4/18/22, 8:49 PM Final Exam: Attempt review

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UGRD-PSYC6204-2123T /
Week 14: Final Exams /
Final Exam

Started on Monday, 18 April 2022, 7:13 PM

Question 1
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The appropriate inferential test when each subject participates in both conditions of an experiment is

Select one:
a. A between-subjects t-test.

b. A repeated measures t-test. 

c. A margin of error.

d. A t-test for independent groups.

Question 2
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

If a stem-and-leaf display were created for the following set of numbers, 23, 24, 24, 21, 20, 27, 29, 28, we would expect the digit 2 to be a

Select one:
a. Leaf.

b. Stem. 

c. Tree.

d. Trunk.

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Question 3

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Random assignment to conditions is used in true experiments to control which of the following threats to internal validity?

Select one:
a. Selection 

b. Testing

c. Subject attrition

d. History

Question 4
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

When deciding how to make a claim about the effect of a variable, researchers should

Select one:
a. Use the most complicated analysis to tease out the fullest effects.

b. Be aware of limitations association with null hypotheses significance testing. 

c. Not use confidence intervals.

d. Report the results of significance testing instead of measures of effect size.

Question 5

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

A conceptual definition of effect size for an independent variable with two conditions is the difference between the two sample means
divided by

Select one:
a. The population difference between two means.

b. Cohen's d.

c. The sample size, N. 

d. The variability within the groups.

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Question 6

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

A researcher trains observers to complete checklists while observing children's behavior on the schoolyard during recess. Over the course of
the study, observers become more reliable in their observations. Any effect of a treatment in this study might be confounded with an
____________ threat to internal validity.

Select one:
a. Additive

b. Observation

c. Instrumentation 

d. Expectancy effect

Question 7
Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

The value of the F-statistic in a single-factor experiment is determined by dividing the Between-Group Mean Square by the

Select one:
a. Total Sum of Squares.

b. Within-Group Mean Square.

c. Between-Group Sum of Squares. 

d. Degrees of freedom.

Question 8
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Null hypothesis significance testing uses the laws of probability to estimate the likelihood of an outcome by first assuming that

Select one:
a. An effect of an independent variable is present.

b. The population means are different.

c. The null hypothesis is false.

d. Only chance factors caused the outcome. 

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Question 9

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

In a study of the effectiveness of a treatment for depression, a psychologist assessed patients' symptoms of depression using a reliable
questionnaire both before and for several months after treatment. The results indicated that the patients experienced a decrease in their
symptoms over the 8-month time period of the study. One threat to internal validity the researcher should consider is

Select one:
a. Maturation. 

b. Testing.

c. All of these

d. Regression.

Question 10
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Participants for a treatment group are chosen because they score very low on a pretest measure of performance. When their performance
improves on the posttest, the researcher

Select one:
a. Should consider the possibility that statistical regression influenced posttest scores. 

b. Can rule out testing and instrumentation threats to internal validity.

c. Can be confident that the treatment was effective.

d. Must conclude that additive effects with selection are responsible for the outcome.

Question 11
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The t-test for independent groups is the appropriate inferential test when

Select one:
a. Comparing more than two means.

b. Calculating a correlation between groups.

c. A margin of error is needed for single random sample from a population.

d. Comparing two means. 

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Question 12

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The standard deviation is equal to the square root of

Select one:
a. The variance. 

b. The sum of squared deviations from the mean.

c. The standard error of the mean.

d. N - 1.

Question 13
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

When people's performance changes because they are enthusiastic or energized by an intervention, the results of a study are likely affected
by

Select one:
a. Contamination.

b. Diffusion of treatment.

c. Treatment enthusiasm.

d. Novelty effects. 

Question 14
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Contamination that results from communication of information between groups of participants in an experiment can lead to all of the
following except

Select one:
a. Resentment on the part of participants receiving less desirable treatments.

b. General diffusion of treatments across the groups.

c. Greater compliance with the instructions within each group. 

d. Rivalry among participants receiving different treatments.

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Question 15

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The expected value of the F-statistic when the null hypothesis is true is ________.

Select one:
a. 0.0

b. .05

c. .50

d. 1.00 

Question 16
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The initial overall analysis of an experiment based on the analysis of variance is called

Select one:
a. The interaction F-test.

b. A multiple-group analysis.

c. An omnibus F-test. 

d. The between-within test.

Question 17

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The "margin of error" typically reported for survey results estimates the difference between the sample results and the population values due
to

Select one:
a. Differences among survey methods.

b. Survey results.

c. Computer calculations.

d. Chance or random factors. 

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Question 18

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

A psychologist conducts a study to test a new treatment. The effect of treatment is statistically significant; the effect size is small according to
accepted criteria. When considering the practical or clinical significance of the finding, the psychologist is likely to be concerned about

Select one:
a. The external validity of the finding.

b. The financial cost of implementing the treatment.

c. All of these 

d. Whether the study is free of confoundings.

Question 19
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

A coherent "story" of data analysis for a study will include

Select one:
a. Justifications for conclusions.

b. An explanation of the findings.

c. Counter arguments for opposing interpretations of the findings.

d. All of these 

Question 20
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

A physician wants to test the effectiveness of a new allergy medication. The physician consults a researcher who regularly conducts clinical
trials. The physician tells the researcher that she has a backlog of 100 patients she is treating effectively with the current leading medication,
but who could potentially benefit even more from the new medication. The researcher recommends that the physician do a true experiment
because of the availability of

Select one:
a. An excess-demand control group.

b. A quasi-treatment control group.

c. A convenience control group.

d. A waiting-list control group. 

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Question 21

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The most common error associated with null hypothesis testing in psychological research is

Select one:
a. Too much power.

b. Random sampling.

c. A Type II error. 

d. A Type I error.

Question 22
Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Assume that the results of an F-test are reported as: F(2, 42) = 7.30, p = .01. On the basis of this information we may conclude that 

Select one:
a. All of these 

b. There were two independent groups in the experiment.

c. The results are statistically significant.

d. There were 42 total subjects in the experiment.

Your answer is incorrect.

Question 23
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The 95% confidence interval for a population mean is calculated as follows:

Select one:
a. Sample mean ± (t critical) (estimated standard error) 

b. Sample mean ± (.95) (estimated standard error)

c. Population mean ± (.95) (estimated standard error)

d. Population mean ± (t critical) (estimated standard error)

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Question 24

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

A researcher plans to conduct a study to compare two groups. Based on previous research, she anticipates a medium effect size. She does a
power analysis with alpha level of .05. This power analysis tells her

Select one:
a. The sample size she will need to observe a statistically significant finding. 

b. Cohen's d for her study.

c. The practical significance of her research.

d. The t-test outcome and degrees of freedom she should expect.

Question 25
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

When it comes to control over the conditions in the experiment or over the assignment of participants to groups in the experiment, a
researcher in a natural setting is likely to have

Select one:
a. More control over the conditions in the experiment but less control over assignment of participants.

b. The same amount of control as a researcher in a laboratory setting.

c. Less control than a researcher in a laboratory setting. 

d. More control than a researcher in a laboratory setting.

Question 26
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Which is not one of the four major sections that make up the body of a research report?

Select one:
a. Introduction

b. Appendices 

c. Discussion

d. Results

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Question 27

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The inferential statistic that is used in the calculation of a confidence interval is

Select one:
a. The effect size.

b. The degrees of freedom.

c. Analysis of variance.

d. The t statistic. 

Question 28
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

When researchers have a good estimate of the expected effect size for an independent variable prior to conducting a study, they should

Select one:
a. Perform a power analysis. 

b. All of these

c. Compute an inferential statistics test.

d. Draw confidence intervals for their means.

Question 29

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

In the context of conducting experiments in natural settings, random assignment of participants to conditions is

Select one:
a. The fairest procedure if the effectiveness of the treatment is known.

b. The fairest procedure if the effectiveness of the treatment is not known. 

c. Usually perceived by possible participants as the fairest procedure.

d. Usually perceived by those in positions of authority as the fairest procedure.

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Question 30

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

When, from the outset of an experiment, differences exist between the kinds of individuals in one group and those in another group, there is
a potential threat to internal validity called

Select one:
a. Contamination.

b. Selection. 

c. Attrition.

d. Additive effect of selection and history.

Question 31
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The probability we use to define a statistically significant outcome is equivalent to

Select one:
a. A Type II error.

b. The population mean.

c. The null hypothesis.

d. A Type I error. 

Question 32
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The external validity of research done in natural settings is likely to be emphasized more when the research represents

Select one:
a. An extension of a specific laboratory finding.

b. an experiment done to address a specific question raised by a specific company.

c. A theoretically motivated social psychology experiment.

d. Social experimentation as the basis for large-scale changes. 

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Question 33

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

About ______ percent of the manuscripts submitted for publication in American Psychological Association journals are accepted for
publication.

Select one:
a. 33 

b. 50

c. 75

d. 25

Question 34
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Lab-based experiments are likely to have greater _________, and experiments in natural settings are likely to have greater __________.

Select one:
a. Internal validity; external validity 

b. Social application; theoretical implications

c. All of these

d. Consequences for more people; control

Question 35
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

A threat to internal validity that occurs when information about the experiment is communicated between the different groups of participants
is known as

Select one:
a. Contamination. 

b. The Hawthorne effect.

c. Novelty effects.

d. Expectancy effects.

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Question 36

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The probability we use to define a statistically significant outcome is called

Select one:
a. Alpha. 

b. A margin of error.

c. The null hypothesis.

d. An effect size.

Question 37
Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

The main purpose of the Abstract in a research report is to

Select one:
a. Provide a concise description of the study's procedures so the study can be replicated. 

b. Identify the authors of the research and their affiliations.

c. Provide a logical development of the study's hypotheses.

d. Summarize the purpose of the study and the content of the research report.

Question 38

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

If a researcher were to use a .01 level of significance rather than the .05 level, the probability of a Type II error would

Select one:
a. Decrease.

b. Not change.

c. Not able to tell without more information.

d. Increase. 

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Question 39

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The difference between a true experiment conducted in a natural setting and a quasi-experiment conducted in a natural setting is that the

Select one:
a. Quasi-experiment will lack a comparison condition.

b. None of these 

c. Quasi-experiment will have greater internal validity.

d. Quasi-experiment will have greater external validity.

Question 40
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

An intervention in an office setting leads employees to be pleased that the management is interested in their welfare. If the employees'
performance improves in this situation, the researcher should be concerned about potential

Select one:
a. Contamination effects.

b. Campbell effects.

c. Novelty effects such as the Hawthorne effect. 

d. Lack of discontinuity in the time series.

Question 41
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The abstract of your research article is best written

Select one:
a. After writing the introduction.

b. After you have written the rest of your report. 

c. Before you write the body of the report.

d. Before you do the research.

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Question 42

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion or variability?

Select one:
a. Range

b. Confidence interval 

c. Variance

d. Standard deviation

Question 43
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Which of the following procedures would not be expected during the first stage of data analysis?

Select one:
a. Performing tests using inferential statistics 

b. Visualizing the distribution with graphical displays

c. Checking for errors

d. Looking for outliers

Question 44

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

An advantage of a stem-and-leaf display is that

Select one:
a. It reveals the shape of a distribution and the presence of any outliers. 

b. It is a graph of the mean, median, and mode.

c. The intervals tells us how well our sample mean estimates the population mean.

d. It reveals whether the relationship between two variables is linear.

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Question 45

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Which of the following is not a major stage of data analysis?

Select one:
a. Summarizing the data

b. Getting to know the data

c. Transforming the data 

d. Confirming what the data reveal

Question 46
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Distributions of scores for two groups in an experiment can be compared by

Select one:
a. Preparing one stem-and-leaf display using the scores for both groups.

b. Arranging the "stems" for both groups in one stem-and-leaf display and the "leaves" for both groups in a second stem-and-leaf
display.

c. None of these

d. Arranging a stem-and-leaf display for each group side-by-side. 

Question 47
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The primary factor that researchers use to control the power of a statistical test is

Select one:
a. The size of the treatment effect.

b. The sample size. 

c. The level of significance.

d. Choosing a more heterogeneous population.

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Question 48

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The most commonly used measure of central tendency is the

Select one:
a. Mode.

b. Median.

c. Range.

d. Mean. 

Question 49
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Research done in natural settings, as compared to research done in laboratory settings, is more likely to emphasize

Select one:
a. Abstract goals.

b. Ethical goals.

c. Practical goals. 

d. Methodological goals.

Question 50

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

The literature review in the introduction section of a research report should include

Select one:
a. Only previous studies that describe theories related to the research topic.

b. The studies that are most directly related to the research topic.

c. All of the previous research that is relevant to the topic.

d. Complete descriptions of the hypotheses, methodology, and findings of previous research related to the research topic. 

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