC, k -

Constant factor,

(K) - Coefficient matrix, dependent on the vector group, (In) - Matrix

of the phase currents IL1, IL2, IL3.

 On the left (delta) winding, the matched currents IA, IB, IC are derived from the difference of

the phase currents I.L1, IL2, IL3. On the right (wye) side, the matched currents are equal to the phase

currents (magnitude matching not considered).

Earthed Starpoint
Figure 2-16 illustrates an example for a transformer YNd5 with an earthed starpoint on the Y-
Winding 2
Winding 1

Figure 2-15 Matching the transformer vector

group, example Yd5 (magnitudes not
considered)
side. In this case, the zero sequence currents are eliminated. On the left side, the zero sequence currents

cancel each other because of the calculation of the current differences. This complies with the fact that

zero sequence current is not possible outside of the delta winding. On the right side, the zero sequence

current is eliminated by the calculation rule of the matrix, e.g.

l/3-(2 IL1 - 1 IL2- 1 IL3)= 1/3 • (3 IL1 - IL1 - 1L2 - IL3) = 1/3 • (3 IL1 - 3 I0) = (1L1 -10).

Zero sequence current elimination achieves that fault currents which flow via the transformer

during earth faults in the network in case of an earth point in the protected zone (transformer starpoint

or starpoint former by neutral earth reactor) are rendered harmless without any special external

measures. Refer e.g. to Figure 2-17: Because of the earthed starpoint, a zero sequence current occurs on

the right side during a network fault but not on the left side. Comparison of the phase currents, without

zero sequence current elimination, would cause a wrong result (current difference in spite of an

external fault).

Figure 2-18 shows an example of an earth fault on the delta side outside the protected zone if

an earthed starpoint former (zigzag winding) is installed within the protected zone. In this arrangement,

a zero sequence current occurs on the right side but not on the left, as above. If the starpoint former

were outside the protected zone (i.e. CTs between power transformer and starpoint former) the zero

sequence current would not pass through the measuring point (CTs) and would not have any harmful

effect.
 The disadvantage of elimination of the zero sequence current is that the protection becomes

less sensitive (factor 2/3 because the zero sequence current amounts to 1/3) in case of an earth fault in

the protected area. Therefore, elimination is suppressed in case the starpoint is not earthed (see above,

Figure 2-15).
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

Winding 2
Winding 1

Figure 2-16 Matching the transformer vector group, example

YNd5 (magnitudes not considered)

Dept. of EEE 48 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

hm.

Dept. ofEEE 49 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

rYY\
t52

Dept. of EEE 50 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

Figure 2-17 Example of an eann fault outside the protected transformer and
current distribution

Dept. ofEEE 51 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 \ -----------H------------------
L-,
\
J
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

Figure 2-18 Example of an earth fault outside :ne protected transformer with a neutral earthing
reactor within tie protected zone

Increasing the Ground Fault Sensitivity

Higher earth fault sensitivity in case of an earthed winding can be achieved if the starpoint
current is available, i.e. if a current transformer is installed in the starpoint connection to earth and this
current is fed to the device (current input 17). Figure 2-19 shows an example of a power transformer
the starpoint of which is earthed on the Y-side. In this case, the zero sequence current is not eliminated.
Instead of this, 1/3 of the starpoint current ISP is added for each phase.

Dept. ofEEE 53 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

1 -1 • 3. L
i

-e-

u
=C7 J
"-'3
7*" Hi

Dept. of EEE 54 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

Figure 2-19 Example of a earth fault outside the transformer«

The matrix equation is in this case:

Dept. ofEEE 55 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

/ \
10001
1 ISP
1= =1 0001 ■ SP
IL2 3'
k- 2 ,

Dept. of EEE 56 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 ISP corresponds to -310 but is measured in the starpoint connection of the winding and not in

the phase lines. The effect is that the zero sequence current is considered in case of an internal fault

(from 10 = -1/3ISP), whilst the zero sequence current is eliminated in case of an external fault because

the zero sequence current on the terminal side 10 = 1/3 • (IL1 + IL2 + IL3) compensates for the

staipoint current. In this tway, full sensitivity (with zero sequence current) is achieved for internal earth

faults and full elimination of the zero sequence current in case of external earth faults.

Even higher earth fault sensitivity during internal earth fault is possible by means of the

restricted earth fault protection.

Use on Single- Phase Transformers

Single-phase transformers can be designed with one or two windings per side; in the latter case,

the winding phases can be wound on one or two iron cores. In order to ■ensure that optimum matching

of the currents would be possible, always two measured [: current inputs shall be used even if only one

current transformer is installed on one phase. [The currents are to be connected to the inputs LI and L3

of the device; they are : designated IL1 and IL3 in the following.

If two winding phases are available, they may be connected either in series (which corresponds

to a wye-winding) or in parallel (which corresponds to a delta-winding). The phase displacement

between the windings can only be 0° or 180°. Figure 2-21 shows an example of a single-phase power

transformer with two phases per side with Ithe definition of the direction of the currents.
-i i.

■a
U L
i
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

L3

Figure 2-21 txantpie of a single-phase transformer with current definition

Like with three-phase power transformers, the currents are matched by programmed

coefficient matrices which simulate the difference currents in the transformer windings.

The common form of these equations is Im =

k.(K).In

Where

(Im) - matrix of the matched currents IA, IC,

k - Constant factor,

(K) - coefficient matrix,

(In) - Matrix of the phase currents IL1, IL3.

Since the phase displacement between the windings can only be 0° or 180°, matching is

relevant only with respect to the treatment of the zero sequence current (besides magnitude matching).

If the "starpoinf of the protected transformer winding is not earthed (Figure 2-21 left side), the phase

currents can directly be used.

If a "starpoinf is earthed (Figure 2-21 right side), the zero sequence current must be eliminated
by forming the current differences. Thus, fault currents which flow through the transformer during
earth faults in the network in case of an earth point in the protected zone (transformer "starpoint") are
rendered harmless without any special external measures.

Dept. of EEE 59 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

The matrices are (Figure

2-21):
Ia= 11 0: Il i " I,..0 1 IA
= 1 1 -i
-c *3-i 1
4

Dept. of EEE 60 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 The disadvantage of elimination of the zero sequence current is that the protection becomes

less sensitive (factor 1/2 because the zero sequence current amounts to 1/2) in case of an earth fault in

the protected area. Higher earth fault sensitivity can be achieved if the "starpoint" current is available,

i.e. if a CT is installed in the "starpoint" connection to earth and this current is fed to the device (current

input 17).
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

U. ^Yl pry
U

Dept. of EEE 62 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project

IP
i

Dept. of EEE 63 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

Figure 2-22 Example of an earth fault outside a single-phase transformer with

current distribution

The matrices are in this case:

f ^ r i
■ ( \ %
\
f \ f ,
IA = 1 10 h = 1- 1 0 1 I I
- SP
01 1 01
J
, II3 > , -L3 ,, *2'
(, ' SP

where ISP is the current measured in the "starpoint" connection.

The zero sequence current is not eliminated. Instead of this, for each phase 1/2 of the starpoint
current ISP is added. The effect is that the zero sequence current is considered in case of an internal
fault (from 10 = -1/2ISP), whilst the zero sequence current is eliminated in case of an external fault
because the zero sequence current on the

Dept. of EEE 64 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

terminal side 10 = 1/2 • (IL1 + IL3) compensates for the "starpoint" current. In this way, full sensitivity

(with zero sequence current) is achieved for internal earth faults and full elimination of the zero

sequence current in case of external earth faults.

c
NcDfeei
..cf«?
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
The restricted earth fault protection detects earth faults in power transformers, shunt reactors,

neutral grounding transformers/reactors, or rotating machines, the staipoint of which is led to earth. It is

also suitable when a starpoint former is installed within a protected zone of a non-earthed power

transformer. A precondition is that a current transformer is installed in the starpoint connection, i.e.

between the staipoint and earth. The staipoint CT and the three phase CTs define the limits of the

protected zone exactly.

rtgure 2-36 Restricted earth fault protection on an earthed transformer winding

Function Description

Figure 2-37 Restricted earth fault protection on a non-earthed

transformer winding with neutral reactor (starsoint former) within the
protected zone
Basic Principle

During healthy operation, no starpoint current ISP flows through the staipoint lead, the sum of

the phase currents 310 = IL1 + IL2 + IL3 is zero, too. When an earth fault occurs in the protected zone

(Figure 2-41), a starpoint current ISP will flow; depending on the earthing conditions of the power

system a further earth current may be recognized in the residual current path of the phase current

transformers.
 Since all currents which flow into the protected zone are defined positive, the residual current

from the system will be more or less in phase with the staipoint current.
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

^1

rm ■U

Dept. ofEEE 68 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 if.3

Figure 2-41 E>:a"iole for an ears fault in a transformer with current disfibini

When an earth fault occurs outside the protected zone (Figure 2-42), a starpoint current ISP

will flow equally; but the residual current of the phase current transformers 310 is now of equal

magnitude and in phase opposition with the starpoint current.

L

Figure 2-42 Example for an earth fault outside a transformer with

current distribution
When a fault without earth connection occurs outside the protected zone, a residual current

may occur in the residual current path of the phase current transformers which is caused by different

saturation of the phase current transformers under strong through-current conditions. This current could

simulate a fault in the protected zone. Wrong tripping must be avoided under such condition. For this,

the restricted earth fault protection provides stabilization methods which differ strongly from the usual

stabilization methods of differential protection schemes since it uses, besides the magnitude of the

measured currents, the phase relationship, too.

Evaluation of the Measured Quantities

The restricted earth fault protection compares the fundamental wave of the current flowing in
the starpoint connection, which is designated as 310' in the following, with the fundamental wave of
the sum of the phase currents, which should be designated in the following as 310". Thus, the following
applies (Figure 2-43):

310' = ISP
310" - ILI +IL2 + IL3 Only 310' acts as the tripping effect quantity, during a fault within the
protected zone this current is always present.
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project

Li
rY

LI "
+ 1
lL-2

Dept. of 70 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

tL 7UT61

Dept. of EEE 71 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 Figure 2-43 Prno'cle of restricted earth fault protection

When an earth fault occurs outside the protected zone, another earth current 310" flows though

the phase current transformers. This is, on the primary side, in counterphase with the starpoint 310'

current and has equal magnitude. The maximum information of the currents is evaluated for

stabilization: the magnitude of the currents and their phase position. The following is defined: A

tripping effect current

IREF = |3I0'| and the

stabilization or restraining current

IRest = k • (|3I0' - 3I0"| - |3I0' + 3I0"|)

where k is a stabilization factor which will be explained below, at first we assume k = 1. IREF

is derived from the fundamental wave and produces the tripping effect quantity, IRest counteracts this

effect.

To clarify the situation, three important operating conditions should be examined: a) Through-fault

current on an external earth fault:

310" is in phase opposition with 310' and of equal magnitude i.e. 310" = -310' IREF = |3I0'|

IRest = |3I0* + 3I0"| - |3I0' - 3I0"| = 2(310*1

The tripping effect current (IREF) equals the starpoint current; restraint (IRest) corresponds to

twice the tripping effect current.

 b) Internal earth fault, fed only from the starpoint:

In this case, 310" = 0

IREF - |3I0'|

IRest = |310' -0H3I0' + 0| = 0

The tripping effect current (IREF) equals the starpoint current; restraint (IRest) is zero, i.e. full

sensitivity during internal earth fault.

c) Internal earth fault, fed from the starpoint and from the system, e.g. with equal

earth current magnitude:

In this case, 310" = 310'

IREF = |3I0'|

IRest = |3I0' - 3I0*| - |3I0' + 3I0'| = -2 • |3I0'|

I

The tripping effect current (IREF) equals the starpoint current; the restraining quantity (IRest)

is negative and, therefore, set to zero, i.e. full sensitivity during internal earth fault.This result shows

that for internal fault no stabilization is effective since the restraint quantity is either zero or negative.

Thus, small earth current can cause tripping. In contrast, strong restraint becomes effective for external

earth faults. Figure 2-44 shows that the restraint is the strongest when the residual current from the

phase currenttransformers is high (area with negative 3I073I0'). With ideal current transformers,

3107310' would be -1.

If the starpoint current transformer is designed weaker than the phase current transformers (e.g.

by selection of a smaller accuracy limit factor or by higher secondary burden), no trip will be possible

under through-fault condition even in case of severe saturation as the magnitude of 310" is always

higher than that of 310'.

 Flipping
3Blockii"J \

-0.3 -93 -0 1 cd o. t
0.2 —». 3i°' 0.3
3Io'
Figure 2-44 Tripping characteristic of the restricted earth fault
protection depending on the earth current ratio 3Iq73Id'
(both currents in phase + or counter-phase -); IRE= = tripping
effect current; = setting value
The restraint quantity can be influenced by means of a factor k. This factor has certain

relationship to the limit angle jlimit. This limit angle determines, for which phase displacement between

310" and 310' the pickup value grows to infinity when 310" = 310', i.e. no pickup occurs. In 7UT612 is

k = 2, i.e. the restraint quantity in the above example a) is redoubled once more: the restraint quantity

IRest is 4 times the tripping effect quantity IREF. The limit angle is jlimit = 110°. That means no trip is

possible for phase displacement j(3I0"; 310') 3 110°. Figure 2-46 shows the operating characteristics of

the restricted earth fault protection dependent of the phase displacement between 310" and 310', for a

constant in feed ratio |3I0"| = |3I0'|.

 'F.EF2-46
Figure IF= =Tripping
> characteristic of the restricted earth fault protection depending on
the phase displacement between and %' at 3%" = 3y (180* = external
fault)

PICK-UP/TRIPPING

120- 110' 1D0« W "* ^Sl^lLl

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project
Report '

:.3i i \ i - m f ' i3|

SLOPE

Dept. ofEEE 76 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report "07

I^?5817........., r (REF picked

upj-—
— - -------- ■ -|

Dept. of EEE 77 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '

pui +iluUtluMW I 13121 T 1-603 g

FNo
0 05821 -
I------1
$EFTRIP
L .__________ W________I

AT■ippingBlockii, .

Dept. ofEEE 78 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report "07

=No 05603 FNo 05812

J >3LOCK REF"' SLCChEpi
FNo 55613 -
6s fREF
| i3CtflEF P ACTIVE >
ROT. | I 8iecft
FNo 05811 -
rsia/ C REF OFF )

Dept. of EEE 79 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '

Figure 2-48 Logic diagram of the restricted earth fault protection

Dept. ofEEE 80 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report "07

As soon as the fundamental wave of the differential current reaches 85% the set value or the

stabilizing current exceeds 4 times the rated transformer current the protection picks up. If the trip

condition are fulfilled trip signal is issued. Reset of pick up is initiated when the differential current has

fallen below 70% of set value. If a trip command has not been initiated, the fault is considered to be

over. If trip command has been formed, then a timer or a settable duration can be started upon reset of

pick up. During this time the trip command is held in.

Dept. of EEE 81 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 TIME OVERCURRENT PROTECTION FOR PHASE AND
RESIDUAL CURRENTS

General
The time overcurrent protection is used as backup protection for the short-circuit protection of

the protected object and provides backup protection for external faults which are not promptly

disconnected and thus may endanger the protected object.

The time overcurrent protection for phase currents takes its currents from the side to which it is

assigned. The time overcurrent protection for residual current always uses the sum of the current of that

side to which it is assigned. The side for the phase currents may be different from that of the residual

current.

The time overcurrent protection provides two definite time stages and one inverse time stage

for each the phase currents and the residual current. The inverse time stages may operate according an

IEC or an ANSI, or an user defined characteristic.

Function Description

Definite Time Overcurrent Protection

The definite time stages for phase currents and residual current are always available even if an

inverse time characteristic has been configured.

Pickup, Trip
Two definite time stages are available for each the phase currents and the residual current (3
TO). Each phase current and the residual current 3 -10 are compared with the setting value ,I»
(common setting for the three phase currents) and 3I0» (independent setting for 3T0). Currents above
the associated pickup value are detected and annunciated. When the respective delay time T I» or T
3I0»is expired, tripping command is issued. The reset value is approximately 5 % below the pickup
value for currents > 0.3 • IN.

Each phase current and the residual current 3-10 are, additionally, compared with the setting

value ,I.> (common setting for the three phase currents) and 3I0> (independent setting for 3-10). When

the set thresholds are exceeded, pickup is annunciated. But if inrush restraint is used a frequency

analysis is performed first. If an inrush condition is detected, pickup annunciation is suppressed and an

inrush message is output instead. When, after pickup without inrush recognition, the relevant delay

times 7_,! or

7___,_! are expired, tripping command is issued. During inrush condition no trip is
possible but expiry of the timer is annunciated. The reset value is approximately 5 % below the pickup

value for currents > 0,3-IN.

Figure A shows the logic diagram of the stages I> for phase currents
Figure B shows the logic diagram of over current stage 3I0> for residual current.

Il 'inactive
------
I'
-----------
1 is FNo75
mstsMt, 51 FMq
7?6f....
7587

-toC Phase
OFF"
Figure 2-50 Logic diagram of the overcurrent
stages I> for phase currents

l :'30g|3I0 >'AN, CL05E~|

I I n a ct i v e
I 3/0>> in s t an t .
I aJOp in s t an t .
N3/0> i mt s nt .
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report "07

IM.t. Pes?■■ -\HB> InRush PU.;

rr _■ jEfiteiaa______v

Dept. of EEE 84 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report "07

RJot7» ..

Dept. of EEE 85 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report "07

-IQ/C 310 PU_______J

FMO1&04 H^3|[)>
picked ug)

It 3to-l FNo1&06

FNolWS —C3I0>
Tkb« Out~:

Dept. of EEE 86 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report "07

~x ■--------------------
V Mess. release
/No 1S57

FNo1741
FN0 1749

Dept. of EEE 87 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

12201 bio Q,c I 1-
"t&'C3!P 8LK_
I FNoi7»
________
S f No VAi
-------------- -Coc :^7p-F ';
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report "07

Figure 2-51 Logic diagram of me overcyrrenf stage 3%» for residua! current

The pickup values for each of the stages, I> (phase currents), 3I0> (residual cuirent), I» (phase

currents), 3I0» (residual current) and the delay times can be set individually.

Inverse Time Overcurrent Protection

The inverse time overcurrent stages operate with a characteristic either according to the IEC-

or the ANSI-standard or with a user-defined characteristic. When configuring one of the inverse time

characteristics, definite time stages I» and I> are also enabled.

Dept. of EEE 89 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Pickup, Trip

Each phase current and the residual current (sum of phase currents) are compared, one by one,

to a common setting value Ip and a separate setting 3I0p. If a current exceeds 1.1 times the setting

value, the corresponding stage picks up and is signaled selectively. But if inrush restraint is used a

frequency analysis is performed first. If an inrush condition is detected, pickup annunciation is

suppressed and an inrush message is output instead. The RMS values of the basic oscillations are used

for pickup. During the pickup of an Ip stage, the tripping time is calculated from the flowing fault

current by means of an integrating measuring procedure, depending on the selected tripping

characteristic. After the expiration of this period, a trip command is transmitted as long as no inrush

current is detected or inrush restraint is disabled. If inrush restraint is enabled and inrush current is

detected, there will be no tripping. Nevertheless, an annunciation is generated indicating that the time

has expired. For the residual current 3I0p the characteristic can be selected independent from the

characteristic used for the phase currents. The pickup values for the stages Ip (phase currents), 3I0p

(residual current) and the delay times for each of these stages can be set individually.
Figure 2-52 shows the logic diagram of the inverse time stages for phase currents.

f,r.*;aj
MA
NU
AL
-t
Off
acti
ve
K. J . * InRuth g<J . X

FNo
1751

:re 2-52 Logic diagram c>* the inverse time overcurrent stages Ip for p^isse
currents — example for tEC—curves
Figure 2-53 for residual current.

■■ -:i HI

JI'.' ■ ■ intxant. ,
310n instant.
' , 3W> instant.
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

-:>Qp ) r R j
,FEJ3 757Q

% H PU) FNo75e|_

FNo 8766 -(0/5 380

PU j| FNo t«ST
—(,.3IOp pickedjg>J

1 n> FNc !60a -CllOp

-| ItC CURVE TR|P~~~3

|..': :'|t aiop | FNo 1908 -

C3J6p'flm«but'";
FNc 1859

\ M-,-,i-, release
L
F H z 1744

Dept. ofEEE 93 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

- T 1 SL:.C- CQ
FNo 1741
FN© 1748
J>3LK 310Q."C 'J ; il3 SLK~)
FNo i7M_________
13X0 C C I >l -yO/C 310 ACffVfe
FNo J74S
-(oq|wr)
.1^

Dept. of EEE 94 S.N.G.C.E. Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

Figure 2-53 Lojic diagram of the inverse time overcurrent stage for residual current — exams le ?or lEC-curves

Dept. ofEEE 95 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION
The thermal overload protection prevents damage to the protected object caused by thermal

overloading, particularly in case of power transformers, rotating machines, power reactors and cables.

OVERLOAD PROTECTION USING A THERMAL REPLICA Principle

The thermal overload protection of 7UT612 can be assigned to one of the sides of the protected

object (selectable), i.e. it evaluates the currents flowing at this side. Since the cause of overload is

normally outside the protected object, the overload current is a through-flowing current. The unit

computes the temperature rise according to a thermal single-body model as per the following thermal

differential equation

de/dt + (1 th)e = 1/
/T rth(I/k.lNobj)2

with currently valid temperature rise referred to the final temperature rise for the

maximum permissible phase current k • INobj, xth -

thermal time constant for heating up,

k - k-factor which states the maximum permissible continuous current, referred to

the rated current of the protected object, I -

currently valid RMS current, INobj - rated current of

protected object.

The solution of this equation under steady-state conditions is an e-function whose asymptote

shows the final temperature rise 9end- When the temperature rise reaches the first settable temperature

threshold 9aiarm, which is below the final temperature rise, a warning alarm is given in order to allow an

early load reduction. When the second

temperature threshold, i.e. the final temperature rise or tripping temperature, is reached, the protected

object is disconnected from the network. The overload protection can, however, also be set on Alarm

Only .In this case only an alarm is output when the final temperature rise is reached.

The temperature rises are calculated separately for each phase in a thermal replica from the

square of the associated phase current. This guarantees a true RMS value measurement and also

includes the effect of harmonic content. The maximum calculated temperature rise of the three phases is

decisive for evaluation of the thresholds. The maximum permissible continuous thermal overload

current Imax is described as a multiple of the rated current INobj:

Imax = k • INobj where INobj is the rated current of the protected object:

*l* For power transformers, the rated power of the assigned winding is decisive. The device

calculates this rated current from the rated apparent power of the transformer and the rated

voltage of the assigned winding. For transformers with tap changer, the non-regulated side

must be used.

*t* For generators, motors, or reactors, the rated object current is calculated by the device from
the set rated apparent power and the rated voltage.

❖ For short lines or busbars, the rated current was directly set.

In addition to the k-factor, the thermal time constant tth as well as the alarm temperature rise

Qalarm must be entered into the protection.

Apart from the thermal alarm stage, the overload protection also includes a current overload alarm

stage I ia™, which can output an early warning that an overload current is imminent, even when the
a

temperature rise has not yet reached the alarm or trip temperature rise values. The overload protection

can be blocked via a binary input. In doing so, the thermal replica is also reset to zero.

Function Description

General

The circuit breaker failure protection provides rapid backup fault clearance, in the event that

the circuit breaker fails to respond to a trip command from a feeder protection. Whenever e.g. the

differential protection or any short-circuit protection relay of a feeder issues a trip command to the

circuit breaker, this is repeated to the breaker failure protection (Figure 2-81). A timer T-BF in the

breaker failure protection is started. The timer runs as long as a trip command is present and current

continues to flow through the breaker poles.

Fig:- Simplified function diagram of circuit breaker failure protection with current flow monitoring

Normally, the breaker will open and interrupt the fault current. The current monitoring stage
CB-I> resets and stops the timer T-BF. If the trip command is not carried out (breaker failure case),
current continues to flow and the timer runs to its set limit. The breaker failure protection then issues a
command to trip the backup breakers and interrupt the fault current.
PROCESSING OF EXTERNAL SIGNALS

FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

External Trip Commands

Two desired trip signals from external protection or supervision units can be incorporated into

the processing of the differential protection 7UT612. The signals are coupled into the device via binary

inputs. Like the internal protection and supervision signals, the can be annunciated, delayed,

transmitted to the output trip relays, and blocked. This allows to include mechanical protective devices

(e.g. pressure switch, Buchholz protection) in the processing of 7UT612.

The minimum trip command duration set for all protective functions are also valid for these

external trip commands. Figure shows the logic diagram of one of these external trip commands. Two

of these functions are available. The function numbers FNo are illustrated for the external trip

command 1.

FNo 04536
--------------------------(Ext' pkker vz )
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

Ho04f>2«
r
8602 T BELAY

Dept. ofEEE 99 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

FNo 04537
<ExH Guar TUP*)

Dept. of EEE 100 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

_ FNo 04523 FNo 04532

1 •»BLOCK ExtT>

Dept. ofEEE 101 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

Transformer Messages
In addition to the external trip commands as described above, some typical, messages from
power transformers can be incorporated into the processing of the 7UT612 via binary inputs. This
prevents the user from creating user specified annunciations. These messages are the Buchholz alarm,
Buchholz trip and Buchholz tank alarm as well as gassing alarm of the oil.
Blocking Signal for External Faults
Sometimes for transformers so-called sudden pressure relays (SPR) are installed in the tank

which are meant to switch off the transformer in case of a sudden pressure increase. Not only

transformer failures but also high traversing fault currents originating from external faults can lead to a

pressure increase.

External faults are quickly recognized by 7UT612. A blocking signal can be created by means

of a CFC logic in order to prevent from erroneous trip of the SPR.

Dept. of EEE 102 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

MONITORING FUNCTIONS
The device incorporates comprehensive monitoring functions which cover both hardware and

software; the measured values are continuously checked for plausibility, so that the CT circuits are also

included in the monitoring system to a large extent. Furthermore, binary inputs are available for

supervision of the trip circuit.

FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

Hardware Monitoring

The complete hardware including the measurement inputs and the output relays is monitored

for faults and inadmissible states by monitoring circuits and by the processor.

Auxiliary and Reference Voltages

The processor voltage is monitored by the hardware as the processor cannot operate if the
voltage drops below the minimum value. In that case, the device is not operational. When the correct
voltage has re-established the processor system is restarted. Failure or switch-off of the supply voltage
sets the system out of operation; this status is signaled by a fail-safe contact. Transient dips in supply
voltage will not disturb the function of the relay. The processor monitors the offset and the reference
voltage of the ADC (Analog-to Digital Converter). In case of inadmissible deviations the protection is
blocked; persistent faults are signaled.

Memory Modules

All working memories (RAMs) are checked during start-up. If a fault occurs, the start is
aborted and an LED starts flashing. During operation the memories are checked with the help of their
checksum. For the program memory (EPROM), the cross-check sum is cyclically generated and
compared to a stored reference program cross-check sum. For the parameter memory (EEPROM), the
cross-check sum is cyclically generated and compared to the cross-check sum that is refreshed after
each parameterization change. If a fault occurs the processor system is restarted.
SOFTWARE MONITORING

Watchdog

For continuous monitoring of the program sequences, a watchdog timer is provided in the

hardware (hardware watchdog) which will reset and completely restart the processor system in the

event of processor failure or if a program falls out of step. A further software watchdog ensures that

any error in the processing of the programs will be recognized. Such errors also lead to a reset of the

processor.

If such an error is not eliminated by restarting, another restart attempt is initiated. If the fault is

still present after three restart attempts within 30 s, the protection system will take itself out of service,

and the red LED "Blocked" lights up. The "Device OK" relay drops off and signals the malfunction by

its healthy status contact.

FAULT RECORDING
The differential protection 7UT612 is equipped with a fault recording function. The
instantaneous values of the measured quantities

insi, iL2si, iL3si, ins2, 1l2S2, Jl3S2, 3iosi, 3ios2,17, k , and

iDiffLi, lDiffL2, lDifTL3, Wli, lRestL2, lRestL3 are sampled at 12/3 ms intervals (for a frequency of 50 Hz)
and stored in a cyclic buffer (12 samples per period). When used as single-phase busbar protection, the
first six feeder currents are stored instead of the phase currents, the zero sequence currents are nor
applicable.

During a system fault these data are stored over a time span that can be set (5 s at the longest
for each fault record). Up to 8 faults can be stored. The total capacity of the fault record memory is
approx. 5 s. The fault recording buffer is updated when a new fault occurs, so that acknowledging is not
necessary. Fault recording can be initiated, additionally to the protection pickup, via the integrated
operator panel, the serial operator interface and the serial service interface.

The data can be retrieved via the serial interfaces by means of a personal computer and
evaluated with the protection data processing program DIGSI® 4 and the graphic analysis software
SIGRA 4. The latter graphically represents the data recorded during the system fault and calculates
additional information from the measured values. A selection may be made as to whether the measured
quantities are represented as primary or secondary values. Binary signal traces (marks) of particular
events e.g. "fault detection", "tripping" are also represented.

If the device has a serial system interface, the fault recording data can be passed on to a central
device via this interface. The evaluation of the data is done by the respective programs in the central
device. The measured quantities are referred to their maximum values, scaled to their rated values and
prepared for graphic representation. In addition, internal events are recorded as binary traces (marks),
e.g. "fault detection",
"tripping". Where transfer to a central device is possible, the request for data transfer can be executed

automatically. It can be selected to take place after each fault detection by the protection, or only after

a trip.
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Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

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Dept. of EEE 112 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report '07

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CONCLUSION

Transformer protection using numerical relays is the modem version of protection.

Numerical relays has got several advantages as compared to ordinary electromagnetic relays.

Through our project, we were able to analyze the existing" transformer protection system in BPCL

Kochi Refinery. Even though the chances of faults occurring on them are very rare, the

consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly

disconnected from the system. This necessitated providing adequate automatic protection for

transformer against possible faults.

Dept. ofEEE 113 S.N.G.C.E, Kadayiruppu

 www.en.wikipedia.or

www.IEEexplore.IEE
www.siemens.com E.org
REFERENCES
Transformer Protection using Numerical Relays Project Report "07

Dept. of EEE 115 S.N.G.C.E, K