NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Draft System

Prepared by:
Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan
Instructor I
 Midterm Topics
1.1 Introduction to Power Plant
1.2 Review of Thermodynamic Principle
1.3 Vapor Power Cycle
2.1 Steam Power Plant
a. Steam Boiler
b. Steam Turbine/Engine
c. Steam Condenser
d. Feedwater Pump
e. Draft System
2.2 Variable Load Problem
3.0 Diesel Electric Power Plants
4.0 Gas Turbine Power Plants

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Learning Objective
Upon completion of this lesson, the students are able to:
1. Be able to define what is a draught (draft) system
2. Be able to familiarize with the formulas used in a problem-solving
fan and chimney (stack)
3. Solve problems related to the fand and chimney (stack)

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Draft
a. Draught (Draft) - it is the difference in pressure of the combustion
products within a boiler furnace and the cold air outside.
Draught is also the differential pressure between the air column
(chimney height) outside and the hot flue-gas column (chimney
height) inside the chimney.
b. Draft Loss – is the pressure loss caused by friction between two
points in the gas flow path.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Draft System
Necessity of Draft
 To force adequate air through the combustion chamber to
assist in the proper combustion of fuel.

 To draw out the resulting hot flue gas from the combustion
chamber.

 To vent the products of combustion to the atmosphere after

necessary heat recovery in the superheater, economizer, and
air heater.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Draft System

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Types of Draft
a. Natural Draft: When air or flue gases flow due to the difference in
density of the hot flue gases and cooler ambient gases. The difference
in density creates a pressure differential that moves the hotter flue
gases into the cooler surroundings.
When the draft is generated with the help of the chimney only.
b. Mechanical Draft: draft produced by the action of steam or air jets or
centrifugal fans and blowers
1. Forced Draft
2. Induced Draft
3. Balanced Draft

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Types of Draft
1. Forced Draft:
When air or flue gases are maintained above atmospheric pressure.
Normally it is done with the help of a forced draft fan.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Types of Draft
2. Induced Draft:
When air or flue gases flow under the effect of a gradually decreasing
pressure below atmospheric pressure. The stacks provide a sufficient
natural draft to meet the low draft loss needs. In order to meet higher
pressure differentials, the stacks must simultaneously operate with draft
fans.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Types of Draft
3. Balanced Draft:
When the Static Pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure the
system is referred to as balanced draft

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Resistance to the flow of air and flue gas
1. Ducts
2. Stacks and Chimney
3. Boiler Passage
4. Baffles
5. Fuel Beds
6. Types of Boiler and its Setting
7. Dampers
8. Air Preheater
9. Economizer
10. Accumulation of soot and ashes in gas passages
11. Required rate of combustion

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Flue Gas Treatment Process in a Coal Fired Power Plant
 In a typical treatment process, the flue gas, which contains
substances such as coal ash (fly ash), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
and sulfur oxides (SOx), is sent to an electro-static precipitator
that removes ash particulates and then to a denitrification unit
that removes nitrogen oxides. The high-temperature flue gas is
then channeled to the air heater where heat exchange is
performed with inducted fresh air so that it can be sent to the
boiler. Due to this heat exchange, the heat of the flue gas can
be effectively utilized. After the heat of the flue gas has been
transferred to the fresh air, it is sent to the gas-gas heater where
heat exchange is performed again with the flue gas sent to the
chimney and then it is channeled to the desulfurization unit.
Then, after the sulfur oxides have been removed by the
desulfurization unit, the flue gas passes back through the same
gas-gas heater to be exhausted from the chimney.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Flue Gas Treatment Process in a Coal Fired Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 What is a Fan?
 Is a machine used to add energy to the gaseous fluid to increase its
pressure. Fans are used where low pressures (from a few mm of water to 50
mm Hg or 6.70 kPa) and comparatively large volume are required.
 They run at relatively low speed, the casing and impeller usually built of
sheet iron.
 The fan rotor receives energy from a rotating shaft and transmits it to the
air.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 What is a Blower?
 Is a machine used to compressed air or gas by centrifugal force to a
final pressure not exceeding 241 KPa gage.
 Usually blower has no cooling system or it is not water cooled.
 The impeller is typically gear-driven and rotates as fast as 15,000 rpm.
 They are also used to produce negative pressures for industrial vacuum
systems.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Common Uses of Fan
1. Ventilation
2. Air Conditioning
3. Forced and Induced draft services for boilers
4. Dust collection
5. Drying and cooling of materials
6. Cooling towers
7. Heating
8. Mine and tunnel ventilation
9. Pneumatic conveying and other industrial process work

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Types of Fan
ACCORDING TO DIRECTION OF FLOW
1. Centrifugal or Radial Flow - Air enters parallel to the axis of the fan and turns
through 90° and is discharged radially through the blades. The blade force
is tangential causing the air to spin with the blades and the main pressure is
attributed to this centrifugal force
a. Radial Blade Centrifugal Fans
b. Forward Curved Centrifugal Fans
c. Backward Curved Centrifugal Fans
2. Axial Flow - Air flows through the impeller parallel to, and at a constant
distance from the axis. The pressure rise is provided by the direct action of
the blades
a. Propeller Fan
b. Vane Axial Fan
c. Tube Axial Fan

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Centrifugal Fan

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Axial Flow Fan

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Typical Fan Installation
1. Fan mounted with suction and discharge ducts
2. Fan mounted with discharge duct only
3. Fan mounted with suction duct only

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Chimney and Stack
 Stacks or Chimneys – system for conveying smoke or flue has to an
elevation above that of surrounding objects.

 Chimneys – structures for the disposal of flue gases or for the

production of natural draft and are constructed of bricks or
concrete

 Stacks – structure for the disposal of flue gas or for the production
of natural draft and is constructed by steel plates.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Chimney or Stack

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Chimney and Stack
 Functions of chimney and stack
1. To dispose of the exhaust gases at a suitable height so that no pollution
will occur in the vicinity
2. To produce the necessary draft required for the flow of gases

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Performance of Fan

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Sample Problems

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Chimney or Stack

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Sample Problems

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Next Lesson: Variable Load

Problem

Prepared by:
Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan
Instructor I