Maths Notes - Finals
Maths Notes - Finals
Maths Notes - Finals
The set of all the points in a plane that is at a fixed distance from a fixed pointmakes
a circle.
A Fixed point from which the set of points are at fixed distance is called the centre of
the circle.
A circle divides the plane into 3 parts: interior (inside the circle), the circle itself
and exterior (outside the circle)
Radius
– The distance between the centre of the circle and any point on its edge is called the radius.
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Chord
-The line segment within the circle joining any 2 points on the circle is called the chord.
Diameter
– A Chord passing through the centre of the circle is called the diameter. – The Diameter is 2
times the radius and it is the longest chord.
Arc
– The portion of a circle(curve) between 2 points is called an arc. – Among the two pieces
made by an arc, the longer one is called a major arc and the shorter one is called a minor arc.
Circumference
The perimeter of a circle is the distance covered by going around its boundary once. The
perimeter of a circle has a special name: Circumference, which is π times the diameter which is
given by the formula 2πr
Cyclic Quadrilateral
– A Quadrilateral is called a cyclic quadrilateral if all the four vertices lie on a circle.
In a circle, if all four points A, B, C and D lie on the circle, then quadrilateral ABCD is a cyclic
quadrilateral.
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Natural Numbers N 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
Rational Numbers Q p/q form, where p and q are integers and q is not zero.
Natural Numbers
All the numbers starting from 1 till infinity are natural numbers, such as 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,
…….infinity. These numbers lie on the right side of the number line and are positive.
Whole Numbers
All the numbers starting from 0 till infinity are whole numbers such as 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
…..infinity. These numbers lie on the right side of the number line from 0 and are positive.
Integers
Integers are the whole numbers which can be positive, negative or zero.
Example: 2, 33, 0, -67 are integers.
Rational Numbers
A number which can be represented in the form of p/q is called a rational number. For example,
1/2, 4/5, 26/8, etc.
Irrational Numbers
A number is called an irrational number if it can’t be represented in the form of ratio.
Example: √3, √5, √11, etc.
Real Numbers
The collection of all rational and irrational numbers is called real numbers. Real numbers are
denoted by R.
Every real number is a unique point on the number line and also every point on the number line
represents a unique real number.
If the decimal expression of a/b terminates. i.e. A decimal in which a digit or a set of
comes to an end, then the decimal so obtained digits repeats repeatedly periodically is
is called Terminating decimals. called a repeating decimal.
Real Numbers
A number whose square is non-negative is called a real number.
Real numbers follow Closure property, associative law, commutative law, the existence
of an additive identity, existence of additive inverse for Addition.
Real numbers follow Closure property, associative law, commutative law, the existence
of a multiplicative identity, existence of multiplicative inverse, Distributive laws of
multiplication over Addition for Multiplication.
Rationalisation
If we have an irrational number, then the process of converting the denominator to a rational
number by multiplying the numerator and denominator by a suitable number is called
rationalisation.
Example:
3/√2 = (3/ √2) x (√2/√2) = 3 √2/2
Laws of Radicals
Let a>0 be a real number, and let p and q be rational numbers, then we have:
i) (ap).aq = a(p+q)
ii) (ap)q = apq
iii)ap/aq = a(p-q)
iv) ap x bp = (ab)p
Example: Simplify (36)½
Solution: (62)½ = 6(2 x ½) = 61 = 6
∠1=∠5,∠2=∠6,∠4=∠8 and ∠3=∠7(Corresponding angles)
∠3=∠5,∠4=∠6 (Alternate interior angles)
∠1=∠7,∠2=∠8 (Alternate exterior angles)
For More Information On Parallel Lines and Intersecting Lines, Watch The
Below Video:
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Introduction to Geometry
Adjacent angles
2 angles are adjacent if they have the same vertex and one common point.
Linear Pair
When 2 adjacent angles are supplementary, i.e they form a straight line (add up to 180∘), they
are called a linear pair.
Congruent Triangles
In a pair of triangles if all three corresponding sides and three corresponding angles are exactly
equal, then the triangles are said to be congruent.
In congruent triangles, the corresponding parts are equal and are written as CPCT
(Corresponding part of the congruent triangle).
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Criteria for Congruency
The following are the criteria for the congruency of the triangles.
SAS
ASA
AAS
SSS
RHS
symbolically, it is expressed as ΔABC≅ΔXYZ
Inequalities in Triangles
Triangle inequality
– The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be greater than the third side.
To know more about Triangles Inequalities Theorem, visit here.
In ΔABC and ΔCDA
AC=AC [Common / transversal]
∠BCA=∠DAC [alternate angles]
∠BAC=∠DCA [alternate angles]
ΔABC≅ΔCDA [ASA rule]
Hence,
AB=DC and AD=BC [ C.P.C.T.C]
∠1+∠2=∠3+∠4
∠BAD=∠BCD
Similarly,
∠ADC=∠ABC
In ΔABC and ΔCDA,
In ΔAOD and ΔCOD,
AB=BA [Common side]
BC=AD [Opposite sides of a rectangle]
∠ABC=∠BAD [Each = 900 ∵ ABCD is a Rectangle]
ΔABC≅ΔBAD [SAS rule]
∴AC=BD [C.P.C.T]
Consider ΔOAD and ΔOCB,
Diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles and are equal
Square ABCD
In ΔABC and ΔBAD,
AB=BA [Common side]
BC=AD [Opposite sides of a Square]
∠ABC=∠BAD [Each = 900 ∵ ABCD is a Square]
ΔABC≅ΔBAD [SAS rule]
∴AC=BD [C.P.C.T]
Consider ΔOAD and ΔOCB,
Parallelogram ABCD
Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel and equal.
AB||CD,AD||BC,AB=CD,AD=BC
Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal adjacent angels are supplementary.
∠A=∠C,∠B=∠D,
∠A+∠B=1800,∠B+∠C=1800,∠C+∠D=1800,∠D+∠A=1800
A diagonal of parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
AE=CE,BE=DE
∠1=∠5 (alternate interior angles)
∠EAF=∠DCF….(1)
Quadrilateral
∠1+∠2+∠3+∠4+∠5+∠6=360
I.e, ∠A+∠B+∠C+∠D=360
Hence proved
Types of Quadrilaterals
Trapezium
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with any one pair of opposite sides parallel.
Trapezium
PQRS is a trapezium in which PQ||RS
Parallelogram
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral, with both pair of opposite sides parallel and equal. In a
parallelogram, diagonals bisect each other.
Parallelogram ABCD
Parallelogram ABCD in which AB||CD,BC||AD and AB=CD,BC=AD
Rhombus
A rhombus is a parallelogram with all sides equal. In a rhombus, diagonals bisect each other
perpendicularly
Rhombus ABCD
A rhombus ABCD in which AB=BC=CD=AD and AC⊥BD
Rectangle
A rectangle is a parallelogram with all angles as right angles.
Rectangle ABCD
A rectangle ABCD in which, ∠A=∠B=∠C=∠D=900
Square
A square is a special case of a parallelogram with all angles as right angles and all sides
equal.
Square ABCD
A square ABCD in which ∠A=∠B=∠C=∠D=900 and AB=BC=CD=AD
Kite
A kite is a quadrilateral with adjacent sides equal.
Circles
The set of all the points in a plane that is at a fixed distance from a fixed point makes
a circle.
A Fixed point from which the set of points are at fixed distance is called the centre of
the circle.
A circle divides the plane into 3 parts: interior(inside the circle), the circle itself
and exterior(outside the circle)
Cuboid
A cuboid is a three dimensional Shape. The cuboid is made from six rectangular faces, which are
placed at right angles. The total surface area of a cuboid is equal to the sum of the areas of its
six rectangular faces.
Total Surface Area of a Cuboid
Cube
A cuboid whose length, breadth and height are all equal, is called a cube. It is a three-
dimensional shape bounded by six equal squares. It has 12 edges and 8 vertices.
For More Information On Cube And Cuboids, Watch The Below Video.
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The relationship between slant height(l) and height(h) of a right circular cone is:
l2 = h2 + r2 (Using Pythagoras Theorem)
Where r is the radius of the base of the cone.
Sphere
A sphere is a closed three-dimensional solid figure, where all the points on the surface of the
sphere are equidistant from the common fixed point called “centre”. The equidistant is called the
“radius”.
Volume of a Cuboid
The volume of a cuboid is the product of its dimensions.
Volume of a cuboid = length×breadth×height= lbh
Where l is the length of the cuboid, b is the breadth, and his the height of the cuboid.
Volume of a Cube
The volume of a cube = base area×height.
Since all dimensions are identical, the volume of the cube = a3
Where a is the length of the edge of the cube.
Volume of a Right Circular Cylinder
The volume of a right circular cylinder is equal to base area × its height.
Volume of a Sphere
The volume of a sphere of radius r =(4/3)πr3
To know more about Volume Formula’s for Different Geometric Shapes, visit here.