EsII Fire Suppression II

Environmental Systems II
FIRE SUPPRESSION
Content:
¨  Standpipes and Hoses

¨  Sprinkler Systems:
- Components
- Design
Standpipes and Hoses
A rigid water piping which is built into multi-story buildings

in a vertical position or bridges in a horizontal position, to
which fire hoses can be connected, allowing manual
application of water to the fire.
•  Standpipe systems are a series of pipe which connect a

water supply to hose connections, basically an extension of
the fire hydrant system.
•  They are designed to provide a pre-piped water system

for building occupants or the fire department.
•  Standpipe systems are designed to provide fire protection
water for hose lines in strategically placed locations inside
a building or structure.
.
Classification of standpipes
Standpipe systems are designed to provided the need
pressure and water supply when the valve is opened.
Dry Standpipe system is only designed to have water in

the system piping when the system is in use.
Manual Dry Standpipe system are exclusively for fire
department use and require a fire department pumper to
supply the need pressure and water supply through a fire
department connection.
Semi-Automatic Standpipe System are capable of
providing the need pressure and water supply, after the
activation of a control device or fire pump.
Wet Standpipe systems are wet at all times.
- Water supply requirements
Acceptable water supply sources include connections to public
or private water mains, pressure tanks, gravity tanks, and fire pumps.
- Valves
Several different types of valves may be used as components
of standpipe systems that must be able to withstand the
maximum pressures that can be developed within the system.
-  Hose connections provided for use by the building occupants

should be equipment with listed, lined, collapsible-type fire hose
attached and ready to use.
Hose should be no more than 100 ft. (30 m) in length within a hose cabinet
fire sprinkler system
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method,

consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate
pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system,
onto which fire sprinklers are connected.
Although historically only used in factories and large
commercial buildings, systems for homes and small buildings
are now available at a cost-effective price.
The world's first modern recognizable sprinkler system was

installed in;
Theatre Royal, Drury lane, UK 1812
-  An automatic sprinkler system is a system of pipes with
automatic sprinklers placed at various intervals (Gird).
-  The orifice of the automatic sprinkler is normally closed

by a disk or cap held in place by a temperature-sensitive
releasing element.
-  Each sprinkler is automatically activated to discharge and

distribute water on a fire in sufficient quantity to either
control or extinguish it.
The system shall also be provided with at least one automatic

and reliable water supply source and provide an automatic
alarm when activated.
.
• Automatic sprinkler systems are required to be installed by
building/fire codes and fire insurance companies. These
requirements are usually based on occupancy type, construction,
and size of building.
Types of sprinkler systems
• Wet-pipe system
Sprinklers are attached to a piping system that contains water

under pressure at all times. When individual sprinklers are
actuated, water flows through the sprinklers immediately.
These types of systems are the most commonly found and can
be installed in areas where the temperature will always be
maintained above 40F (4°C).
•  Dry-Pipe system
sprinklers are attached to a piping system that normally
contains air under pressure.
Water then flows into the system and out of any activated
open sprinkler. These systems are used in areas that cannot be
heated.
Dry-pipe systems can be used
in conjunction with wet-pipe systems to protect areas such as
attic or combustible concealed spaces or outside loading or
covered storage areas.
•  Pre action system
- sprinklers are attached to a piping system in which

there is air in the piping that may or may not be under
pressure.
- When a fire occurs, a supplementary fire detection device in
the protected area is activited.
- A water control valve is then opened that permits water to
flow into the piping system before a sprinkler is activated.
- When an individual sprinkler is activated by heat
from the fire, water flows immediately from the sprinkler.
- The detection devices are designed with a sensitivity that
will allow them to operate before a sprinkler fuses and
activates.
- These systems are used in locations where accidental
damage to the piping or sprinklers, on a wet- or dry-pipe
system, could cause damage to facilities or equipment, such as
computer centers
Combined dry-pipe and pre action system
sprinklers are attached to a piping system that includes;

features of both a dry-pipe and pre action system.
The piping contains air under pressure.
A supplementary heat detection device opens the water control valve and an air exhauster
at the end of the feed main.
The system then fills with water and operates like a wet-pipe system. If the heat
detection system should fail, the system will still operate as a conventional wet -pipe
system.
These systems have an economic advantage in the elimination

of numerous dry-pipe valves that require regular maintenance.
• Deluge system
In this type of system, all sprinklers are open at all times.

When heat from a fire activates the fire detecting device, the
deluge valve opens and water flows and discharges from all
of the sprinkler heads in the piping.
The area being protected is then deluged with

water. This system is used primarily in special hazard
situations where is it necessary to apply water over a large
area to control a fast-developing fire.
It is also used to apply foam for protection of flammable

liquid hazards.
Benefits of sprinkler systems
- Automatic sprinklers, properly installed and maintained, provide a highly effective safeguard against
the loss of life and property from fire.
-  offer design flexibility, economic construction methods, and expanded choices of building materials.
- reduce problem of access to the fire or of interference with visibility for firefighters due to smoke.
- generate less water damage than the water application of a hose stream by firefighters.
-  sprinklers cool the smoke and make it possible for persons to remain in the area much longer than
they could if the room were not sprinkled.
- savings from direct fire losses, business interruption caused by a fire, indirect losses
Design criteria and requirements
This early up front planning and coordination with the

sprinkler designer
will provide maximum benefits in sprinkler area
coverage and
reduced installation costs.
• The sprinkler system must be provided with a • Planning for a sprinkler system is usually based upon four
water source of sufficient capacity to supply the general Areas:
number of sprinklers that will be opened during a fire. - the sprinkler system itself
The water must have adequate pressure in order to be - type of construction
adequately distributed to the highest and farthest - hazard of occupancy
sprinkler on the system. - water supply
• The sprinkler system should be designed for
installation throughout the building for complete
protection to life and property. some cases
requirements may only require partial sprinkler
installation for hazardous areas for limited protection.
• Outdoor hydrants, indoor hose standpipes, and hand
hose connections are frequently part of the sprinkler
system.
• In older existing buildings some modifications may

be needed to ensure effective sprinkler operation.
These include:
-  removing unnecessary partitions that could interfere
with sprinkler Discharge
• Sprinkler systems in buildings subject to flooding

require special attention to the following:
- location and piping arrangement so it will not be
washed out or weaken supports
- location of control valves so that they will be
accessible during high water
- location and arrangement of fire pumps and their
power supply Band controls to provide reasonable Fig. 1. Ordinary hazard pipe schedule (Source: NFSA Fire
Sprinkler
safeguards against interference.
• Earthquake bracing, where required, is necessary to
keep the pipe network in place during seismic events.
• Area and spacing limitations: The location of sprinklers on a
branch line and the location of the lines in relation to each
other determine the size of the area to be protected by a
sprinkler.
A definite maximum area of coverage is defined that is

dependent upon the occupancy hazard and the type of
ceiling or roof construction above the sprinkler.
Those types being smooth ceiling, beam and girder,

bar joist, wood joist, and wood truss. In general, area
coverage of sprinklers are:
- 168 to 225 sq. ft. (15.6 to 21 sq. m) for light hazard.

- 130 sq. ft. (12 sq. m) for ordinary hazard.
- 100 sq. ft. (9.3 sq. m) for extra hazard.
Area of coverage
The fundamental idea in locating and spacing sprinklers in a building
is to make sure that there are no areas unprotected where a fire
can start or spread. No areas should be left unprotected
These include:
- stairways
- vertical shafts
- deep blind and combustible concealed spaces
- ducts
- basements
- subfloor spaces
- attics
- electrical equipment rooms
- small closets
- walk-in coolers
- spaces under decks
- tables
- canopies
- outdoor platforms
The fire resistance requirements apply to the following Elements of a Building….
§  Loadbearing structural frame
§  Columns
§  Hangers or galleries
§  Beams
§  internal and external walls
§  Floors
§  Protected shafts
§  Non-loadbearing internal compartment walls

external walls required to possess fire resistance doors and shutters
§  Protected stair/lift enclosures
§  Protected shafts
Fire-Protection System Design
All components of modern fire-protection systems need to work together to
effectively detect, contain, control, and/or extinguish a fire in its early stages
- and to survive during the fire.
To achieve the most beneficial symbiosis fire-protection engineer need to
identify the challenge in early stages of the planning and design process.
The Basics
In the design process, these typical fire-protection system
goals are on the table for consideration:
Saving lives.
Saving property.
Preserving business continuity.
- Code Compliance
- Detection.
- Alarms and notification. Maintaining Safety
- Suppression.
Thank You

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Environmental Systems II

¨ Standpipes and Hoses

A rigid water piping which is built into multi-story buildings

• Standpipe systems are a series of pipe which connect a

• They are designed to provide a pre-piped water system

Dry Standpipe system is only designed to have water in

- Hose connections provided for use by the building occupants

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method,

The world's first modern recognizable sprinkler system was

- The orifice of the automatic sprinkler is normally closed

- Each sprinkler is automatically activated to discharge and

The system shall also be provided with at least one automatic

Sprinklers are attached to a piping system that contains water

- sprinklers are attached to a piping system in which

sprinklers are attached to a piping system that includes;

These systems have an economic advantage in the elimination

In this type of system, all sprinklers are open at all times.

The area being protected is then deluged with

It is also used to apply foam for protection of flammable

This early up front planning and coordination with the

• In older existing buildings some modifications may

• Sprinkler systems in buildings subject to flooding

A definite maximum area of coverage is defined that is

Those types being smooth ceiling, beam and girder,

- 168 to 225 sq. ft. (15.6 to 21 sq. m) for light hazard.

§ Non-loadbearing internal compartment walls

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¨  Standpipes and Hoses

•  Standpipe systems are a series of pipe which connect a

•  They are designed to provide a pre-piped water system

-  Hose connections provided for use by the building occupants

-  The orifice of the automatic sprinkler is normally closed

-  Each sprinkler is automatically activated to discharge and

§  Non-loadbearing internal compartment walls