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    Energy, Energy Transfer, Energy Analysis

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    THADDEUS LEE CHUN HAU A21EM0317
    Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Sketch the processes on a P-V diagram with P on the y-axis and V on the x-axis. Process 1-2 will be a straight line since PV is constant. Process 2-3 is vertical since volume is constant. 2) For process 1-2: W = -∫PdV = -R∆T = -0.1889(300-100)×0.1 = -2.78 kJ (negative since compression) 3) Process 2-3 has no boundary work since volume is constant. 4) Net work = Work 1-2 + Work 2-3 = -2.78 kJ

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    Energy, Energy Transfer, Energy Analysis

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    THADDEUS LEE CHUN HAU A21EM0317
    24 views17 pages
    Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Sketch the processes on a P-V diagram with P on the y-axis and V on the x-axis. Process 1-2 will be a straight line since PV is constant. Process 2-3 is vertical since volume is constant. 2) For process 1-2: W = -∫PdV = -R∆T = -0.1889(300-100)×0.1 = -2.78 kJ (negative since compression) 3) Process 2-3 has no boundary work since volume is constant. 4) Net work = Work 1-2 + Work 2-3 = -2.78 kJ

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    Energy, Energy Transfer, Energy analysis

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    Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Sketch the processes on a P-V diagram with P on the y-axis and V on the x-axis. Process 1-2 will be a straight line since PV is constant. Process 2-3 is vertical since volume is constant. 2) For process 1-2: W = -∫PdV = -R∆T = -0.1889(300-100)×0.1 = -2.78 kJ (negative since compression) 3) Process 2-3 has no boundary work since volume is constant. 4) Net work = Work 1-2 + Work 2-3 = -2.78 kJ

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views17 pages

    Energy, Energy Transfer, Energy Analysis

    Uploaded by

    THADDEUS LEE CHUN HAU A21EM0317
    Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Sketch the processes on a P-V diagram with P on the y-axis and V on the x-axis. Process 1-2 will be a straight line since PV is constant. Process 2-3 is vertical since volume is constant. 2) For process 1-2: W = -∫PdV = -R∆T = -0.1889(300-100)×0.1 = -2.78 kJ (negative since compression) 3) Process 2-3 has no boundary work since volume is constant. 4) Net work = Work 1-2 + Work 2-3 = -2.78 kJ

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    ENERGY, ENERGY

    TRANSFER AND ENERGY


    ANALYSIS

    This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

    DR. NATRAH KAMARUZAMAN


    AT THE END OF THIS TOPIC
    YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO
    • Explain the concept of energy and define its various forms.
    • Describe the nature of internal energy.
    • Define the concept of heat and the terminology associated with
    energy transfer by heat.
    • Describe the three mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction,
    convection, and radiation.
    • Define the concept of work, including electrical work and several
    forms of mechanical work.
    • Compare heat and work similarity and difference
    • Explain the first law of thermodynamics, energy balances, and
    mechanisms of energy transfer to or from a system.
    Activity 1
    RECALL..
    Each student will be given a
    word taken
    from the previous chapter.

    In 3 minutes, think a way


    to explain the word to
    other friends, without exactly
    saying the words.
    This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA

    Randomly, some students will be pick up to do the


    explanation in front of the others, and other student
    should guess what is the word.
    ENERGY
    SYSTEM OWN (STATIC) TRANSFER TO/FROM SYSTEM
    (DYNAMIC)
    Work Heat
    Internal energy

    This Photo by Unknown Author is


    This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA
    licensed under CC BY-SA

    Flow Energy
    Potential
    energy
    This Photo by Unknown Author
    is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA

    Kinetic
    energy
    This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
    KINETIC ENERGY/
    POTENTIAL ENERGY
    FORM OF ENERGY
    SYSTEM OWN
    MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC
    KINETIC ENERGY INTERNAL ENERGY, U
    1 U = Thermal + Chemical +
    𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2 Nuclear
    2
    POTENTIAL ENERGY
    𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 *Thermal = Sensible + Latent
    FORM OF ENERGY
    TRANSFER TO/FROM SYSTEM
    HEAT, Q Heat Transfer Mechanism
     Due to ∆T
    Qout is –, Qin is +

    This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA


    FORM OF ENERGY
    TRANSFER TO/FROM SYSTEM
    WORK, W
     associated with a force acting through a distance
    Electrical work, shaft work, spring work, boundary work
    Win is – (work supply), Wout is + (work produce)
    Shaft Work
    Electrical Work Spring Work
    𝑇𝑇
    𝐹𝐹 =
    𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑟𝑟 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
    𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
    𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉∆𝑡𝑡 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
    𝑠𝑠 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
    𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒̇ = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 n= number of rotation 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
    ̇ = 2𝜋𝜋𝑛𝑛𝑇𝑇
    𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑠 ̇ 1
    = (𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥22 − 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥12 )
    2

    R V

    This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed


    under CCBY-NC-SA

    This Photo by Unknown Author is


    licensed under CC BY-SA
    First Law of Thermodynamics
    • Known as Conservation of energy principle
    Qin = 20kJ

    dUsys = 20kJ

    Win = 20kJ
    First Law of Thermodynamics
    Energy Balance
    Ein – Eout = ∆Esystem
    Internal
    Heat Energy that can be Energy that belong Energy
    transfer transfer to the system

    Work Kinetic
    Mass Energy
    transfer Flow
    Potential
    Energy
    ∆Esystem = Efinal - Einitial
    First Law of Thermodynamics
    General Energy Balance

    𝑬𝑬𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝑬𝑬𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
    = 𝑸𝑸𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝑸𝑸𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 + 𝑾𝑾𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝑾𝑾𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
    + 𝑬𝑬𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝑬𝑬𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
    = ∆𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
    Moving Boundary Work
    What is moving
    boundary
    work???

    The expansion
    and compression
    work in a piston-
    cylinder device. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
    MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
    Quasi-equilibrium
    process:
    A process during which
    the system remains
    nearly in equilibrium at
    all times.
    Wb is positive → for
    expansion
    Wb is negative → for
    compression

    15
    Boundary work
    depends on path

    The area under the process


    curve on a P-V diagram
    represents the boundary work. Network during cycle =
    Work done by system,
    Wout – Work done to
    system, Win.

    1
    6
    Polytropic, Isothermal, and Isobaric processes
    Polytropic process: C, n (polytropic exponent) constants
    Polytropic
    process

    Polytropic and for ideal gas

    When n = 1
    (isothermal process)

    Constant pressure process

    What is the boundary


    work for a constant-
    volume process?

    Schematic and P-
    V diagram for a
    polytropic
    process. 17
    Exercise
    1.5 kg of an ideal gas undergoes the following two (2)
    processes;
    1 – 2 Compression from P1 = 100 kPa, V1 = 0.1 m3 to
    P2 = 300 kPa, during which the pressure-volume
    relationship is PV = constant.
    2 – 3 Cooling at constant volume to P3 = P1
    Sketch the processes on P-V diagram.
    Determine the boundary work for each process (kJ).
    Determine the net work (kJ).
    Take ideal gas constant, R = 0.1889 kJ/kg.K

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