Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Dynamic analysis of electrorheological fluid sandwich cylindrical shells with

functionally graded face sheets using a semi-analytical approach
Pooriya Shahali a , Hassan Haddadpour a ,∗, Saeed Shakhesi b
a Department of Aerospace Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Street, P.O. Box 11155-8639, Tehran, Iran
b
Iran Space Institute, Tehran, Iran

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The present research is performed to calculate the natural frequencies, loss factors, and associated mode shapes
ER fluid core of a sandwich cylinder with moderately thick functionally graded (FG) face sheets and an electrorheological
Vibration and damping analysis (ER) fluid core. Each face sheet is assumed to be made of FG materials, and its displacement field is estimated
FGM face sheets
based on the first-order shear deformation theory, like the ER constrained layer. A suitable displacement
Semi-analytical method
continuity condition is considered between layers. The ER fluid used in the central middle is analyzed in
Cylindrical shell
the pre-yield area and considered electric field dependent. Hamilton’s principle is used to acquire the motion
equations related to each layer and appropriate boundary conditions. A computational code is implemented
based on the combination of trigonometric expansion and the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ)
methods to extract the complex eigenvalue problem for the vibration and damping of the assumed structure.
After carrying out a comprehensive verification study, some novel numerical results are obtained. In the
parametric study, the effects of the applied electric field, the FG power-law index, various boundary conditions,
and structure geometry to control the natural frequencies and modal loss factors, as well as mode shapes, are
investigated.

1. Introduction shear strain [2,3]. In this domain, their shear stiffness may be expressed
as a complex modulus.
Electrorheological fluids (ERFs) are a category of smart materials. The electrically managed rheological characteristics of ER fluids
These fluids are composed of semiconducting hard particles suspended may be advantageous in various processes that need damping or resis-
in a dielectric non-viscous carrier fluid. These materials also have tive force production. These materials’ main applications in industrial
low viscosity before an electric field is applied because the size of systems are to control vibrations and reduce the range of motion.
suspended particles in these materials is much smaller than what can Examples of practical applications of these materials are their use in ser-
cause the viscosity of the primary liquid. The term "fluid" for these vomechanisms, damping isolators, engine mounts, intelligent artificial
materials is also due to their state before applying the electric field. in machine tools, machine mounts, positioning and clamping devices
These materials display remarkable rheological characteristics when for material machining, friction devices, and control of the flow of
subjected to varying electric fields. In other words, the properties of liquid through narrow channels [4]. The following section highlights
these fluids are greatly influenced by the applied electric field. After investigations into the dynamics of ER sandwich beams, plates, and
applying an electric field, this fluid is seen as a gel [1]. These fluids shells.
may yield as a result of the strains. These materials can be employed
in shear, flow, and even pressure modes in the pre-yield region. The 1.1. Literature review
shear situation of these fluids is widely considered the central core of
sandwich structures with widely different face sheets. When these fluids Carlson et al. [2] pioneered the notion of employing ER materials
are incorporated to form the sandwich structure’s core, they behave as as the sandwich structure’s core. Choi et al. [5] performed a theoretical
viscous substances in the electric field, reducing the amplitude of the and experimental investigation into the dynamic characteristics of ERF
structure’s undesired vibrations. When these compounds are in the pre- sandwich beams. The analysis evaluated forced vibrations of cantilever
yield region, they exhibit a linear relationship between shear stress and beams to verify the empirical and analytical responses. They controlled

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Haddadpour).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115715
Received 16 January 2022; Received in revised form 12 April 2022; Accepted 8 May 2022
Available online 14 May 2022
0263-8223/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
P. Shahali et al. Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

the dynamic amplitude of the beam to the desired magnitude by of the vibration response of ER cylindrical sandwich shells based on
applying an electric field. Phani and Venkatraman [6] demonstrated the geometrically nonlinear formulations. They implemented a finite
experimental research to examine the influence of the ER fluid core element technique to examine the effect of the applied electric field on
on the response of beams. They proved that a rise in the electric field the ER fluid core on the large amplitude response of the structure.
could improve effective viscous damping by between 25% and 50%. The vibrations of ERF-core sandwich structures with FGM surfaces
The semi-active control of sandwich beams with ER fluid cores in have been investigated minimally. Delamination is one of the unpropi-
the pre-yield state is investigated by Yalcintas and Coulter [7]. This tious events that happen in composite and sandwich fabrications. The
analysis calculated the natural frequencies, loss factors, and resonance presence of FGM layers can significantly prevent this from happen-
frequencies of beams subjected to various boundary conditions under ing. Allahverdizadeh et al. examined the vibration behavior of FG-ER
variable electric fields. Lee [3] developed vibration characteristics of sandwich beams with functionally graded face sheets under various
ERF sandwich beams in the post-yield region. He indicated that the circumstances like rotating beams [37], steady beams [38], geometri-
Fourier transform could not be used more in this area, so another cally nonlinear theory [39]. Another work is associated with the free
linearized approach was introduced. He also used exponential func- and forced vibration of simply-supported ERF sandwich rectangular
tions for the frequency dependency of ER fluid in the post-yield state. plates with FGM surfaces, which is performed by Gholamzadeh Babaki
Mahjoob et al. [8] proposed an inverse experimental method to obtain and Shakouri [40]. In their paper, the classical plate theory is used to
the viscoelastic properties of the ER layer via dynamic characteristics. estimate the displacement field of FG face sheets.
Oyadiji [9] first analyzed the dynamic damping behavior of clamped
plates with an ERF core in an analytical and laboratory manner. He 1.2. Research novelty
confirmed that ER materials behave like constrained layer damping
(CLD) when exposed to an electric field. Choi [10] experimentally After reviewing the literature on sandwich structure vibrations, it is
investigated the active control of vibrational characteristics of ERF- found that no investigation has been published on the free vibrations of
filled sheets. He proved that altering the electric field makes it simple to a cylindrical sandwich shell with FGM face sheets and an ER fluid core.
modify the vibration mode according to his goals. Yeh and Chen imple- The influence of shear deformations in the top and bottom layers is
mented a finite element formulation based on the classical plate theory also studied in this work. Additionally, while calculating the structure’s
to calculate the vibration response of ER fluid sandwich plates with natural frequencies and loss coefficients, the in-plane inertia of the core
isotropic [11], and orthotropic [12] face sheets. He also demonstrated and the rotating inertia of the bottom and upper surfaces are included,
that the applied electric field could significantly improve the dynamic which was overlooked in previous papers. This article examines the
stability of the analyzed simply-supported plates [13,14]. Narayana rheological influence of an ER fluid core in an electric field on the
and Ganesan [15] performed a study on the vibration damping of cylinder’s frequency response in the pre-yield region. It should be
skew sandwich plates with composite face sheets. In their work, two noted that most research in this field uses the Ritz-based finite element
viscoelastic and electrorheological core is critically compared. The method. However, this article’s structure’s governing equations are
finite element procedure is used to extract the response of the problem. solved by employing a semi-analytical approach that combines trigono-
Yeh [16] examined an investigation into the frequencies and loss metric expansion and the GDQ methodologies (A strong formulation).
factors of annular plates consisting of the ER fluid constrained layer The effects of geometric parameters, boundary conditions, electric field,
by isotropic layers. The impact of point and patch harmonic loading and the FGM power-law index on the natural frequencies, mode shapes,
on the forced vibrations of rectangular sandwich plates is studied by and loss factors of an ER fluid sandwich shell are examined in the
Hasheminejad and Maleki [17]. They obtained the plate response by numerical results section.
applying the Fourier series method (Navier solution). They stated that
the effect of the electric field on the vibrational frequencies in lower 2. Geometry and basic formulation
modes is more notable than in higher modes. Aboutalebi et al. [18]
investigated the large amplitude vibration of rectangular sandwich ER Suppose a closed cylindrical shell of length 𝐿 consisting of two
plates by implementing the Ritz-based finite element method. In his layers with variable properties in the direction of thickness and an
proposed iterative solution method, the strain of different elements of intermediate layer of ER fluid. 𝑅𝑖 and ℎ𝑖 indicate respectively, the
the structure was calculated at each iteration. If the amount of strain radius and thickness of 𝑖th layer (𝑖 = 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑡). The subscript 𝑏, 𝑐, and
is in the pre-yield range of the fluid, the shear modulus is determined 𝑡 relate to the base FGM, core, and top FGM layers, respectively.
by the conventional method and is considered only as a function of the Curvilinear orthogonal coordinates (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑧𝑖 ) are positioned on the mid-
electric field. If a part of the structure penetrates the post-yield zone, surface of each layer as illustrated in Fig. 1. Where, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿, 0 ≤
the Lee linearization method [3] is accepted, and the shear modulus of 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, −0.5ℎ𝑖 ≤ 𝑧𝑖 ≤ +0.5ℎ𝑖 depict the longitudinal, circumferential,
the fluid not only depends on the electric field but also depends on the and radial directions. The present mathematical formulation is derived
frequency of the structure. based on the following conditions.
Although the computation of the vibration of cylindrical sandwich ∙ There is no normal strain in the direction of the structure thickness,
structures with elastic corer [19–23] and viscous cores [24–31] is a and as a result, the transverse displacement 𝑤0 of all layers is equal.
well-studied subject, the study of the vibrations and loss factor of Additionally, the slip and delamination between the layers are zero.
sandwich structures with an ER fluid core is more restricted. Yeh ∙ Contrary to many available articles, the effect of rotational inertia
analyzed the vibration damping of ERF sandwich cylindrical shells and shear strains of the overlapping FGM layers is significant and is
with isotropic [32], and orthotropic [33] constraining layers. In his applied in the formulation.
work, a finite element technique is utilized to achieve the structure ∙ The modulus of elasticity of the ER core against FGM elastic layers
response. He illustrated that by increasing the core thickness, the is negligible.
cylinder’s frequency would be dropped. Supersonic flutter control of As discussed previously, the first-order shear deformation shell the-
circular cylindrical sandwich shells is scrutinized by Hasheminejad and ory (FSDT) is considered to measure the displacements of the sandwich
Motaaleghi [34]. In their research, the face sheets are modeled based layers. This assumption is suitable for thin and moderately thick struc-
on the classical shell theory, while the viscous core is formulated based tures [41,42]. Based on this theory, the displacement components of
upon the first-order shear deformation shell theory and Kelvin–Voigt each lamina along the axes of 𝑥, 𝜃, and 𝑧 can be expressed by
assumptions. In another work by these authors, the active damped dy-
namic of ER cylindrical shells with isotropic surfaces is explored [35]. 𝑢𝑖 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑧𝑖 , 𝑡) = 𝑢𝑖0 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑡) + 𝑧𝑖 𝜓𝑥𝑖 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑡)
Mohammadi and Sedaghati [36] numerically performed an analysis 𝑣𝑖 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑧𝑖 , 𝑡) = 𝑣𝑖0 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑡) + 𝑧𝑖 𝜓𝜃𝑖 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑡)

2
P. Shahali et al. Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

the FGM layers, the mathematical relation of which is as follows.

( )
1 ℎ ℎ
𝑢𝑐0 = 𝑢𝑡0 + 𝑢𝑏0 − 𝑡 𝜓𝑥𝑡 + 𝑏 𝜓𝑥𝑏
2 2 2
( )
1 ℎ ℎ
𝜓𝑥𝑐 = 𝑢𝑡0 − 𝑢𝑏0 − 𝜓𝑥𝑡 − 𝑏 𝜓𝑥𝑏
𝑡
ℎ𝑐 2 2
( )
𝑐 1 𝑡 𝑏 ℎ𝑡 𝑡 ℎ𝑏 𝑏
𝑣0 = 𝑣0 + 𝑣0 − 𝜓 𝜃 + 𝜓𝜃
2 2 2
( )
𝑐 1 𝑡 𝑏 ℎ𝑡 𝑡 ℎ𝑏 𝑏
𝜓𝜃 = 𝑣0 − 𝑣0 − 𝜓𝜃 − 𝜓𝜃 (6)
ℎ𝑐 2 2
Considering the variable reduction in the above process, the number of
unknown variables was reduced from 13 to 9.

3. Constitutive laws

This section presents the stress–strain relationships of each layer of

the sandwich. Delamination is one of the unpropitious phenomena in
composite and sandwich structures. To prevent this from happening,
FGM layers have been proposed [46–49]. In this type of layer, the
properties change continuously in the thickness direction. Therefore,
Fig. 1. A schematic of the cylindrical sandwich shell with its geometric parameters. discontinuities at the interfaces of layers are minimized. The FGM
layers are attached to both sides of the core in such a way that the
outer two sides of the layers are made of metal so that the electric field
𝑤𝑖 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑧𝑖 , 𝑡) = 𝑤0 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑡), 𝑖 = 𝑡, 𝑏, 𝑐 (1) can be applied as efficiently as possible. The sides connected to the
core are also made of ceramic (Fig. 2). With these interpretations, the
As presumed, the transverse displacement 𝑤0 of all layers is equal. ceramic volume fractions 𝑉𝑐𝑖 and metal ones 𝑉𝑚𝑖 of base and top plies
Moreover, 𝑢𝑖0 and 𝑣𝑖0 demonstrate the displacements of 𝑖th layer in the based on the power-law relation can be revealed as follows.
𝑥 and 𝜃 directions. For each layer, subscript 0 states displacements
1 𝑧𝑏 𝜁
of the mid-plane and 𝜓𝑥𝑖 and 𝜓𝜃𝑖 represent the section rotation along 𝑉𝑚𝑏 (𝑧𝑏 ) = ( − ) , 𝑉𝑐𝑏 = 1 − 𝑉𝑚𝑏
2 ℎ𝑏
the 𝜃 and 𝑥 directions, respectively. Furthermore, 𝑡 indicates the time
1 𝑧𝑡
dimension. The strain–displacement relations of all three layers in this 𝑉𝑚𝑡 (𝑧𝑡 ) = ( + )𝜁 , 𝑉𝑐𝑡 = 1 − 𝑉𝑚𝑡 (7)
2 ℎ𝑡
investigation are considered linear and appropriate for deep shells.
Therefore, these relations can be denoted by the following [43,44] where 𝜁 denotes the power-law index and is considered equal for
both layers. The homogenized mechanical properties of FGM layers
{𝜀} = {𝜀0 }𝑖 + 𝑧𝑖 {𝜀1 }𝑖 , 𝑖 = 𝑡, 𝑏, 𝑐 (2) due to the slight variance between the two constituents of these plies
have been produced employing the homogenization rule of mixtures.
where strains indicated by subscript 0, state the membrane strains and
According to this law, the effective values of the modulus of elasticity
with subscript 1 relate to the curvatures. The components of the strains
𝐸 𝑖 , density 𝜌𝑖 , and Poisson’s coefficient 𝜈 𝑖 are deduced accepting the
equations are written below.
following equations:
𝑖 ⎧ 𝑢𝑖0,𝑥 ⎫
⎧ 𝜀0𝑥𝑥 ⎫ ⎪ ( ) ⎪ 𝐸 𝑖 (𝑧𝑖 ) = (𝐸𝑚𝑖 − 𝐸𝑐𝑖 )𝑉𝑚𝑖 + 𝐸𝑐𝑖
1
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 𝑣𝑖0,𝜃 + 𝑤𝑖0 ⎪
⎪
𝜀0𝜃𝜃
⎪ ⎪ 𝑅𝑖
⎪ 𝜌𝑖 (𝑧𝑖 ) = (𝜌𝑖𝑚 − 𝜌𝑖𝑐 )𝑉𝑚𝑖 + 𝜌𝑖𝑐
1
⎨ 𝜀0𝜃𝑧 ⎬ =⎨ 𝑤 − 𝑅1 𝑣𝑖0 + 𝜓𝜃𝑖
𝑖
⎬ (3)
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
𝑅𝑖 0,𝜃 𝑖
⎪ 𝜈 𝑖 (𝑧𝑖 ) = (𝜈𝑚𝑖 − 𝜈𝑐𝑖 )𝑉𝑚𝑖 + 𝜈𝑐𝑖 , 𝑖 = 𝑡, 𝑏 (8)
𝜀0𝑥𝑧 𝑤𝑖0,𝑥 + 𝜓𝑥𝑖
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ 𝜀0𝑥𝜃 ⎭ ⎪ 𝑣𝑖0,𝑥 + 𝑅1 𝑢𝑖0,𝜃 ⎪ According to Hooke’s law, FGM layers are elastic, and their stress–strain
⎩ 𝑖 ⎭
relationships can be formulated as follows [50]
𝑖 ⎧ 𝑖
𝜓𝑥,𝑥 ⎫ 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
⎧ 𝜀1𝑥𝑥 ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎧ 𝜎𝑥𝑥 ⎫ ⎡𝑄11 𝑄12 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎧ 𝜀𝑥𝑥 ⎫
1 𝑖
⎪ 𝜀1𝜃𝜃 ⎪ ⎪ 𝜓 ⎪ ⎪ 𝜎𝜃𝜃 ⎪ ⎢𝑄 𝑄22 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ 𝜀𝜃𝜃 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 𝑅𝑖 𝜃,𝜃 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 12 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ 𝜀1𝜃𝑧 ⎬ =⎨ 0 ⎬ (4) ⎨ 𝜎𝜃𝑧 ⎬ =⎢ 0 0 𝑄44 0 0 ⎥ ⎨ 𝜀𝜃𝑧 ⎬ , 𝑖 = 𝑡, 𝑏 (9)
⎪ 𝜀1𝑥𝑧 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 𝜎𝑥𝑧 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 𝑄55 0 ⎥ ⎪ 𝜀𝑥𝑧 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 𝑖 1 𝑖 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ 𝜀1𝑥𝜃 ⎭ ⎪ 𝜓𝜃,𝑥 + 𝑅𝑖 𝜓𝑥,𝜃 ⎪ ⎩ 𝜎𝑥𝜃 ⎭ ⎣ 0 0 0 0 𝑄66 ⎦ ⎩ 𝜀𝑥𝜃 ⎭
⎩ ⎭
where, 𝑄𝑖𝑝𝑞 , 𝑝, 𝑞 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 expresses the elastic constant of layer 𝑖 and
According to the displacement field considered in Eq. (1) for each can be determined by following equations.
layer and no slipping hypotheses introduced, the continuity conditions
between the layers can be presented as follows [45]: 𝐸 𝑖 (𝑧𝑖 ) 𝐸 𝑖 (𝑧𝑖 )𝜈 𝑖 (𝑧𝑖 )
𝑄𝑖11 = 𝑄𝑖22 = , 𝑄𝑖12 =
𝑖2
1 − 𝜈 (𝑧 ) 𝑖 1 − 𝜈 𝑖2 (𝑧𝑖 )
ℎ𝑐 𝑐 ℎ𝑡 𝑡
𝑢𝑐0 + 𝜓 = 𝑢𝑡0 − 𝜓 𝐸 𝑖 (𝑧𝑖 )
2 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑄𝑖66 = , 𝑄𝑖55 = 𝑘𝑠 𝑄𝑖66 , 𝑄𝑖44 = 𝑘𝑠 𝑄𝑖66 , 𝑖 = 𝑡, 𝑏 (10)
ℎ ℎ 2(1 + 𝜈 𝑖 (𝑧𝑖 ))
𝑢𝑐0 − 𝑐 𝜓𝑥𝑐 = 𝑢𝑏0 + 𝑏 𝜓𝑥𝑏 It should be noted that 𝑘𝑠 states the shear correction factor and is
2 2
ℎ ℎ considered equal to 𝑘𝑠 = 5∕6.
𝑣𝑐0 + 𝑐 𝜓𝜃𝑐 = 𝑣𝑡0 − 𝑡 𝜓𝜃𝑡
2 2 The most general form of linear stress–strain behavior of viscoelas-
ℎ ℎ tic materials based on the superposition principle of Boltzmann is
𝑣𝑐0 − 𝑐 𝜓𝜃𝑐 = 𝑣𝑏0 + 𝑏 𝜓𝜃𝑏 (5)
2 2 expressed in the integral form as follows [51]:
By solving the above four algebraic equations, the displacements of the 𝑡
𝜕𝐷(𝑡, 𝜏)
middle ER core can be expressed as a function of the displacements of 𝜎(𝑡) = 𝐷(𝑡, 𝜏)𝜀(𝑡) − 𝜀(𝜏) 𝑑𝜏 (11)
∫0 𝜕𝜏

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P. Shahali et al. Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

the free vibration response of the sandwich cylinder is investigated, the

external works 𝑊 will be equal to zero. The virtual kinetic energy 𝛿𝑇
which is produced by the inertia terms and displacement velocities, can
be calculated by:
∑ 2𝜋 𝐿 +0.5ℎ𝑖
𝛿𝑇 = − 𝜌𝑖 (𝑢̈ 𝑖 𝛿𝑢𝑖 + 𝑣̈ 𝑖 𝛿𝑣𝑖 + 𝑤̈ 𝑖 𝛿𝑤𝑖 )𝑅𝑖 𝑑𝑧𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 (17)
∫0 ∫0 ∫−0.5ℎ𝑖
𝑖=𝑡,𝑏,𝑐

As can be detected in this work, the general form of kinetic energy

variation is examined, in contrast to many existing works that ignore
the effects of in-plane inertia of the core and rotary inertia of the
Fig. 2. An element of the analyzed sandwich system with ER fluid core and FGM face
sheets.
face sheets. The variation of strain energy 𝛿𝑈 of the sandwich can be
presented as follows, considering that the modulus of elasticity of the
core is insignificant compared to the FGM face sheets.
In which integrable functional (D) contains elasticity modulus and ∑ 2𝜋 𝐿 +0.5ℎ𝑖
𝑖
relaxation measure. For ER fluids, where the effects of shear stresses are 𝛿𝑈 = (𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝛿𝜀𝑖𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜃𝜃
𝑖
𝛿𝜀𝑖𝜃𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫−0.5ℎ𝑖
𝑖=𝑡,𝑏
significant, considering the Kelvin model, the shear stress–strain rela-
𝑖
tionship of these materials is obtained using the following relation [13]: + 𝜎𝑥𝜃 𝛿𝜀𝑖𝑥𝜃 + 𝜎𝑥𝑧
𝑖
𝛿𝜀𝑖𝑥𝑧 + 𝜎𝜃𝑧
𝑖
𝛿𝜀𝑖𝜃𝑧 )𝑅𝑖 𝑑𝑧𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 𝐿 +0.5ℎ𝑐
𝑐
+ (𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝛿𝜀𝑐𝑥𝑧 + 𝜎𝜃𝑧
𝑐
𝛿𝜀𝑐𝜃𝑧 )𝑅𝑐 𝑑𝑧𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 (18)
∫0 ∫0 ∫−0.5ℎ𝑐
𝜎𝑖𝑧 = 𝛶 𝜀̇ 0𝑖𝑧 + 𝐺𝜀0𝑖𝑧 , 𝑖 = 𝑥, 𝜃 (12)
By implementing appropriate mathematical simplifications and also
In the above equation, 𝐺 indicates the shear modulus and 𝛶 is the
applying the Gaussian principle, the equations of motion of the stud-
viscous coefficient. Considering the pre-yield state of ER fluid (linear
relationship between shear stress and shear strains) and implementing ied structure along with its boundary conditions in terms of stress
the Fourier transform technique, the above relation can be exposed via resultants are obtained as follows.
a complex module as follows: 1 𝑡 𝑅
𝛿𝑢𝑡 ∶ 𝑁𝑥𝑥,𝑥
𝑡
+ 𝑁 − 𝑐𝑡 𝑄𝑐𝑥𝑧
{ }𝑐 [ ]𝑐 { }𝑐 𝑅𝑡 𝑥𝜃,𝜃 ℎ𝑐
𝜎𝜃𝑧 𝑄44 0 𝜀𝜃𝑧
= (13) 𝐼0𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐
𝜎𝑥𝑧 0 𝑄55 𝜀𝑥𝑧 = (𝐼0𝑡 + 𝑅𝑐𝑡 + 𝑅𝑐𝑡 2 )𝑢̈ 𝑡0 + 𝑅𝑐𝑡 ( 0 − 2 )𝑢̈ 𝑏0
4 ℎ𝑐2 4 ℎ2𝑐
According to the experimental outcomes, the complex coefficients of ER 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
ℎ 𝐼 𝐼 ℎ 𝐼 𝐼𝑐
fluid materials in the pre-yield regime are functions of the electric field + (𝐼1𝑡 − 𝑅𝑐𝑡 𝑡 ( 0 + 2 ))𝜓̈ 𝑥𝑡 + 𝑅𝑐𝑡 𝑏 ( 0 − 2 )𝜓̈ 𝑥𝑏
applied to the structure. Therefore, these coefficients can be written as 2 4 ℎ2𝑐 2 4 ℎ2𝑐
1 𝑅 𝑐𝑏
𝛿𝑢𝑏 ∶ 𝑁𝑥𝑥,𝑥
𝑏
+ 𝑁𝑏 + 𝑄𝑐
𝑅𝑏 𝑥𝜃,𝜃 ℎ𝑐 𝑥𝑧
𝑄𝑐55 = 𝑄𝑐44 = 𝐺′ (𝐸 ⋆ ) + 𝑖𝐺′′ (𝐸 ⋆ ) (14)
𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐
= 𝑅𝑐𝑏 ( 0 − 2 )𝑢̈ 𝑡0 + (𝐼0𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 0 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 2 )𝑢̈ 𝑏0
In which 𝐸 ⋆ denotes the applied electric field in kV/mm. In general, 4 ℎ𝑐 2 4 ℎ2𝑐
𝐺′ is the shear storage modulus, and 𝐺′′ is the loss modulus. The ℎ 𝐼
𝑐 𝐼 𝑐
ℎ 𝐼
𝑐 𝐼𝑐
dependence of these parameters on the electric field hinges on the type − 𝑅𝑐𝑏 𝑡 ( 0 + 2 )𝜓̈ 𝑥𝑡 + (𝐼1𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 𝑏 ( 0 − 2 ))𝜓̈ 𝑥𝑏
2 4 ℎ𝑐 2 2 4 ℎ2𝑐
of fluid employed in the sandwich core. It should be noted that when
1 𝑡 1 𝑅 1 𝑡
the shear storage modulus and the loss modulus are not a function 𝛿𝑣𝑡 ∶ 𝑁𝑥𝜃,𝑥
𝑡
+ 𝑁 +( − 𝑐𝑡 )𝑄𝑐𝜃𝑧 + 𝑄
of the electric field, the sandwich’s central core can be analyzed as a 𝑅𝑡 𝜃𝜃,𝜃 2𝑅𝑡 ℎ𝑐 𝑅𝑡 𝜃𝑧
common material with viscoelastic performance. The stress resultants 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐
= (𝐼0𝑡 + 𝑅𝑐𝑡 0 + 𝑅𝑐𝑡 2 )𝑣̈ 𝑡0 + 𝑅𝑐𝑡 ( 0 − 2 )𝑣̈ 𝑏0
for various laminas appropriate to FSDT are obtained by utilizing the 4 ℎ𝑐2 4 ℎ2𝑐
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
subsequent equations [52,53]. ℎ 𝐼 𝐼 ℎ 𝐼 𝐼𝑐
+0.5ℎ𝑖
+ (𝐼1𝑡 − 𝑅𝑐𝑡 𝑡 ( 0 + 2 ))𝜓̈ 𝜃𝑡 + 𝑅𝑐𝑡 𝑏 ( 0 − 2 )𝜓̈ 𝜃𝑏
2 4 ℎ𝑐2 2 4 ℎ2𝑐
(𝑁𝑥𝑥 , 𝑁𝜃𝜃 , 𝑁𝑥𝜃 )𝑖 = (𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜎𝜃𝜃 , 𝜎𝑥𝜃 )𝑖 𝑑𝑧, 𝑖 = 𝑡, 𝑏
∫−0.5ℎ𝑖 1 𝑏 1 𝑅 1 𝑏
𝛿𝑣𝑏 ∶ 𝑁𝑥𝜃,𝑥
𝑏
+ 𝑁 +( + 𝑐𝑏 )𝑄𝑐𝜃𝑧 + 𝑄
+0.5ℎ𝑖 𝑅𝑏 𝜃𝜃,𝜃 2𝑅𝑏 ℎ𝑐 𝑅𝑏 𝜃𝑧
(𝑀𝑥𝑥 , 𝑀𝜃𝜃 , 𝑀𝑥𝜃 )𝑖 = 𝑧𝑖 (𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜎𝜃𝜃 , 𝜎𝑥𝜃 )𝑖 𝑑𝑧, 𝑖 = 𝑡, 𝑏 𝐼 𝑐
𝐼 𝑐 𝐼 𝑐
𝐼 𝑐
∫−0.5ℎ𝑖
= 𝑅𝑐𝑏 ( 0 − 2 )𝑣̈ 𝑡0 + (𝐼0𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 0 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 2 )𝑣̈ 𝑏0
+0.5ℎ𝑖 4 ℎ𝑐 2 4 ℎ2𝑐
(𝑄𝑥𝑧 , 𝑄𝜃𝑧 )𝑖 = (𝜎𝑥𝑧 , 𝜎𝜃𝑧 )𝑖 𝑑𝑧, 𝑖 = 𝑡, 𝑏, 𝑐 (15) ℎ 𝐼 𝑐 𝐼 𝑐
ℎ 𝐼 𝑐 𝐼𝑐
∫−0.5ℎ𝑖
− 𝑅𝑐𝑏 𝑡 ( 0 − 2 )𝜓̈ 𝜃𝑡 + (𝐼1𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 𝑏 ( 0 + 2 ))𝜓̈ 𝜃𝑏
2 4 ℎ𝑐2 2 4 ℎ2𝑐
4. Equations of motion 1 𝑅 ℎ
𝛿𝜓𝑥𝑡 ∶ 𝑀𝑥𝑥,𝑥
𝑡
+ 𝑀 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑡 𝑡 𝑄𝑐𝑥𝑧 − 𝑄𝑡𝑥𝑧
𝑅𝑡 𝑥𝜃,𝜃 2ℎ𝑐
Hamilton’s principle is a convenient tool to capture the motion 𝐼 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝐼𝑐
ℎ 𝐼 ℎ 𝐼
equations of structures related to various phenomena, such as linear = (𝐼1𝑡 − 𝑅𝑐𝑡 𝑡 ( 0 + 2 ))𝑢̈ 𝑡0 − 𝑅𝑐𝑡 𝑡 ( 0 − 2 )𝑢̈ 𝑏0
and nonlinear dynamics [54,55]. For this purpose, this principle is
2 4 ℎ2𝑐 2 4 ℎ2𝑐
implemented to acquire the motion equations of the ER fluid sandwich ℎ2𝑡 𝐼0𝑐 𝐼𝑐 ℎ ℎ 𝐼
𝑐
𝐼𝑐
+ (𝐼2𝑡 + 𝑅𝑐𝑡 ( + 2 ))𝜓̈ 𝑥𝑡 − 𝑅𝑐𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 ( 0 − 2 )𝜓̈ 𝑥𝑏
cylindrical shell in the strong formulation form. This principle in the 4 4 ℎ𝑐2 4 4 ℎ2𝑐
generic form can be addressed as follow [13]: 1 𝑅 ℎ
𝛿𝜓𝑥𝑏 ∶ 𝑀𝑥𝑥,𝑥
𝑏
+ 𝑀 𝑏 + 𝑐𝑏 𝑏 𝑄𝑐𝑥𝑧 − 𝑄𝑏𝑥𝑧
𝑡2 𝑅𝑏 𝑥𝜃,𝜃 2ℎ𝑐
(𝛿𝑇 − 𝛿𝑊 − 𝛿𝑈 )𝑑𝑡 = 0 (16) 𝑐
𝐼2𝑐 𝑐
𝐼𝑐
∫𝑡1 ℎ𝑏 𝐼0 ℎ 𝐼
= 𝑅𝑐𝑏 ( − )𝑢̈ 0 + (𝐼1𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 𝑏 ( 0 + 2 ))𝑢̈ 𝑏0
𝑡

where 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 are two arbitrary time. Additionally, 𝛿𝑇 , 𝛿𝑊 , and 𝛿𝑈 2 4 ℎ2𝑐 2 4 ℎ2𝑐
𝑐
indicate the virtual kinetic energy, virtual work done by external forces, ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑏 𝐼 0 𝐼𝑐 ℎ2 𝐼 𝑐 𝐼𝑐
− 𝑅𝑐𝑏 ( − 2 )𝜓̈ 𝑥𝑡 + (𝐼2𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 𝑏 ( 0 + 2 ))𝜓̈ 𝑥𝑏
and virtual strain energy of the whole structure. In this research, as 4 4 ℎ2𝑐 4 4 ℎ2𝑐

4
P. Shahali et al. Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

1 ℎ 𝑅 ℎ
𝛿𝜓𝜃𝑡 ∶ 𝑀𝑥𝜃,𝑥
𝑡
+ 𝑀 𝑡 − ( 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑡 𝑡 )𝑄𝑐𝜃𝑧 − 𝑄𝑡𝜃𝑧 Table 1
𝑅𝑡 𝜃𝜃,𝜃 4𝑅𝑡 2ℎ𝑐 Convergence table of the first four frequencies and loss factors of cylindrical sandwich
𝑐 𝑐
ℎ𝑡 𝐼 0 𝐼2𝑐 ℎ 𝐼 𝐼𝑐 shell with CC and CF boundary conditions.
𝑡
= (𝐼1 − 𝑅𝑐𝑡 ( + ))𝑣̈ 0 − 𝑅𝑐𝑡 𝑡 ( 0 − 2 )𝑣̈ 𝑏0
𝑡
B.C. 𝑁𝑥 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 𝑓4
2 4 ℎ𝑐2 2 4 ℎ2𝑐
CC 9 358.48 373.20 409.26 466.03
ℎ2𝑡 𝐼0𝑐 𝐼2𝑐 𝑐
ℎ𝑏 ℎ𝑡 𝐼0 𝐼2𝑐 11 358.60 373.38 409.34 466.25
+ (𝐼2𝑡 + 𝑅𝑐𝑡 ( + ))𝜓̈ 𝜃𝑡 − 𝑅𝑐𝑡 ( − )𝜓̈ 𝑏
4 4 ℎ2𝑐
4 4 ℎ2𝑐 𝜃 13 358.63 373.41 409.36 466.27
15 358.62 373.40 409.36 466.26
1 ℎ 𝑏 𝑅 𝑐𝑏 ℎ 𝑏
𝛿𝜓𝜃𝑏 ∶ 𝑀𝑥𝜃,𝑥
𝑏
+ 𝑀𝑏 + ( + )𝑄𝑐𝜃𝑧 − 𝑄𝑏𝜃𝑧 17 358.62 373.40 409.36 466.26
𝑅𝑏 𝜃𝜃,𝜃 4𝑅𝑏 2ℎ𝑐 19 358.62 373.40 409.36 466.26
𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝑐 𝐼𝑐
ℎ 𝐼 ℎ 𝐼 CF 9 155.51 165.52 234.24 243.50
= 𝑅𝑐𝑏 𝑏 ( 0 − 2 )𝑣̈ 𝑡0 + (𝐼1𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 𝑏 ( 0 + 2 ))𝑣̈ 𝑏0 11 153.70 164.57 234.03 241.95
2 4 2
ℎ𝑐 2 4 ℎ2𝑐 13 152.96 163.71 233.33 241.64
𝑐
ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑏 𝐼0 𝐼𝑐 ℎ2 𝐼 𝑐 𝐼𝑐 15 152.89 163.42 232.98 241.75
− 𝑅𝑐𝑏 ( − 2 )𝜓̈ 𝜃𝑡 + (𝐼2𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 𝑏 ( 0 + 2 ))𝜓̈ 𝜃𝑏 17 152.93 163.39 232.90 241.80
4 4 ℎ2𝑐 4 4 ℎ2𝑐 19 152.93 163.38 232.88 241.80
𝑡 𝑏 𝑐 1 𝑡
𝛿𝑤0 ∶ 𝑅𝑡𝑏 𝑄𝑥𝑧,𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥𝑧,𝑥 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 𝑄𝑥𝑧,𝑥 + 𝑄 𝜂1 𝜂2 𝜂3 𝜂4
𝑅𝑏 𝜃𝑧,𝜃
CC 9 0.0063 0.0037 0.0070 0.0013
1 𝑏 1 𝑐 1 𝑡 1 𝑏 11 0.0063 0.0037 0.0070 0.0013
+ 𝑄 + 𝑄 − 𝑁 − 𝑁
𝑅𝑏 𝜃𝑧,𝜃 𝑅𝑏 𝜃𝑧,𝜃 𝑅𝑏 𝜃𝜃 𝑅𝑏 𝜃𝜃 13 0.0063 0.0037 0.0070 0.0013
15 0.0063 0.0037 0.0070 0.0013
+ = (𝑅𝑡𝑏 𝐼0𝑡 + 𝐼0𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 𝐼0𝑐 )𝑤̈ 0 (19)
17 0.0063 0.0037 0.0070 0.0013
where 𝐼𝑝𝑖 , 𝑝 = 0, 1, 2 are inertia terms related to the 𝑖th layer and may 19 0.0063 0.0037 0.0070 0.0013
CF 9 0.0096 0.0168 0.0138 0.0013
be determined by:
11 0.0099 0.0171 0.0138 0.0013
+0.5ℎ𝑖 13 0.0010 0.0173 0.0139 0.0013
(𝐼0 , 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )𝑖 = 𝜌𝑖 (1, 𝑧𝑖 , 𝑧𝑖2 ) 𝑑𝑧, 𝑖 = 𝑡, 𝑏, 𝑐 (20) 15 0.0010 0.0174 0.0140 0.0013
∫−0.5ℎ𝑖
17 0.0010 0.0174 0.0140 0.0013
Also, the radius ratios are defined as 𝑅𝑐𝑏 = 𝑅𝑐 ∕𝑅𝑏 , 𝑅𝑐𝑡 = 𝑅𝑐 ∕𝑅𝑡 , 19 0.0010 0.0174 0.0140 0.0013
and 𝑅𝑡𝑏 = 𝑅𝑡 ∕𝑅𝑏 . The motion equations can be obtained as functions
of displacement variables by putting Eq. (15) into Eq. (19), which Table 2
are not displayed here due to the issue of brevity. The boundary A comparison study of the first five natural frequencies (Hz) of isotropic cylindrical
conditions corresponding to the sandwich shell at 𝑥 = 0, 𝐿, each layer shells under various boundary conditions.
of which follows the first-order theory of shear deformation, can also SS SC CC
be extracted as follows: Ref. [56] Present Ref. [56] Present Ref. [56] Present

𝐂∶ 𝑢𝑡0 = 𝑢𝑏0 = 𝑣𝑡0 = 𝑣𝑏0 = 𝜓𝑥𝑡 = 𝜓𝑥𝑏 = 𝜓𝜃𝑡 = 𝜓𝜃𝑏 = 𝑤0 = 0 331.15 330.97 344.78 344.59 360.36 360.16
331.15 330.97 344.78 344.59 360.36 360.16
𝐒∶ 𝑢𝑡0 = 𝑢𝑏0 = 𝑣𝑡0 = 𝑣𝑏0 = 𝑀𝑥𝑥
𝑡 𝑏
= 𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 𝜓𝜃𝑡 = 𝜓𝜃𝑏 = 𝑤0 = 0 348.46 348.32 361.52 361.37 375.86 375.70
𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 𝑏 348.46 348.32 361.52 361.37 375.86 375.70
𝐅∶ 𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑥𝜃 = 𝑁𝑥𝜃 = 𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 𝑀𝑥𝜃 = 𝑀𝑥𝜃
440.86 440.58 451.18 450.89 463.29 462.99
= 𝑅𝑡 𝑄𝑡𝑥𝑧 + 𝑅𝑏 𝑄𝑏𝑥𝑧 + 𝑅𝑐 𝑄𝑐𝑥𝑧 = 0 (21) 440.86 440.58 451.18 450.89 463.29 462.99
508.07 508.02 515.53 515.47 523.55 523.50
The letters C, S, and F represent the clamped, simply-supported, and 508.07 508.02 515.53 515.47 523.55 523.50
free boundary conditions, respectively. In the next section, the solution 596.25 596.01 628.74 628.48 646.56 646.12
596.25 596.01 628.74 628.48 646.56 646.12
method of the motion equations of the ER fluid sandwich cylindrical
shell with FGM face sheets will be represented to obtain the natural
frequencies of this type of structure. Table 3
A comparison study of the natural frequencies (Hz) of FGM cylindrical shells under
5. Semi-analytical solution procedure various thickness-to-radius ratios.
ℎ𝑡 ∕𝑅𝑡 𝑛 Source 𝜁
The motion equations governing the sandwich shell vibrations ex- 0 0.5 1 5
tracted in the previous section depend on nine displacement variables. 0.002 1 Ref. [57] 13.55 13.32 13.21 13.00
Each of the displacement components depends on three independent Present 13.55 13.32 13.21 13.00
variables, 𝑥, 𝜃, and 𝑡. Using the separation of variables method, the dis- 2 Ref. [57] 4.59 4.52 4.48 4.41
Present 4.59 4.52 4.48 4.41
placement components of the multiplication of three separate functions
3 Ref. [57] 4.26 4.19 4.16 4.09
are shown in the following form [58]. Present 4.26 4.19 4.16 4.09
𝑢𝑖0 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑡) 4 Ref. [57] 7.23 7.10 7.04 6.93
⎧ ⎫ ⎡cos(𝑛𝜃) 0 0 0 0 ⎤
⎪ 𝑣𝑖0 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑡) ⎪ ⎢ 0 sin(𝑛𝜃) 0 0 0 ⎥
Present 7.22 7.10 7.04 6.92
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ 5 Ref. [57] 11.54 11.34 11.24 11.06
⎨ 𝜓𝑥𝑖 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑡) ⎬ = sin(𝜔𝑡) ⎢ 0 0 cos(𝑛𝜃) 0 0 ⎥ Present 11.54 11.34 11.24 11.06
⎪ 𝜓𝜃𝑖 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑡) ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 sin(𝑛𝜃) 0 ⎥
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ 0.05 1 Ref. [57] 13.57 13.35 13.24 13.02
⎩ 𝑤0 (𝑥, 𝜃, 𝑡) ⎭ ⎣ 0 0 0 0 cos(𝑛𝜃)⎦ Present 13.57 13.34 13.23 13.02
2 Ref. [57] 33.296 32.70 32.43 31.91
⎧ 𝑈0𝑖 (𝑥) ⎫
Present 33.24 32.64 32.37 31.85
⎪ 𝑉0𝑖 (𝑥) ⎪
⎪ ⎪ 3 Ref. [57] 93.00 91.32 90.55 89.11
×⎨ 𝛹𝑥𝑖 (𝑥) ⎬ (22) Present 92.63 90.94 90.17 88.74
⎪ 𝛹𝜃𝑖 (𝑥) ⎪ 4 Ref. [57] 178.06 174.83 173.36 170.60
⎪ ⎪ Present 176.78 173.54 172.07 169.35
⎩ 𝑊0 (𝑥) ⎭
5 Ref. [57] 287.79 282.57 280.20 275.73
Time-dependent functions are considered sinusoidal functions due Present 284.55 279.33 276.97 272.60
to structures’ vibrational nature and harmonic motion in the phe-
nomenon of free vibrations. In these functions, 𝜔 displays the struc-
ture’s natural frequencies. 𝜃-dependent functions are selected as

5
P. Shahali et al. Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

Table 4
A comparison study of the natural frequencies (Hz) and loss factors (%) of cylindrical sandwich shells with a viscous core and isotropic face
sheets under various boundary conditions.
𝑛 Source CC CS CF
m = 1 m = 2 m = 1 m = 2 m = 1 m = 2
Frequency (Hz) 1 Ref. [31] 696.40 799.83 692.99 780.88 456.31 739.31
Present (III) 696.13 798.48 692.77 779.96 456.20 738.84
Present (CII) 694.37 798.22 691.00 779.68 450.50 738.42
2 Ref. [31] 547.43 757.92 541.02 737.61 282.55 646.61
Present (III) 546.87 756.25 540.55 736.40 282.15 645.88
Present (CII) 545.18 755.88 538.86 736.04 280.20 644.79
3 Ref. [31] 437.56 702.45 428.39 679.65 190.35 531.54
Present (III) 436.49 700.21 427.47 677.96 189.21 530.29
Present (CII) 435.42 699.73 426.41 677.50 188.45 529.03
4 Ref. [31] 368.01 649.75 356.61 623.83 150.69 442.88
Present (III) 366.20 646.68 354.99 621.43 148.22 440.77
Present (CII) 365.54 646.17 354.34 620.94 147.84 439.84
Loss factor 1 Ref. [31] 0.0390 0.1195 0.0365 0.1178 0.0171 0.0857
Present (III) 0.0387 0.1178 0.0359 0.1167 0.0166 0.0861
Present (CII) 0.0386 0.1177 0.0358 0.1167 0.0165 0.0859
2 Ref. [31] 0.0723 0.1397 0.0703 0.1391 0.0983 0.1172
Present (III) 0.0689 0.1373 0.0670 0.1372 0.0836 0.1159
Present (CII) 0.0688 0.1373 0.0670 0.1372 0.0835 0.1158
3 Ref. [31] 0.1538 0.1763 0.1549 0.1789 0.4463 0.1920
Present (III) 0.1459 0.1727 0.1472 0.1759 0.4046 0.1879
Present (CII) 0.1459 0.1727 0.1472 0.1758 0.4045 0.1878
4 Ref. [31] 0.3021 0.2301 0.3139 0.2391 1.2353 0.3294
Present (III) 0.2899 0.2253 0.3015 0.2347 1.1880 0.3226
Present (CII) 0.2899 0.2253 0.3015 0.2347 1.1880 0.3224

trigonometric functions due to the satisfaction of compatibility in the One of the most influential criteria for determining the stability and
boundary conditions and equations of motion. In these functions, 𝑛 convergence of the GDQ method is the distribution of nodes in the solu-
represents the number of waves generated in the vibrational modes tion domain. Gauss–Chebyshev–Lobatto is one of the most prominent
shape of the cylinder in the 𝜃 direction. Due to the presence of methods for node arrangement, which is based on a combination of
stretching–bending coupling coefficients, coupling of the motion equa- linear and cosine relations of domain length and defines the position
tions, and also different boundary conditions, proposing an analytical of each point as follows [63]:
solution for 𝑥-dependent functions is impossible. For this purpose, the ( ( ))
1 1 𝑝−1
GDQ numerical method, which is a powerful method for analyzing 𝑥𝑝 = 𝐿 − cos 𝜋 , 𝑝 = 1, 2, … , 𝑁𝑥 (27)
2 2 𝑁𝑥 − 1
differential equations, is implemented [59,60]. This method is based
on transferring equations from the differential to algebraic forms. After applying the methods described above to the equations of motion,
an eigenvalue algebraic system is obtained, including the 9𝑁𝑥 equa-
According to this method, the derivative of an unknown function like
tions. These equations can be written in the following matrix form:
ϝ with respect to a direction (here, 𝑥-direction) can be converted into
multiplying the weight coefficients and function’s values at a set of
( )
different points in that direction. See the following approach: 𝐊 − 𝜔2 𝐌 𝐗 = 0 (28)
𝑁𝑥
𝜕ϝ(𝑥𝑝 ) ∑ where 𝐊 is the complex stiffness matrix including 9𝑁𝑥 × 9𝑁𝑥 compo-
= 𝐴𝑝𝑝′ ϝ(𝑥𝑝′ )
𝜕𝑥 nents. 𝐌 indicates the mass matrix having 9𝑁𝑥 ×9𝑁𝑥 components. 𝐗 de-
𝑝′ =1
𝑁𝑥
picts the eigenvector of the problem and contains 9𝑁𝑥 × 1 components.
𝜕 2 ϝ(𝑥𝑝 ) ∑ By solving the above eigenvalue problem, the complex frequencies of
= 𝐴̂ 𝑝𝑝′ ϝ(𝑥𝑝′ ) 𝑝 = 1, 2, … , 𝑁𝑥 (23)
𝜕𝑥2 𝑝′ =1 the structure with ER fluid-core are calculated. The natural frequen-
cies of structure in (Hz) and associated loss factors can be computed
where 𝑁𝑥 is the number of distributed nodes along the cylindrical shell
utilizing the following formulas.
length. Also, 𝐴𝑝𝑝′ and 𝐴̂ 𝑝𝑝′ state the weighted coefficients correspond- √
ing to the first and second derivatives calculated using the Lagrange 𝑅𝑒(𝜔2 )
𝑓=
interpolation functions as [61,62]: 2𝜋
𝐼𝑚(𝜔2 )
⎧ 𝛬(𝑥𝑝 ) 𝜂= (29)
⎪ (𝑥𝑝 −𝑥 ′ )𝛬(𝑥 ′ ) when 𝑝 ≠ 𝑝′ 𝑅𝑒(𝜔2 )
𝐴𝑝𝑝′ = ⎨ ∑𝑁𝑝 𝑝 𝑝, 𝑝′ = 1, 2, … , 𝑁𝑥 (24)
⎪− 𝑘=1,𝑘≠𝑝
𝑥
𝐴𝑝𝑘 when 𝑝 = 𝑝′ , In addition, the corresponding eigenvectors of each frequency are
⎩ obtained utilizing Eq. (28) which are the structural mode shapes of the
in which problem.
𝑁𝑥
∏
𝛬(𝑥𝑝 ) = (𝑥𝑝 − 𝑥𝑘 ) (25) 6. Numerical results and discussion
𝑘=1,𝑘≠𝑝

also, After presenting the formulation and solving them utilizing the
numerical methods, this section first attempts to ascertain the stability
( )
⎧ 𝐴𝑝𝑝′ and efficiency of the methods adopted through validation of the results.
⎪𝐴̂ 𝑝𝑝′ = 2 𝐴𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝑝𝑝′ − (𝑥 −𝑥 ′ ) when 𝑝 ≠ 𝑝′ After that, several new numerical results are extracted to investigate the
⎨ 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝, 𝑝′ = 1, 2, … , 𝑁𝑥
∑
⎪𝐴̂ 𝑝𝑝 = − 𝑁𝑥 𝐵 when 𝑝 = 𝑝′ , effect of different parameters on the response of sandwich structures.
⎩ 𝑘=1,𝑘≠𝑝 𝑝𝑘
Finally, the effect of the parameters on the vibrational mode shapes
(26) of the structure will be displayed. Two capital letters in a row denote

6
P. Shahali et al. Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

the shell edges’ boundary criteria. The first letter denotes the boundary Table 5
Comparison of natural frequencies (Hz) for an isotropic hollow cylinder.
condition at the initial loop’s edge (𝑥 = 0), whereas the subsequent
letter denotes the boundary condition at (𝑥 = 𝐿). For example, the Wave number (n) Source 𝛽1 𝛽2

CF structure tells a clamped condition at the first edge and a free 0 Present 8124 8798
Ref. [66] (Exp) 8149 8886
boundary condition at the end edge. As previously described, the
Ref. [66](3D) 8109 8817
sandwich bonding layers are constructed entirely of FG material. The
1 Present 7025 9801
material properties of metal constituents areas: 𝐸𝑚 = 70 GPa, 𝜌𝑚 = 2707
Ref. [66](Exp) 7104 9859
kg/m3 , and 𝜈𝑚 = 0.3 which are related to aluminum. Zirconia is also the Ref. [66] (3D) 7037 9803
ceramic part of these layers, whose mechanical properties are described
2 Present 2550 6390
as 𝐸𝑐 = 151 GPa, 𝜌𝑚 = 3000 kg/m3 , and 𝜈𝑚 = 0.3 [64]. It can be said that Ref. [66] (Exp) 2577 6429
the material properties of the top and bottom layers are the same. In Ref. [66](3D) 2555 6395
addition, the mechanical properties of the ER fluid used as the core are 3 Present 6582 9211
2
𝜌𝑐 = 1700 kg/m3 , 𝐺′ = 50000𝐸 ⋆ Pa, and 𝐺′′ = 2600𝐸 ⋆ + 1700Pa [7,65]. Ref. [66] (Exp) 6618 9210
Also, two auxiliary ratios are introduced for better analysis of the Ref. [66](3D) 6592 9232
results, as follows: 4 Present 11361 13455
Ref. [66] (Exp) 11417 13532
ℎ𝑡𝑏 = ℎ𝑡 ∕ℎ𝑏 , ℎ𝑐𝑏 = ℎ𝑐 ∕ℎ𝑏 (30) Ref. [66] (3D) 11385 13473

where, ℎ𝑡𝑏 is called upper-to-lower layer thickness ratio and ℎ𝑐𝑏 is called
core-to-lower layer thickness ratio.
thickness-to-radius ratio, the results are remarkably consistent. For
6.1. Convergence and comparison study greater thicknesses, the present work results are a bit smaller due to
the application of first-order shear deformation theory and the shear
In this part of the results section, a table based on the convergence correction factor. This table confirms the accuracy of the above-layer
of the used method will be presented. Three different examples will formulation.
then be shown to validate the obtained results. Another example in this section compares the frequencies and loss
Table 1 investigates the convergence of the GDQ method concerning factors of a cylindrical sandwich shell with isotropic face sheets and
the growth of nodal points across the shell length. For the selected viscoelastic cores. Three CC, CS, and CF boundary conditions are
test case, the length of the structure and the lower layer radius are selected to do this example. The radius of the base or bottom face
considered as 𝐿 = 1 m and 𝑅𝑏 = 0.5 m. Also, the lower layer thickness sheet 𝑅𝑏 and the length 𝐿 of the cylinder equal to 1 meter are selected.
is selected as ℎ𝑏 = 10 mm and the thickness ratios are assumed to be The thicknesses of each layer are as ℎ𝑏 = 0.02 m, ℎ𝑐 = 0.01 m, and
ℎ𝑡𝑏 = ℎ𝑐𝑏 = 1. The FG power-law index and the applied electric field ℎ𝑡 = 0.02 m. The mechanical characteristics of face sheets are given
are equal to 𝜁 = 0.5 and 𝐸 ⋆ = 2kV/mm. This investigation is prepared as: 𝐸𝑏 = 𝐸𝑡 = 70 GPa, 𝜈𝑏 = 𝜈𝑡 = 0.3, 𝜌𝑏 = 𝜌𝑡 = 2700 kg/m3 . Also, the
for cylindrical sandwich shells with CC and CF boundary conditions. In material properties of viscoelastic core are selected as 𝐺′ = 0.896 MPa,
this example, the convergence of the first four natural frequencies and 𝐺′′ = 0.868 MPa, and 𝜌𝑐 = 999 kg/m3 . The results obtained are
the associated loss factors of the system are analyzed. It is observed compared with those by Jin et al. [31]. The frequencies and loss factors
that the results obtained based on 𝑁𝑥 = 19 are completely converged. for different magnitudes of longitudinal (𝑚) and circumferential (𝑛)
Therefore, this number is utilized to obtain all the results in this paper. waves are displayed in Table 4. Jin et al. [31] obtained the motion
The first validation example examines the first five natural fre- equations of the analyzed structure based on the classical shell theory,
quencies of a cylindrical shell composed of isotropic materials when which does not consider the shear deformations of face sheets. They
subjected to three distinct boundary conditions in Table 2. In order utilized a combination of trigonometric expansion and the Rayleigh–
Ritz method. The results extracted from the present paper are shown
to conduct this study, the thickness of the middle and upper layers is
in two ways: Ignoring in-plane inertia (III) and considering in-plane
assumed to be negligible. Additionally, the thickness to radius ratio of
inertia (CII). The work performed by Jin et al. [31] ignored the in-plane
the bottom layer is ℎ𝑏 ∕𝑅𝑏 = 0.1. The length and radius of the cylinder
inertia terms, which are related to the in-plane displacements. It is clear
are 𝐿 = 2 and 𝑅𝑏 = 1 meters. Moreover, the used material properties
that the results in which in-plane inertia terms are ignored are more in
are as 𝐸𝑚 = 210 GPa, 𝜌𝑚 = 7800 kg/m3 , 𝜈𝑚 = 0.3. To achieve these
line with the results of Jin et al. [31]. It is noteworthy that considering
properties, it is sufficient to place 𝜁 = 0 in the first line of Eq. (7) so
in-plane inertias, shear deformations, and rotational inertias of face
that the structure under study is isotropic. The results are compared
sheets, all considered in this study, improves the structural response.
with the work of Tornabene et al. [56]. Examination of this table shows
Considering these circumstances, these lead to more minor frequencies
the high agreement of the results of this article. In other words, it can
and loss factors.
be inferred that the stiffness and mass matrix of the retaining layers
The last comparison research is conducted to determine the relia-
have been extracted correctly, and the solution method has sufficient bility of the existing formulation’s results vs. experimental and three-
accuracy. dimensional elasticity data. To this end, a hollow, thick FF cylinder
Table 3 compares the natural frequencies related to the first five with 𝐿 = 254 mm, 𝑅 = 95.25 mm, and ℎ = 38.1 mm is selected.
circumferential modes (𝑛) of a movable-simply-supported cylindrical Material characteristics of the structure are chosen as 𝐸 = 207 GPa,
shell made of FG material with various power-law indexes. The distri- 𝜌 = 7860kg/m3 , and 𝜈 = 0.28. The results are demonstrated in the Table
bution of materials is as described in the second line of Eq. (7), which 5 in which the compared results are taken from an article by So and
is suitable for the top layer. Stainless steel and nickel are components Leissa [66]. An excellent agreement validation is seen that illustrates
of this structure, whose properties are described as 𝐸𝑚 = 207.788 GPa, the used sandwich theory is also suitable for thick structures.
𝜌𝑚 = 8166kg/m3 , 𝜈𝑚 = 0.3178, 𝐸𝑐 = 205.098 GPa, 𝜌𝑐 = 8900kg/m3 ,
and 𝜈𝑐 = 0.31. For this study, the thickness of the middle and bottom 6.2. Parametric studies
layers was chosen to be negligible. Also, the radius of the upper layer
is equal to 𝑅𝑡 = 1m, and the length of this system is equal to 𝐿 = 20m. For the sake of parametric study, some examples will be presented
The results are obtained for two different values of the thickness to to examine the effects of various factors on the natural frequencies of
radius ratio. These results are compared with a work by Loy et al. [57] the sandwich shell and the loss factors associated with these frequen-
in which the equations are formulated based on the classical theory cies. For all studies in this section, the radius of the bottom or base
of shells and solved using the Rayleigh–Ritz method. For a small layer is equal to 𝑅𝑏 = 0.5m.

7
P. Shahali et al. Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

Fig. 3. Effect of applied electric field 𝐸 ⋆ on the first four natural frequencies and loss factors of a thin CC cylindrical sandwich shell.

Fig. 4. Effect of applied electric field 𝐸 ⋆ on the first four natural frequencies and loss factors of a moderately thick CC cylindrical sandwich shell.

Fig. 5. Effect of applied electric field 𝐸 ⋆ on the first four natural frequencies and loss factors of a thin CF cylindrical sandwich shell.

6.2.1. Effect of electric field natural frequencies of moderately thick fabrications. This statement
The first investigation is about the effect of the applied electric field is true for any boundary condition. It can further be discerned that
𝐸 ⋆ on the first four natural frequencies of cylindrical ERF sandwich varying the number of circumferential waves, although it does not
shells and their related loss factors. Figs. 3 and 4 are provided for a cause discontinuities in the frequencies, can suddenly cause the loss
thin (ℎ𝑏 = 0.5 mm) and moderately thick (ℎ𝑏 = 10 mm) CC cylindrical factors to jump or dive. In other words, loss factors are parameters
shell, respectively. In addition, Figs. 5 and 6 demonstrate the influence that are strongly dependent on the vibrational mode shape of the
system. Additionally, in this type of structure, increasing the electric
of the electric field on the behavior of a CF cylindrical shell with a small
field causes a notable rise in loss factors, but with a further addition, it
thickness (ℎ𝑏 = 0.5 mm) and a relatively large thickness (ℎ𝑏 = 10 mm).
causes balance or decreases the loss factors. In relatively thick systems,
The analyzed shells have the geometric characteristics as 𝐿 = 1m, ℎ𝑡𝑏 =
enhancing the electric field linearly and uniformly improves the loss
ℎ𝑐𝑏 = 1 and power-law index 𝜁 = 0.5. It can be recognized that develop- factors of the first four frequencies.
ments in the electric field can change the number of waves generated
in the circumferential direction of the mode shapes of thin structures. 6.2.2. Effect of power-law index
It can also increase the natural frequencies of the ER fluid sandwich The subsequent study focuses on the structure’s response under
cylinders. However, this parameter does not significantly touch the various power-law indexes that determine the material distribution

8
P. Shahali et al. Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

Fig. 6. Effect of applied electric field 𝐸 ⋆ on the first four natural frequencies and loss factors of a moderately thick CF cylindrical sandwich shell.

Fig. 7. Influence of power-law index on the first four natural frequencies and associated loss factors of a CC cylindrical sandwich shell.

Fig. 8. Influence of power-law index on the first four natural frequencies and associated loss factors of a CF cylindrical sandwich shell.

across the thickness of FG layers. The first four natural frequencies 6.2.3. Effect of shell length
and associated loss factors are calculated for this outcome. The results Fig. 9 indicates the influence of cylindrical shell length on the
are figured in Fig. 7 for a fully clamped shell and Fig. 8 for a CF fundamental natural frequency and its loss factor considering different
shell. For this example, a moderately thick shell is considered with boundary conditions. This study is prepared for a shell with a thickness
a bottom layer thickness ℎ𝑏 = 10 mm. Furthermore, the geometrical ℎ𝑏 = 10 mm, ℎ𝑡𝑏 = ℎ𝑐𝑏 = 1. The distribution pattern is selected
parameters are given as 𝐿 = 1m, and ℎ𝑡𝑏 = ℎ𝑐𝑏 = 1. The exposed electric based on the power-law function with an index 𝜁 = 0.5. Moreover, the
field is considered equal to 𝐸 ⋆ = 2 kV/mm. It can be detected that shell is assumed to be exposed to an electric field with a magnitude
improving the power-law index can raise the natural frequencies of the 𝐸 ⋆ = 2 kV/mm. According to this example, it can be concluded that
structure as well as decrease the loss factors. This is because the raising extending the length of the structure reduces its stiffness, followed by a
of this coefficient results in an increase in the volume fraction of the reduction in the natural frequencies of the structure. It is also observed
ceramic, which has a much greater stiffness than the specified metal. that changing the length of the structure can significantly change the
Additionally, enhancing the natural frequencies that are the real part fundamental mode shapes of the structure (reducing the number of
of the eigenvalues of the problem, according to Eq. (29), can diminish circumferential waves). This can cause a sudden drop in the system
the loss factors. loss factors. In addition, it can be viewed that the results obtained

9
P. Shahali et al. Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

Fig. 9. Fundamental frequency and loss factor variations with respect to the shell length 𝐿 under various boundary conditions.

Fig. 10. Fundamental frequency and loss factor variations with respect to the upper-to-bottom layers thickness ratio ℎ𝑡𝑏 under various boundary conditions.

Fig. 11. Fundamental frequency and loss factor variations with respect to the core-to-bottom layers thickness ratio ℎ𝑐𝑏 under various boundary conditions.

based on CC and SS boundary conditions are very adjacent to each In Fig. 10 the effect of the upper layer-to-bottom layer thickness ratio
other, especially for longer constructions where the effect of boundary ℎ𝑡𝑏 is analyzed in which a shell with ℎ𝑐𝑏 = 1 is selected. On the other
conditions is reduced. The rationale for omitting examination of the hand, Fig. 11 presents results under the core-to-bottom layer thickness
simply-supported boundary conditions in several article examples is ratio ℎ𝑐𝑏 variation for a shell with ℎ𝑡𝑏 = 1. Based on Fig. 10, it can be
that the conclusions are similar to those of the clamped shell. understood that increasing the ratio of the thickness of the top layer to
the bottom layer can obviously enhance the rigidity of the fabrication as
6.2.4. Effect of thickness ratios well as its natural frequencies. It can likewise, change the mode shape
The following study is about the impact of thickness ratios on the of the structure in some cases. Enhancing natural frequencies can also
fundamental natural frequency and the loss factor of the cylindrical reduce structural loss factors. As the core thickness increases, both the
sandwich shell with an ER core. Different boundary conditions are stiffness and the mass of the structure increase, but the effect of the
chosen for developing this example. To develop this investigation, the second parameter is greater, and finally, it can be said that increasing
shell length 𝐿 = 1 m, power-law index 𝜁 = 0.5, and electric field the core thickness reduces the natural frequencies of the system. Also,
𝐸 ⋆ = 2 are considered. The base face sheet thickness is ℎ𝑏 = 10 mm. Fig. 11 exhibits two different behaviors of the structure loss factor

10
P. Shahali et al. Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

Fig. 12. The first three vibrational mode shapes and their natural frequencies of a CC
cylindrical shell under different electric fields. Fig. 13. The first three vibrational mode shapes and their natural frequencies of a CF
cylindrical shell under different electric fields.

relative to the thickness of the middle layer. According to Eq. (29),

6.2.5. Mode shapes
it can be stated that, mass matrix has a negligible effect on the loss
The last consideration is prepared to demonstrate the first three
factor parameter defined in Eq. (29). At the beginning of increasing
mode shapes of CC cylindrical shells in Fig. 12 and CF shells in Fig. 13.
the core thickness ratio, the effect of increasing the shear storage
The investigated shells are considered thin, with a thickness ℎ𝑏 =
modulus is more significant than the loss modulus, and therefore the 0.5 mm for the bottom layer. The geometrical properties are selected as
loss factor diminishes. However, as the core thickness increases, the 𝐿 = 1 m, and ℎ𝑡𝑏 = ℎ𝑐𝑏 = 1. The FG layers are fabricated with the power-
virtual stiffness increases more, and hence this factor increases. law index 𝜁 = 0.5. Two different values for the applied electric field are

11
P. Shahali et al. Composite Structures 295 (2022) 115715

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