Sets and Operations On Sets

(SETS AND NUMBERS)
DEFINITION AND SET NOTATION
A set is a well-defined collection of distinct object. These object maybe

concrete or tangible or they maybe abstract concepts. Each distinct object is called
element or member of the set.
A capital letter is used to name a set and the symbol  is used to mean the
object is an element or a member of the set. Braces are used to enclose the
member of the set.
Example:
The set of letter in the word love maybe written A = {l,o,v,e}.
Since l is an element of set A, this is written l  A which is read “l is an
element or member of set A”.
Similarly x is not a member of set A, then this is written x  A which is
read “x is not an element of set A”.
Two Ways of describing set
1. Tabular or roster method - indicate a set by listing or tabulating the

elements and enclosing them in braces.
Example: the set of names of the month starting with letter J maybe described by
N = {January, June, July}
2. Rule method or defining property method - Indicate a set by enclosing in

braces a descriptive phrase and agreeing that those objects and only those, which
have the described property, are elements of the set.
Example: the set of the names of the month starting with letter J maybe described
by
N={x|x is a name of a month starting with letter J}.

The vertical bar is read “such that”
Illustration
Roster method Rule method
a) C = {x,y,z} a) C={x|x is the last three letters of the English

alphabet}
b) D = {1,2,3,4} b) D = {x|x is a counting number less than 5}
c) roster method cannot be use c) E = {x|x is a student in the Philippines}
d) F = {Mary, square root 5, China} d) Rule method cannot be use

NOTE:
 The roster method is used when the elements are few and / or when they
are unlike have no common characteristic.
 The rule method is used when the elements have a common
characteristics or property whether they are few or so numerous and
uncountable.
Cardinality of a set
The cardinality of a set refers to the number of its elements.
Consider D = {2,4,6,8}. Set D has 4 elements so the cardinality of a set D is
4 which is written n(D) = 4.
Kinds of Sets
Equal Set – Sets A and B are equal if and only if they have the same element and
it is denoted by A = B.
Example: A = {1,2,3} and B = {2,1,3} then A = B
Equivalent Set – Sets A and B are said to be equivalent if and only if there exist
a one-to-one correspondence between their elements or if they have the same
number of elements, and it is denoted by A  B.
Example: A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {a,b,c,d} then A  B
Empty Set or Null Set – is a set which has no element and it is denoted by the
symbol Ø (phi).
Example: A = {} and B = {x|x is month of the year containing 35 days}
Finite Set – is a set with definite number of elements.
Example: A = {a,e,i,o,u}
B = {x|x is is a counting numbers less than ten}
Infinite Set – is a set with no definite number of elements.
Example: A = {x|x is is a counting numbers}

B = {2,4,6,8,10,12,…}
Universal Set – is the totality of elements under consideration.
Example: A = {1,3,5,7,9}
B = {2,4,6,8,10}
Then U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
Unit Set or Singleton Set – is a set with only one element.
Example: A = {x} B = {2}

Joint Sets – Sets that have common elements.
Example: A = {a,e,i,o,u}
B = {a,b,c,d,e}
Disjoint Sets – set A and B are said to be disjoint if and only if they have no
common elements.
Example: A = { a,e,i,o,u }
B = {2,4,6,8,10}
Subsets – set A is a subset of set B if every element of A belongs to B and it is

denoted by A  B. If A is a subset of B and there are elements of B that are not
elements of A, then A is a proper subset of B and it is denoted by A  B.
Example: A = {a,b,c} and B = {a,b,c,d,e} then A  B
Note:
 A given set is a subset of itself
 An empty set is a subset of any given set
To determine the number of subsets of a given set use the formula 2 n. where n
is the number of elements of a given set.
Example: A = {a,b,c} find all the subsets
Solution. n=3, then 2n = 23 = 8 subsets
List of subsets: {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}, A, Ø
B = {a,e,i,o} find all the subsets
Subsets
B={a,e,i,o}=16 subsets
2 Improper subsets 
B or {a,e,i,o}
 or {}
14 Proper subsets (  )
{a}, {e}, {i}, {o}
{a,e},{a,i}, {a,o}, {e,i}, {e,o},{i,o}
{ a,e,i}, {a,e,o}, {a,i,o}, {e,i,o}

Name: ________________________________ Date: _________
Section: _______________________________ Score: ________
EXERCISE 2.A
I. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if not.
________ 1. {0}  Ø
________ 2. {0,1,2} and {} are joint sets
________ 3. {0,1,2,…} can be a universal set
________ 4. Equal sets are always equivalent sets
________ 5. A set of negative numbers found in the set of natural numbers is an
empty set.
Given R = {0,1,4}
________ 6. {4}  R
________ 7. Ø  R
________ 8. 1  R
________ 9. R has 8 subsets
________ 10. R  R
II. Given the following sets

A={0,1,2} B={2,0,1} C={0} D={2}
In each pair of sets, state the relationship on the space provided whether they
are equal, equivalent or one is a proper subset of the other.
1. A _______ B
2. C _______ D
3. C _______ {0}
4. C _______ A
5. D _______ B
III. Write the following set in tabular form.

1. A = {x|x is a counting numbers between -2 and 2}
2. B = {x|x are the first seven letters of an English alphabet}

Union of sets: The union of two sets A and B is the set of elements that belongs
to A or B.
Given:
A={a,b,c} B={c,d,e}
A  B  {a, b, c, d , e}
a, b c d, e
Intersection of sets: The intersection of two sets A and B is the set containing
the elements of A and B.
Given:
A={a,b,c} B={c,d,e}
A  B  {c}
a, b c d, e
Difference of sets: The difference of two sets A and B is the set of elements
which belongs to A but not belong to B, denoted by A – B.
Given:
A={a,b,c} B={c,d,e}
A  B  {a, b}
a, b c d, e
Complement of a set: The complement of a set A is the set of elements in the
Universal set but not found in A, denoted by A’ (A prime).
U  {1, 2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

A  {1, 2,3, 4,5}
A '  {6,7,8,9,10}
6, 7 1, 2, 8, 9
3, 4 10
Cartesian Product (Cross Product) – The set of ordered pairs (x,y) where x
belongs to one set A and y belongs to another set B.
Example: A = {1,2,3}
B = {a,b}
A x B = {(1,a), (1,b), (2,a), (2,b), (3,a), (3,b)}
B x B = {(a,a), (a,b), (b,a), (b,b)}
Name: ________________________________ Date: _________
Section: _______________________________ Score: ________
EXERCISE 2.B
I. Given: U = {1,2,3,4,…,10}
A = {1,2,3,4,5} C = {1,3,5,7}
B = {2,4,6,8,10} D = {4,5,6,9}
Find:
a. A’  B b. C’  D’
c. (A – B)  (C – D) d. B – A’
d. (A  B) – (C  D) e. (A  D)’  (B  C)
APPLICATIONS OF VENN DIAGRAM
In a certain school, 50 students in a certain class were enrolled in three
subjects as follows.
30 enrolled in Algebra
25 enrolled in Physics
25 enrolled in Chemistry
14 enrolled in Chemistry and Algebra
12 enrolled in Chemistry and Physics
11 enrolled in Algebra and Physics
5 enrolled in three subjects
How many students were enrolled in:

a. Exactly one subject
b. Exactly two subjects
c. Algebra or Physics
d. Algebra and Physics
e. Algebra only
f. Physics and Chemistry but not Algebra
g. How many students did not enroll in any of the three subjects?
A P
C
Name: ________________________________ Date: _________
Section: _______________________________ Score: ________
EXERCISES 2.C
I. 90 students went to the zoo with

3 had Hamburger (H), Milk (M) and Cake (C) H
5 had Hamburger and Milk
10 had Cake and Milk
8 had Cake and Hamburger
24 had Hamburger
38 had Cake
20 had Milk
M C
a. How many had nothing?
b. How many had cake only?
c. How many had Hamburger and Milk?
d. How many had Cake or Milk?
e. How many had Hamburger?
f. How many had Hamburger and Milk but not Cake?

Sets and Operations On Sets

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sets and Operations On Sets

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sets and Operations On Sets

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

(SETS AND NUMBERS)

DEFINITION AND SET NOTATION

A set is a well-defined collection of distinct object. These object maybe

Two Ways of describing set

1. Tabular or roster method - indicate a set by listing or tabulating the

2. Rule method or defining property method - Indicate a set by enclosing in

N={x|x is a name of a month starting with letter J}.

Roster method Rule method

a) C = {x,y,z} a) C={x|x is the last three letters of the English

b) D = {1,2,3,4} b) D = {x|x is a counting number less than 5}

c) roster method cannot be use c) E = {x|x is a student in the Philippines}

d) F = {Mary, square root 5, China} d) Rule method cannot be use

Example: A = {1,2,3} and B = {2,1,3} then A = B

Example: A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {a,b,c,d} then A  B

Example: A = {} and B = {x|x is month of the year containing 35 days}

Finite Set – is a set with definite number of elements.

Infinite Set – is a set with no definite number of elements.

Example: A = {x|x is is a counting numbers}

Universal Set – is the totality of elements under consideration.

Unit Set or Singleton Set – is a set with only one element.

Example: A = {x} B = {2}

Subsets – set A is a subset of set B if every element of A belongs to B and it is

Example: A = {a,b,c} and B = {a,b,c,d,e} then A  B

Example: A = {a,b,c} find all the subsets

Solution. n=3, then 2n = 23 = 8 subsets

List of subsets: {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}, A, Ø

B = {a,e,i,o} find all the subsets

{a}, {e}, {i}, {o}

{a,e},{a,i}, {a,o}, {e,i}, {e,o},{i,o}

{ a,e,i}, {a,e,o}, {a,i,o}, {e,i,o}

I. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if not.

II. Given the following sets

III. Write the following set in tabular form.

2. B = {x|x are the first seven letters of an English alphabet}

U  {1, 2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

How many students were enrolled in:

I. 90 students went to the zoo with

You might also like